LI NI U

Vic ct in trung p v cao p c s dng bn cng ngh in hnh l my ct du, my ct khng kh nn, my ct SF6 v my ct chn khng. Tuy nhin trong khong 30 nm tr li y th vic s dng my ct du v khng kh nn gim ng k thm ch l khng sn xut mi. Ngy nay th my ct SF6 v my ct chn khng c s dng cho vic ct in p cao tr nn ph bin c bit l my ct chn khng. My ct chn khng c nhiu u im l ct in p cao kch thc my nh gn v khng gy nhim mi trng. Tuy nhin my ct chn khng cng khng th thay th hon ton my ct SF6. Ngy nay my ct SF6 vn cn c s dng kh ph bin v c nhiu hng sn xut mi. Cng ngh ct in p trung v cao p bng kh SF6 vn c rt nhiu u im nh bn in cao, kh nng phc hi bn in tt, c bit l kh SF6 c bn in cao ngay c p sut khng qu cao. V my ct SF6 chim nhiu u th in p trung v cao p. Do vy m ngy nay my ct SF6 v chn khng vn c s dng song hnh trong ng ct h thng in cao p. Di y l nhng tm hiu ca em my ct SF6 v my ct chn khng cng nh hin trng s dng ca chng.

I.My ct SF6 1. Mt s loi my ct SF6 hin nay. Mt s loi my ct SF6 c b truyn ng iu khin bng kh nn: -Hng Nuova Magrini Galileo (NMG): +550 MHMe-4Y +550 MHME-1P/S +245 MHMe-1P Mt s my ct c b truyn ng bng l xo: +3AQ1FG ca Siemens -Hng GEC ALSTHOM: +HGF 311/312 +FXT 11 +FXT 12 +FXT 14 +FX 11 +FX 12 + S1-123F1 ca hng ATG My ct SF6 thng c c im chung l cc my ct trn 220kv thng mi pha c b truyn ng ring. Mi pha c kh nng ct ring bit khi c s c thong qua trn tng pha. Cn cc my ct thng thng di 110kv th c mt b truyn ng chung cho c ba pha(tr nhng trng hp c bit cn b truyn ng ring bit cho tng pha). 2. c im ca my ct SF6. Kh nng cch in dp h quang ca SF6 ph thuc vo mt kh SF6 trong tr. Do vy mi pha ca my ct SF6 u c ng h o kh v u np kh. kh SF6 vn c rt nhiu u im nh bn in cao, kh nng phc hi

 bn in tt, c bit l kh SF6 c bn in cao ngay c p sut khng qu cao. Trong my ct SF6, dng in vn duy tr sau khi tip im tch ra thng qua dng plasma ca h quang bao gm kh SF6 b ion ha. Trong sut qu trnh chy,h quang b dng kh rt bt nhit. H quang b dp tt ti thi im dng in qua 0, khi nhit b rt bt trc khi dng in gim. Lung kh tip tc chy to qu trnh phn ion ha khe h tip im v gia tng bn cch in cn thit ngn cn qu trnh chy lp li. My ct SF6 c np trong tr kn v cch in cao nn thc hp vi mi iu kin mi trng v kh hu. My ct SF6 c s dng rng di c vng c mi trng m bn, nng cao, hay c nhng ni c cao ln. Tuy nhin my ct SF6 vn c nhng nhc im nht nh: SF6 lm mi cht cch in trong cc thit b ng ct cch in bng cht kh (gas insulated switchgear - GIS), k c cc trm mch vng v trm bin p. Nhiu yu t v mi trng chng li vic s dng SF6 ct dng in v trong trng hp ny, nhng yu t li cng th hin r hn bi v SF6 l kh nh knh nguy hi (mt trong su loi kh c nu ch danh trong Ngh nh th Kyoto), v SF6 li nng hn khng kh v th nu b r r trong mt khng gian hn ch s c th gy ngt th. Mc du nng kh SF6 trong kh quyn thp hn nhiu so vi cc loi kh nh knh khc nh CO2 v mtan (CH4), nhng tim nng gy m ton cu (global warming potential - GWP) ca SF6 li cao gp 24.000 ln so vi CO2, thi gian tn ti ca n trong kh quyn c tnh l khong 3.200 nm so vi 50 - 200 nm i vi CO2. Cc thit b ng ct cch in bng cht kh cn c theo di thng xuyn m bo khng c r r kh v phi c nhng bin php phng c bit khi cho thit b thi lm vic. Tri li, cc h thng ct in trong chn khng, s dng cch in rn nn an ton v khng cn phi bo dng. Mt nhc im na ca SF6, l vic dp h quang hoc h quang bn trong s to ra mt s sn phm phn hy nguy him v c hi, nn khi lm vic vi cc thit b cha kh SF6 cn c nhng bin php d phng c bit. ng nhin l s dng cc thit b cha kh SF6 khu vc th hay thm ch bn trong cc ta nh s gp nhiu ri ro. Nghim trng hn na l vic phi x l nhng thit b ht hn s dng, mt vn rt phc tp, c th so snhvic x l cht PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl) trong my bin p.

3.Mt s quy tc khi vn hnh my ct SF6. My ct phi c vn hnh li ng vi thng s k thut Khi my ct mang ti th bt buc phi thao tc t xa phng iu khin. Khng thao tc my ct SF6 khi p sut kh nh hn 0,3bar (k c thao tc khng ti) khi my ct b d kh th khng c ng di my ct trnh b ngt th do kh d v cc bi kh sinh ra trong qu trnh dp h quang. Khng cu hay chuyn tr my ct SF6 khi c p lc ln hn 0,5 bar. Khng k thang tro ln s ca my ct khi lp t sa cha, khng c g vo s lm rung s. Trong qu trnh vn hnh nu c phi tho bung dp h quang th nhn vin phi mang o bo h khu trang trnh c. Khng tip sc trc tip vi kh v bi h quang sinh ra. Trc khi a my ct SF6 vo vn hnh phi kim tra cc rle mch iu khin v mch bo v m bo hot ng tt mi a my ct vo vn hnh.

4.Hin trng s dng my ct SF6 nc ta. nc ta hin nay my ct SF6 chim u th cc h thng trung p ti cao p.

Hnh 1: My ct SF6 v my bin dng ti cng ty TPC vina.

Hnh 2: h thng my ct SF6 dn t 110kv.

Hnh 3:My ct SF6 kt hp dao cch ly trm 500kv.

II. My ct chn khng. 1. Mt s loi my ct chn khng hin nay. +My ct E4S/MS ca ABB. +Emax E2N ca ABB. +My ct chn khng ngoi tri 40.5kv Siemens 3AF01 + ZN85B-40.5(3AV3)
Trung Quc sn xut

+My ct chn khng ISM/TEL ca hng Tavrida Electric (TEL) Cc thng s k thut my ct chn khng ISM/TEL:

Hnh 4: My ct chn khng E4S/MS th h mi ca ABB.

Hnh 5: My ct

ZN85B-40.5(3AV3) Trung Quc sn xut.

+Dng sn phm HVG c: M hiu in p nh mc kV HVG 1031 HVG 1032 HVG 1041 HVG 1042 HVG 1099 HVG 1011 HVG 1131 HVG 1132 HVG 1141 HVG 1142 7.2 kV 7.2 kV 7.2 kV 7.2 kV 7.2 kV 7.2 kV 7.2 kV 7.2 kV 7.2 kV 7.2 kV Dng nh mc (A) 630 A 1250 A 630 A 1250 A 400 A 630 A 630 A 1250 A 630 A 1250 A

Dng ct (kA) 20 kA 20 kA 25 kA 25 kA 20 kA 32.5 kA 52 kA 52 kA 65 kA 65 kA

2. c im ca my ct chn khng. My ct chn khng c s dng in hnh cp in p trung p t 1 kV n hn 40 kV, ng ct dng in t 100 A n hn 4000 A, kh nng ct dng s c t 6 kA n 63 kA. Cc my ct ny thch hp i vi tn s cng nghip trong di t 16,66 Hz n 400 Hz.Do khng ngng c ci tin, kch thc ca my ct chn khng in hnh cp in p 15 kV gim lin tc, ng knh bung dp h quang t 180 mm nm 1967 gi y ch cn l 50 mm. Vic s dng vt liu hp kim Cu-Cr ch to cc tip im t nm 1980 to ra mt s tin b vt bc v tnh nng lm vic so vi trc y khi cn s dng vt liu ng nguyn cht v cc hp kim khc nh l Cu-Bi. Nhng li ch c bn ca vic ct in trong chn khng cp in p trung p l: Tui th di, tnh nng in vt tri, vn hnh khng cn bo dng, chp nhn c v mt mi trng. Tui th di. Ct dng in trong chn khng l cng ngh c trin khai y vi tin cy c khng nh. kn chn khng c m

bo nh p dng cc k thut hn hin i trong l chn khng, nh bung h quang gi c chn khng trong vng t nht l 20 nm, vt xa tui th c kh ca my ct. Kinh nghim cho thy nu c xy ra r r giong chn kn th chng thng pht sinh sm v vy nhng th nghim kht khe trong qu trnh sn xut s m bo pht hin ra nhng sai li nh vy trc khi thit b c a n ni lp t. Cc bung ct chn khng ca hng Eaton cng tha mn cc yu cu cao v tui th thao tc ngn mch qui nh trong tiu chun IEC phin bn mi nht. Tnh nng vt tri. Bung ct chn khng cng thch hp cho nhng ng dng rt a dng cp in p trung p, bao gm bo v th cp my bin p, ct dng s c ngay u on ng dy, ng ct t in v ng ct ng c. in p chu ng dng xoay chiu tn s cng nghip thng gp t 2 n 4 ln gi tr in p vn hnh bnh thng, cn in p chu ng xung st gp 4 12 ln in p vn hnh bnh thng. Vn hnh khng cn phi bo dng. Khng cn phi kim tra thng xuyn v cng khng cn n thit b theo di tn km kim tra xem c b r r kh hay khng, nh i vi thit b ng ct SF6. Thn thin vi mi trng. Bung ct chn khng c ch to t cc vt liu c th thu hi v ti ch khi ht hn s dng. Khng cha kh nh knh, v d nh SF6, khng cha ng ri ro tim tng i vi sc khe con ngi bi nhng sn phm phn hy to ra do phng in h quang. Khng cn phi c nhng bin php phng nga c bit bo v mi trng khi xy ra r r hay trong qu trnh. Thng thng, bung ct chn khng phi chu in p xoay chiu danh nh tn s in cng nghip (qu in p xut hin khi thao tc ng ct trong h thng in) bng 2 - 4 ln in p danh nh ca h thng v in p xung st danh nh bng t 4 - 12 ln in p danh nh ca h thng.h x l thit b ht hn s dng. c tnh vn c na ca my ct chn khng l cc tip im c sa mt cch t ng. Cc ch sn si c th pht sinh trn cc b mt tip xc do cc tip im va chm nhau s c mi nhn i do hin tng phng in xy ra khi m cc tip im khi my ct ang mang ti. Eaton li dng c im ny trong qu trnh ch to my ct: sa cc tip im bng cch t in p cao ly t ngun c tng tr ln ln cc tip im ang m.