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Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

ng dng wavelet daubechies trong pht hin thi im s c ngn mch trn ng dy di Application of Daubechies Wavelet Decomposition in Detecting the Shortage Moment on Single Phase Transmission Line
Trn Hoi Linh Trng HBK H Ni email: linh-3i@mail.hut.edu.vn Trng Tun Anh Trng H KTCN Thi Nguyn email: ttanhhtd@gmail.com dng trong h thng in phn tch cc hin tng nh dao ng in p [1], pht hin v tr im s c [6,10] hoc dao ng cht lng in nng [8]. Trong cc bi ton pht hin s c ngn mch, cc cng trnh nghin cu tp trung cho nghin cu phn loi s c, v tr s c [6,10,13]. Bi bo ny s xut s dng phn tch wavelet cho tn hiu dng v p u ng dy pht hin thi im xy ra s c ngn mch trn ng dy. Thut ton c bn c la chn trong bi bo ny l phng php phn tch tn hiu theo cc hm sng nh (wavelet decomposition). Phng php ny c u im [3,4,7,12] ni bt hn so vi phn tch ph Fourier do kt qu phn tch a li khng ch thng tin v thnh phn tn s m cn c c thng tin v thi im xut hin. Do khi xy ra s c, ta c s bin i t ngt v bin ca cc tn hiu dng v p u ng dy nn vic phn tch v pht hin c cc s bin thin t ngt ny s cho php ta xc nh c thi im xy ra s c.

Tm tt
Ngn mch l mt trong nhng dng s c hay xy ra nht i vi ng dy truyn ti. Ngy nay vi s pht trin ca cng ngh, cc r-le s c trang b thm ngy cng nhiu cc chc nng phn tch v x l tn hiu. Mt trong nhng mc tiu t ra hin nay cho cc r-le s l xc nh c chnh xc 3 thng s ca s c ngn mch l: thi im xy ra ngn mch, v tr ngn mch v tng tr ngn mch. Bi bo ny tp trung nghin cu v vic xc nh thi im xy ra ngn mch thng qua vic phn tch tn hiu dng v p o c u ng dy. C s ton hc dng trong phn tch l cc thut ton phn tch tn hiu theo sng nh (wavelet decomposition). Cc kt qu m phng cho thy ta c th xc nh c thi im s c vi sai s trung bnh khng qu 1ms.

Abstract
Shortage is one of the most popular defects on the power transmission lines. Today, the digital relays are equipped with much more complex signal processing algorithms to improve the performance of the relays. One of the main tasks of the digital relays is to estimate the parameters of the shortage event. Those parameters include the moment, the location and the shortage resistance. In this paper, well concentrate on the detection of the time moment of shortage. The math tool selected for this task are the wavelet decomposition algorithms. The numerical results will shown the effectiveness of the proposed method, where the average error is less than 1ms.

2. Wavelet v ng dng trong phn tch ph tn s - thi gian ca tn hiu


2.1 Gii thiu v Wavelet Wavelet l s pht trin tip sau cng c phn tch ph Fourier ca tn hiu. Trong phng php phn tch ph Fourier ta c mt tn hiu c khai trin theo cc hm c s l hm sin() v cos() vi nh Fourier c tnh theo cng thc [7,12]:

F y (t )

Y( f )

y t e

2p j t f

dt

(1)

1. t vn
Bi ton xc nh cc thng s ca s c ngn mch trn ng dy truyn ti l mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng trong vn hnh h thng truyn ti. i vi mi s c ngn mch, ta thng cn xc nh ba thng s c bn l: thi im xy ra s c, v tr s c v in tr ngn mch ti v tr s c. Ta thng tch cc nhim v ny thnh cc bi ton c lp. Trong bi bo ny ta s nghin cu v vn xc nh thi im xy ra s c, ng thi gii hn nghin cu cho ng dy n. Cc phng php xut c th c nghin cu tip tc pht trin cho ng dy ba pha v cho cc dng s c khc trn ng dy. ng thi nhm ti mc ch n gin ha cc gii php, bi bo ny s xut ch s dng cc thng tin dng v p ti u ng dy truyn ti. Wavelet c ng

Khi , nu mt tn s xut hin trong khai trin Fourier th c ngha l tn s tn ti trong ton min thi gian. Trn hnh 1 l v d phn tch ph ca mt tn hiu bao gm cc thnh phn sin(). Tn hiu gc c hm m t theo (2) bao gm cc thnh phn 2Hz (vi bin l 2), 10Hz (bin 0,5) v 20Hz (vi bin l 1).

f (t )

2sin 2p 2t

0,5sin 2p 10t

sin 2p 20t (2)

nh Fourier (tnh theo phng php DFT cho tn hiu c ly mu vi tn s 200Hz trong thi gian t 0,1 ) phn tch c chnh xc cc thnh phn tn s ny vi t l cc bin cng rt chnh xc.

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Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011


Cc hm wavelet Daubechies y( x ) c nh ngha nh sau:

y( x )

2N 1

2
k 0

( 1)k h2 N

1 k

j(2 x k )
1

(4)

vi N bc ca wavelet, h0 , , h2 N lc tha mn cc iu kin sau:


N 1

cc h s

1.
k 0

h2 k
2 N 1 2l

1 2
hk hk
2l

N 1

h2 k
k 0

(5)

2.
k 2l

1 khi l 0 khi l

0 0

0,1, N 1
(6)

H. 1

Phn tch ph Fourier ca tn hiu tun hon: Tn hiu gc (trn) v ph bin (di)

Tuy nhin, khi gp tn hiu c thnh phn tn s xut hin trong cc khong thi gian khc nhau (tn hiu bt nh non-stationary signals) th cht lng ca phn tch ph Fourier gim r rt. Ta xt v d tn hiu vi cc thnh phn tn s v bin nh trn nhng khong thi gian xut hin khng trng nhau:
2sin 2p 2t 0,5sin 2p 10t sin 2p 20t khi t 0,3 khi 0,3 t 0,7 (3) khi t 0,7

hm j( x ) c gi l hm sinh wavelet v c nh ngha di dng quy:

j( x)
j( x )

0
2

x
2N 1 k 0

\ [0,2 N 1)
hk j(2 x k )

(7) (8)

f (t )

Cc h s hi c xc nh t cc iu kin bin (5), (6) v cc iu kin v tnh trc giao ca cc hm wavelet v hm sinh [3,7,12]. V d nh i vi N=1, 1 1 , ta c h0 , h1 , i vi N=2 ta c: 2 2

Hnh nh tn hiu v kt qu phn tch ph ca tn hiu ny c th hin trn hnh 2. C th thy cc thnh phn tn s khng c th hin r trn nh ph cng nh t l cc bin cng khng c m bo. khc phc nhc im ny, gii php phn tch Fourier theo cc ca s thi gian ngn (STFT ShortTime Fourier Transform) [5] tuy nhin phng php ny cng c mt s nhc im nh rng ca s thi gian thng l c nh, v vic la chn rng ca s ny cng nh hng ln ti cc tn s chng ta c th pht hin bn trong tn hiu. rng ca s thi gian ln th phn gii (kh nng pht hin chnh xc thi im xut hin mt tn s) s thp, ng rng ca s nh th kh nng xc nh chnh xc cc thnh phn tn s ca tn hiu km.

h0 , h1 , h2 , h 3 0,183; 0,317;1,183; 0,683 [3]. T hm wavelet trn ta c th xy dng mt h


cc hm y j ,k ( x )

2 j /2 y 2 j x k vi j, k

(cc

s nguyn) to thnh mt h trc giao n v (orthonormal basis).

H. 3

Mt s h hm wavelet c bn

H. 2

Phn tch ph Fourier ca tn hiu bt nh: Tn hiu gc (trn) v ph bin (di)

Cc hm c s wavelet s dng trong khai trin tn hiu khc c bn vi khai trin Fourier mt c trng l cc hm ny u c gi tr bin thin trong mt on gii hn, bn ngoi on ny gi tr hm c s coi nh bng 0. Mt s hm c s wavelet thng dng c gii thiu trn hnh 3. Ta c th thy trn hnh 3.a l hm Daubechies bc 4 c gi tr coi nh bng 0 ngoi on [0,7], hnh 3.b cho thy hm Haar c gi tr bng 0 ngoi on [0,1],

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Cc hm wavelet ny, trong trng hp hm thc v n bin, c s dng khai trin tn hiu theo cng thc: 1 x b f ( x ) Wa.b ( f ) f ( x )y dx (9) a a vi a c gi l h s co gin v b h s tnh tin. Khi gi tr a ln th tc bin thin ca wavelet tng ln v ta c th s dng cho cc thnh phn tn s cao. Ngc li ta cng c tng t. Thay i gi tr ca b ta c th xc nh c thi im xut hin thnh phn tng ng vi wavelet trong tn hiu gc ban u. Nh vo ta c th xc nh c cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau ng thi cng c th xc nh c v tr xut hin ca tn s ny trong tn hiu bt nh. V d, khi khai trin theo hm Daubechies bc 4 (hnh 3.a) vi tn hiu tun hon t (2) v hnh 1 ta c kt qu nh trn hnh 4.
H. 5 Phn tch ph wavelet Daubechies 4 ca tn hiu bt nh: Tn hiu gc v cc thnh phn khai trin

2.2.1 M hnh m phng ng dy di trong Matlab s dng Simulink v SimPower Matlab l mt phn mm m phng mnh, rt thun tin cho cc bi ton khi ta c c m t h thng dng h phng trnh vi tch phn [10].

Matlab c trang b rt nhiu cc th vin (toolbox) tnh ton v m phng chuyn bit cho rt nhiu lnh vc. Trong bi bo ny cc tc gi s s dng hai th vin chnh ca Matlab l Simulink v SimPower (trong cc phin bn c cn c gi l Power System Toolbox). S dng cc th vin ny, m hnh ng dy di 1 pha vi hin tng s c ngn mch trn c dy c xy dng nh trn hnh 6.

H. 4

Phn tch ph wavelet Daubechies 4 ca tn hiu tun hon: Tn hiu gc v cc thnh phn khai trin

Thnh phn 2sin(2p 2t ) c biu din trn tn hiu a 4 , thnh phn 0,5sin(2p 10t ) c biu din trn tn hiu d 4 cn thnh phn sin(2p 20t ) c biu din trn tn hiu d 3 . Mt phn tn hiu kh ln vi tn s 40Hz vn cn trn d 2 do cc biu din trn

d 3 v d 4 cha hon ton khp vi hnh sin (do hnh dng cc hm wavelet khc bit so vi hnh sin). Thnh phn d1 xp x 0 cho thy trong tn hiu ban u khng c thnh phn tn s cao. Khi p dng vi tn hiu bt nh th cht lng ca khai trin wavelet tr nn vt tri. Th li vi tn hiu t cng thc (3) v hnh 2, ta thu c kt qu nh trn hnh 5.
2.2. M phng s c ngn mch trn ng dy c s liu s dng cho cc tnh ton, trong bi bo ny cc tc gi s s dng cng c m phng ng dy di ca phn mm Matlab cng cc th vin Simulink v SimPower.

H. 6

M hnh Simulink m phng ng dy truyn ti n vi s c ngn mch trn ng dy

Trn hnh 6 pha u ng dy ta c 1 ngun 220kV xoay chiu, mt h thng m t tng tr trong ca ngun (gm mt in tr Rs v mt nhnh RLC song song vi cc gi tr c th ty chn cho ph hp vi thc t [10]). Pha u ng dy ta c khi o lng thu thp tn hiu dng v p u ng dy. ng dy di c m phng bng 2 on ng dy theo m hnh [10] l on trc v sau v tr s c. S c c m phng bng vic ng 1 tng tr Rshort vo mch in. Cui ng dy ta c mt ti c m t bi tng tr tng ng. ng thi trn m hnh cng th hin hai khi o v hin th dng v p cui ng dy (c tnh cht h tr v tham kho, cc tn hiu ny khng cn s dng trong tnh ton).

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Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011


ng dy di trong Matlab c m t theo m hnh , theo ng dy di c th c xc thng qua cc thng s c trng l in tr ring R0 ( / km) , in cm ring L0 ( H / km) v in dung ring C0 (C / km) . M hnh mch tng ng c trnh by trn hnh 7, trong khi xt di x th gi tr cc phn t tng ng l R R0 x; 3. 1. Cc tn hiu mu u vo M hnh trn hnh 6 c s dng m phng vi cc gi tr thng s sau y ca s c ngn mch: Rshort 0,50,100,150,200,250 : tng cng c 6 gi tr khc nhau ca in tr s c, x [20km,40km, ,200km] : tng cng 10 gi tr khc nhau ca v tr s c, T0 [0,1, ,20ms] : tng cng 21 gi tr khc nhau ca thi im s c. Vi mi mt b gi tr khc nhau ca x, Rshort , T0 , ta tin hnh m phng trong thi gian 300ms (15 chu k), trong thun tin cho vic theo di 3 chu k u mch ch xc lp, thi im xy ra s c c tnh bt u t chu k th 4. Kt qu thu c t qu trnh m phng l cc tn hiu dng v p ti u ng dy, c ly mu vi tn s 1kHz. Tng cng ta c 10 6 21 1260 trng hp u1 (t ), i1 (t ) tn hiu c to ra. Trn hnh 8 l v d cc tn hiu thu c cho trng hp x, Rshort , T0 20,0,0 (ngn mch l tng Rshort 0 xy ra cch u ng dy x 20km ti thi im bt u chu k th 4 T0 0ms. Ta c th nhn thy l trong cc tn hiu dng v p s xut hin qu trnh qu , ko di khong 2 chu k, v s bin thin ca bin dng in ln hn nhiu ln so vi bin thin ca in p.

L0

x v C

C0

x.

H. 7

M hnh PI ca ng dy cho mt on x vi cc thng s c bn R-L-C

H phng trnh vi phn m t quan h gia cc tn hiu trn on ng dy trn [10]

u ( x, t ) x i ( x, t ) x

R0 i ( x, t ) C0 u ( x, t ) t

L0

i ( x, t ) t

(1 0)

Gii h phng trnh bng cc phng php s [10] ta s thu c cc tn hiu dng v p trn ton b ng dy. Tuy nhin trong bi bo ny, ta t yu cu ch s dng cc tn hiu dng v p u ng dy. Cc thng s c s dng trong m phng l [10]: v R0 0,1 / km; L0 0,867mH / km

C0 13,41nF / km. Chiu di ng dy l 200km. 2.2.2 M phng ch ngn mch trn ng dy m t s c ngn mch, ta ng mt in tr Rshort vo ng dy. Nu ngn mch l tng ta s c Rshort 0 , tuy nhin m phng c cc trng hp ngn mch khng l tng, trong bi bo ny Rshort c ly cc gi tr trong khong Rshort 0 , 250 . m phng vi cc v tr s c
khc nhau trn ng dy c chiu di l , ta s dng hai on ng dy mc ni nh trn hnh 6, theo khi s c ti v tr x th chiu di on ng dy th nht s l x cn on ng dy th hai s l l x . C th ta la chn x c th nhn cc gi tr thuc khong x [20km,200km] l /10; l vi l 200km chn nh trn. Ngoi ra Matlab cn cho php ta la chn thi gian ng kha (tng ng vi thi im xy ra s c). Ta s m phng vi cc thi im s c khc nhau xy ra trong mt chu k kho st kh nng xc nh thi im s c khng ph thuc vo pha ca cc tn hiu khi xy ra s c. Thi im s c c la chn trong tp T0 [0, T ] vi T 20ms l 1 chu k ca tn hiu 50Hz.
H. 8

Tn hiu p (trn) v dng (di) u ng dy 20,0,0 ng vi trng hp x, Rshort , T0

3. ng dng wavelet phn tch s liu VCCA-2011


396

i vi mi trng hp, cc tn hiu dng p s c a vo khi tnh ton s dng khai trin wavelet, sau c a ti khi xc nh ngng xc nh thi im xy ra bin thin t ngt trong tn hiu. phn tch tn hiu ta s dng cc hm wavelet h Daubechies. Hnh 9 gii thiu 8 hm Daubechies u tin. Ta c th d dng nhn thy l bc ca hm cng tng th tc bit thin ca tn hiu trong hm cng ln. Khi hm c kh nng biu din c cc tn s cao hn trong tn hiu cn phn tch. Do tn hiu dng v p u ng dy c ly mu vi tn s 1kHz nn t c chnh xc mc ms th ta cn phn tch v pht hin c cc bin thin ca tn hiu cng trong khong

Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011


mt mu. V vy trong bi bo ny ta s la chn s dng wavelet bc 9.
H. 10 Kt qu phn tch tn hiu in p t hnh 4 theo cc thnh phn u tin ca wavelet Daubechies 9

H. 9

Cc hm wavelet h Daubechies vi cc mc t bc 2 n bc 9

H. 11 Kt qu phn tch tn hiu dng in t hnh 4 theo cc thnh phn u tin ca wavelet Daubechies 9

Trn hnh 10 l v d v kt qu khai trin tn hiu in p t hnh 4 theo Daubechies bc 9. Trc tin thnh phn d1 c lc t tnh hiu gc u1 u1 (t ) v c trit tit khi tn hiu gc cn li a1 u1 d1 , sau l thnh phn d 2 c lc t phn tn hiu cn li a1 v cng c trit tiu khi a1 cn li a2 a1 d2 , Sau 4 bc lc ta c 4 thnh phn d1 , , d4 v phn cn li ca tn hiu a4 . Ta c th nhn thy cc thnh phn d i cha cc tn s gim dn theo i, do thnh phn bin thin nhanh nht s c cha trong d1 . Trn biu ca

Tnh cht ny ca php phn tch theo cc thnh phn wavelet Daubechies 9 s l c s xy dng thut ton pht hin thi im s c nh trnh by trong phn tip theo. 3.2. Thut ton xc nh thi im s c da trn thnh phn d1 thun tin trnh by ta phng to thnh phn d1 t hnh 10 nh trn hnh 12. Ta b qua phn bin thin ban u ca thnh phn d1 do hiu ng ca s tn hiu bng cch loi cc gi tr ca chu k u tin (20 mu ng vi tn s ly mu 1kHz) khng xt ti.

d1 c 3 on tn hiu tng i ln, trong hai on u v cui tng ng vi hiu ng ca s ca tn hiu. D dng nhn thy on bin thin mnh th 3 (nm trong khong t 60 n 90ms) tng ng vi on qu ca tn hiu in p ban u. Hon ton tng t ta c kt qu phn tch tn hiu dng in t hnh 8 nh trn hnh 11. ng thi, c th nhn thy do mc bin thin ca dng in ln hn so vi in p nn thnh phn d1 biu hin rt r rng thi im xy ra s c trong tn hiu dng in.

H. 12 Thnh phn d1 t hnh 7 c phng to

Trong qu trnh xc lp thnh phn d1 rt nh, ta s ly ngng quan st l gi tr max ca thnh phn d1 trong thi gian ny, c th:

thresh

t 20 ms ,40 ms

max

d1 (t )

Khi gi tr tc thi ca d1 bt u bin thin mnh, ta xc nh thi im bt u vt ngng t1 min d1 (t ) thresh


t

v sau tip theo khoanh vng tm kim max xung quanh im t1 , c th l cc im t1 10, t1 20 (do 20ms ng vi 1 chu k ca tn hiu nn ta m vng tm kim ra pha sau 1 chu k, phn m rng pha trc tng n nh ca thut ton do ti im t1

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Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011


gi tr tc thi ca d1 (t ) ang thay i nhanh. im c coi l xy ra s c s tng ng vi im cc i trong khong tm kim Tshort : d1 Tshort max d1 (t )
t t1 10,t1 20

[2]

[3] [4]

Qu trnh tm kim ny c thc hin cho c tn hiu in p v tn hiu dng in. Kt qu cui cng l gi tr b hn (sm hn) trong hai gi tr tm kim cho dng in v in p.

[5] [6]

4. Kt qu tnh ton m phng


Thut ton trnh by mc trn c p dng cho ton b 1260 b s liu c to. Kt qu tnh ton c th hin trn hnh 14. Trn hnh 14 ta c th quan st c sai s ln nht (ng biu nm di cng) l 5ms, sai s trung bnh tnh c cho c 1260 mu l
1260

[7]

Etb

i 1

yi

di

1260

0, 921( ms )

[8]

khng vt qu 1ms. [9] [10] [11]

[12]

H. 13 Kt qu kim tra trn 1260 mu cho xc nh thi im s c

[13]

5. Kt lun
Bi bo trnh by mt phng php phn tch tn hiu dng v p u ng dy s dng cc hm bin i wavelet Daubechies xc nh thi im xy ra s c. Da vo c tnh l trong khai trin tn hiu theo cc hm wavelet bao gm c hai thng tin v tn s v thi im xut hin ta c th s dng wavelet pht hin thi im s c l thi im xy ra bin i tc thi ln v bin ca tn hiu. Cng trnh c th c cc hng pht trin tip theo nh: t ng pht hin thi im s c ca ngn mch (nhiu loi) cho mch nhiu pha, pht hin cc hin tng ng/ct trong mch phc tp gm nhiu thnh phn tc ng, pht hin cho cc dng s c khc nh ngn mch thong qua, t mch,

I. Daubechies, Orthonormal Bases of Compactly Supported Wavelets, Comm. Pure Appl. Math., Vol 41, 1988, p. 906966. I. Daubechies, Ten Lectures On Wavelets, 2nd ed., Philadelphia: SIAM, 1992. I. Daubechies. The wavelet transform, timefrequency location and signal analysis, IEEE Trans., 36(5), 1990, p. 9611005, E. Jacobsen, R. Lyons, The sliding DFT, Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 20/2, 2003, p. 7480. Z. Y. He, Y. M. Cai, A study of wavelet entropy theory and its application in electric power system fault detection, Proceedings of the CSEE, 25(5), 2005, p. 3843. Y. Meyer, Wavelets: Algorithms and Applications, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia, 1993, p.1331, 101 105. S. Nath, A. Dey, A. Chakrabarti, Detection of Power Quality Disturbances using Wavelet Transform, World Acad. of Science, Engineeing and Technology, vol 49, 2009, p. 869 873. Nguyn Phng Quang; Matlab & Simulink; NXBKHKT, 2003. Simpower Toolbox for Use with Matlab, www.mathworks.com R. Salat, S. Osowski, Fault Location in Transmission Line Using Self-organizing Neural Network, ICSP, 2000, p. 15851588. S. G. Mallat, A Theory For Multiresolution Signal Decomposition: The Wavelet Representation, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 11, No. 7 (1989), p. 674- 693. N. Zhang, M. Kezunovic, Coordinating Fuzzy ART Neural Networks to Improve Transmission Line Fault Detection and Classification, IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, San Francisco, 2005.
Trn Hoi Linh sinh nm 1974, tt nghip HBK Vc-sa-va nm 1997 chuyn ngnh Tin hc ng dng, nhn bng Tin s chuyn ngnh K thut in nm 2000 (HBK Vc-sa-va), bng Tin s khoa hc chuyn ngnh K thut in v Tr tu nhn to nm 2005 (HBK Vcsa-va). Nm 2007 c phong Ph Gio s.

Hin nay Trn Hoi Linh ang cng tc ti Vin in, trng HBK H Ni. Cc nghin cu chnh ca ng l ng dng tr tu nhn to trong cc gii php o lng, iu khin v t ng ha, cc thit b o thng minh, h chuyn gia. Trng Tun Anh sinh nm 1977, tt nghip HKT Cng nghip Thi Nguyn nm 2000 chuyn ngnh K thut in nng, nhn bng Thc s chuyn ngnh Thit b, Mng v Nh my in nm 2007 (HKT Cng Nghip Thi Nguyn), NCS kha 2008-2012 chuyn ngnh Mng v H thng in (HBK H Ni). Hin nay Trng Tun Anh ang cng tc ti Trung tm th nghim, Trng Phng th nghim in - in t, trng HKT Cng Nghip Thi Nguyn. Cc nghin cu chnh ca ng l

Ti liu tham kho


[1] S. M. Brahma, Distance relay with out-of-step blocking function using wavelet transform, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 22(3), 2007, p. 13601366.

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nghin cu cc phng php xc nh v tr s c trn ng dy ti in, cc ch lm vic trong h thng in, ng dng tin hc trong h thng in, tin cy trong h thng in.

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