Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

VCCA-2011
Lm vic song song ca cc my pht in ng b c c tnh khc nhau
trong trm pht in tu thy
Parallel working of synchronous generators having different characterictics
in shipboard

s power station
Nguyn Tin Ban
Trng H Hi Phng
e-Mail: bannguyentien@gmail.com


Tm tt
Li in tu thy l li mm vi cng sut ca
trm pht xp x bng cng sut ph ti, in p v
tn s lun thay i trong qu trnh vn hnh v
khai thc. Trm pht in tu thy thng c
thit k cc cm Diesel Generator (DG) ging ht
nhau v cng sut, c tnh vi mc ch chn c
di rng cho vng lm vic song song trn c tnh
ra, p ng kh nng n nh cho trm trong qu
trnh vn hnh khai thc. Bi bo trnh by vic
nghin cu cc i tng my pht ng b c
cng sut v c tnh ra khc nhau c a vo
lm vic song song trong trm pht in tu thy
cung cp nng lng lu di trong cc ch khai
thc. y l vn k thut kh khn m vic gii
quyt thnh cng s mang li tnh k thut, tnh
kinh t cng nh p ng tnh khai thc an ton
hng hi m Hip hi Hng hi IMO i hi ngy
cng kht khe hn.

Abstract:
The grid on ship is a soft grid, whose capacity is
approximately equal to the capacity of loads, and its
voltage and frequency are varied during the
operation time. Conventionally, groups of Diesel
Generator machines (D-G) with identical capacities
and characteristics are often used in power-station
on ship in order to achieve a large working range
on the load characteristic curve, so that the system
is stabilized. This paper presents a research on
utilizing generators with different characteristics
and capacities working in parallel in power-station
on ship to supply stable power in different working
modes, which is a difficult technical problem.
Successfully solving this problem can bring
technical and economic benefits, as well as satisfy
the strict safety requirements of International
Maritime Organization (IMO).

K hiu
K hiu n v ngha
rad/s tc gc
Gc pha vng quay my
T
net
Nm Moment tng ca my
T
mech
Nm Moment do D to nn
T
elec
Nm Moment in t
P
net
W Cng sut tng
P
mech
W Cng sut c
P
elec
W Cng sut in
J Moment qun tnh
M Nm Moment ng ca my
e A

thay i vng quay
tng i.
q

Lng nhin liu vo D

Ch vit tt
DG Diesel - Generator
M-S Master - Slave
MIMO multi input multi output

M u
Cho n tn thi im hin nay, cc cm DG trong
cc trm pht in tu thy lun c la chn c
cng sut v c tnh bng v ging nhau hon
ton. Cc ng c s cp l diesel lun chn cng
cng sut, cng series ca cng hng, my pht
cng vy. Thc cht l ngi ta mong mun chng
ging nhau nh hai git nc c c mt
vng c tnh cng sut ra tng i ca h trng
kht ln nhau, to nn di lm vic n nh cho trm
trong iu kin ti thay i rt ln (v cng sut v
tnh cht ti). Vi cu trc ca trm nh vy, trong
qu trnh khai thc gp rt nhiu kh khn v tu
thy vi nm ch hot ng, cc ch ny c
tnh ti khc nhau rt ln, s xy ra tnh trng ch
ny my pht gn nh chy khng ti nhng
ch khc th trm li qu ti. Vi cc tu cng
sut trm nh v va, lng chnh lch trong cc
ch khai thc mt my cn c th chp nhn,
nhng tu cng sut ln th iu ny dn n vic
lng ph nhin liu, my mc (b mi mn, gi ci..)
v nhim mi trng rt ln. Mt khc, trn tu
thy, ngoi trm pht chnh, ngi ta cn trang b
cc trm pht d phng, trm pht cng, trm s
c cng sut v c tnh hon ton khc vi trm
pht chnh, m y li l nhng i tng cn v
rt cn kt ni v lm vic song song vi nhau.
Nh vy, khi to nn kh nng lm vic song song
gia cc my c cng sut v c tnh rt khc nhau
thnh cng s m ra mt kh nng ng dng rt
ln, mang li li ch khng nh cho ngnh Hng
hi, ngnh ng tu v cc trm pht a phng c
606
Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

VCCA-2011
tnh cht ging vi li in mm nh trn tu
thy.

Phn chia cng sut trong trm pht
in tu thy
2.1 C s ca vic phn chia cng sut
Cng nh phn tch trn c tnh ngoi U = f (I) ,
khi cc my lm vic song song vi nhau, ng
biu din quan h gia tn s v cng sut tc dng
f = f (P) lun tn ti h s sai tnh k
c
(
o tg k
C
=
).
Nh vy s thay i tn s:

P k f
C
. = A
( 1)
Du (-) trong phng trnh (1) biu th s thay i
ngc nhau ca P v f (cng sut tng th tn s
gim v ngc li). C th vit (1) nh sau:

0 . = A + f P k
C
(2

)
Vit theo n v tng i:

0 .
* *
= A + A f p k
C
(3)
Trong :

;
*
dm
P
P
p
A
= A


dm
f
f
f
A
= A
*

Vit li (3) thnh:

C
k
f
p
*
*
A
= A
(4)
Qua (4) thy rng, nu cho c tnh ca mt my
pht c h s sai tnh k
C
= 0.04; f
*
= 0.01 th ti
s dao ng trong khong p
*
= -1/4 = - 0.25 tc l
dao ng cng sut khong 25%. Nh vy, ch cn
tn s dao ng 1% th cng sut dao ng 25%
trong khi quy phm quy nh chnh lch ti
cho php gia hai my khi lm vic song song
trong phm vi 10%.
Mt trong nhng yu cu t ra khi phn phi cng
sut tc dng l phi m bo ch tiu kinh t,
tiu hao nhin liu c t ra l tit kim nht.
Vi diesel, mi mt my c mt c tnh tiu hao
nhin liu G = f (P) khc nhau ( G: lng nhin
liu tiu hao theo thi gian, cn P l cng sut).
t yu cu v tiu hao nhin liu cn tha mn:
















n
n
dP
dG
dP
dG
dP
dG
dP
dG
= = = = ...
3
3
2
2
1
1 (5)
nh gi qua cng sut tc dng:

ndm
n
dm dm dm
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
...
3
3
2
2
1
1
= = =
(6)
Cng nh cng sut khng, cng sut tc dng
c thc hin phn phi theo c tnh tnh. Gi s
c ba my pht cng lm vic song song vi c
tnh f = f (P) nh hnh 1, lc u cc my lm vic
vi tn s f
1
ng vi cng sut mi my P
1
,P
2
, P
3
, .
Khi tng ti cho trm, v c sai s nn tn s ca
li s n nh ti f
2
v dao ng cng sut P
1
,
P
2
, P
3.
.

T th thy rng:


1 1
1
c
k
f
tg
f
P
A
=
A
= A
o


2 2
2
c
k
f
tg
f
P
A
=
A
= A
o
(7)

3 3
3
c
k
f
tg
f
P
A
=
A
= A
o

Tng qut:

Ci
i
k
f
P
A
= A
(8)
Tng s cng sut dao ng trong khong dao ng
tn s f:

=
A = A + + A + A + A
n
n
n n
P P P P P
1
3 2 1
...
(9)

)
1
...
1 1
(
2 1 1 Cn C C
n
i
n
k k k
f P + + + A = A

=
(10)

)
1
...
1 1
(
2 1
1
Cn C C
n
i
i
k k k
P
f
+ + +
A
= A

=
(11)
Nh vy :

)
1
...
1 1
(
2 1
1
1
1
Cn C C
C
n
i
i
k k k
k
P
P
+ + +
A
= A



)
1
...
1 1
(
2 1
2
1
2
Cn C C
C
n
i
i
k k k
k
P
P
+ + +
A
= A

(12)


)
1
...
1 1
(
2 1
1
Cn C C
Cn
n
i
i
n
k k k
k
P
P
+ + +
A
= A


Trong :

=
A
n
i
i
P
1
l tng gia s ti ca trm pht
n y c th vit quy lut iu chnh cng sut
tc dng nh sau:

=
= + A
n
i
i C
P P k f
1
1 1 1
; 0 ) ( o

=
= + A
n
i
i C
P P k f
1
2 2 2
; 0 ) ( o
(13)

Hnh 1 C s ca vic phn chia
cng sut tcdng cho cc my khi
lm vic song song

607
Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

VCCA-2011

=
= + A
n
i
i n n Cn
P P k f
1
. 0 ) ( o

Vi

1 ...
3 2 1
= + + + +
n
o o o o
(14)

Mt s nhn xt:
Cng sut dao ng ca tng my pht ph thuc
vo tng s cng sut dao dng ca ton trm pht,
Cng sut dao ng ca mi my pht t l nghch
vi h s sai tnh ca n,
H s sai tnh ca mt my pht bng 0 th my
nhn ton ti ca trm, cn nu h s sai tnh ca
tt c cc my pht u bng 0 ( = 0) th h l h
v sai, trng hp ny h khng c kh nng lm
vic c v cc my nhn ti khng n nh.
2.2 Phn chia cng sut cho cc my khc c
tnh trn trm pht in tu thy
Vi my pht ng b khi lm vic song song, vic
phn chia cng sut phi thc hin can thip vo
hai thnh phn: Phn chia cng sut khng Q v
cng sut tc dng P.
2.2.1 Phn chia cng sut khng Q
Cng sut khng Q phi can thip vo dng kch t
ca my pht, nu khng gii quyt tt vic phn
chia Q, dng phn khng s c nh hng ln n
qu trnh lm vic ca h khi ng b, s xut hin


dng cn bng rt ln ( c th ln hn dng nh
mc rt nhiu) trong khi dng ti li rt nh. Vi
vic phn chia Q trong [1] ch ra nhiu phng n
trong trong trng hp lm vic gia cc my
khc c tnh m bi bo ang t vn s la
chn phng n can thip vo dc ca c tnh
tnh.
Hnh 2 thc hin vic to dc cho c tnh ngoi
trn c s phn hi t dng ti ly trn in tr
CCR hnh 2.a. Nh vy, khi dng ti cng tng
hoc cos cng gim ( in p trn cc my pht
cng st ln) th in p U
o
cng ln hnh 2.b lc
dng kch t cng tng tng in p ln ln.
Hnh 3 trnh by vic to dc bng vic thay i
in tr CCR.
2.2.2 Phn chia cng sut tc dng P
Hin nay, b iu tc ca cc diesel lai my pht
c rt nhiu thay i so vi nhng b iu tc s
dng cho cc h DG trc y, cc hng ln















khng cn qu l thuc vo nhng b iu chnh
tc c hc hoc cc b lai gia b iu tc c
hc v in t nh cc h c sn xut thp nin
cui ca th k 20. iu ny cho php thc hin
iu khin cc h DG theo yu cu ph ti ch
khng cn nm trong gii hn iu chnh na v v
th v vic to nn cc c tnh f = f (P) c nhng
thun li hn cho vic ghp ni cc h DG c
nhng tnh cht khc bit nhau lm vic vi nhau
trong h. Tuy nhin, ct li ca kh nng nhn ti
ca cc diesel chnh l kh nng sinh cng ca tng
xilan trong mt my m iu c bit cn thit l
cc xilan phi to nn tc ng trn trc
khuu vi cc lc c hc u nhau cc
chu k sinh cng ca mnh, c nh vy
th kh nng n nh ca h mi c
m bo. Bi bo vit trong phm vi
iu khin h thng vi mi vn v
c hc coi nh c gii quyt trn
vn v k thut. thc hin ha cc
my pht c cc c tnh khc nhau lm
vic cng nhau trong li mm, [1]
ch ra nhiu phng php, tuy nhin phng php
Master Slave ( M-S) l ph hp hn c. Ni dung
ca phng php M-S tm tt nh sau: dng mt
my lm ch (Master) cc my cn li ng vai tr
t (slave). Tnh tin c tnh ca cc slave theo
master ti im lm vic ng vi cng sut mi P
2
.
Phng php ny cn la chn my ch phi c c
tnh ngoi cng trong trng hp ny phi chn

Hnh 4 C s ca vic phn chia cng sut tc
dng cho cc my khi theo phng php
M S
Hnh 2 To dc cho c tnh ngoi
thng qua tn hiu dng ti
Hnh 3 To nn dc khc nhau
nh iu chnh in tr CCR


608
Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

VCCA-2011


my c cng sut ln v c sai s tc nh hn.
Hnh 4 trnh by vic dch c tnh theo phng
php ny. y, tn s ca li cng s b thay i
f
2
gim i so vi im f
1
(khi ti cn nh) v vy
cn iu khin sao cho vic gim tn s phi
nm trong phm vi cho php. Thc cht ca
phng php l thay i tham s cho b iu tc
nh tc ng ti servo motor v y cng chnh l
kh nng can thip ca ngi iu khin. Thc ra,
do vic iu chnh theo cc phng php kinh in
trc y thc hin tch knh gia iu chnh tc
v iu chnh in p nn trong vic iu chnh
tc thng thc hin thun ty theo lch vi
cc b iu tc c hc v iu ny thng c nhc
im l chnh xc khng cao, lun tn ti sai
lch tnh ln, h thng tc ng chm, kh nng
cng kch cha hiu qu v nu cc h DG c c
tnh khc nhau th khng lm vic vi nhau c,
lun xy ra cp ti, cng sut ngc v b sa thi
ra khi li.
2.2.3 Xy dng m hnh h thng
Hnh 5 xut m hnh lm vic song song cc
my pht c c tnh khc nhau trong trm pht tu
thy theo phng n M S vi c tnh quan h
gia tn s v cng sut f = f (P) v c tnh ngoi
ca my pht U = f (I). p ng c kh nng
iu khin cc my pht h thng c c tnh cng
sut rt khc nhau. S chc nng c xy dng
hnh 6 trn li ca trm lc c No1.DG v
No2 DG lm vic vi nhau. M hnh ton ca h
c vit:
Quan h gia cng sut in v c trong h DG :

) ( ) ( ) ( t P t P t P
Elec Mech net
= A
(15)
V cng sut:

) ( ) (
0
t P P t P
net net net
A + =
(16)
Trong :

0 0 0 Elec Mech net
P P P =
(17)
Vit li:
)] ( ) ( [ ) ( ) (
0 0
t P t P P P t P
Elec Mech Elec Mech net
A A + =
(18)
Cng sut quan h vi moment:



















) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) (
0
t T t T t P t P
Elec Mech Elec Mech
A A = A A e
(19)
Khi tc gc thay i, cng sut c th tnh c:
)] ( )].[ ( [ ) ( ) (
0 0 0
t T T t t P P t P
net net net net net
A + A + = A + = e e

(20)
Phng trnh chuyn ng:
dt
d
J T T T T
Elec Mech Elec Mech
) (
) ( ) (
0 0
e A
= A A +
(21)
Phng trnh vit cho diesel c b iu chnh tc
:
elec d d d
P K
dt
d
T A = A +
A
u q e
e) (
(22)
M hnh ton my pht ng b:

q
d
b
d d
dt
d
I R U e

e
. .
1
. + =
(23)
d
q
b
q q
dt
d
I R U e

e
. .
1
. + + =
(24)
dt
d
T I
D
D D

. 0 + =
(25)
dt
d
T I
Q
Q Q

. 0 + =
(26)
D d d kt d
I I x i + =
(27)
Q q q q
I I x + = .
(28)
D d d d kt kt
I g I x i . .
1
+ =
(29)
d d d kt D D
I x i g I . .
2
+ =
(30)
q q q Q Q
I x I . + =
(31)
M hnh ton b iu chnh in p
KD kt U
I
d I U q U q I U d U
I U
I U
kt
K E i x I K x U K I K x U K
x x
x
u

A
(

+ +
+
=
2
1
2
2
2 2
1
) ( ) (
|
|
(32)

) (
1
N
U U
Tp
K
E
+
= A
(33)



Hnh 5 H thng phn chia cng sut cho cc my c c tnh khc nhau
609
Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

VCCA-2011


Mch vng iu khin tc c xy dng
nh hnh 6, vi tn hiu t c ly t b tnh ton
cng sut.



M hnh h thng vi hai my pht lm vic song
song trong li thng qua vic ghp ni trn thanh
ci ( bus bar) ca bng in chnh ( MSB) trong
trm pht in tu thy c xy dng nh hnh 7.
Mch iu chnh tc nhn di dng hm truyn
c xy dng nh trn hnh 8.





T m hnh h thng, xy dng cc b iu khin
theo chun mun ti u, s dng phn mm m
phng Matlab Simulink nghin cu mt s trng
thi in hnh trong h. Kt qu nhn c ng
cong cng sut nh trn cc kt qu ca th tc
thi trn cc hnh 9, 10 v 11.
Hnh 9 m phng h cho hai my nhn 38% cng
sut ca mi my. c tnh nhn c trn h trc
tng i thy rng h phn ng rt tt. Ti giy
m phng th 5, cc my cng cho nhn khong
38% ti (cng sut) nh mc trong my c cng
sut ln ng vai tr Master cn my cng sut nh
ng vai tr Slave, c hai my sau nhng dao ng
qu th n nh vi gi tr ti t. Master c
qu chnh ln hn Slave, iu ny cng hon
ton ph hp vi tnh cht phn ng t nhin ca
h vi cc gi tr t v cc b iu khin

Hnh 10 l kt qu m phng h thng vi hai gi
tr cng sut t cho cc my, ti giy m phng
th nht, cho hai my nhn 38% cng sut mi my
nh phn m phng hnh 9, n giy th 11, cho
my nhn 77% cng sut mi my, kt qu cc
Master v Slave u phn ng kh tt vi gi tr t
v qu trnh qu cng din tin theo kt qu n
nh. Dao ng ca h c qu iu chnh, s ln
dao ng khong 4 chu k v thi gian qu
khong 4 s .
Hnh 11 l kt qu m phng h thng vi hai gi
tr cng sut t cho cc my l khc nhau trong
v my ch (M)c cng sut ln hn nn t gi tr
cao hn. bc m phng u t Master nhn
38% cn Slave nhn 29% cng sut. Thi gian
thc hin step 1 ti giy th nht, step 2 ti giy th
11, cho Master nhn 58% cn Slave cng sut nh
nhn 38%. Kt qu h phn ng cng rt tt vi cc
ch tiu k thut m bo tt trong phm vi yu cu
v k thut ca cc hng ng kim.
Hnh 8 Mch iu chnh tc ca h
Hnh 7 H thng hai my pht c c tnh
khc nhau lm vic song song trn li mm
Hnh 6 Mch vng iu khin tc Diesel
Hnh 9 c tnh qu ca hai my pht khi
nhn t l cng sut nh nhau
Hnh 10 c tnh qu ca hai my pht khi
nhn t l cng sut nh nhau v t phn chia
li khi nhn ti t ngt




610
Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

VCCA-2011








Kt lun
Nghin cu a cc my pht ng b c cc c
tnh ( rt) khc nhau vo lm vic song song trong
trm pht in tu thy l mt vic c t ra
kh lu vi cc nh k thut v cc cng ty c sn
phm k thut cung cp trong ngnh Hng hi.































Trc y, khi cc diesel lm vic vi cc b iu
tc kinh in th mong mun ny khng thc hin
c do tnh c th hn ch v kh nng iu
chnh cng nh hng s thi gian qu ln ca h
iu tc c hc.
Hin nay, cc vn k thut tr nn n gin
hn do bc tin ca ngnh cng ngh in t v
tin hc cng vi s pht trin rt ln trong cc
phng php iu khin t ng. Chnh iu kin
hin nay mi m ng cho kh nng tip cn
nhng d n v k thut kh, a dng v a chiu.
Bi bo xy dng m hnh iu khin trn c s
ton hc vi nhng kt qu kh quan. Trong thc
t, vic nghin cu a ra c cc sn phm t
l thuyt ny cn l mt vn khng n gin,
c bit vi c th Vit Nam. Tuy nhin thc
hin c mc tiu ny, tc gi cng cc ng s
c nhng bc nghin cu ng dng u tin v
vch ra tiu ch cng nh l trnh hin thc
ha sn phm. Thc cht y l mt sn phm s c
kh nng ng dng rt cao nu nh p ng c
ch tiu cht lng v cng ngh..

Ti liu tham kho
[1] Thn Ngc Hon; Nguyn Tin Ban.: Trm
pht v li in tu thy. Nh xut bn Khoa
hc v K thut, H Ni , 2008
[2] Nguyn Tin Ban.: iu khin trm pht in
tu thy. Tp ch KH CN Hng Hi, 2006
[3] DEIF: PPM Protection and Power
Management www. DEIF.com










Hnh 11 c tnh qu ca hai my pht khi
lm vic song song , nhn ti t ngt vi t l
cng sut khc nhau

611