NNG L NG SINH H C

BIOLOGICAL ENERGY

CHUYN :

NHNG CON NG TE BAO THU NHAN NANG LNG T DO

CELLULAR PATHWAYS THAT HARVEST CHEMICAL ENERGY
10/2009

GVHD: TS. V VN TON HVTH: TRN TH KIM PHNG

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Ho hap te bao
Nng lng t do to ra trong h hp c gii phng t t v phn ln c tch ly Phn cc lin kt caotrong canhin c th to lng d trong ng mt qu trnh oxit hp cht giu xc H hp l t chy nng ha sinh hc (c nng s dng( v d nh enzim) phncht hu c d tr di dng nhit t do. tc ATP), cc nh cn li ta ra nng lng nng lng, nhng km theo l phn ng gy Nng lng c lipit, protein)hu ht cc hot ng sng cn nng (gluxit, s dng cho hoc cc cht sng khc gii n, ta ra lng nhit do, to ra sng. Nu ln v pht sn phm lng ca c th. Cc con ng c s dngcc chuyn ha c th l ln phng nng lng t men, oxi ha lng nhit (chttrc sinhphncp) v sn chu trnh pentose hiu kh, oxi pht tip trong t bo sng s trung gian ha ng ha s t ng, phm cuit chy t 2boH2O. cng l CO v

Ho hap te bao
NG PHN (con ng EMP, glycolysis)

Qu trnh glycolysis c thc QU TRNH OXI HA PIRUVAT hin qua nhiu giai on, photphorin ha phn t ng, to ra dng cht CHU TRNH AXIT CITRIC S oxi ha ca pyruvatvi 10 phn ng, hot ha d phn gii, to axetat(hp Axety 2C), gnim CoA,phtAxetylcht lng nh nng lng t do c mt CoA l HPxut to chu trnh CHUI H gc gi l chu trnh axit xitric (cng 2 phn tgia chulc kh CoA,ly trong c tch lm c cht tham ATP, trnh Krebsxitricchu trnh axt tricacbonxilic. axit hay ca h hp thng t l dng phn mang mang in Chui h hpt cht h t bo.cc phc h Qa trnh (2 phn t),phn ng , t axit xy ha NADH ny gm 8 v 2 phnth, tham protein nh v mng trong ty mt gc axetyl 2 cacbon gii phng 2 piruvic. gia vo cc phn ng oxi ha kh, nhn phn t CO2. Nng lng t do c Glycolysis c kt thc v cc in t v proton t cht mang l gii phng FADHcng l axit piruvic. S sn phm cui phn ng ny c NADH v t cc 2, chuyn chng ntch ly vo tip theo ca piruvatin thuc phn ADP to ATP v 8 ty t c cht nhn cui cng l oxi to nc gii phng s kh NAD v FAD. h hp vo qu kin vn trng: t bo Trong iu trnh mi chuyn ca dng NAD+ v FAD ngtrng c O mang hiu to ng lc vai tr cht 2) hoc proton kh+(nu mi quay ng c ATP in t, H tham(gia chui trng in t h hp k khhin qu trnh photphorin nu mi truyn khng synthase, thc gii phng nng lng tng hp ATP3 O tng hp ATP. ha,2).

S OXI HOA AXIT PYRUVIC

Pyruvat khuch tn vo bn trong cht nn ty th, ni s din ra phn ng oxi ha: 1. Pyruvat b oxi ha to gc acetyl 2 cacbon (acetyl-CoA) v mt phn t CO2 Coenzyme A phng trong cc phn t trung tm c gii l mt

trong chuyn ho, c cu to gm cc n v 2. Mt phn nng lng nhm ngoi trnh -mercaptoethylamine cha t do t qusulfua SH, vitaminc s dng khv mt nucleotic oxi ha B5 panthothenate NAD+ thnh adenosine triphosphate. Chc nng chnh ca NADH v H+ CoA l vn chuyn cc nhm acyl bi lin kt ti u tn cng sulfhydryl ca t do cn li cht 3. Phn ln nng lng n, to thnh c dnd tr tm thi lin kt ni gia thng xut gi l acyl-CoA. Nhm acyl gc lin kt vi CoA l n v acetyl, khi cht dn Axetat vo coenzim A to Axetyl CoA. xut c gi l acetyl-CoA. S hnh thnh phn t acetyl-CoA l kt qu ca chui phn ng phc tp c xc tc bi phc h enzim oxi ha pyruvat, m phn ln h enzim 4 ny c gn kt mng trong ty th.

CHU TRNH AXIT CITRIC

* Axety CoA l c cht tham gia chu trnh axit xitric. Qu trnh ny gm
8 phn ng , xy ha mt gc axetyl-2C gii phng 2 phn t CO2. Nng lng t do c gii phng t cc phn ng ny c tch ly vo ADP to ATP v 8 in t c gii phng s kh NAD+ v FAD.

* Thc cht chu trnh acid xitri chuyn ha gc Axetyl hon ton n hai
phn t CO2, y cc nguyn t H t axit hu c n cc cofactor, kh nhng cht ny to thnh cht mang in t. Ngun ha nng trong cc cht mang ny c gi li trong qu trnh phn ng. V chng b oxi ha trong h chui h hp, mt lng ln nng lng t do c vn chuyn tng hp ATP. Ngun vo u tin chu trnh axit citric l Axetat ( trong cu trc Axetyl CoA), nc, v nhng cht oxi ha mang in t (NAD+ v FAD) u ra l CO2, nhng cht mang in t b kh (NADH+H+ , FADH2) v mt lng nh ATP. Ni chung, cho mi gc axetyl, chu trnh axit citric chuyn n 2 CO2 v s dng 4 cp nguyn t H kh cht mang in t.
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CHU TRNH AXIT CITRIC

Mt chu trnh Krebs : - Gii phng 2 phn t CO2 - Kh 3 NAD+ to 3 NADH - Kh 1 FAD (cht mang in t) to FADH2 -Tng hp 1 ATP -Ti to li hp cht 4C oxaloacetate
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CAC GIAI OAN TRONG CHU TRNH AXIT CITRIC

nng ha cho Hai phnNgunsminhlng c ng ny Ging nh oxi ha pyruvat tm phn CoA, t lng s thi bin: trong chTronghc phng 3, phn c4 sinh Trong phn ng 2,phn t Trongphn ng nngsucxinylthnh acetyld tr mt Trong phn ng 5, 5, nc ngca CO2 trnh axitto licng phc dng Phncao CoAaxit7fumaric to trong ng 7, chuyn li phn t ng CoA oxi cpcitratcitric xucxinatsucxinat. ca ktvphnH vspphn c chu ha ti in t linAxetyl nng trongxp ha to ra,theohidratC isocitrat nng nhm c ,5phncitrat 6,thnh MtOH, cht dngoxi tng hpH ln nas ha haNAD+ kh c trong Tip isoaxetat trnhng t tp. ng phn to phn ng 8, Hp v qu b thnh CoA cu to nn-ketoglutarate -ketoglutarate. phnphng t GTP ra, GDP v gcgiicht 4Ct nhm oxi ha chp vngsau chuyn xy t t axitn Phn ng ny oxaloaxetat ( n kh lng todo malicP tc,NAD+ b OH oxaloaxetat malat totrnh oxi ha nng lng ra Trong qu trnh to lng Cui trnh toquGTP chuyn qu cngphntqu NADH Trong nng lng cho xucxinat.+H+.ln sucxinattrongloi 1). trong phn ng 8. ny, nn do, phnTrong c lng kt nhiu ca ngun trnh, oxaloaxetat, y ltipdnng fumarat. phn t nngv ny,oxi thi to ATP, qu trnh tc hai ADPCO2, nhiu Coenzim cho ng, A lng cht tr trong NADH c trong hp to hp dvi d trtrong cht Hha chuyn ra v c s phnvnc n mt nhmmang ng photphorin ha c NADH + kh cht tch Axetyl khc phntrnh H+. v con +H+,nnli Axetyl chu trnh v t trong Krebs. lng nhiu nng chu FAD. CoA dng ca chu trnh li tip tc. ng vng ly tm thi trong qu c tch khc Chu trnh axit citric c hiu qu gp trnh to hp cht xucxinat-CoA hai chos lin ktphn gii mt phn t qu trnh gia sucxinat vi t ng Glucose trong ng phn CoA. ( mt ln cho mi pyruvat i vo cht nn ty th)
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CHUOI HO HAP TE BAO ( Chuoi van chuyen ien t ) Qu trnh gm 3 phn:

1. oxi t pyruvat qua sut mt chui lin hp cht Sinhai xuyn v hot ng ca chu trnh axit

mang in t trn mng t bo gi l chui h hp citric to ra mt lng ln cc cht kh mang hay t cha by nng lng. inchui vn chuyn in t. gii phng ngun nng lng ny v tng hp ATP, nhiu qu trnh 2. Dng in t chuyn dc theoin t ny. Hn xy ra kh nhng cht mang knh vn chuyn, proton xuyn qua NAD+ v ty th, bn ngoi cht na, nu khng cmng trongFAD, cc giai on oxi nn,ca ng phn, oxi ha pyruvat v chu trnh ha to nn s chnh lch nng proton. axit citric khng th din ra. ti sinh NAD+ v 3. Cc proton khuch tn tr li vo cht nn ty th FAD, s kh nhng cht mang in t ny din ra xuyn qua knh proton theo cp tng hp ATP. theo nhiu con ng tch H+ v e-. S phn ca nhngb qu trnh tng hp ATPthuc vovn Ton in t v proton ny ph t chui din bin quin t c t bo.photphoryl ha. chuyn trnh h hp gi l

NADH NAD

e-

e-

CHUI TRUYN iN T

H+ ADP ATP

Succinate Fumarate

Ni cht
O2 H2O

I
H+

II

III
Cyt. c

IV

V
H+ H+

Mng trong

Khng gian gia hai lp mng

H+

bn phc h protein cha nhng phn t cht mang lin kt vi nhng enzim l nhng phn t protein xuyn mng t mng Chui h hp cha nhiu phn t protein xuyn mng, phncaprotein nh trong ty th sinh nhng thc lu ng v s phn bvt nhnphn t lipit nh: cytocrom c l mt phn t protein ngoi vi nm trong khong gia hai lp mng ty th, n gn mt cch lng lo vi mng trong ty th mt hp cht phi protein (Ubiquinon : Q) nh, khng phn cc, di chuyn t do pha bn trong u k nc ca phn t photpho lipit kp thuc mng trong ty th. 9

CHUOI HO HAP TE BAO ( Chuoi van chuyen ien t )

* * phc h vnenzym dehydrogenazabi phc chuyn in t tl NADH+H+ II, chuyn in t ti Q sucxinat h protein I, gi sucxinat qua trung gian FADH2ni cha 26 phn tng 6 ca chu trnh phc h enzim kh NADH-Q, n Q (trong phn polipeptit gn lp axit vi nhau. Phc chtnn fumarat t sucxinat). Nhng t n Q , to rp citric, qu trnh to kh NADH-Q vn chuyn in in t ny i vo h thng chui truyn QH2. hn so vi t NADH. nn chm

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CHUOI HO HAP TE BAO ( Chuoi van chuyen ien t )

Nu in t ch c nhn qua cc phn ng cui cng ca chui h hp, iu g s xy ra vi cc proton? Lm th no m dng di chuyn cp proton n tng hp ATP?
* Ti phc hp th IV, enzim oxi ha cytocrom c vi 8 tiu n v, nhn in t t cytocrom c v chuyn chng n oxi, c nhn t mi trng ngoi , kt hp vi 2 ion H cu to * phc h III, enzim kh cytocrom c, vi khong 10 tiu n v thnh nc. nh, n nhn in t t QH2 v chuyn chng n cytocrom c.
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CHUOI HO HAP TE BAO ( Chuoi van chuyen ien t )

Electron vn chuyn trong mi phn ca cc phc h protein, nh chng ta s thy, trong bm proton qua mng trong ti th bn, s vn chyn qua mng t bo l cng vi s hnh thnh ca ATP. V vy, nng lng ban u c cha trong ng v cc thc phm khc cui cng c tch ly trong ng tin nng lng ATP. i vi mi cp in t dc theo chui vn chuyn t NADH+H+ 12 n oxy, ba phn t ca ATP c hnh thnh.