Iii Các Phương Pháp Cân Bằng Phản Ứng Oxi Hóa Khử

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21
Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai
Chng trnh Ha hc
III
CC PHNG PHP CN BNG PHN NG OXI HA KH
Nguyn tc chung cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh l s in t cho ca cht kh phi bng s in t nhn ca cht oxi ha hay s oxi ha tng ca cht kh phi bng s oxi ha gim ca cht oxi ha. III.1. PHNG PHP CN BNG IN T (THNG BNG ELECTRON) Thc hin cc giai on: + Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra vi y tc cht, sn phm (nu u bi yu cu b sung phn ng, ri mi cn bng). + Tnh s oxi ha ca nguyn t c s oxi ha thay i. Nhn din cht oxi ha, cht kh. + Vit phn ng cho, phn ng nhn in t (Phn ng oxi ha, phn ng kh). Ch cn vit nguyn t ca nguyn t c s oxi ha thay i, vi s oxi ha c bn trn. Thm h s thch hp s nguyn t ca nguyn t c s oxi ha thay i hai bn bng nhau. + Cn bng s in t cho, nhn. S in t cho ca cht kh bng s in t nhn ca cht oxi ha (Hay s oxi ha tng ca cht kh bng s oxi ha gim ca cht oxi ha) bng cch thm h s thch hp. + Phi hp cc phn ng cho, nhn in t; cc h s cn bng tm c; v phn ng lc u b sung h s thch hp vo phn ng lc u. + Cui cng cn bng cc nguyn t cn li (nu c) nh phn ng trao i. Cc th d: Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php cn bng in t. Th d 1
+7 +2 +2 +3
KMnO4 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 Cht oxi ha Cht kh

+7
MnSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O

+2
Mn
+2 (+4)
+5e-2e-
Mn
+3
(phn ng kh) (Phn ng oxi ha)
5 2Fe
2Fe
(+6)
2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + H2SO4
2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O
http://vietsciences.free.fr v http://vietsciences.org V Hng Thi
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2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4 Th d 2:

+8/3 Cht kh +5
2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 8H2O

+3 +2
Fe3O4
+
+8/3
Cht oxi ha +3
HNO3
Fe(NO3)3
+ NO +
H2O
3 3Fe - e(+8) +5
3Fe
(+9) +2
(Phn ng oxi ha) (Phn ng kh) + NO NO + + H2O 14H2O
N 3Fe3O4 + 3Fe3O4 +
+ 3e-
N 9Fe(NO3)3
HNO3 28HNO3
9Fe(NO3)3 +
[ Trong 28 phn t HNO3 ca tc cht, ch c 1 phn t l cht oxi ha tht s, cn 27 phn t tham gia trao i (to mi trng axit, to mui nitrat)] Th d 3:
+2 -1 0 +3 -2 +4 -2
Cht kh Cht oxi ha Pirit st, St (II) pesunfua

+2
FeS2
O2
Fe2O3
SO2
2Fe
(+4)
-2e
+3
2Fe -22e+4 (+6)
(Phn ng oxi ha)
2
-1
4S - 20e(-4) 0
4S
(+16) -2
(Phn ng oxi ha) (Phn ng kh)

t0
11 O 2
(0)
+ 4e+
+5
2O
(-4)
4FeS2 Th d 4:
+2y/x
11O2
2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
+2
+3
Cht kh Cht oxi ha

+2y/x
FexOy
HNO3
Fe(NO3)3
+3
NO
H 2O
3 (3x-2y)
xFe
(+2y) +5
- (3x-2y)e+3e-
xFe
(+3x) +2
(Phn ng oxi ha)
(Phn ng kh)
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3FexOy + (3x-2y)HNO3 3FexOy + (12x-2y)HNO3 Th d 5:

+2y/x +5
3xFe(NO3)3 + (3x-2y)NO + H2O 3xFe(NO3)3 + (3x-2y)NO + (6x-y)H2O

+n +1
cht kh cht oxi ha

+2y/x
Mx O y +
HNO3
M(NO3)n +
+n
N2O +
H2O
xM - (nx-2y)e+5
xM
(+nx) +1
(Phn ng oxi ha)
(+2y)
(nx-2y) 2N
(+10)
+ 8e-
2N
(+2)
(Phn ng kh)
8MxOy + (2nx-4y)HNO3 8MxOy + (10nx-4y)HNO3
8xM(NO3)n + (nx-2y)N2O +
H 2O
8xM(NO3)n + (nx-2y)N2O + (5nx-2y)H2O
[ (2nx - 4y) phn t HNO3 l cht oxi ha tht s, n b kh to (nx-2y) phn t N2O; cn (10nx-4y) - (2nx- 4y) = 8nx phn t HNO3 tham gia trao i, to mi trng axit, to mui nitrat, trong s oxi ha ca N khng i] Th d 6:
0 +5 +3 +2 +1
Al
Cht kh
HNO3
Cht oxi ha
Al(NO3)3 + xNO + yN2O + H2O
(3x+8y)
Al
+5
-3e+3xe-
+3
Al
+2
(Phn ng oxi ha) (Phn ng kh)
xN
(+5x)
xN
(+2x)
3
+5
+ (3x+8y) e-
2yN
(+10y)
+8ye-
+1
2yN
(+2y)
(Phn ng kh)
(3x+8y)Al + (3x+6y)HNO3 (3x +8y)Al +(12x+30y)HNO3 (6x+15)H2O
(3x+8y)Al(NO3)3 + 3xNO + 3yN2O + H2O (3x+8y)Al(NO3)3 + 3xNO + 3yN2O +
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Th d 7:
+2y/x +2 +2m/n t0 +4
Cht oxi ha Cht kh

+2y/x
FexOy
+ CO
FenOm + CO2
+2m/n
nxFe
(+2ny) +2
+ (2ny-2mx)e-2e +
-
nxFe
(+2mx) +4
(Phn ng kh) (Phn ng oxi ha) (ny-mx)CO2
(ny-mx)
C xFenOm +
nFexOy Th d 8:
+8/3
(ny-mx)CO
+5
+3
+2y/x
Cht kh
+8/3
Fe3O4
+ HNO3 - e-
Cht oxi ha
Fe(NO3)3
+3
+ N xO y + H 2 O (Phn ng oxi ha)
(5x-2y) 3Fe
(+8) +5
3Fe
(+9) +2y/x
xN
+ (5x-2y)e
(+5x)
xN
(+2y)
(Phn ng kh) NxOy + H2O
(5x-2y)Fe3O4 +
xHNO3
(15x-6y)Fe(NO3)3 +
(5x-2y)Fe3O4 + (46x-18y)HNO3
(15x-6y)Fe(NO3)3 + NxOy + (23x-9y)H2O
Th d 9:
-1 +6 +1 +3
CH3-CH2-OH + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4

Cht kh
-1
Cht oxi ha
CH3-CHO + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O
C
+6
2e
+1
C
+3
(Phn ng oxi ha)
2Cr +
(+12)
6e-
2Cr
(+6)
xN
(Phn ng kh)
3CH3-CH2-OH + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 3CH3-CH2-OH + K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4
3CH3-CHO + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O 3CH3-CHO + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O
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Th d 10:
0
C6H12O6
0
Cht kh
Cht oxi ha
MnO4-
+7
+ H+
+4
+4
CO2
+ Mn2+
+2
+ H2O
5 24
6C
(0) +7
24e5e-
6C
(+24) +2
(Phn ng oxi ha ) (Phn ng kh ) + 24Mn2+ + H2O + 24Mn2+ + 66H2O
Mn
Mn 30CO2 30CO2
5C6H12O6 + 24MnO4- + H+ 5C6H12O6 + 24MnO4- + 72H+
Th d 11:
+2 -1
+6
+3
+4
Cht kh
+2
FeS2
H2SO4(, nng )
Cht oxi ha
Fe2(SO4)3 +
+3
SO2 + H2O
2Fe
(+4) -1
2e-22e-
2Fe
(+6) +4
4S
(-4) +6
20e 2eFe2(SO4)3 Fe2(SO4)3
4S
(+6) +4
11 2FeS2 2FeS2 + +
S + 15SO2 + 15SO2 + + H2O 14H2O
11H2SO4 14H2SO4
Th d 12: CnH2n
+ 1OH
+ K2Cr2O7 +H2SO4
CH3COOH + CO2 + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O
(Cho bit s mol CH3COOH v CO2 to ra bng nhau) Kt qu : 9 CnH2n + 1OH + 5n K2Cr2O7 + 20n H2SO4 3n CH3COOH + 3n CO2 + 5n Cr2(SO4)3 + 5n K2SO4 + (23n +9) H2O
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Th d 13: CxHyO + KMnO4 + HCl CH3-CHO + CO2 + MnCl2 + KCl + H2O (Cho bit s mol gia CH3-CHO vi CO2 l 1 : 1) Kt qu : 15CxHyO + (2x+ 3y -6)KMnO4 + (6x +9y -18)HCl 5xCH3-CHO + 5xCO2 + (2x +3y -6)MnCl2 + (2x+3y -6)KCl + (-7x +12y -9)H2O
Th d 14: CnH2n
-2
+ KMnO4 + H2O
KOOC-COOK + MnO2 + KOH
Kt qu : 6CnH2n - 2 + (10n -4)KMnO4 + (4 -4n) H2O 3nKOOC-COOK + (10n -4)MnO2 + (4n -4)KOH
Th d 15: Zn + H2SO4 (, nng ) ZnSO4 + SO2 + H2S + H2O (T l s mol n SO2 : n H2S = a : b)
Kt qu : (a+4b)Zn + (2a+5b)H2SO4 (a+4b)ZnSO4 + aSO2 + bH2S + (2a+4b)H2O
Th d 16: K2SO3 + KMnO4 Kt qu : 5K2SO3 + 2KMnO4 + 6KHSO4 9K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + KHSO4 K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O
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Ghi ch
G.1. Phn ng t oxi ha kh (Phn ng t oxi ha t kh) l mt loi phn ng oxi ha kh c bit, trong mt cht va l cht oxi ha va l cht kh v c s cho, nhn in t gia cc phn t ca cng mt cht. Ngha l phn t cht ny cho in t (ng vai tr cht kh) n mt phn t khc ca cng cht y (ng vai tr cht oxi ha). Trong thc t thng gp ch mt nguyn t trong phn t c s oxi ha thay i v h s nguyn ng trc phn t tc cht ny 2.
Th d :
+4 +5 +2
Cht kh Cht oxi ha

+4
3NO2
H 2O
2HNO3
NO
Axit nitric Nit oxit (2 phan t NO2 cho ien t, 1 phan t NO2 nhan ien t)
+3 +5
Cht oxi ha i Cht kh

0
2NO2
2NaOH
NaNO2
NaNO3
H 2O
Natri nitrit Natri nitrat (1 phan t NO2 cho ien t, 1 phan t NO2 nhan ien t)
0 +1 t0, Xt -1
H-CHO
Cht kh
H-CHO
Cht oxi ha
O=CH-CH2-OH
(2H-CHO)
G.2. Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t l mt phn ng oxi ha kh c bit, trong mt
cht va l cht oxi ha, va l cht kh v c s cho, nhn in t ngay trong mt phn t cht . Thng gp hai nguyn t khc nhau trong phn t c s oxi ha thay i. Nhng cng c trng hp ch mt nguyn t trong phn t c s oxi ha thay i (nguyn t ny cho in t v nguyn t ca cng nguyn t y trong cng phn t nhn in t).
Th d :
+7 -2 +6
t0
+4
Cht oxi ha Cht kh

+6 -2
2KMnO4
K2MnO4
MnO2
O2
Kali manganat Mangan ioxit Oxi (Mn nhn in t, O cho in t trong cng phn t KMnO4)
+6
t0
+3
2 K2Cr2O7
+5 -2
Cht oxi ha Cht kh
2K2CrO4
-1
Cr2O3
0
3/2O2
Kali cromat Crom(III) oxit (Cr nhn in t, O cho in t trong cng phn t K2Cr2O7)
MnO2 , t0
2KClO3
2KCl
3O2
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Cht oxi ha Cht kh

0 -1 +1
Cht oxi ha Cht kh
Cl2
2NaOH
NaCl
NaClO
H2O
Natri clorua
Natri hipoclorit
nhn in)
-2 -2
(Nguyn t Cl ny cho in t v nguyn t Cl kia trong cng phn t Cl2

-3 -1
Tm oxi ha T m kh
CH2 = CH2
H2O
H3PO4, t0, p
CH3-CH2-OH
Bi tp 10
Cn bng cc phn ng oxi ha kh sau y theo phng php cn bng in t:
1) Fe3O4 + H2SO4(, nng ) 2) FexOy + H2

t0
Fe2(SO4)3 + FenOm + H2O

t0
SO2 +
H2O
3) Ca3(PO4)2 + SiO2 + C 4) MxOy + 5) NaCrO2 + 6) Zn + H2SO4(, nng ) Br2 + NaOH
P4
+ CO + +
CaSiO3 + H 2O
M2(SO4)n
SO2
Na2CrO4 + NaBr + H2O Zn(NO3)2 + xNO2 + yNO + H 2O
HNO3(l)
Bi tp 10
Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php thng bng electron:
1) C12H22O11 2) 3) Zn CnH2n +
MnO4-
H+
CO2
Mn2+ +
H2O
+ 1CHO
+KMnO4+H2SO4 + KOH + H2O
CH3COOH + CO2 +MnSO4+K2SO4 +H2O (n CH3COOH : n CO2 = 1 : 1) K2ZnO2 + NH3 + H2O
KNO3
4) Al + KNO2 + NaOH
KAlO2 + NaAlO2 + NH3 Na2SO4 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2 O
5) Na2SO3 + KMnO4 + NaHSO4 6) CnHmO + KMnO4 + H2SO4
CH3CHO + CO2 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O (n CH3CHO : n CO2 = 1 : 1)
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III. 2. PHNG PHP CN BNG ION - IN T Thc hin cc bc sau y: + Vit phng trnh phn ng vi y tc cht, sn phm (nu cha c phn ng sn). + Tnh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t c s oxi ha thay i. Nhn din cht oxi ha, cht kh. + Vit di dng ion cht no phn ly c thnh ion trong dung dch. (Cht no khng phn ly c thnh ion nh cht khng tan, cht kh, cht khng in ly, th nguyn dng phn t hay nguyn t). Tuy nhin ch gi li nhng ion hay phn t no cha nguyn t c s oxi ha thay i (ion hay phn t no cha nguyn t c s oxi ha khng thay i th b i). + Vit cc phn ng cho, phn ng nhn in t (chnh l cc phn ng oxi ha, phn ng kh). Vit nguyn c dng ion hay phn t, vi s oxi ha bn trn. Thm h s thch hp s nguyn t ca nguyn t c s oxi ha thay i hai bn bng nhau. + Cn bng s in t cho, nhn. S in t cho ca cht kh phi bng s in t nhn ca cht oxi ha (Hay s oxi ha tng ca cht kh phi bng s oxi ha gim ca cht oxi ha) bng cch nhn h s thch hp. Xong ri cng v vi v cc phn ng cho, phn ng nhn in t. + Cn bng in tch. in tch hai bn phi bng nhau. Nu khng bng nhau th thm vo ion H+ hoc ion OH- ty theo phn ng c thc hin trong mi trng axit hoc baz. Tng qut thm H+ vo bn no c axit (tc cht hoc sn phm); Thm OH- vo bn no c baz. Thm H2O pha ngc li cn bng s nguyn t H (cng l cn bng s nguyn t O). + Phi hp h s ca phn ng ion va c cn bng xong vi phn ng lc u b sung h s thch hp vo phn ng lc u (Chuyn phn ng dng ion tr li thnh dng phn t). + Cn bng cc nguyn t cn li, nu c, nh phn ng trao i.
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Cc th d:
Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php cn bng ion - in t: Th d 1:
+7 +2 +2 +3
Cht oxi ha
KMnO4 + FeSO4 + H2SO4

Cht kh
MnSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O Mn2+ + 2Fe3+ (Phn ng kh ) (Phn ng oxi ha )
MnO4_
+7
Fe2+ + 5e2e-
2 +
MnO4+2 (+4)
Mn2+ 2Fe3+
(+6) +3
+2
5 2Fe2+
2MnO4-
10Fe2+
2Mn2+ + 10Fe3+ 2(+2) + 10(+3) +34 + 8H2O 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
in tch : 2(-1) + 10(+2) +18 + 16H+ 2KMnO4 + 10Fe2(SO4)3 + 8H2SO4 Th d 2:

+7 +4
+6
+6
Cht oxi ha
KMnO4
+ K2SO3 + SO32e2e-
+ KOH
Cht kh
K2MnO4 + K2SO4 + H2O MnO42+ SO42-
MnO4+7
2 +
MnO4- +
+4
MnO42+6
+6
(Phn ng kh ) (Phn ng oxi ha ) SO42-
SO32-
SO42-
2MnO4- + SO32in tch : 2(-1) 2MnO4+ + 1(-2) -4
2MnO42- +
2(-2) + 1(-2) -6 2MnO422K2MnO4 + + SO42- + H 2O
SO32- + 2OH-
2KMnO4 + K2SO4 + 2KOH
K2SO4 + H2O
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Th d 3:
+8/3 +6 +3 +4
Cht kh
Fe3O4 Fe3O4
+ +
H2SO4(, nng )
Cht oxi ha
Fe2(SO4)3 2Fe3+ 6Fe3+

(+18) +4 +3
+ SO2 + H2O SO2
SO42-
+8/3 (+16) +6
2Fe3O4 SO42-
2e2eSO42-
(Phn ng oxi ha ) (Phn ng kh ) SO2
+ +
SO2
2Fe3O4 in tch : 2Fe3O4
6Fe3+ +
+ 20 H+ + 10H2SO4(, nng )
2(0) + 1(-2) -2
in tch : 6(+3) + 1(0) +18 + 10 H2O 3Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 10H2O
Th d 4:
0 +5 +3 -3
Al Al
+ +
Cht kh
KNO3 NO3-
+ KOH
Cht oxi ha
+ H2O AlO2+ NH3 AlO2-
KAlO2 + NH3
8 + 3
Al
+5
3e+ 8e
+3
-3
NO3
NH3 8AlO2+ 3NH3
8Al + 3NO3in tch : 8(0) + 3(-1) -3 + 5OH- + 2H2O 8Al + 3KNO3 + 5KOH + 2H2O
in tch : 8(-1) + 3(0) -8 8KAlO2 + 3NH3
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Th d 5:
+7 +4 +4 +6
Cht oxi ha
KMnO4
+ K2SO3 +
Cht kh
+ H 2O SO32+4
MnO2 MnO2
+ K2SO4 + SO42-
KOH
MnO42 + 3 MnO4+4 +7
+ -
3e2e-
MnO2
+6
SO32-
SO422MnO2 + 3SO42-
2MnO4- + 3SO32in tch : 2(-1) + 3(-2) -8 +H2O 2KMNO4 + 3K2SO3 + H2O
in tch : 3(-2) -6 + 2 OH2MnO2 + 3K2SO4 + 2KOH
Th d 6:
0 +5 +2 +2 +1
Mg
Cht kh
+ + - 2e
-
HNO3
Cht oxi ha
Mg(NO3)2 + NO + N2O + H2O (T le so mol: n NO : n N2O = 3 : 2) Mg2+ Mg2+

+2 +2
Mg
0
NO3-
+ 3NO + 2N2O + (Phn ng oxi ha ) (Phn ng kh )
H2O
25
Mg
+5
3NO3- +
(+15)
9e25e-
3NO
(+6) +1
2
+5
4NO3
(+20)
+ 16e +
2N2O
(+4)
(Phn ng kh ) + 6NO + 4N2O
25Mg
14NO3-
25Mg2+
in tch : 14(-1) -14 + 64H+ 25Mg + 64HNO3
in tch : 25(+2) +50 + 32H2O 25Mg(NO3)2 + 6NO + 4N2O + 32H2O
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Th d 7:
-2 +7 (2n - n)/n +4
CnH2n
Cht kh
+ KMnO4 + MnO4-
Cht oxi ha
+ H 2O
CnH2n(OH)2 CnH2n(OH)2 +
+ MnO2 + KOH MnO2
CnH2n
-2
3 CnH2n + -(2-2n+2n)e
(-2n) +7
(2 - 2n)/n
CnH2n(OH)2
(2-2n) +4
+ 2 MnO43CnH2n + + 3e2MnO4MnO2 3CnH2n(OH)2 + 2MnO2
in tch : 2(-1) -2 + 4H2O 3CnH2n + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O
in tch : 3(0) + 2(0) 0 + 2 OH3CnH2n(OH)2 + 2MnO2 + 2KOH
Th d 8:
+3 -1 +2 0
Cht oxi ha
FeCl3
KI
Cht kh
FeCl2
I2
KCl
Fe3+ 2 + Fe3+ 2I(-2) -1 +3
+ + +
Ie2e2I-
Fe2+ Fe2+
0 +2
I2 (Phn ng kh ) (Phn ng oxi ha )
I2
(0)
2Fe3+
2Fe2+
I2
in tch : 2(+3) + 2(-1) +4 2FeCl3 + 2KI
in tch : 2(+2) + 1(0) +4 2FeCl2 + I2 + 2KCl
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Th d 9:
Cht oxi ha
+6
Cr2O72-
+6
Cht kh
SO32-
+4
H+ 6e2e3SO32-
Cr3+ 2Cr3+
(+6) +6 +3
+3
SO42-
+6
H2O
Cr2O72+ 3
(+12) +4
+ +
(Phn ng kh ) (Phn ng oxi ha ) + 3SO42-
SO32-
SO422Cr3+
Cr2O72-
in tch : -2 + 3(-2) -8 Cr2O72- + 3SO32- + Bi tp 11
+ 8 H+ 8 H+
in tch : 2(+3) + 3(-2) 0 + 4H2O 2Cr3+ + 3SO42+ 4H2O
Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php cn bng ion - in t:
1) KMnO4 + KNO2 + H2SO4 2) Zn 3) Zn + HNO3 + KOH H+
MnSO4 + KNO3 + K2SO4 + H2O
Zn(NO3)2 + NO2 + NO + H2O (T l th tch:: VNO2 : VNO = 1 : 3) K2ZnO2 + NH3 + + + H2O H2O H2O
+ KNO3
4) Cr2O72- + Fe2+ + 5) Mg + NO3- + H+
Cr3+ + Fe3+ Mg2+ + NH4+
Bi tp 11 Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php cn bng ion - in t: Al2(SO4)3 + SO2 + H2S + H2O 1) Al + H2SO4
(T l s mol: nSO2 : nH2S = x : y)
2) FeO + 3) C6H12O6
HNO3 + MnO4- +
Fe(NO3)3 H+
+ NO CO2
+ H 2O + Mn2+ + H2O K2SO4 + + H 2O H2O
4) KMnO4 + K2SO3 5) NaCrO2 + 6) Fe2+
+ KHSO4
MnSO4 +
Br2 + NaOH Fe3+
Na2CrO4 + NaBr + SO2 + H 2O
+ SO42+ + H+
Giao khoa hoa vo c
35
III.3. CN BNG THEO PHNG PHP I S Thc hin cc bc sau: + Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra vi y tc cht, sn phm (nu u bi yu cu b sung phn ng ri mi cn bng). + t cc h s bng cc ch a, b, c, d, ng trc cc cht trong phn ng. + Lp h phng trnh ton hc lin h gia cc h s ny vi nguyn tc s nguyn t ca tng nguyn t bn tc cht v bn sn phm bng nhau. Nu phn ng dng ion th cn t thm mt phng trnh ton na l in tch bn tc cht v bn sn phm bng nhau. + Gii h phng trnh ton. Thng s phng trnh ton lp c t hn mt phng trnh so vi s n s. Tuy nhin ta c th chn bt c mt h s no bng 1. Do c s phng trnh ton bng s n s, nn s gii c. Sau , nu cn, ta nhn tt c nghim s tm c vi cng mt s thch hp cc h s u l s nguyn. Cc th d: Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php i s. Th d 1: KMnO4 + HCl aKMnO4 + bHCl K: a=e (1) Mn : a=c (2) O: 4a = f (3) H: b = 2f (4) Cl : b = 2c + 2d + e
(C h 5 phng trnh, 6 n s)
MnCl2
Cl2 +
KCl
+ H2O + fH2O
cMnCl2 + dCl2
+ eKCl
(5)
Chn e = 1 (1) a = 1 (2) c = 1 (3) f = 4 (4) b = 8 1 1 5 (5) d = (b - 2c - e) = [ 8 - 2(1) - 1] = 2 2 2 a=2 Nhn cc nghim s vi 2 b = 16 c=2 d=5 e =2 f=8 2KMnO4 + 16HCl
2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 2KCl + 8H2O
Giao khoa hoa vo c
36
Th d 2: Cl2 +
aCl2 Cl : K: O: H: +
KOH() bKOH (1) (2) (3) (4)
t0
KCl cKCl +
KClO3 dKClO3
+ +
H2O eH2O
2a = c + d b =c+d b = 3d + e b = 2e
(C h 4 phng trnh ton, 5 n s )
Chn e = 1
(4) b = 2 ; (3) d = 1/3 ; (2) c = 5/3 ; (1) a = 1
Nhn cc nghim s tm c vi 3
a = 3 b = 6 c = 5 d = 1 e = 3
3Cl2 + 6KOH() +
t0
5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O Mg(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + H2O
Th d 3: Mg
HNO3(rt long)
aMg + bHNO3(rt long) Mg : a = c H: b = 4d + 2e N : b = 2c + 2d O : 3b = 6c + 3d + e (1) (2) (3) (4)
cMg(NO3)2 + dNH4NO3 + eH2O
Chn c = 1 (1) a = 1 So snh (2), (3) 4d + 2e = 2c + 2d 2d + 2e = 2c 2d + 2e = 2(1) 2d + 2e = 2 d + e = 1 (2) So snh (3), (4) 3(2c + 2d) = 6c + 3d + e 6c + 6d = 6c + 3d + e 3d - e = 0 (3)
H 2 phng trnh (2'), (3'), 2 n s e, d:
d + e = 1 (2) 3d - e = 0 (3) Gii d = 1 4 3 e= 4
1 5 (3) b = 2(1) + 2( )= 4 2
Giao khoa hoa vo c
37
Nhn tt c nghim vi 4
a=4 b = 10 c=4 d=1 e=3 4Mg(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O
4Mg + 10HNO3(rt long) Th d 4: Cu
+ NO3- + H+ bNO3- + cH+ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Cu2+ + dCu2+ +
NO
+ H2O
aCu +
eNO + fH2O
Cu : a=d N: b=e O: 3b = e + f H: c = 2f in tch : -b + c = +2d Chn e = 1 (2) b = 1 (3) f = 2 (4) c = 4 (5) d = 3/2 (1) a = 3/2
Nhn tt c nghim s tm c vi 2
a=3 b=2 c=8 d=3 e=2 f=4 2NO + CO2 dCO2 + + 4H2O Mn2+ + H2O eMn2+ + fH2O
3Cu
+ 2NO3C12H22O11
+ 8H+ + MnO4- + H+
3Cu2+ +
Th d 5:
aC12H22O11
+ bMnO4- + cH+ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
C: 12a = d H: 22a + c = 2f O: 11a + 4b = 2d + f Mn : b = e in tch : -b + c = +2e Chn e = 1
Giao khoa hoa vo c
38
(4) b = 1 (5) c = 3 Th d = 12a (1); b = 1 vo (3) Th c = 3 vo (2) 22a + 3 = 2f
11a + 4(1) = 2(12a) + f 13a + f = 4 (3) -22a + 2f = 3 (2)
H 2 phng trnh (2'), (3'), 2 n s a, f:
-22a + 2f = 3 13a +f = 4 Gii a = 5 127 ; f= 48 48 5 60 (1) d = 12( ) = 48 48
(2) (3)
Nhn tt c nghim s vi 48
5C12H22O11 + 48MnO4 + 144H Th d 6: FexOy + HCl
a b c d e
=5 = 48 = 144 = 60 = 48
f = 127 60CO2 + 48Mn2+ + 127H2O
FeCl2 + FeCl3 + H2O cFeCl2 + dFeCl3 + eH2O
aFexOy + bHCl Fe : O: H: Cl : xa = c + d ya = e b = 2e b = 2c + 3d (1) (2) (3) (4)
Chn e = 1 (3) b = 2 1 x The a, b vo (1), (4) c + d = (2) a = y y 2c + 3d = 2 3x 2x -2 ; d=2Gii c = y y

Nhn tt c nghim s vi y
(1) (4)
a=1 b = 2y c = 3x - 2y d = 2y - 2x e=y
Giao khoa hoa vo c
39
FexOy + 2yHCl
(3x - 2y)FeCl2 + (2y - 2x)FeCl3 +
yH2O
Th d 7: Na2SO3 + KMnO4 + NaHSO4

aNa2SO3 + bKMnO4 + cNaHSO4 Na : 2a + c = 2d S: a + c = d + e +f O: 3a + 4b + 4c = 4d + 4e + 4f + g K: b = 2f Mn : b =e H: c = 2g Chn f = 1 (4) b = 2 (5) e = 2 Th c = 2g e =2 f =1 b =2
Na2SO4 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O dNa2SO4 + eMnSO4 + fK2SO4 + gH2O (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
(H 6 phng trnh, 7 n s)
vo (1), (2), (3) 3 phng trnh, 3 an so a, d, g (1) 2a + 2g = 2d a+g=d (2) a + 2g = d + 2 +1 a + 2g -3 = d (3) 3a + 8 + 8g = 4d + 8 + 4 + g 3a + 7g - 4 = 4d
(1) (2) (3)
(2) - (1) loi a, d g = 3 (1) (1) a - d = -3 (3) 3a - 4d = -17 (3)

Gii h hai phng trnh (1), (3) a = 5 ; d = 8
(6) c = 6
Tm c cc nghim s: a = 5 ; b = 2 ; c = 6 ; d = 8 ; e = 2 ; f = 1 ; g = 3
5Na2SO3 + 2KMnO4 + 6NaHSO4 Bi tp 12
8Na2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 3H2O
Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php i s: a. Al + NO2 + OH

-
+ H2O
AlO2- + NH3 H2O
b. MxOy + HBr c. Fe3O4 + d. FeS2 HNO3
MBr2 + MBr3 +
Fe(NO3)3 + NO + H2O Fe2(SO4)3 + SO 2 + H2O
+ H2SO4(, nng )
Giao khoa hoa vo c
40
Bi tp 12
Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php i s:
a. FeO
+ H2SO4(, nng )
Fe2(SO4)3 + M(NO3)n + NO
SO2 + + H2O
H2O
b. MxOy + HNO3 c. NO2- + MnO4d. FexOy + CO + H+

t0
NO3- + Mn2+ + FemOn + CO2
H2O
CU HI N PHN III
Nu nguyn tc chung cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh. Ti sao gi phn ng cho in t cng l phn ng oxi ha? Ti sao gi phn ng nhn in t l phn ng kh? Ti sao ni nhn din cht oxi ha, cht kh gp phn cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh d dng hn? S dng phng php cn bng i s trong trng hp no? +3 Khi Fe3+ , Fe , Fe(III) c khc nhau khng? Cho th d minh ha. Phn ng oxi ha ni phn t l phn ng nh th no? Cho hai th d minh ha. Th no l phn ng t oxi ha kh? Cho hai th d. Phn bit phn ng t oxi ha kh vi phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t. Cho th d minh ha. +7 0 +4 Hy cho bit ngha khi vit:: Mn, Mn, Mn, Mn(II), Mn(VII), Mn2+, MnO4Hy tm gn cc giai on cn bng mt phn ng oxi ha kh theo phng php cn bng in t. Cho th d minh ha bng mt phn ng c th. Hy vit gn cc giai on cn bng mt phn ng oxi ha kh theo phng php cn bng ion - in t. Cho th d.
Giao khoa hoa vo c
41
Nu cc bc cn bng mt phn ng theo phng php i s. Cho th d minh ha. Cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh theo phng php cn bng ion - in t s nhanh hn trong trng hp no? Cho th d minh ha. Trong phng php cn bng ion - in t nu khng bit phn ng c thc hin trong mi trng axit hay baz th lm th no cn bng in tch? Cho th d. Cn bng mi phn ng sau y theo ba phng php (cn bng in t, cn bng ion - in t v i s). Nhn xt u, khuyt im ca tng phng php. a. Cu + NO3- + H+
t0
Cu2+ + NO KCl FeCl2 + KHSO4 FenOm + +
+ H2 O H 2O
b. Cl2 + KOH() c. FexOy + HCl d. K2SO3 +
KClO3 +
FeCl3 + H2O K2SO4 CO2 + MnSO4 + H2O
KMnO4 +
t0
e. FexOy + CO
Khi no khng vit c mt cht dng ion? Cho th d. Trong phng php cn bng i s c nhn din c cht oxi ha, cht kh hay khng? C nht thit phi lm tng bc nh hng dn khi cn bng mt phn ng oxi ha kh hay khng?
Ch :
Ch khi no u bi yu cu cn bng theo phng php c th no th ta mi thc hin cc giai on cn bng phn ng theo ng phng php yu cu. Cn khi u bi khng yu cu theo phng php no (nh trong bi ton ha hc) th ta cn bng theo cch no cng c, cng nhanh cng tt. Thng ta thc hin trc tip trn phn ng va vit vi nguyn tc s oxi ha tng bng s oxi ha gim. Theo chng trnh ph thng, ch phng php cn bng in t.

Iii Các Phương Pháp Cân Bằng Phản Ứng Oxi Hóa Khử

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Iii Các Phương Pháp Cân Bằng Phản Ứng Oxi Hóa Khử

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Giao khoa hoa vo c

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

CC PHNG PHP CN BNG PHN NG OXI HA KH

KMnO4 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 Cht oxi ha Cht kh

MnSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O

(phn ng kh) (Phn ng oxi ha)

2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + H2SO4

2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O

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Giao khoa hoa vo c

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4 Th d 2:

2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 8H2O

(Phn ng oxi ha) (Phn ng kh) + NO NO + + H2O 14H2O

Cht kh Cht oxi ha Pirit st, St (II) pesunfua

2Fe -22e+4 (+6)

(Phn ng oxi ha)

(Phn ng oxi ha) (Phn ng kh)

Cht kh Cht oxi ha

(Phn ng oxi ha)

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Giao khoa hoa vo c

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

3FexOy + (3x-2y)HNO3 3FexOy + (12x-2y)HNO3 Th d 5:

3xFe(NO3)3 + (3x-2y)NO + H2O 3xFe(NO3)3 + (3x-2y)NO + (6x-y)H2O

cht kh cht oxi ha

(Phn ng oxi ha)

8MxOy + (2nx-4y)HNO3 8MxOy + (10nx-4y)HNO3

8xM(NO3)n + (nx-2y)N2O + (5nx-2y)H2O

Al(NO3)3 + xNO + yN2O + H2O

(Phn ng oxi ha) (Phn ng kh)

(3x+8y)Al + (3x+6y)HNO3 (3x +8y)Al +(12x+30y)HNO3 (6x+15)H2O

(3x+8y)Al(NO3)3 + 3xNO + 3yN2O + H2O (3x+8y)Al(NO3)3 + 3xNO + 3yN2O +

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Giao khoa hoa vo c

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

Cht oxi ha Cht kh

(Phn ng kh) (Phn ng oxi ha) (ny-mx)CO2

+ N xO y + H 2 O (Phn ng oxi ha)

(Phn ng kh) NxOy + H2O

(15x-6y)Fe(NO3)3 + NxOy + (23x-9y)H2O

CH3-CH2-OH + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4

CH3-CHO + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O

(Phn ng oxi ha)

3CH3-CH2-OH + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 3CH3-CH2-OH + K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4

3CH3-CHO + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O 3CH3-CHO + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O

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Giao khoa hoa vo c

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

(Phn ng oxi ha ) (Phn ng kh ) + 24Mn2+ + H2O + 24Mn2+ + 66H2O

5C6H12O6 + 24MnO4- + H+ 5C6H12O6 + 24MnO4- + 72H+

20e 2eFe2(SO4)3 Fe2(SO4)3

S + 15SO2 + 15SO2 + + H2O 14H2O

CH3COOH + CO2 + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O

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Giao khoa hoa vo c

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

KOOC-COOK + MnO2 + KOH

Kt qu : (a+4b)Zn + (2a+5b)H2SO4 (a+4b)ZnSO4 + aSO2 + bH2S + (2a+4b)H2O

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Giao khoa hoa vo c

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

Cht kh Cht oxi ha