Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

Thit k h thng mi nh in mt tri vi inverter thng minh Design of the Solar Power Roof with the intelligence inverter
Nguyn Th Ngc Anh, Trn Vit Thng i hc K Thut Cng Ngh Tp. H Ch Minh e-Mail: ngocanh19752000@yahoo.com, tvt1129@yahoo.com Tm tt
Bi bo trnh by kt qu nghin cu, thit k th nghim, ng dng mi nh in mt tri trong iu kin Vit Nam. Cc cu hnh vi 1 b iu khin, hai b iu khin v m hnh thc nghim ni li c xut v th nghim nh gi trong thi gian theo di di. Trn c s thc nghim, mt d n in kh ho cho 172 h dn v 7 im cng cng Tp.HCM c hon tt v a vo s dng. B inverter thng minh cho cu hnh 1 b iu khin gn trc tip vi b pin mt tri cng c thit k, ch to vi cc thng s tt. in ti ch, khng gy ting n, khng nhim, tnh an ton cao. Vit Nam c ti nguyn nng v cng to ln. cc tnh pha Nam s gi nng trung bnh ngy khong 6,5h/ngy. Cng tng lng bc x trung bnh ngy trong 12 thng t khong 5kWh/m2/ ngy. cc tnh pha Bc, s gi nng trung bnh thp hn, khong 4,1h/ngy v cng bc x trung bnh khong 4kWh/m2/ngy. Nh vy, vic khai thc hiu qu ngun nng lng mt tri nc ta, nht l cc tnh pha Nam s gp phn gii quyt vn nng lng cho t nc. Dng in 1 chiu t pin mt tri c tch lu trong c quy v c bin i thnh dng in xoay chiu cung cp trc tip cho cc thit b hoc c ho li in (ni li). cc nc pht trin, t l in mt tri ni li chim ti 95% cng sut lp ca chng. Mt h thng iu hnh hp l s bin i chng thnh in xoay chiu, ho li in, ng thi thc hin vic tch tr nng lng vo c quy, iu phi nng lng cho ti. u im ca cng ngh in mt tri ni li l gim c khong 30% gi thnh nh gim thiu h thng c quy tn tr nng lng mt tri. Lng in sinh ra t dn pin mt tri s c bin i trc tip thnh 220VAC/50Hz cp trc tip cho ti. Khi d tha, in mt tri c a trc tip vo li in, cn khi cng sut in mt tri khng cp cho ti quy nh th b iu khin s iu hnh ly in li b vo. y l gii php cng ngh t sn xut in mt tri s dng v tng tc vi li in quc gia theo mt c ch thng minh. nc ta, cc trm pin mt tri ni li c trin khai s dng nh qun Tn Bnh Tp.HCM (2005) vi cng sut 2KWp, ti Trung tm hi ngh quc gia Vit Nam (2005) vi cng sut 154 kWp, ti Vin Nng lng vi cng sut 1.080Wp, ti B Cng Thng vi cng sut 2.700 Wp. Mt s nghin cu v trin khai ng dng trong nc [1,4,5] cho thy s quan tm ln pht trin lnh vc ny. Mt s nghin cu cn dng phng th nghim, cn cc ng dng a phn l cc thit b nhp ngoi. Chnh v vy, vic nghin cu, thit k, lp t v thc nghim mt h thng c th l cn thit, cho php nh gi kh nng ng dng h thng mi nh in mt tri, hiu qu u t, cng nh xc nh hng thit k ch to thit b trong nc.

Abstract:
The results of the research, design and application of the grid connected solar power roof in Vietnam conditions are presented. The configuration with one and two controllers and the experimental model are proposed and monitoring in the long period. Based on these results, the solar power Project for 172 roofs (families) and 7 public positions in HCMC is performed. The high-performance intelligence inverter to directly connect with a solar roof is described.

1. Phn m u
Khai thc ngun nng lng ti to (nng lng mt tri, gi, thu triu,) l xu hng tt yu nhm gii quyt vn khng hong nng lng th gii, c nhiu nc (M, EU, Nht, Trung Quc...) pht trin v ng dng rng ri vi cc chng trnh u t hng t USD. Trong 15 nm qua th trng in mt tri tng trng bnh qun 25 %/nm. T nm 2004-2008 sn lng ton cu hng nm tng khong 6 ln, t tng cng sut 16,9 GW. Sn phm nm 2008 tng 90 ln so vi nm 2007 [1, 2, 3]. Pin nng lng mt tri loi silic tinh th, c cu to t s lng ln cc diode P-N, thc hin vic bin i quang in vi hiu sut 10-15%, hin vn chim a phn trong cc b bin i nng lng mt tri thnh in nng. Do gi thnh t (~6USD/W), nn vic ng dng rng ri chng gp nhiu kh khn. Trong nhng nm gn y, s pht trin mnh ca pin mt tri loi mng mng, tuy hiu sut (6-8%) thp hn pin silic tinh th, nhng gi thnh thp (~1USD/W) m ra kh nng pht trin v ng dng rng ri ca chng. Cc tm pin mt tri (module) c ghp thnh mng ln nh 1 mi nh, c u im ch ng cp

2. Xy dng cu hnh mi nh in mt tri ni li

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2.1. Cu hnh mi nh in mt tri vi 1 b iu khin c cha b bin i DC-AC (Inverter) S mi nh in mt tri kt ni li vi 1 b inverter c gii thiu trn hnh H.1. Thit b gm b pin mt tri, b iu khin (c inverter) c ch ni li v b c quy tn tr nng lng.
Li in Pin mt tri Ti B iu khin

H. 2

Cu hnh mi nh in mt tri vi 2 b iu khin

c quy

H. 1

Cu hnh mi nh in mt tri vi 1 b iu khin

Trong cu hnh ny, b iu khin thc hin mt s chc nng: iu khin inverter bin i th DC t b pin mt tri thnh in th AC sin 220V/50Hz cung cp cho ti s dng. Khi nng lng t pin mt tri khng c s dng hoc d, nng lng ny c iu khin np cho c quy hoc ho vo li in. Khi nng lng pin mt tri khng cp cho ti (tri khng nng), b iu khin s chuyn ngun cung cp, ni ti vi li in. Khi c quy st gim ti gii hn, b iu khin s ngt s dng c quy, v chuyn sang ch np c quy. Cu hnh m t trn thng s dng cho cc h in mt tri nh, khong cch gia dn thu nng lng mt tri khng xa vi b iu khin. 2.2. Cu hnh mi nh in mt tri vi 2 khi iu khin. i vi cc h thng ln, v tr dn pin mt tri thng cch xa trung tm iu khin. Khi vic kt ni in DC th thp/dng ln dn ti s tiu hao in trn ng dy. Cu hnh s dng s l h thng vi 2 khi iu khin (xem H.2). Vic kt ni gia chng bng dy AC nh mng in li thng thng.

B iu khin M1 thc hin chc nng bin i th DC t b pin mt tri thnh in th AC sin 220V/50Hz (Inverter-1) cung cp cho ti s dng hoc ho li (c b d pha). B iu khin M2 thc hin chc nng: iu khin in AC cp cho ti t li ra Inverter1/M1 hoc t li (chuyn mch K1). Bin i nng lng tn tr trong c quy thnh thnh in th AC sin 220V/50Hz (Inverter-2) cung cp cho ti s dng. iu khin np c quy, ngt s dng c quy khi cng sut ca n st gim ti gii hn. Cu hnh m t trn, ngoi vic gim tn tht nng lng, cn cho php xy dng cc h thng tch hp nhiu thit b nng lng khc. 2.3. Thit k h thng SCADA cho khai thc nng lng ti to M hnh SCADA s dng cho khai thc nng lng ti to (mt tri, gi,...) c trnh by trn hnh H.3.

c quy

CTRL1

CTRL2

CTRL3

AC lines ACI lines

Generator

H. 3

M hnh SCADA cho khai thc nng lng ti to.

M1 Inverter Sin-1 B x l trung tm B d pha ac out M2 Li in ac in Inverter Sin-2 B x l trung tm Ti s dng

K1

B K np c quy

c quy

Trong m hnh ny, cc thit b bin i nng lng ti to (mt tri, gi,...) c cc b Inverter thng minh bin i thnh in xoay chiu cung cp cho ti. Nng lng d tha c tch tr trong b c quy hoc ho vo li in. Cc thit b c th hot ng t tr, vi s gim st v iu khin ca mt my tnh trong h. 2.4. M hnh thc nghim Thc nghim v mi nh in mt tri c tin hnh nhm xc nh kh nng cung cp in thc t trong iu kin Vit Nam, tnh kinh t ca gii php nng lng in mt tri . H thng thit k theo cu hnh hnh H.2 cho 1 phng lm vic vi tng cng sut n, my tnh, my in khong 420W, nng lng tiu th khong 3,2KWh/ngy. Tnh ton cng sut pin mt tri hot ng trong 4,5 gi s l 700Wp (cng sut nh). Thit b iu khin s dng: - B iu khin M1 l loi Sunny Boy [6] SB700U (cng sut 780W, in p DC ng vo t :119VDC 250VDC, ti a l 250V, dng DC vo ti a 7A ) l mt Solar inverter c kt ni vi ng ra DC ca pin mt tri v c kh nng to ra tn hiu sin ging

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li (tn s, bin , pha) v d pha ho chung vi li. - B iu khin chnh M2 l loi Sunny Island/SI 2224 gm mt inverter v b sc c quy. Thit b c cc c trng sau: in p AC ng ra 220V 50Hz. Cng sut AC ng ra 2,2KW 25 0C, in p AC ng vo 220V (202-253v) 50Hz, dng ng vo ti a l 25A, c quy ng vo 24VDC, dng sc c quy ti a l 90A, hiu sut np c quy 90%, dung lng c quy c th kt ni t 100Ah n 10.000Ah, hiu sut ca inverter: 93,6 %, c chc nng bo v chng o cc DC, ngn mch AC ng ra, qu ti AC ng ra . Pin mt tri la chn c cng sut tng ng l 755W, l loi thng dng trn th trng (50Wp/3.4A). H thng s dng 16 tm pin, c mc thnh 2 cm song song, mi cm c 8 pin mc ni tip, m bo in p h mch l 168V, tng ng vi khong lm vic ca SB 700. c quy c chn da trn tnh ton hiu sut np (75 90%), phng in ti a c chn 60% m bo tui th c quy, thi gian tn tr: 24 gi, dung tch c quy s bng 262Ah. Thc nghim s dng 6 bnh 100Ah/12V thng dng trn th trng, chia thnh 3 cm, mi cm 2 c quy ni tip nhau, sau mc 3 cm song song c 300Ah/24V. Kt qu : H thng in mt tri ha li theo cu hnh H.2 c thit k v lp t ti Cng ty c Anh Qun (Tp.HCM) c s hot ng n nh, kh nng s dng t nht 20 nm. Vi vn u t ~ 217 triu ng VN, lng in nng b sung t h thng ny l khong 100 kWh/ thng, vi gi tin in 2.000/kWh, mi thng c th tit kim 200.000 . Trong trng hp b mt in vi ngy trong thng nh hin nay, h thng ny tit kim hng triu ng thay v phi thu hoc s dng my pht in. ng thi khi s dng h in mt tri ha li s m bo cung cp in lin tc 24/24. i vi nhng ni cn c ngun in 24/24 gi hoc hin cha c li in (vng su, vng xa), vic s dng mi nh in mt tri l mt gii php thc t.Thit k, ch to inverter thng minh trong h in mt tri ha li H thng trn hnh H.2 s dng 2 khi iu khin Inverter to sin chun t ngun DC t pin mt tri v ngun DC t c quy. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp h mi nh in mt tri s dng ring l, cc thit b c th t gn nhau. Khi c th s dng cu hnh 1 inverter (xem H.1) s dng vi c ngun c quy hoc pin mt tri. Xut pht t c im trn, thit b inverter thng minh c thit k, ch to. Inverter thng minh, ngoi chc nng nh mt Inverter thng thng, thc hin bin i in DC t bnh c quy (tch lu nng lng in mt tri) thnh in xoay chiu AC 110V hoc 220V, n cn c chc nng kim sot, iu khin qun l nng lng cho ti. Khi cng sut in sinh ra t cc module pin mt tri ln hn cng sut ti ang s dng th lng in tha s c iu khin np cho c quy. Ngc li, khi lng in ti ang s dng ln hn lng in cp trc tip t pin mt tri th phn thiu ht ny s c iu khin b sung t li in hoc t c quy. B iu khin cng thc hin bo v c quy khi np hoc b cn kit. B inverter cn c c trng u vit nh hiu sut bin i cao, tiu th nng lng t, to sng ra c dng sin, c tin cy v an ton cao; t ng iu khin v bo v; tui th cao, c kh nng hot ng trong nhng iu kin mi trng (kh hu bin, m, nhit cao). Ngoi ra, chng phi c gi thnh khng cao v chi ph bo d ng thp. Cc b inverter ch to trong nc a s ch thun tu thc hin bin i DC-AC v vi cc c trng cn hn ch nh hiu sut chuyn i cha cao, dng tiu th qua Inverter khi khng c ti cao (~ 1A), gy tht thot in nng ln 12W/gi. Thit b thng c kch thc ln, cng knh. Do , vic nghin cu thit k v ch to mt inverter a chc nng c c trng cao, dng cho h in mt tri ni li l vn cn c quan tm gii quyt. Inverter c thit k ch to c s khi nh trn hnh H.4.

H. 4

S khi b inverter a chc nng.

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in th DC thp vn t c quy u tin c chuyn i thnh ngun DC cao vn, sau thc hin chuyn i th DC cao vn ny thnh dng tn hiu sin theo phng php iu rng xung. 16F877A ca hng Microchip, c c trng n nh, chng nhiu tt, dng s dng thp, c tch hp 8 ng vo ADC 10 bit v b iu rng xung, p ng vi nhu cu thit k Inverter a chc nng. Inverter thng minh c xy dng vi b iu khin trung tm dng chip vi iu khin PIC. Chip PIC thc hin vic o v theo di cng sut cung cp t c quy (dng v in p) v cng sut cung cp t in mt tri. T Inverter s x l v quyt nh iu khin mt trong 3 trng hp sau : Khng np b cho c quy t li: Trong trng hp cng sut ca in mt tri hoc cng sut ca in mt tri + cng sut ca c quy cung cp cho ti . Np b cho c quy t li : Trong trng hp cng sut ca in mt tri + cng sut ca c quy khng cung cp cho ti nhng vn ln hn phn trm ti thiu (ang chn 50% ) cng sut cp cho ti. Chuyn sang s dng trc tip nng lng t li (chuyn mch APS t K1 sang K2) : Trong trng hp cng sut ca in mt tri + cng sut ca c quy < phn trm ti thiu cng sut cung cp cho ti. B bin i DC-DC to ra in p 310VDC, c iu khin cho php bi PIC 16F877A khi in p c quy < 10.5 VDC, nhm bo v c quy khng b h khi n b cn in. Khi ny l mt b ngun switching trn bin p v cc MOSFET cng sut, c iu rng xung bng IC SG 3525. in p 310 VDC t b chnh lu li ra c a vo lm th nui cho cu MOSFET H. Nguyn l iu rng xung nhm to sng ra gn sin c thc hin bng vic so snh sng sin 50 Hz (to bi d liu t PIC 16F877A, qua DAC 8bit, OpAmp.) vi xung tam gic tn s cao. ng ra ca cu H khi c ti l sng sin 50Hz. Tn hiu ra c hi tip v iu chnh bin ca sng sin 50 Hz do PIC to ra, iu ny dn ti thay i rng ca xung PWM, t bin in p ng ra c n nh. Gin chng trnh hot ng ca Invertter thng minh cho trn hnh 5. Mch np in cho c quy c th thc hin t li, hot ng theo nguyn tc iu rng xung t ng gi cho in p ra VCC khng b thay i. Xung iu rng c iu khin bi dng np. Trong qu trnh c quy c np, in p ca n tng dn ln. S s iu khin dng np gim dn v n khi in p c quy gn bng in p VCC th dng np s nh v mch s ngng np. B Inverter thng minh c s dng vi b pin mt tri thay cho s dng cc khi iu khin ngoi nhp. Kt qu cho thy vi pin mt tri cng sut 400 Wp Max, c quy 12V, dung lng 300 AH Max, Invereter m bo dng sc ti a t pin mt tri l 30 A, t li: 5 A, cng sut inverter: 300 W Max , hiu sut: 75 %.

H. 5

Gin chng trnh hot ng ca Invertter

thng minh

3. Kt lun
Cc kt qu lp t th nghim cho 1 n v nh cho thy kh nng thc t khai thc ngun in mt tri. Tuy vn kinh t vn cha c gii quyt, nhng i vi nhng vng su, vng xa, gii php mi nh in mt tri l hp l. Pht trin cc kt qu trn, Chng ti trin khai thnh cng D n in kh ho bng h thng in mt tri cho p Thing Ling, X Thnh An, H.Cn Gi, Tp.HCM (l x b cch ly bi sng ngi, cha c in). Ni dung chnh ca D n l lp t 172 mi nh in mt tri cho cc h dn (cng sut 525Wp/h) v 7 h cho cc c s cng cng gm trng hc, trm y t, kim lm,...(cng sut 1050Wp/ h), vi u t gn 80 triu ng/h. Cu hnh cho 1 mi nh in mt tri bao gm 3 tm pan pin mt tri cng sut 175Wp/tm, loi module n tinh th, inverter thng minh, c quy (4 bnh 12V/100ah). H thng c a vo s dng (xem H.6).

H. 6

D n mi nh in mt tri ti p Thing Ling, x Thnh An, huyn Cn Gi.

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Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011 Ti liu tham kho

Solar Vit Nam, in mt tri Vit Nam 15 nm pht trin Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut. [2] Mukund R. Patel, Wind and Solar Power Systems, 2009. [3] M. Geyer, C. Richter , M. Romero , A. Steinfeld , SolarPACES Annual Report 20032004 (International Energy Agency-IEA), http://www.solarpaces.org. [4] http://www.solarworld.de/. [5] Phn vin Vt l, Vin KH & CN Vit Nam, Cng Ngh in Mt Tri Sola Lab, nm 2003. [6] Cao c Hin, Bo co ti (cp B), Xy dng m hnh nh my in gi - mt tri phc v o to v nghin cu khoa hc, Trng H Cng Nghip Tp.HCM, 2008. [7] SMA Solar Technology, Germany: Thit b ni li, Manual, nm 2009. http://www.SMA.de [1]

Tc gi:
1. Th.s Nguyn Th Ngc Anh, tt nghip C nhn Vt L in T ca Trng i Hc Khoa Hc T Nhin nm 1997, v Thc s Vt L in T nm 2001. Hin ch ang l Ging Vin thuc B mn in T, Khoa C- inin T, Trng i Hc K Thut Cng Ngh Tp.HCM. Hng nghin cu chnh l thit k v thc hin cc h thng ng dng nng lng mt tri. Th.s Trn Vit Thng, tt nghip K s in T ca Trng i Hc Cn Th nm 1997, v Thc s T ng ha ti Trng i Hc Bch Khoa, i Hc Quc Gia Tp. H Ch Minh nm 2003. Hin anh ang l Ging Vin thuc B mn K Thut in T, Khoa C- in- in T, Trng i Hc K Thut Cng Ngh Tp.HCM. Hng nghin cu chnh l thit k cc ng dng o lng v NCS (Networked Control System).

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