Chuyen e 1 PHNG TRNH AI SO

BAT PHNG TRNH AI SO

TRNG TM KIN THC
CAC HANG ANG THC C BAN
1.
+ + +
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b

ab b a b a 2
2
) (
2 2
+ +
2.
+
2 2 2
( ) 2 a b a ab b

ab b a b a 2
2
) (
2 2
+ +
3.
+
2 2
( )( ) a b a b a b

4.
+ + + +
3 3 2 2 3
( ) 3 3 a b a a b ab b

) ( 3
3
) (
3 3
b a ab b a b a + + +
5.
+
3 3 2 2 3
( ) 3 3 a b a a b ab b

6.
+ + +
3 3 2 2
( )( ) a b a b a ab b
7.
+ +
3 3 2 2
( )( ) a b a b a ab b
8.
( )
+ + + + + + +
2
2 2 2
2 2 2 a b c a b c ab ac bc
A. PHNG TRNH AI SO
Nhc li:
1) Mt s php bin i tng ng phng trnh thng s dng
a) Chuyn v mt biu thc t v ny sang v kia (nh i du ca biu thc).
b) Nhn hoc chia hai v ca phng trnh vi mt hng s (khc 0) hoc vi mt biu thc
(khc khng).
c) Thay th mt biu thc bi mt biu thc khc bng vi biu thc .
Lu :
+ Chia hai v ca phng trnh cho biu thc cha n phng mt nghim.
+ Bnh phng hai v ca phng trnh phng d nghim.
2) Cac bc giai mot phng trnh
Bc 1: Tm ieu kien (neu co) cua an so e hai ve cua pt co ngha
Bc 2: S dung cac phep bien oi tng ng e bien oi pt en
mot pt a biet cach giai
Bc 3: Giai pt va chon nghiem phu hp ( neu co)
Bc 4: Ket luan
I. Giai va bien luan phng trnh bac nhat:
1
1. Dang : ax + b = 0 (1)

'

so tham : b a,
so an : x
2. Giai va bien luan:
Ta co : (1)

ax = -b (2)
Bien luan:
Neu a

0 th (2)

a
b
x
Neu a = 0 th (2) tr thanh 0.x = -b
* Neu b 0 th phng trnh (1) vo nghiem
* Neu b = 0 th phng trnh (1) nghiem ung vi moi x
Tom lai :
a

0 : phng trnh (1) co nghiem duy nhat

a
b
x

a = 0 va b

0 : phng trnh (1) vo nghiem

a = 0 va b = 0 : phng trnh (1) nghiem ung vi moi x

3. ieu kien ve nghiem so cua phng trnh:
nh ly: Xet phng trnh ax + b = 0 (1) ta co:
(1) co nghiem duy nhat

0
(1) vo nghiem

'

0
0
b
a
(1) nghiem ung vi moi x

'

0
0
b
a
II.Giai va bien luan phng trnh bac hai:

1. Dang:
2
0 ax bx c + + (1)

'

so tham : c , b a,
so an : x
2. Giai va bien luan phng trnh :
Xet hai trng hp
Trng hp 1: Neu a 0 th (1) la phng trnh bac nhat : bx + c = 0
2
b

0 : phng trnh (1) co nghiem duy nhat

b
c
x

b = 0 va c

0 : phng trnh (1) vo nghiem

b = 0 va c = 0 : phng trnh (1) nghiem ung vi moi x
Trng hp 2: Neu a 0 th (1) la phng trnh bac hai co
Biet so
2
4 b ac ( hoac
' 2 '
' vi b
2
b
b ac )
Bien luan:
Neu 0 < th pt (1) vo nghiem
Neu 0 th pt (1) co nghiem so kep
1 2
2
b
x x
a

(
'
1 2
b
x x
a
)
Neu 0 > th pt (1) co hai nghiem phan biet
1,2
2
b
x
a
t
(
' '
1,2
b
x
a
t

)
3. ieu kien ve nghiem so cua phng trnh bac hai:
nh ly : Xet phng trnh :
2
0 ax bx c + + (1)

Pt (1) vo nghiem

'

0
0
0
c
b
a
hoac

'

<

0
0 a
Pt (1) co nghiem kep

'

0
0 a
Pt (1) co hai nghiem phan biet

'

>

0
0 a
Pt (1) co hai nghiem

'

0
0 a
Pt (1) nghiem ung vi moi x

'

0
0
0
c
b
a

ac biet
Neu pt(1) co he so a,c thoa a.c < 0 th pt(1) luon co hai nghiem phan
biet.
3
4. nh ly VIET oi vi phng trnh bac hai:
nh ly thuan: Neu phng trnh bac hai :
2
0 ax bx c + + ( 0 a ) co hai
nghiem x
1
, x
2
th

'

+
a
c
x x P
a
b
x x S
2 1
2 1
.
nh ly ao : Neu co hai so
, x y
ma
x y S +
va
. P xy
) 4 (
2
P S th
, x y

la nghiem cua
phng trnh

2
X S.X P 0 - + =
Y ngha cua nh ly VIET:
Cho phep tnh gia tr cac bieu thc oi xng cua cac nghiem ( tc
la bieu thc cha x
1
, x
2
va khong thay oi gia tr khi ta thay oi vai tro
x
1
,x
2
cho nhau .V du:
2
2
2
1 2 1
2
2
2
1
1 1
x x x x
x x
A + +
+

) ma khong can giai pt tm x

1
, x
2
,
tm hai so khi biet tong va tch cua chung .
Chu y:
Neu pt (1) co cac he so thoa man a+b+c=0 th pt (1) co hai nghiem
la
1 2
1 vax
c
x
a

Neu pt (1) co cac he so thoa man a-b+c=0 th pt (1) co hai nghiem
la
1 2
1 vax
c
x
a

5. Dau nghiem so cua phng trnh bac hai:
Da vao nh ly Viet ta co the suy ra nh ly sau:
nh ly: Xet phng trnh bac hai :
2
0 ax bx c + + (1) ( 0 a )
Pt (1) co hai nghiem dng phan biet
>0
P >0
S >0

'

Pt (1) co hai nghiem am phan biet

>0
P >0
S <0

'

Pt (1) co hai nghiem trai dau P <0

4
II. Phng trnh trung phng:
1.Dang :
4 2
0 ( a 0 ) ax bx c + + (1)
2.Cach giai:
at an phu : x
2
= t

( 0 t ). Ta c phng trnh: 0
2
+ + c bt at (2)
Giai pt (2) tm t. Thay t tm c vao x
2
= t e tm x.
Tuy theo so nghiem cua phng trnh (2) ma ta suy ra c so
nghiem
cua phng trnh (1)
III . Phng trnh bac ba:
1. Dang:
3 2
0 ax bx cx d + + + (1) ( 0 a )
2 .Cach giai: Ap dung khi biet c mot nghiem cua phng
trnh (1)
Bc 1: Nham mot nghiem cua phng trnh (1). Gia s nghiem la x
= x
0
Bc 2: S dung phep CHIA A THC hoac s o HOOCNE e
phan tch ve trai thanh nhan
t va a pt (1) ve dang tch so :
(1)

(x-x
0
)(Ax
2
+Bx+C) = 0

0
2

0 (2)
x x
Ax Bx C

+ +

S o Hoocne:
Trong
o:

0
x
0 0
a A, x .A b B, x .B c C, .C d 0 + + +
Bc 3: Giai phng trnh (2) tm cac nghiem con lai ( neu co)
Chu y
Ta co the ap dung phng phap phan tch a thc thanh nhan t bang ky
thuat s dung s o HOOCNE, e giai cac phng trnh a thc bac cao (vi
ieu kien nham c mot nghiem cua a thc).
Xem thm chuyn a thc nm su hn phn ny.
a b c d
x
0
A B C 0 (so 0)
5
IV. PHNG TRNH BAC BON QUY VE BAC HAI BANG PHEP AT AN
PHU
1.Dang I :
4 2
0 ( a 0 ) ax bx c + +
at an phu : t = x
2
2. Dang II .
( )( )( )( ) ( k 0 ) x a x b x c x d k + + + +
trong o a+b = c+d
at an phu : t = (x+a)(x+b)
3.Dang III:
4 4
( ) ( ) ( k 0 ) x a x b k + + +
at an phu : t =
2
a b
x
+
+
4.Dang IV:
4 3 2
0 ax bx cx bx a + + t +
Chia hai ve phng trnh cho x
2

at an phu : t =
1
x
x
t
T luyn:
Giai cac phng trnh sau:
1.
4 2
10 9 0 x x +
2.
( 1)( 2)( 3)( 4) 3 x x x x + + + +
3.
2 2
( 3 4)( 6) 24 x x x x + +
4.
4 4
( 2) ( 3) 1 x x +
5.
4 3 2
3 6 3 1 0 x x x x + +
6
V. CAC PHNG PHAP GIAI PHNG TRNH AI SO
1.Phng phap 1: Bien oi phng trnh a cho ve phng trnh a biet
cach giai.
2.Phng phap 2: Bien oi phng trnh a cho ve dang tch so : A.B = 0;
A.B.C = 0.
nh ly:
0
. 0
0
A
AB
B

;
0
. . 0 0
0
A
ABC B
C

3.Phng phap 3: at an phu a phng trnh a cho ve dang a biet

cach giai.
4.Phng phap 4: Bien oi phng trnh ve he phng trnh .
nh ly1: Vi 0, 0 A B th
0
0
0
A
A B
B

+
'

nh ly 2: Vi A, B bat ky th
2 2
0
0
0
A
A B
B

+
'

nh ly 3:
Vi vaB K A K ( K la hang so ) th
A K
A B
B K


'

B. BAT PHNG TRNH AI SO

7
x f(x) Cung dau a 0
Trai dau a 0 Cung dau a
x f(x)
Cung dau a 0 Cung dau a
x
f(x) Cung dau a C
Nhac lai:
Cac phep bien oi tng ng bt phng trnh thng s dung:
1) Chuyen ve mot bieu thc cua bpt t ve nay sang ve kia (nh oi
dau bieu thc)
2) Nhan hoac chia hai ve cua bpt vi mot hang so hoac mot bieu
thc khac 0
Ghi nh quan trng:
+ m th i chiu
+ Dng th khng i chiu
3) Thay th mot bieu thc trong bpt bi mot bieu thc khac bang vi
bieu thc o.
I. Bat phng trnh bac nhat:
1. Dang :
(1) 0 > + b ax
(hoac < , , )
2. Giai va bien luan:

Ta co :
(2) ) 1 ( b ax >
Bien luan:
Neu 0 > a th
a
b
x > ) 2 (
Neu 0 < a th
a
b
x < ) 2 (
Neu 0 a th (2) tr thanh : b x > . 0
* 0 b th bpt vo nghiem
* 0 > b th bpt nghiem ung vi moi x
II. Dau cua nh thc bac nhat:
1. Dang:
0) (a ) ( + b ax x f
2. Bang xet dau cua nh thc:
x


a
b

+
ax+
b
Trai dau vi a 0 Cung
dau vi a
III. Dau cua tam thc bac hai:
8
x f(x) Cung dau a 0
Trai dau a 0 Cung dau a
x f(x)
Cung dau a 0 Cung dau a
x
f(x) Cung dau a C
1. Dang:
0) (a
2
) ( + + c bx ax x f
2. Bang xet dau cua tam thc bac hai:
Ch :
Nu tam thc bc hai
2
f(x) ax bx c (a 0) = + + c hai nghim 1 2
x , x
th tam thc lun c
th phn tch thnh
( ) ( )
2
1 2
f(x) ax bx c a x x x x = + + = - -
Moi tam thc bac hai f(x) = ax
2
+bx+c (a 0) ieu co the bieu
dien thanh

2 2
( ) ( )
2 4
b
f x ax bx c a x
a a

+ + +
3. ieu kien khong oi dau cua tam thc:
nh ly: Cho tam thc bac hai:
0) (a
2
) ( + + c bx ax x f

'

>
<
>
0 a
0
R x 0 ) (x f

'

<
<
<
0 a
0
R x 0 ) (x f

'

>


0 a
0
R x 0 ) (x f

'

<


0 a
0
R x 0 ) (x f
IV. Bat phng trnh bac hai:

1. Dang:
0
2
> + + c bx ax
( hoac < , , )

9
x f(x) Cung dau a 0
Trai dau a 0 Cung dau a
ac b 4
2

x f(x)
Cung dau a 0 Cung dau a
x
f(x) Cung dau a C
0 <
0
0 >
2. Cach giai: Xet dau tam thc bac hai ve trai roi chon nghiem thch
hp.
V. So sanh mot so

vi cac nghiem cua tam thc bac hai

c bx ax x f + +
2
) ( ( 0 a )
nh ly:


[ ]
1
<
1
< <
]
1
1
>
1 1
>
' 1
< <
]
<
]
1
1
1
1
Tam thc co hai nghiem x thoa
a.f( ) 0
x
0
Tam thc co hai nghiem x thoa
a.f( ) 0
x
S
2
2
2
2
2
,x
x
,x
x
0
1
1
1
1
1
>
1 1
>
' 1 1
< <
] 1
> 1
]
1
1
0
Tam thc co hai nghiem x thoa
a.f( ) 0
x
S
2
2
2
,x
x
0

VN DNG KIN THC TRNG TM GII TON
10
Bai 1: Cho phng trnh: m mx
x
x x
2 2
2
4 2
2
+

+
(1)
Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 2 nghiem phan biet
Bi gii:
iu kin: x 2
Khi :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
(1) x 2x 4 mx 2 2m x 2
x 2x 4 mx 2x 2mx 2mx 4 4m
m 1 x 2 2m 2 x 4m 8 0 (2)
- + = + - -
- + = + - - - +
- - - + - =
t: ( ) ( )
2
f(x) m 1 x 2 2m 2 x 4m 8 = - - - + -
Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit

Phng trnh (2) c hai nghim phn bit khc 2

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
m 1 0
a 0
' 0 2m 2 m 1 4m 8 0
f(2) 0 m 1 4 4 2m 2 4m 8 0
m 1
4m 4 0 m 1
4 0

-

D > - - - - >




- - - + -

- > >

Vy gi tr m tha yu cu l
m 1 >

Bai 2: Cho phng trnh: 0 5 3 ) 1 (
2
+ + m x m x (1)
Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 2 nghiem dng phan biet
Bi gii:
Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim dng phn bit
( ) ( )
2 2
m 3 m 7
0 m 1 4 3m 5 0 m 10m 21 0
5
m 3
5
3 P 0 3m 5 0 3m 5 0 m
3
m 7
m 1 0 m 1 0 S 0
m 1
< >


D > + - - > - + >

< <

> - > - > >


>

+ > + > >
>-

Vy gi tr m tha yu cu l
5
m 3 m 7
3
< < >

Bai 3: Cho phng trnh: 0
1
2

+ +
x
m x mx
(1)
11
Tm m e phng trnh (1) co hai nghiem dng phan biet
Bi gii:
iu kin: x 1
Khi :

2
(1) mx x m 0 (2) + + =
t:
2
f(x) mx x m = + +
Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim dng phn bit

Phng trnh (2) c hai nghim dng phn bit khc 1

2
m 0
a 0
1 4m 0
0
m
P 0 0
m
S 0
1
0
m
f(1) 0
1 2m 0
m 0
1 1
m
1
2 2
m 0
m 0
2
1
m
2

- >

D >

> >




>


- >

- < <

- < <

<

Vy gi tr m tha yu cu l
1
m 0
2
- < <

Bai 4: Cho phng trnh:
0 1
2 4
+ m mx x
(1)
Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 4 nghiem phan biet
Bi gii:
t
2
x t (t 0) = , phng trnh (1) tr thnh:
2
t mt m 1 0 - + - = (2)
Phng trnh (1) c 4 nghim phn bit

Phng trnh (2) c hai nghim dng phn bit

2
0 m 4m 4 0 m 2
m 1
P 0 m 1 0 m 1
m 2
S 0 m 0 m 0


D > - + >

>

> - > >

> > >

Vy gi tr m tha yu cu l
m 1
m 2
>

Bai 5: Cho phng trnh: 0 ) )( 1 (
2
+ + m mx x x (1)
Tm m e phng trnh (1) co 3 nghiem phan biet
12
Bi gii:
Ta c:
( )
2
x 1
1
x mx m 0 (2)
=

+ + =

t:
2
f(x) x mx m = + +
Phng trnh (1) c 3 nghim phn bit

Phng trnh (2) c hai nghim phn bit khc 1

2 m 0 m 4
0 m 4m 0
1
f(1) 0 1 2m 0
m
2

< >

D > - >



+
-

Vy gi tr m tha yu cu l
m 0 m 4
1
m
2
< >

Bai 6 : Cho phng trnh : 0 ) 1 ( 3 ) 1 (
2
+ + m x m mx (1)
Vi gia tr nao cua m th pt (1) co hai nghiem phan biet x
1
, x
2
thoa
9
7 1 1
2
2
2
1
+
x x

Bi gii:
Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit x
1
, x
2


( ) ( )
2
2
m 0
m 0
m 0 a 0
1
0 11m 10m 1 0
m 1 m 1 12m m 1 0
11

D > - + + >
- < < - - - >

Theo nh l Viet ta c:
( )
1 2
1 2
1 m
x x
m
3 m 1
x x
m
-

+ =

Khi :

( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
2 2
2 2 2
x x 2x x
1 1 7 7 1 m 2m 7
x x 9 9 9 m 1 3 m 1 9 x x
1 m 3 m 1 2m 7 m 1
1 2m m 6m 6m 7m 14m 7

+ -
-
+ = = - =
- -
- - - = -
- + - + = - +
2
12m 18m 6 0
m 1 (loai)

1
m
2
- + =
=

Vy gi tr m tha yu cu l
1
m
2
=
.
13
Bi 7: Cho phng trnh ( )
3 2
x 2x 1 m x m 0 + +
(1)
Tm m phng trnh (1) c ba nghim phn bit
1 2 3
x , x , x
tha mn iu kin
2 2 2
1 2 3
x x x 4 + + <
Bi gii:
Phng trnh (1) c mt nghim l x 1 nn:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
x 1 (2)
1 x 1 x x m 0
f (x) x x m 0 (3)

Gi x
1
l nghim ca phng trnh (2) v x
2
, x
3
l nghim ca phng trnh (3). Khi
Yu cu ca bi c tha mn khi v ch khi:
( )
( )
Pt 3
2
2 2 2
1 2 3 2 3 2 3
1
m
0 1 1 4m 0
4
m 1
f 1 0 m 0 m 0
4
2 2m 4
m 0
x x x 4 1 x x 2x x 4

>

>
+ >

< <

' ' ' '
+ <

+ + < + + <

Vy gi tr m tha yu cu l
1
m 1
4
m 0

< <
'

CC BI TON T LUYN
Bi 1: Cho phng trnh: ( )
( )
2
x 3 x 3x 6 m 0 (1) - + + - =
Tm m phng trnh (1) c 3 nghim phn bit.
Kt qu:
15
m
4
m 24

>

Bi 2: Cho phng trnh: ( ) ( )

3 2
x 2 m 1 x 7m 2 x 4 6m 0 (1) - + + - + - =
Tm m phng trnh (1) c 3 nghim dng phn bit.
Kt qu:
2
m 1
3
m 2

< <

>

14
Bi 3: Cho phng trnh: ( )
4 2
x 2 m 1 x +2m+1 (1) - +
Tm m phng trnh (1) c 4 nghim phn bit.
Kt qu:
1
m
2
m 0

>-

Bi 4: Cho phng trnh:

2
x x m
x 1 (1)
x m
- + +
= -
+
Tm phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit.
Kt qu:
m 6 4 2
m 6 4 2

<- -

>- +

Bi 5: Cho phng trnh: ( )

2 2
3x 4 m 1 x m 4m 1 0 + - + - + = (1)
Tm m phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit 1 2
x ;x
tha mn iu kin
( )
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
x x
x x 2
+ = +
Kt qu:
m 1
m 5
=

Bi 6: Cho phng trnh: 0

3
2
3
1
2 3
+ + m x mx x (1)
Tm m e phng trnh (1) co ba nghiem phan biet x
1
, x
2
, x
3
thoa man
15
2
3
2
2
2
1
> + + x x x
Kt qu:
(m 1 m 1) < >
BI TP RN LUYN K NNG
Bi 1: Cho phng trnh ( )
2 2
3 4 1 4 1 0 x m x m m + + +
(1)
Tm m phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit x
1
, x
2
tha mn
( )
1 2
1 2
1 1 1
2
x x
x x
+ +
Bi 2: Cho phng trnh
2
2 1 0 x x m + (1)
Tm m phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit x
1
, x
2
tha mn ( )
1 2
. 1 4 x x m +
Bi 3: Cho phng trnh ( )
2
3 2 2 1 1 0 mx m x
vi 0 m > (1)
Tm m phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit x
1
, x
2
tha mn
2 1
16
9
x x
Bi 4: Cho phng trnh
1
2 1
x
kx
x
+

(1)
15
Tm k phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit x
1
, x
2
tha mn
1 2
1 x x +
Bi 5: Cho phng trnh
2 1
1
x
mx
x

(1)
Tm m phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit x
1
, x
2
tha mn
1 2
0 x x +
Bi 6: Cho phng trnh
2 2
2
1
x
x m
x

+
+
(1)
Tm m phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit x
1
, x
2
tha mn ( )
2
1 2
1 x x
Bi 7: Cho phng trnh
1
2
x
x
x m

+
+
(1)
Tm m phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit x
1
, x
2
tha mn
1 2
2 x x
Bi 8: Cho phng trnh ( )
2 4
1 1
1
x
m x
x
+
+

(1)
Tm m phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit x
1
, x
2
tha mn ( ) ( )
2
2
1 2 1 2
1 . 4 90 m x x x x
1
+ +
]
Bi 9: Cho phng trnh
1
2 1
x
x m
x
+
+

(1)
Tm m phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit x
1
, x
2
sao cho biu thc
2 2
1 2
1 1
(2 1) (2 1)
A
x x


t
gi tr ln nht.
Bi 10: Cho phng trnh
1
x
x m
x
+

(1)
Tm m phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit x
1
, x
2
tha mn

( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
1
2
2 2 2 2
x x x m x m
x mx m x mx m
+ - + - +
=
- + - +
Bi 11: Cho phng trnh ( )
3 2
3 2 2 0 x x m x m + +
(1)
Tm m phng trnh (1) c 3 nghim dng phn bit.

Bi 12: Cho phng trnh ( ) ( )
3 2
2 3 2 0 x m x m x m + +
(1)
Tm m phng trnh (1) c 3 nghim m phn bit.

Bi 13: Cho phng trnh ( )
3 2 2
3 4 0 x m x mx m + +
(1)
Tm m phng trnh (1) c 3 nghim phn bit, trong c t nht hai nghim dng.

Bi 14: Cho phng trnh ( )
3 2
2 1 0 x x m x m + +
(1)
Tm m phng trnh (1) c 3 nghim phn bit x
1
, x
2
, x
3
tha mn
2 2 2
1 2 3
4 x x x + + >
Bi 15: Cho phng trnh ( )
4 2
2 1 2 3 0 x m x m + + + +
(1)
Tm m phng trnh (1) c 4 nghim phn bit.
Bi 16: Cho phng trnh ( )
4 2
3 2 3 1 0 x m x m + + +
(1)
Tm m phng trnh (1) c 4 nghim phn bit x
1
, x
2,
x
3
, x
4
nh hn 2.
Bi 17: Cho phng trnh ( )
4 2 2
2 1 4 0 x m x m + +
(1)
Tm m phng trnh (1) c 4 nghim phn bit x
1
, x
2,
x
3
, x
4
ln hn 4 .
16
Bi 18: Cho phng trnh
4 2
5 4 x x m + (1)
Tm m phng trnh (1) c 4 nghim phn bit x
1
, x
2,
x
3
, x
4
tha mn
1 2 3 4
x x x x < < <
v
4 3 3 2 2 1
x x x x x x
.
---------------------------------Ht------------------------------
17