Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

VCCA-2011
ng dng h cc tr trong cc cng ngh s dng nhin liu lng
Apply extremal systems in technologies using liquid fuels
Nguyn Tin Dng
1
, Nguyn Hu Cng
2
, Chu c Ton
3
1,2
Trng H K thut Cng nghip i hc Thi Nguyn

3
Trng H in Lc H Ni
e-Mail: dungnguyentien@tnut.edu.vn


Tm tt
Nghin cu bn cht ca h cc tr v cc i tng
c c tnh cc tr. T thit k b iu khin lun
duy tr t l gi v du sao cho t hiu sut chy cao
nht, tng nng sut, gim gi thnh sn phm, tit
kim nhin liu t. ng dng cho cc cng ngh s
dng nhin liu lng, nh iu khin lng du FO
trong cng ngh cn thp, trong sn xut knh, trong
cc nh my sn xut gch men, iu khin bm gi
trong ch ha kh ca t tit kim xng
Abstract
Research the nature of extremal systems and objects
which have extremum characteristics. After that,
designs a automatic control system maintaining the
ratio of wind and oil to achieve the highest efficiency
and reducing the cost, saving liquid fuels. Which are
applied in technologies using liquid fuels, such as
steel lamination, enamelled brick producing, glass
manufacturing, automobile production, etc.
Keyword: extremal systems; extremum seeking; energy
saving

H cc tr
H cc tr l mt h t chnh, n c nhim v tm
kim v duy tr tr s cc i hay cc tiu ca mt hay
nhiu tham s ca i tng c iu khin, trong
khi c tnh v iu kin lm vic ca i tng c
th bin i mt cch ngu nhin. H cc tr c ng
dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh trong luyn
kim, trong ngnh ho cht, ngnh nng lng (cc nh
my nhit in), ngnh sn xut t c bit c
pht trin v ng dng rt sm trong lnh vc qun s.
H cc tr khc vi cc h thng iu khin t ng
thng thng ch, h khng duy tr n nh mt i
lng hay mt ch tiu cht lng no. H cc tr lun
tm v duy tr im cc tr ca mt i lng cng
ngh (nhit , p lc, hiu sut) trong sut qu
trnh lm vic ca h thng.
Trn th gii h cc tr c pht trin rt
mnh m t nhng nm 70 ca th k XX. c bit
Lin X, M cc nc T bn ng dng thnh
cng trong lnh vc qun s, nh ch to bom thng
minh, v kh thng minh Dn dn c pht trin
rng ri trong dn s nhm tng nng sut, gim tiu
hao nhin liu, h gi thnh sn phm. Vit Nam,
cho n nay, vic nghin cu v ng dng h cc tr
cn rt hn ch. C chng l ch nhp khu nguyn
chic, vi gi hnh rt cao, ri a vo khai thc.
Vic nghin cu v trin khai ng dng cc h
cc tr vo thc t mang li li ch kinh t rt ln,
ng thi l vn chin lc hin nay v cc
ngun ti nguyn ngy cng cn kit.
i tng c c tnh cc tr
Trong thc t thng gp mt s i tng c c
tnh cc tr, v d nh trong vic khoan thm d vo
lng t, tc tnh tin ca mi khoan ph thuc
vo p lc mi khoan theo c tnh cc i. Trong
trng hp cn thp l, quan h gia dy ca phi
qua trc cn v ca sai lch so vi tr s mong mun
c c tnh cc tiu. Trong ng c xng ca xe my
nhit lng to ra vi lu lng xng nht nh ph
thuc vo lu lng gi qua ch ho kh c c tnh
cc tr cc i
L nung phi thp trc khi cn cng l mt trong cc
i tng c c tnh cc tr cc i, nhit ca l
vi lu lng du nht nh ph thuc vo lu lng
khng kh theo c tnh cc tr, i tng ny ngi
ta trn ln du v khng kh phun vo trong l di
dng sng m. Theo [3,4] mi quan h gia nhit
v h s t l o(anfa) =(lu lng gi cn thc t/lu
lng gi tnh ton) l c tnh cc i, (hnh 1a v
1b). Khi lu lng nhin liu v mt l do no thay
i th lu lng khng kh cng phi thay i cho
ph hp (lu lng nhin liu l ch o, lu lng
khng kh l ph thuc). Tuy nhin h s o li ph
thuc vo nhiu yu t.
H 1a. H c tnh cc i ca l t khi thay i nhit

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DAC TINH CUC TRI KHI LL DAU THAY DOI
612
Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

VCCA-2011
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
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HO DAC TINH CUC TRI KHI CO NHIEU TAC DONG

H.1b. H c tnh ca l t khi c nhiu tc ng

Nu trong qu trnh lm vic lng khng kh khng
ph hp (tha hoc thiu) u dn n cc phn ng
chy khng hon ton, hiu sut thp v gy tn tht
du.
S khi mch iu khin
Vic iu khin ti u s chy ca nhin liu l thc
hin tm mt h s t l gia nhin liu v khng kh
nh th no nhit ngn la l cc i, hnh 1.
Theo [3,4] t chy hon ton 1kg du ta cn
14,2kg khng kh, nh vy ta c th iu khin lu
lng gi theo tn hiu iu khin lu lng du hoc
iu khin c lp nhau. Thng thng lu lng du
v gi c b iu khin tnh ton theo nhit t
v tn hiu phn hi. T l du v gi c tnh ton
da trn c s phn tch qu trnh chy [4]. Thm ch
i vi nhng h thng c cc th l thng t l
theo kinh nghim v iu chnh lu lng du v gi
bng tay. V d Nh my knh p Cu (Bc Ninh);
h thng c ca nh my cn Gia Sng Thi Nguyn...
Trn thc t do nhiu yu t tc ng nh: Nhit
gi (nhit mi trng), cht lng khng kh, nhit
v cht lng du... do vy t l gi v du khng
phi lc no cng theo ng t l tnh ton. Thng
th lu lng gi cn nhiu hn tnh ton, iu th
hin qua h s d tha o ( 1.1 1.25 o = ).


H.2. S khi h thng iu khin

Trn s khi ta thy c 2 mch vng iu khin,
b iu khin lu lng du s tnh ton iu khin
lu lng du theo tn hiu t v tn hiu phn hi.

Mch vng iu khin lu lng du c nhim v
tng hp tn hiu nhit t cc sensor nhit t so
snh v a ra tn hiu iu khin lu lng gi vi t
l lun bm theo lu lng du.
Thit k mch iu khin lu lng gi
theo phng php bc
4.1. Phng php thit k
Trn thc t, c nhiu phng php thit k
mch iu khin cho cc i tng c c tnh cc tr
nh: phng php tch sng ng b; phng php
xc nh gradien ca hm mc tiu; phng php
chuyn ng tm n cc tr [1] ... y ta nghin
cu mt phng php thng s dng trong cc cng
ngh s dng nhin liu lng hin nay, l phng
php bc [1,2,3].
Gi s h bt u lm vic ti im A trn c
tnh cc tr, b iu khin c nhim v a qu trnh
lm vic ln im B (hnh 3).
H.3. Nguyn l iu khin theo phng php bc
BK LL du
t
0

(-)
BK nh
nhit
BK tm
cc tr
CH
du
BK LL
gi
CH
gi
Sensor
nhit
L t
t
0

Sensor
tc
Sensor
tc
(-)
(-)
1/s
Van
Van
1/s
B
t
0
0
A
x
y(x)
y(t)
613
Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

VCCA-2011
Sau khi thc hin mt bc Ax
k
h thng s o
thng s u ra tng ng l y
k
v so snh vi gi
tr trc l y
k-1
m c ghi vo b nh (k l s
th t ca bc c thc hin). Tu thuc vo du
ca Ay
k
= y
k
y
k-1
m bc tip theo s c thc
hin theo hng cn thit.
Ta c: x
k+1
= C.Sign (Ay
k
) vi C l gi tr ca
bc[1,3].
iu khin qu trnh bc c hai xu hng[1]:
- Mt l: Tn s ca bc c gi khng i,
khng ph thuc vo dc ca c tnh cc tr. Qu
trnh c th hin nh hnh 3.
- Hai l: Tn s ca bc thay i, ph thuc vo
dc ca c tnh cc tr. Khi dc ca c tnh
cc tr b th tn s gim v ngc li |1|.
Trong h thng, c mt ch tiu cht lng quan trng
l phi gim ti thiu cng sut lc ca ng c chp
hnh khi t ti vng cc tr, nh vy h thng
phi c vng khng nhy, tc l nu:
( ) c A s sign y
th ng c chp hnh phi ng
yn, vi c l mt s dng cho trc v cn c gi
l ngng nhy.
4.2. S khi ca h thng tm cc tr kiu bc
Vi gi thit mch vng n nh lu lng du c
t mt gi tr c nh. Nhim v ca b tm cc tr
kiu bc l t ng iu chnh lng kh a vo
t vi lng du trn sao cho nhit ca l t cc
i. S khi h thng iu khin kiu bc iu
chnh lu lng kh t ng c thit k nh hnh 4.

H.4. S khi mch iu khin lu lng kh
Trong :
u ra ca i tng iu khin l ta x chnh l
i lng chuyn dch gc m van kh; u ra ca l
l nhit , chnh l ta y , c bin thnh lng
in p a vo cc b ghi nh nh sensor nhit ;
(CH) l ng c chp hnh, (VA) l van gi, (MC)
my iu chnh c thit k, (LG) khi logic, (SS)
khi so snh, (GN) khi ghi nh cc gi tr nhit
di dng in p, (FL) khi pht lnh, khi ny lm
nhim v pht lnh cho khi GN, SS, LG, lm vic, T
khi to tr.
Khi FL c thit k thc hin tun t theo thut
ton bn bc sau :
Bc 1 : 1 0 0 0
Bc 2 : 0 1 0 0
Bc 3 : 0 0 1 0
Bc 4 : 0 0 0 1
Bc 5 : 1 0 0 0
.......................................
Cc khi: Sensor nhit , khuch i (K) lm
nhim v ly tn hiu nhit di dng in p cc
thi im u v cui cc bc a v khi ghi nh,
sensor tc lm nhim v ly tn hiu phn hi tc
ng c dui dng in p a v my iu chnh
iu chnh tc trong mi bc.
*)Nguyn tc hot ng ca s
Nguyn tc lm vic ca s c thc hin theo 4
bc nh sau:
+ Bc 1: B pht lnh (FL) pht lnh ti khi logic
(LG) iu khin ng c chp hnh (CH) quay dch
m van gi mt bc Ax , ng thi pht lnh cho b
ghi nh (GN), ghi nh gi tr nhit ban u di
dng in p Uy
k-1

+ Bc 2: B pht lnh to thi gian tr nhit
ca l thay i
+ Bc 3: B pht lnh pht lnh cho b ghi nh, ghi
nh gi tr Uy
k.

+ Bc 4: B pht lnh pht lnh so snh 2 gi tr
trong cc b nh .
* Nu : Ay
k
= Uy
k
- Uy
k-1
> c
Trong c l mt s dng cho trc l ngng tc
ng ca khi logic, b pht lnh tip tc pht lnh
ti khi logic iu khin ng c chp hnh quay dch
LG
CH
K
MC
GN
T
FL
V
A
N
Sensor
nhit
Ay
k
X
2k

Y
2k

Uy
k

Uy
k+1

t
0

SS
Sensor
tc
(-)
Khu
QT bc
nht, c
tr
LL du
1/s
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Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

VCCA-2011
m van kh mt bc Ax na v pht lnh cho b ghi
nh, ghi nh gi tr Uy
k
. Qu trnh lp li theo chu k
nh trn cho ti khi tm c cc tr (y l qu trnh
tm cc tr).
* Nu: Ay
k
= Uy
k
- Uy
k-1
< - c (im lm vic vt
qua gi tr cc i)
Th khi logic iu khin ng c quay ngc li
ng bt van gi mt bc Ax v lc ny h tm
c cc tr v chuyn sang qu trnh duy tr cc tr.
* Nu: - c Ay
k
= Uy
k
-Uy
k-1
c; khi logic khng
tc ng, ng c khng quay lu lng kh cp vo
m t c gi c nh v h lm vic vng cc
tr.
Tuy nhin gi tr nhit bc 1 v bc 3 vn
c b ghi nh ghi li kim tra v duy tr im
lm vic xung quanh im cc tr.
Nh vy nh thut ton iu khin kiu bc nh trn
h thc hin hai qu trnh, qu trnh th nht l qu
trnh tm cc tr v qu trnh th hai l qu trnh duy
tr im lm vic ti cc tr, bng vic tnh chn mc
ngng ca phn t logic hp l v trong khong sai
s cho php ta c vng lm vic khng nhy m ,
h lm vic trong vng cc tr m khng b dao ng.
H.5a: Gc m van vi bc nhy u
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DAC TINH DONG NHIET DO LO

H.6a. Nhit l ng vi thut ton bc nhy u
4.4. M phng
Sau khi phn tch k v s cu trc, nhm nghin
cu tin hnh thit k my iu chnh cho mch
vng tc ng c chp hnh, m van gi; thit k
phn cng cho h thng, trn c s c tham kho cc
h thng thc trong cc nh my cn thp ti Thi
nguyn do cc cng ty nc ngoi lp t. Cc thng
s thit k cho vng nung ca l nung lin tc, cng
sut 30.0000 tn/ nm.
Tip theo, tin hnh m phng vi mc ch :
+ Quan st ch ng ca ng c chp hnh khi
nhn c tn hiu dch bc ca khi pht lnh.
+ Quan st hnh trnh m van gi trong qu trnh iu
khin. Cc kt qu m phng th hin nh hnh 5 v
6.
Nhn xt : Qua nhiu ln m phng, ta thy:
+ Qu trnh m van hon ton ph hp vi tng
thit k, h t ng tm c cc tr bc th 16
sau 1200s ng vi gc m o ~ 110% nh hnh 5a.
+ Khi thay i bc nhy theo dc c tnh th
qu trnh tm n im cc tr nhanh hn, cht lng
h thng cao hn. Hnh 5b, m phng 2 cp tc
ca ng c m van, h tm c cc tr bc 12
sau 960s, ng vi gc m o ~ 110%.
+ Vi thut ton bc nhy theo cp nhit l tin
ti nhit t nhanh hn thut ton bc u, hnh
6a, 6b.
+ Tuy nhin nu ta chn nhiu cp bc nhy th
vic thit k phn cng s phc tp hn.
H.5b. Gc m van vi bc nhy ph thuc dc c
tnh l.
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N
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NHIET DO LO KHI MO VAN 2 CAP

H.6b. Nhit l ng vi thut ton bc nhy 2 cp
+ Nu ly bc nhy hon ton theo dc c tnh
th ch c li khi im lm vic cch xa im cc tr,
v khi sai lch ln, bc nhy ln h tin nhanh
hn n cc tr. Tuy nhin khi h ang ln cn im
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0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Thoi gian (s)
a
n
f
a
GOC MO VAN KHI
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0.8
1
1.2
Thoi gian (s)
G
o
c

m
o

(
a
n
f
a
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GOC MO VAN BUOC NHAY 2 CAP
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Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

VCCA-2011
cc tr th h li b rt chm v cc tr v sai lch
qu nh...
+ Nu chn bc nhy qu nh th h s dao ng
lin tc quanh im cc tr, ta nn chn mc ngng
c ca phn t logic hp l h t b dao ng.
+ Trn thc t ta ch nn chn thut ton nhy t 2
n 5 cp h tin nhanh ti cc tr v t b dao
ng.

5. Kt lun
Bi vit gii thiu tng quan v h cc tr v cc i
tng c c tnh cc tr. S cp bch ca vic nghin
cu ng dng h cc tr vo i sng sn xut, nhm
tng hiu sut, gim chi ph sn xut. c bit ng
dng trong cc cng ngh s dng nhin liu lng
nhm tit kim nhin liu, mt trong nhng vn
cp bch v nng lng hin nay.
T phn tch qu trnh chy, tm ra t l gi/ du ph
hp, n xy dng s khi, thit k b iu khin
t ng tm v duy tr im t ti u khi lng du,
cht lng du v cc yu t mi trng thay i.
Kt qu m phng cho thy vi b iu khin thit
k nhanh chng tm c im lm vic ti u v
duy tr im lm vic trong sut qu trnh lm vic.
Vi cc thut ton khc nhau cho ta cc ch tiu cht
lng v kinh t khc nhau. Vic vn dng thut ton
iu khin no nn cn c vo iu kin v cc yu
cu c th ca tng cng ngh
V thc t, ni dung nghin cu m ra hng ng
dng nhm tit kim nhin liu cho cc cng ngh l
t ni chung. Thut ton c kim chng thng
qua mt s mch iu khin c th ti phng th
nghim v mt s nh my luyn cn thp ti Thi
Nguyn.

Ti liu tham kho
[1] Nguyn Thng Ng, 2005, L thuyt iu
khin t ng thng thng v hin i, quyn
4, NXB Khoa hc K thut
[2] Cong Nguyen Huu, Dung Nguyen Tien, Nga
Nguyen Thi Thanh; Research and Development
of an adaptive control system for extremal
systems; The 2009 International Forum On
Strategic Technologies (IFOST 2009); October
21 23, 2009 Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam;
Session 5 - Renewable Energy and Energy
Conservation, page 235 - 238.
[3] Nguyn Hu Cng, Nguyn Tin Dng; Thit
k b iu khin thch nghi cho cc cng ngh
s dng nhin liu lng ; tp ch Khoa hc v
cng ngh cc trng i hc K thut, s 75,
2010.
[4] http://www.energyefficiencyasia.org/docs/ee_m
odules/vietnamese/Chapter%20%20Fuels%20an
d%20combustion%20(Vietnamese).pdf#1
[5]. Nguyn Don Phc (2004) L thuyt iu khin
tuyn tnh, Nh xut bn Khoa hc K thut.
[6]. Bi Quc Khnh, Nguyn Vn Lin, Phm Quc
Hi, Dng Vn Nghi, 2008; iu chnh t
ng truyn ng in; NXB Khoa hc v k
thut.
[7]. Tng cng ti thp Vit nam (2000), Bo co kh
thi D n ci to v m rng sn xut Cng ty
gang thp Thi Nguyn.
[8].Cong N Huu; Nam N Hoai, Optimal control for a
distributed parameter and delayed time
system based on the numerical method, Teth
international conference on Control,
Automotion, Robotics and vision(
ICARCV2008).

Nguyn Hu Cng sinh nm
1964. Anh nhn bng thc s v
iu khin T ng nm 1997;
bng Tin s v L thuyt iu
khin v iu khin ti u nm
2003 ca trng i hc Bch
Khoa H Ni (HUST), c
phong Ph gio s nm 2007.
T nm 1986 n nay anh l
ging vin ca trng i hc
K thut Cng nghip; t nm 1997 n nay l trng
b mn o lng v iu khin T ng; t nm
2005 -2010 l trng khoa in t; t 2011 l ph
gim c i hc Thi nguyn (TNU). Hng nghin
cu chnh l iu khin ti u cho h c tham s
phn b, v cc h thng tnh ton mm

Nguyn Tin Dng sinh nm
1982, ti Thi Nguyn. Nhn
bng i hc chuyn ngnh in
kh ha cung cp in nm 2005;
bng Thc s T ng ha nm
2009 ca trng i hc K
thut Cng nghip H Thi
Nguyn (TNUT). T nm 2006
n nay anh l ging vin ca
khoa in trng i hc K thut Cng nghip. Lnh
vc nghin cu: iu khin t ng, my in, thit
b in.
Chu c Ton, tt nghip i hc, chuyn ngnh
in kh ha Cung cp in,
Trng i hc K thut Cng
nghip -H Thi Nguyn
(TNUT).
Tt nghip Thc s Trng i
hc Bch khoa H Ni (HUST),.
Hin ang cng tc ti Khoa
Cng ngh T ng i hc
in lc.
Lnh vc nghin cu: Vi iu khin, Vi x l trong o
lng v iu khin, PLC..

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