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Khi nim chung v kim loi v hp kim (2) Chng 2. Hp kim st cacbon (5) Chng 3. Gang (4) Chng 4. Thp (5) Chng 5. Kim loai mu v hp kim mu (2) Chng 6. Nhit luyn (4) Chng 7. Ha bn b mt thp (2) Chng 8. n mn k.loi v phng php chng n mn (2) Chng 9. Vt liu phi kim loi v nhin liu (2) 1 Chng 10. Vt liu compozit (2)
CHNG 3: GANG 3.1. S lc qu trnh luyn gang 3.1.1. Nguyn liu, nhin liu v vt liu 3.1.2. L cao v qu trnh luyn gang 3.2. nh hng ca cacbon v tp cht 3.2.1. Cacbon 3.2.2. Cc tp cht 3.3 Cc loi gang v cng dng ca chng 3.3.1. Gang xm 3.3.2. Gang cu 3.3.3. Gang do
CHNG 3: GANG
MC CH 1. Kin thc: Cung cp cc kin thc + S lc v qu trnh luyn gang. + nh hng ca cacbon v tp cht n gang. + Cc loi gang thng dng v cng dng. 2. K nng: + Kh nng nhn bit v phn tch cc qu trnh luyn gang v nh hng ca cc nguyn t. + T duy logic v vn dng linh hot cc kin thc gii quyt cc vn thc tin.
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CHNG 3: GANG
Sau khi hc xong tit ging ny, sinh vin c kh nng: - Nu s lc c qu trnh luyn gang t l cao. - Phn tch c nh hng ca cc nguyn t n tnh nng ca gang. - Phn loi gang v cng dng ca tng loi - c c k hiu gang theo TCVN
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Gang v thp l vt liu khng th thiu c trong cng nghip. Thp li c ch bin t gang, do vy luyn gang l mt trong nhng cng vic quan trng nht ca ngnh luyn kim. - L cao. - L ng (l ch)
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3.1. S lc qu trnh luyn gang 3.1.1. Nguyn liu, nhin liu v vt liu 1. Qung st Qung st : ch yu l st xyt Fe2-O3 c mu , cha khong 50 60%Fe. Qung st l qung tt nht. Qung st nu: ch yu l st xyt ngm nc (Fe2O3.H2O v 2Fe2O3.3H2O), c mu nu vng n nu thm, cha khong 40 55%Fe.
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3.1. S lc qu trnh luyn gang 3.1.1. Nguyn liu, nhin liu v vt liu 1. Qung st Qung st t: l qung manhtt, tc st t xyt Fe3O4. Qung ny c mu en, cha khong 60 65%Fe, i khi ti 70%Fe. y l qung giu st nht, c t tnh v kh hon nguyn. Qung st cacbnat: l qung xirit FeCO3, cha khong 35 48%Fe.
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3.1. S lc qu trnh luyn gang 3.1.1. Nguyn liu, nhin liu v vt liu 1. Qung st - Nghin nh c kch thc qung ng u. - Lm giu qung kh b cc tp cht v cht bn (i qung theo trng lng hoc dng nam chm). - Nung qung lm cho ht m, axit cacbnic, lu hunh. - Thiu kt qung nh dnh kt li vi nhau, to 8 cho qung c xp.
3.1. S lc qu trnh luyn gang 3.1.1. Nguyn liu, nhin liu v vt liu
2. Nhin liu Than cc c nhit lng cao, bn, c xp cao v cha t lu hunh. 3. Cht tr dung - Cc cht kh chy thng cho thm cht tr dung l CaCO3 to thnh x long. - Cc loi FeSi, FeMn
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Hnh: Cu to l cao 1. Mng tho gang; 2. ng dn kh; 3. Thit b cht liu; 4. L gi; 5. Mng tho x
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Qu trnh to thnh gang Qu trnh to thnh gang l mt qu trnh bin i ha hc phc tp, bao gm ba giai on chnh: 1. Giai on hon nguyn st. 2. Giai on to thnh gang. 3. Giai on to x.
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H2O + C = H2 + CO
Qu trnh to thnh gang Cc kh CO v H2 s hon nguyn st theo cc bc sau: Fe2O3 Fe3O4 FeO Fe Qu trnh din ra theo cc phn ng: 3Fe2O3 + H2 = 2Fe3O4 + H2O Fe3O4 + H2 = 3FeO + H2O FeO + H2 = Fe + H2O
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Qu trnh to thnh gang 1. Giai on hon nguyn st. Ngoi ra, cacbon th rn cng tham gia hon nguyn st theo phn ng: FeO + C = Fe + CO + Q(calo) Phn ng ny hon nguyn ti 50% st xyt ca l cao.
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Qu trnh to thnh gang Sau khi st hon nguyn thn l, li phn ng tip vi cacbon: 3Fe + C = Fe3C Hnh thnh hp cht Fe3C gi l cacbit st hay xmentit. Cacbon ha tan dn vo st n 4%.
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Qu trnh to thnh gang ng thi mt s tp cht cng c hon nguyn nh: silic, mangan, pht pho, lu hunh l cc cht c cha sn trong qung. S hon nguyn ny tin hnh nhit 1000 12000C km theo s thu nhit. MnO + C = Mn + CO Q(calo) SiO2 + C = Si + 2CO Q(calo)
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Nhng sn phm ca l cao Gang: l sn phm chnh ca l cao. X: lng x trong l cao rt ln (khong 60% trng lng gang nu ra). X l cao c dng lm vt liu xy dng, ri ng. Kh l cao: l lng kh kh ln, c nhit dung cao. Kh l cao dng t thp nung, l luyn cc, ng c ga v.v
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- Gang l hp kim st v cacbon, c C > 2,14%. - Cc nguyn t tp cht cng nhiu: mangan v silic (0,5 - 2%), pht pho v lu hunh (0,05 - 0,5%). Do c hm lng cacbon cao, nn nhit nng chy ca gang thp hn thp nhiu v v vy nu chy gang d thc hin hn (tnh c tt). Tuy nhin, gang li cng v gin.
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Lng cacbon t do cng nhiu th: -Kh nng graphit ha cng mnh. -Nhit chy cng gim. -Gang cng d y khun v t co. Nhng, tng hm lng cacbon s lm gim bn, tng gin. V vy, thng khng dng gang c hm lng C > 4%.
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T chc t vi, phn gang thnh cc loi: trng, xm, cu v do. -Gang trng l gang trong tt c cacbon nm dng lin kt ha hc Fe3C. -Gang xm, cu, do l cc loi gang m trong phn ln cacbon dng t do (graphit) vi hnh dng khc nhau: tm, cu, cm.
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C tnh - Gang l loi vt liu c bn ko thp, gin cao. Do cha mt lng ln xmentit, gang trng c bn ko rt thp v gin rt cao. - Mt khc trong gang xm, gang do, gang cu t chc graphit do bn bng khng (0) nn c coi nh l cc l hng c sn trong gang, lm mt tnh lin tc ca nn gang, l ni tp trung ng sut ln, lm gang km bn.
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C tnh - Mc tp trung ng sut ph thuc vo hnh dng graphit, ln nht gang xm vi graphit dng tm v b nht gang cu vi graphit dng cu trn. - Ngoi ra, s c mt ca graphit trong gang c nh hng tt n c tnh nh tng kh nng chng mn do ma st, lm tt rung ng v dao ng cng hng.
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Tnh cng ngh - Gang c tnh c tt do nhit nng chy thp. - chy long cao. - Tnh gia cng ct gt tt ( gang xm, cu, do) do graphit trong gang lm phoi d gy vn
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Cng dng - Ni chung, gang c dng ch to cc chi tit chu ti trng tnh v t chu va p nh b my, v, np, cc b phn tnh ti, cc chi tit chu mi mn ma st lm vic trong iu kin kh bi trn. - Ngoi ra, gang cu v gang do do c tnh cao nn c th dng thay th cho thp trong mt s trng hp.
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Gang xm l loi gang c dng ph bin nht trong ch to c kh v dn dng. - T chc t vi. - K hiu. - Thnh phn ha hc. - C tnh. - Cc mc gang xm thng dng
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T chc t vi Ty theo mc to thnh graphit mnh hay yu, gang xm c chia thnh cc loi sau: - Gang xm ferit. - Gang xm ferit - peclit. - Gang xm peclit
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T chc t vi Nh vy, c th ni t chc t vi ca gang xm ging t chc t vi ca thp trc cng tch v cng tch, tuy nhin do c thm cc tm graphit. Chnh do iu ny m c tnh ca gang khc thp.
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Thnh phn ha hc Cacbon Silic Mangan Photpho Lu hunh 2,8 - 3,5%. 1,5 - 3%. 0,5 - 1%. 0,1 0,2%. 0,08 - 0,12%.
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Thnh phn ha hc Cacbon Silic Mangan Photpho Lu hunh 2,8 - 3,5%. 1,5 - 3%. 0,5 - 1%. 0,1 0,2%. 0,08 - 0,12%.
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3.3 Cc loi gang v cng dng ca chng 3.3.1. Gang xm C tnh gang xm Graphit l pha c bn rt thp nn trong gang n nh l nhng vt rng, nt c sn, lm mt s lin tc ca nn kim loi, do lm gim mnh bn ko ca gang. Ngoi ra u nhn ca cc tm graphit chnh l ni tp trung ng sut.
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Gang cu l loi gang c c tnh cao, thng c dng thay th cho thp. - T chc t vi. - K hiu. - Thnh phn ha hc v cch ch to. - C tnh. - Cc mc gang cu thng dng
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T chc t vi - Ging nh gang xm, song ch khc l graphit ca n dng thu gn nht: dng qu cu, chnh iu ny lm bn ko ca gang cu rt cao so vi gang xm. - Gang cu ferit, ferit peclit, peclit.
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3.3 Cc loi gang v cng dng ca chng 3.3.2. Gang cu Thnh phn ha hc Cacbon Silic Mangan Photpho Lu hunh Magie 3,0 - 3,6% 2,0 - 3,0% 0,5 - 1,0% 0,15% 0,04 - 0,08% 0,04 - 0,08%
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3.3 Cc loi gang v cng dng ca chng 3.3.2. Gang cu C tnh gang cu
- Gang cu c c tnh tng hp tng i cao, gn nh thp cacbon. - C tnh ca gang cu ph thuc ch yu vo t chc ca nn kim loi. Sau khi c, gang cu c nhit luyn p ng cc yu cu c tnh khc nhau. - Graphit cu cng trn, kch thc cng nh v s lng cng t th c tnh ca gang cu cng cao.
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Cc bin php nng cao c tnh ca gang cu - Bin tnh: cho cht bin tnh vo, to graphit cu
cng nh, cng trn cng tt. - Hp kim ha: Nng cao bn ca ferit - Nhit luyn: ti v ram, c bit gang cu rt thch hp ti ng nhit thnh bainit.
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- T chc t vi. - K hiu. - Thnh phn ha hc. - C tnh. - Cc mc gang do thng dng
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T chc t vi - Ging gang xm v gang cu, song khc hai im: graphit ca n dng cm v graphit cm ny to ra khng phi khi c m do tip theo. - Gang do ferit, ferit-peclit v peclit.
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Cch ch to v thnh phn ha hc Mun c gang do phi nu gang c thnh phn xc nh v c thnh gang trng c t chc trc cng tinh. T gang trng mi c thnh gang do. Theo qui trnh c hai loi gang do: + Gang do tm trng. + Gang do tm en.
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3.3 Cc loi gang v cng dng ca chng 3.3.2. Gang cu Thnh phn ha hc khi c Cacbon Silic Mangan Photpho Lu hunh 2,2 2,8% 0,8 1,4%
1% 0,2% 0,1%
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3.3 Cc loi gang v cng dng ca chng 3.3.3. Gang do C tnh gang do
- Do graphit dng tng i tp trung nn gang do c bn ko cao hn gang xm nhng km gang cu. Gii hn bn ko ca gang do trong khong 300 600 N/mm2. - do ca gang do kh cao: = 5 10%, c trng hp vt qu do ca gang cu.
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Gang chu n mn Gang chu n mn tt phi l gang hp kim cao. Chng c th l gang xm hoc gang cu. Khi hp kim ha gang bng cc nguyn t Cr, Ni, Si vt qu mt gii hn xc nh, chng s lm thay i in th in cc ca cc pha v to ra mt lp mng xit, lm th ng ha qu trnh n mn ca chi tit trong cc mi trng hot tnh.
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Gang chu n mn - Gang silic cao 12 17% Si, c bn km, cng cao, gin, kh gia cng. (HNO3, H2SO4, H3PO4). - Gang crm cao 20 26% Cr, c c tnh kh, nhng cng cao, kh gia cng. (HNO3, H3PO4 v trong dung dch mui) - Gang niken cao 14 30% Ni, c c tnh kh, d gia cng c. (H2SO4, HCl).
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CHNG 3: GANG
CC CU HI
1. Nguyn, nhin, vt liu dng luyn gang gm nhng g? Hy k tn tng thnh phn. 2. Trnh by cu to ca l cao v cc thit b ph ca l cao. 3. Cho bit cc phn ng ha hc xy ra trong l cao. 4. Cho bit nh hng ca cacbon v cc nguyn t tp cht n tnh nng ca gang ?
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CHNG 3: GANG
CC CU HI
5. V t chc v thnh phn ha hc cc loi gang (trng, xm, do, cu) khc nhau nhng im no? 6. So snh v c tnh ca cc loi gang (xm, do, cu). Nguyn nhn no a n s khc nhau ? 7. Cho bit cng dng ca cc loi gang? 8. Cho bit cng dng ca cc loi gang cu?
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CHNG 3: GANG
CC CU HI
9. Cho bit trng hp no nn s dng gang do? 10. Ti sao gi thnh gang do li cao hn so vi gang xm v gang cu? 11. Gii thch cc k hiu sau: GX 1224 ; GZ 306 ; GC 455? 12. Cho bit mt s loi gang chu nhit v chu n mn ?
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