Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

VCCA-2011
M hnh ha, m phng v thit k ch to b bin i cng sut cho h
thng Pin nng lng mt tri cng sut nh

Modeling, simulation, design and manufacture power converter for small
power solar system

Ng Mnh Tin
e-Mail: nmtien@iop.vast.ac.vn
Phm Xun Khnh
e-Mail: khanhpx@hht.edu.vn
ng Vn Hip
e-Mail: hiepdv@hht.edu.vn
Trng Cao ng ngh Cng ngh cao H Ni
H Th Kim Duyn
e-Mail: hkduyen@haui.edu.vn
Trng i Hc Cng Nghip H Ni
Tm tt: Bi bo trnh by v m hnh ha, m
phng tm Pin nng lng mt tri, thut ton bm
im cng sut cc i MPPT (maximum power point
tracking), thit k phn cng v lp trnh phn mm
cho cc khi: iu khin xoay tm PIN theo mt
tri, np acquy t ng, khi DC-DC, khi DC-AC.
B bin i cng sut v iu khin c thit k
v ch to hon chnh, kt qu chy th nghim vi
tm Pin mt tri cng sut nh 80W cho kt qu ng
vi m phng v thit k.
Abstract: This paper presents the modeling,
simulation of solar panel, maximum power point
tracking block (MPPT), hardware design and software
program for blocks: control rotary base of solar panel
follows the sun, battery changing automatically, DC-
DC block, DC-AC block. Power converter and
controller have been designed and manufactured
completely, the result of experiment with small power
solar panel (80W) provides results which are true to
simulation and design.
Keywords: Solar Power, MPPT, dsPic33f, Solar
batery changer.
K hiu
K hiu n v ngha
ph
I
A Dng in do nh sng mt
tri v PMT sinh ra
D
I
A
Dng in chy qua diode D
sh
I
A Dng in chy qua ni tr
song song
L
I
A Dng in chy qua in tr
ti
L
R
v ni tr ni tip
s
R
ca PMT
0
I
H Dng in bo ha ca diode
D
sh
R
,
s
R
rad/s Ni tr song song v ni tip
ca PMT
L
U
V
in p trn ti
L
R

Q C
in tch, (
19
1, 6x10 Q = C)
T K Nhit tuyt i ca b mt
dn pin nng lng mt tri,
(T=300 K)
k (J/K) H s Boltzmans
23
1, 38x10 k

=
n
H s mt ghp p-n trong dn
pin nng lng mt tri

Ch vit tt
PV Photovoltatic
PMT Pin Mt tri
MPPT Maximum power point tracking
DC-AC Chuyn i mt chiu xoay chiu
DC-DC Chuyn i mt chiu - mt chiu

1. Phn m u

H. 1 khi h thng nng ng t tri [1]
Tm Pin t tri P: Chuyn i nng lng nh
sng mt tri thnh in nng in p mt chiu.
hi x thut ton PPT-(Maximum power point
tracking): Tm im cng sut cc i, module PV
lun to c cng sut ln nht u ra theo kh
nng ca n tng ng vi cc iu kin mi trng
khc nhau.
hi -DC: B chuyn i in p mt chiu, cung
cp cc mc in p mt chiu phc v cho cc ti
mt chiu khc nhau.
ch np quy: Np in cho acquy. cquy ng vai
tr tch ly nng lng ca h thng s dng khi
iu kin thi tit bt li hoc vo bui ti hay trong
PIN
mt
tri
X l
thut ton
MPPT
DC-
DC
DC-
AC
Mch
bo
v
Mch np acquy
Ti

453
Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011
VCCA-2011
cc h thng online khi in p to ra t module PV
khng c s dng ht.
hi -AC: B chuyn i in p mt chiu sang
xoay chiu.
Khi o v: ng vai tr bo v trong nhng trng
hp nh: qu ti,..
Ti: C th l xoay chiu hoc mt chiu
2. M hnh ha, m phng Pin nng
lng mt tri v thut ton MPPT
2.1 M hnh ha v m phng PMT [1,5]

H. 2 ch in tng ng PMT
T s mch in tng ng ca dn pin nng
lng mt tri, ta c dng in
L
I l:
0
exp 1
L ph D sh
L L s L L s
ph
sh
I I I I
q U I R
U I R
I I
nkT R
(1)
Thng thng
sh
R
c gi tr rt ln v
s
R
c gi tr rt
nh v vy ta c th b qua lng
L L s
sh
U I R
R
t
biu thc (1) c rt gn thnh:

( )
0
exp 1
L ph D sh
L L s
ph
I I I I
q U I R
I I
nkT
=
| | | | +
= | |
| |
\ . \ .
(2)
Trong cng thc (2) c nhiu tham s kh xc nh v
khng cn thit cho nn c th b qua. M hnh ton
hc n gin ha dn pin nng lng mt tri l:

1
2
1 exp 1
L
L sc
oc
U
I I C
C U
| | | | | |
= | | |
| |
\ . \ . \ .
(3)

1
2
1 exp
m
oc oc
U Um
C
U C U
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
(4)

1
2
1 ln 1
m
oc sc
I Um
C
U I

| | | | | |
=
| | |
|
\ . \ . \ .
(5)
tnh ton cc tham s
amb
T , T A , S A ,
'
sc
I ,
'
oc
U ,
'
m
I ,
'
m
U di iu kin cng sng mt tri v
nhit mi trng bin i da vo cc cng thc:

air
S
amb
T T K = + (6)

ef amb r
T T T A = (7)

ef
1
r
S
S
S
A =

(8)

'
ef
(1 )
sc sc
r
S
I I a T
S
(9)

'
oc oc
(1 )(1 ) U U c T b S = A + A (10)

'
ef
(1 )
m m
r
S
I I a T
S
= + A (11)

'
(1 )(1 )
m m
U U c T b S = A + A (12)
Trong :
ef r
S
- Cng sng mt tri chun, W/m
2
, ly
2
ef
1000 /
r
S W m =
S
- Cng nh sng mt tri thc t W/m
2
)
ef r
T
- Nhit mi trng chun, 25
0
C, 298K)
amb
T
- Nhit mi trng thc t,
0
C )
S A - Gi tr sai lch gia cng sng mt tri thc
t vi cng sng mt tri tiu chun, W/m
2
)
T A - Gi tr sai lch gia nhit mi trng thc t
vi nhit mi trng chun, K
K - H s nhit ca PMT, gi tr in hnh l,
0,3
0
Cx(W/m
2
)
'
sc
I - Dng in ngn mch ca PMT di cng
sng mt tri S v nhi mi trng T,
'
oc
U - in p m mch ca PMT di cng sng
mt tri S v nhit mi trng T, U
'
m
I - Dng in cng sut cc i ca PMT di
cng sng mt tri S v nhit mi trng T,
(A)
'
m
U - in p cc i ca PMT di cng sng
mt tri S v nhit mi trng T, U
, , a b c l cc hng s c gi tr:
0, 0025; 0,5; 0, 0028 a b c = = =


H. 3 phng t iuink t Pin nng ng t tri
454
Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011
VCCA-2011










H. 4 t qu phng vi t PIN 80W: c tnh P/ v I/ khi cng nh sng thy i

2.2 Thut ton MPPT [6,7]
Trong h thng quang in vic ti u cng sut u
ra c vai tr rt quan trng. V n gip nng cao hiu
sut hot ng cng nh nng cao hiu sut chuyn
i t nng lng mt tri thnh in nng, gip cho
h thng lun a ra c cng sut ln nht trong
cc iu kin thi tit khc nhau.
Nh c minh ha trn H.5, khi module PV c
ni trc tip vi ti th im lm vic ca h l giao
im ca ng c tnh Vn-ampe ca PV vi
ng c tnh ti. Trong nhiu trng hp, im lm
vic ny khng phi l im c cng sut ln nht
(Maximum Power Point - MPP ca module PV.
khc phc nhc im ny th cn phi xy dng mt
thut ton bm im c cng sut ln nht MPPT.
y l mt vn rt quan trng trong mt h nng
lng mt tri v n c th lm gim s lng cc
mng PV cn thit c c mt cng sut mong
mun v ti u ha ch lm vic ca h.

H. 5 Hnh 2: Qun h in p v dng c P
Cc phng php MPPT thng c s dng [7]:
+ Phng php in p khng i
+ Phng php dng in ngn ch
+ Phng php in p ch
+ Phng php qun st do ng
+ Phng php tng dn
Trong cc phng php trn th phng php in p
khng i, Phng php dng in ngn mch,
Phng php in p m mch l cc phng php
n gin hn, nhng li hot ng km chnh xc nn
thng p dng trong cc h thng cng sut nh.
Phng php quan st dao ng, phng php tng
dn l cc phng php hot ng hiu qu nht,
chng c th hot ng trong cc iu kin khc nhau
ca bc x v nhit nhng vn cho ta mt kt qu
chnh xc. Hai phng php ny thng p dng
trong cc h thng nng lng mt tri cng sut ln,
v thut ton ca chng cng rt phc tp.
T mt s nh gi s lc trn cng vi nhng
nghin cu thc nghim nhm tc gi chn
phng php MPPT dng in ngn mch. V h
thng m nhm tc gi nghin l h thng nng lng
mt tri cng sut nh.
MT d mc:
Phng php dng in ngn mch thc hin a mt
dng in tham chiu
ef r
I vo khi iu khin cng
sut. Dng in ny l dng iu khin ti u to
c cng sut cc i u ra ca module PV. V
c ly t dng in ngn mch
sc
I (l dng in
chy qua module PV khi b ngn mch, l dng in
ln nht thu c t module PV tng ng vi cc
iu kin bin i khc nhau ca bc x:

ef
.
r sc
I k I
(13)

Vi k l h s t l k = 0.9-0.98)
V vy, trong qu trnh hot ng phng php ny
cn o dng in ngn mch
sc
I . thu c
sc
I ta
phi dng cc chuyn mch tnh mc song song vi
module PV to ra iu kin ngn mch. Lc ny,
0
PV
V v cng sut u ra t module PV bng
khng












H. 6 thut ton c phng php PPT dng in
ngn ch
Ta iu kin
ngn mch
modul PV
o gi tr ISC
Cho Mudule
PV v iu kin
lm vic
ef
.
r sc
I k I
n+1=n-


n+1=n+


o li
ef r
I
o
PV
I
ef PV r
I I
IPV = IREF
ef PV r
I I

ng

ng

Sai
Sai
Sai ng

455
Hi ngh ton iu khin v T ng ho ton quc ln th nht- VCCA-2011


H. 7 phng trn Matlab Simulink thut ton PPT








H. 8 t qu phng: in p u r c PT v duty c khi -AC








H. 9 t qu phng: cng sut v dng r c PT
3. Thit k phn cng, lp trnh phn
mm cho b sn phm














H. 10 khi tng th phn cng c sn ph
Trong h thng ca nhm tc gi s dng b iu
khin dsPIC33FJ12MC202 ca hng Microchip [6,8].
y l dng vi iu khin hiu nng cao vi nhiu
module v chc nng mi phc v cho cc yu cu
khc nhau ca ngi dng nh: DC, PWM, I2C,
SPWM ....Ngoi ra cn module thi gian thc real
time gip thc hin vic iu khin module PV bm
theo mt tri theo thi gian thc.
3.1 Khi iu khin quay PMT theo mt tri

H. 11 u thut ton iu khin PMT theo t
tri theo thi gin thc
STAR
T
t thi gian u cho module
real-time (t
set
v t
period
c gi tr t
module
real-time (t
read
)
t
read
(n)-t
set
=t
period
t
set
=t
read
(n)
iu khin
ng c quay
theo gc t
trc
t
read
= t
day_end
iu khin ng c
quay v v tr ban u
ng
Sai
ng Sai
DC
/DC
iu khin
ng c
xoay PIN
Vi iu Khin

MPPT
(Maximu
m power
point
tracking)
Bn phm
nt nhn

Khi
ngun
Mch np
acquy
DC
/AC
Khi hin
th
Tm Pin
nng
lng mt
tri
220V/50
Hz
456
Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011
VCCA-2011
3.2 Khi np cquy [2,3,8]
y chng ti s dng IC UC3906 l mt vi mch
iu khin np in cho acquy do tp on Texs
Instruments sn xut, n bao gm tt c cc mch
in cn thit ti u qu trnh iu khin np v
ko di tui th cho acquy ch-axit.
Vi mch tch hp ny s theo di v iu khin c
in p ln dng in u ra ca b np thng qua ba
trng thi np ring bit: u tin l np vi dng in
cao bulk-charge, th hai l np qu lng over-
charge, cui cng l trng thi ngh standly float-
state).
Ngoi ng dng np t PMT, mch cn c ch np
thng t in li 220V dng cho cc b lu in.

H. 12 khi h np cquy
Vi kh nng t ng iu chnh dng in v in p
np cho acquy, gip trnh gy sunfat ha cc bn cc
lm hng acquy, lm tng tui th ca acquy so vi
vic s dng cc mch np acquy ngoi th trng
hin nay. Khi cquy gn y dng np s t ng
gim dn khng lm cho acquy b si, trnh gy
chy n.
Ngoi ra, cui mi chu k np b np cn cung cp
mt ch np bo tr vi dng in nh m bo
dung lng acquy lun l ti a, iu ny lm tng
tui th ca cquy nu lu khng s dng. Cn
cc b np acquy thng thng hu nh l ngi s
dng phi ngt acquy ra khi b np khi acquy y
hoc b np s t ngt hon ton, khng cung cp ch
np bo tr v lm gim tui th ca cquy.

H. 13 hnh ch np cquy cho h thng
3.3 Khi DC-AC [2,3,4]
Khi ny c nhim v bin i in p mt chiu trc
tip t pin mt tri hoc d tr trong c quy thnh
in p hnh sin xoay chiu 220v- 50Hz dng cho cc
ti xoay chiu.
Phn DC-DC bin i in p mt chiu t PMT ln
380VDC chng ti s dng k thut DC-DC kiu
bin p flyback vi cc thng s:
- Cng sut thit k: P
out
= 150W
- Tn s ng ct: 20 Khz
- Duty max = 0,62
- Dng nh: I
peak
= 26,4 A
- Kha ng ct: Mosfet IRF3205
- Bin p xung li EE55: s cp 7 vng, th cp
200 vng. Dy qun loi dy ng cch in 55.
- Diode chnh lu: FR307
- Mosfet driver: UCC27322 ca TI
- Mch snubber c pha dng v pha m
in p sau c a qua b DC-AC Sin chun:

H. 14 khi DC-AC
S dng k thut Sin PWM da trn vi iu khin
dsPIC33FJ12MC202 [6] to ra dng xung bin i
theo tn hiu sin. Tn hiu ny a vo mch cu H
vi in p 380VDC t tng DC-DC, v s dng
driver l IC IR2110.
Tng lc thng thp lc ly tn hiu in p Sin 220V-
50Hz t u ra mch cu H


H. 15 u thut ton h in i -A in chun


4. Chy th nghim v nh gi kt qu
Pht
xung
SPWM
Cch
ly
Driver
v cu
H
Ti
HVDC
- n bo
- Chuyn mch
sang khi np
c quy
- Tt tt c cc
module ang
chy
- Chuyn mch cp ngun C
ra ti
- Hin th in p ra LCD
10 V
- Init PWM1(DC-DC)
- Init PWM2(SPWM)
- Init ADC, Timer
Tr 30s
Qu dng
- Tt tt c cc
module ang
chy
- Bt n cnh
bo
- Mun khi
ng li nhn
nt reset
DC IN
Sai
ng
457
Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011
VCCA-2011















H. 16 Hnh nh h thng hon chnh
Qu trnh chy th nghim mch np acquy ca h
thng vi acquy 12V-5Ah:
MPPT: trong qu trnh chy th mch vi nhng iu
kin khc nhau v u ra ca module PV dng in,
in p, nh trong bng 1 cho thy mch hot ng
kh tt, gi tr in p np cho acquy c gi tng
i n nh. Nhng cng cho thy gi tr in p ny
vn b thay i do phng php MPPT dng in
ngn mch l phng php n gin, chnh xc
cha cao.
Th
t
in p
vo mch
np acquy
u ra
moudule
PV)
Dng
in vo
mch
np
acquy
u ra
module
PV)
in
p np
acquy
Dng
in
np
acquy
1 18 2.5 13 2
2 16.14 2 12.97 1.74
3 16.13 1.9 12.92 1.6
4 16.11 1.8 12.88 1.50
5 16.10 1.6 12.84 1.35
6 16.11 1.2 12.76 0.9
t qu chy th nghi ng dng

H. 17 Hnh 11: ng np t n gi tr x chn
N acquy np c khong 45h cc n bo ch
th acquy ang np ch Over-charger np qu
ngng. Sau khong 78h nu chn dng np bng
1/10 dung lng nh mc ca acquy th dng np
bt u gim dn t gi tr I
MAX
. Sau 1213h th
acquy s y v i vo ch bo tr vi dng np rt
nh c 250m bo m dung lng acquy l ti
a, lc ny b np s c h thng n bo gip ch th
trng thi np cho ngi s dng bit.

H. 18 ch o v dng sng u r ch c thng thp
Inverter 220V/50Hz: dng sng SPWM ra l dng
xung c tn s 20Khz v rng xung thay i. Kt
qu o thc t p ng c yu cu v s thay i
rng xung khong t 2% n 80% theo l thuyt,
tn s cha chnh xc l 20Khz thc t dao ng
19,645kHz n 20,045kHZ c th do nhiu vi iu
khin, nhng tn s ny chp nhn c v sai lch
khng nhiu. y l dng sng iu rng xung trn
ton chu k 2t theo tn hiu xung Sin 50Hz.
Dng sng u ra l dng xung Sin tn s 50Hz. Thc
t tn s ny dao ng nh quanh 50Hz khong t
49,85Hz n 50,10Hz. Tuy nhin dng sng ny ang
thc hin ch ti cng sut <100W, khi mc cc
ti khc nhau vo dng sng trn ti s c s thay i.
5. Kt lun
Nhm tc gi m hnh ha, m phng tm PMT,
thut ton MPPT, xy dng hon chnh mt b iu
khin v bin i cng sut cho h pin nng lng
mt tri. H thng chy n nh v t cng sut nh
mong mun, kiu dng cng nghip v c kh nng
thng mi ha sn phm. Hng pht trin tip theo:
+ ng sut h thng cn nng co.
+ Nghin cu ci thin thut ton PPT nng co
hiu sut c h thng.
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Hong Dng Hng, Nng ng t tri
thuyt v ng dng, i Hc Bch Khoa
Nng, 2008
[2] Nguyn Vn Nh, in t cng sut, NXB
H Quc Gia TP H Ch Minh, 2005
[3] Nguyn Bnh, in t cng sut, NXB Khoa
Hc K Thut, 2005
[4] Dr. Prasad Enjeti, Texas A&M University,
Fuel Cell Inverter- 10 kW Design & Cost
Anysis, 2001.
[5] Mukund R. Patel,U.S. Merchant Marine
Academy Kings Point, New York, U.S.A.
Wind nd or Power ystes esign,
Anysis, nd Opertion Second Edition,
Taylor & Francis Group, 2006.
[6] John Charais, xiu Power or
onverter, Microchip Technology Inc, 2010.
[7] Trishan Esram, Patrick L. Chapman,
oprison of Photovotic Arry xiu
Power Point Tracking Techniques, IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY
CONVERSION 2009.
[8] Application note, Datasheet: dsPIC
33FJ12MC202, UC3906, BQ2031, UC3825,
UCC2577, IRF3205. IRF840, 6N137, IR2110

458
Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011
VCCA-2011
Ng Mnh Tin: Hc i hc
Bch Khoa H Ni, chuyn ngnh
iu khin t ng t nm 1996-
2001. Bo v Thc s nm 2004 v
hin nay ang theo hc Tin s ti
i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni.
Hin ti cng tc ti phng Quang
in t - Vin Vt L-Vin Khoa
Hc v Cng Ngh Vit Nam.
Hng nghin cu chnh: iu khin qu trnh, iu
khin thng minh v thch nghi, h M v mng
Neuron, iu khin Robot, Robot t hnh, h thng
quang in t nhn m, x l nh.

Phm Xun Khnh nhn bng
k s in t - Tin hc nm
1996, thc s X l thng tin
nm 2001 v ang l nghin cu
sinh trnh tin s ti trng
i Hc Bch Khoa H ni.
Ging dy ti trng K thut
Pht thanh v Truyn hnh Ngh
an t 1988-1998, ti i hc
cng nghip H ni t 1998 -
2005 . Hin nay ang cng tc ti Trng Cao ng
ngh Cng ngh cao H ni vi chc danh hiu
trng
Hng nghin cu chnh: K thut in t, X l
thng tin, h thng nhng, h thng x l tn hiu s
DSP, iu khin qu trnh, B iu khin thng minh
v thch nghi, M v mng Neuron.

ng Vn Hip Nm 2007-2011,
hc ti trng i hc Cng
Nghip H Ni, tt nghip thng 7
nm 2011. Hin ti, ang lm vic
trong phng Qun l Khoa hc v
Hp tc quc t ca trng Cao
ng ngh Cng ngh cao H Ni.
Hng nghin cu chnh: ng
dng cc ngun nng lng ti to,
in t cng sut, Vi iu khin.

H Th Kim Duyn: Hc i Hc
Bch khoa H Ni, chuyn ngnh
iu khin t ng t nm 1996-
2001, Bo v Thc s ti Hc Vin
k Thut qun s 2007.
Hin cng tc v ging dy ti
Khoa in t - trng i Hc Cng Nghip H Ni.
Chuyn mn nghin cu chnh: iu khin qu trnh,
cc b iu khin kh trnh PLC v mng truyn
thng cng nghip, b iu khin thng minh v thch
nghi, M v mng Neuron, x l nh.



459