BI M U

I. S pht trin cng nghip ng ma trn th gii

n l nc u tin trn th gii bit sn xut ng t ma. Vo khong
nm 398 ngi n v Trung Quc bit ch bin mt ng thnh tinh th.
T , k thut sn xut ng pht trin sang Ba T, , B o Nha, ng thi
a vic tinh luyn ng thnh mt ngnh cng ngh mi.
Lc u cng nghip ng cn rt th s, ngi ta p ma bng 2 trc g ng,
ly sc ko t tru b, lng trong bng vi, c c cho v kt tinh t nhin.
Cng nghip ng tuy c t lu i, nhng 200 nm gn y mi c c kh
ha. Nhiu thit b quan trng c pht minh vo th k 19. Nm 1813 Howard
pht minh ni bc hi chn khng nhng mi ch dng mt ni nn hiu qu bc
hi thp, n nm 1843 Rillieux ci tin thnh h bc hi nhiu ni, nn c th tit
kim c lng hi dng. Nm 1837 Pouzolat pht minh ra my ly tm, nhng c
h thng truyn ng y ly dch ng trn nn thao tc khng thun tin.
Sau , nm 1867 Weston ci tin thnh my ly tm c h thng truyn ng
trn v loi my ny hin nay ang c s dng ph bin. n nm 1878 my sy
thng quay xut hin, 1884 thit b kt tinh lm lnh ra i.
Trong nhng nm gn y ngnh ng pht trin mt cch nhanh chng,
vn c kh ha, lin tc ha v t ng ha trn ton b dy chuyn sn xut
c p dng rng ri trong cc nh my ng.

II. Tnh hnh cng nghip ng ca nc ta

Vit Nam l mt quc gia c truyn thng sn xut ng ma t lu i. Cng
vi s pht trin ca ngnh ng trn th gii, ngh lm ng th cng nc
ta cng pht trin mnh.
Trong thi k Php thuc, ngnh ng nc ta pht trin mt cch chm chp,
sn xut th cng l ch yu. Lc ny ta ch c 2 nh my ng hin i: Hip
Ha (min nam) v Tuy Ha (min trung). Theo thng k nm 1939 ton b lng
ng mt tiu th l 100.000 tn.
Sau ngy ha bnh lp li, di s lnh o ca ng, lng nhit tnh lao ng
ca nhn dn ta cng vi gip ca cc nc XHCN ngnh ng nc ta ngy
cng bt u pht trin. Trong nhng nm 1958 1960, chng ta xy dng 2 nh
my ng hin i Vit Tr v Sng Lam (350 tn ma/ngy) v nh my ng
Vn im (1.000 tn ma/ngy)
Khi t nc thng nht, chng ta tip tc xy dng thm mt s nh my
ng hin i min Nam nh: nh my ng Qung Ngi (1.500 tn
ma/ngy), Hip Ha (1.500 tn ma/ngy), nh my ng Phan Rang (350 tn
ma/ngy), 2 nh my ng tinh luyn Khnh Hi (150 tn ma/ngy) v Bin
Ha (200 tn ma/ngy), gn y ta xy dng thm 2 nh my ng mi: La Ng
(2.000 tn ma/ngy), Lam Sn (1.500 tn ma/ngy)...
-1-

Vi cc nh my ng hin i v cc c s sn xut ng th cng, kt hp

vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca k thut sn xut ng, chc chn trong thi
gian ti nc ta s c mt nn cng nghip ng tin tin nhm p ng nhu cu
v lng ng s dng cho nhn dn v gp phn xy dng cho s pht trin
kinh t nc ta.

-2-

Chng 1: NGUYN LIU V CNG NGH P MA

I. Nguyn liu (ma)

1. Phn loi
Cy ma thuc h ho tho, ging sacarum, c chia lm 3 nhm chnh:
- Nhm Sacarum officinarum: l ging thng gp v bao gm phn ln cc
chng ang trng ph bin trn th gii
- Nhm Sacarum violaceum: L mu tm, cy ngn cng v khng tr c
- Nhm Sacarum simense: Cy nh cng, thn mu vng nu nht, trng t
lu Trung Quc
Mt s ging ma ph bin th gii:
- POJ
- H: Haoai
- C: Cuba
- E: Egypt (Ai cp)
- F: Formose (i Loan)
- CO: Coimbatore (n )
- CP: Canal Point (bang Florida, M)
Nhng ging ma nc ngoi c trng ph bin Vit Nam:
- POJ: 3016, 2878, 2725, 2883
- CO: 209, 132, 419, 715, 775
- CP: 3479
Ngoi ra chng ta lai to c mt s ging ma cho nng sut cao nh:
- Vit ng 54/143: hm lng ng 13,5 14,5%, loi chn sm
- Vit ng 59/264: hm lng ng 14 15%, khng tr c
- VN 65 71: nng sut 70 90 tn/ ha
- VN 65 48: nng sut 50 95 tn/ ha
- VN 65 53: nng sut 45 80 tn/ ha

2. Nguyn liu ma
2.1. Hnh thi cy ma
a. R ma
Thuc loi r chm, c tc dng gi cho ma ng, ht nc v cc cht dinh
dng t t nui cy ma.

-3-

b. Thn ma
C hnh tr ng hoc hi cong, tu theo ging m thn ma c mu sc khc
nhau nh: vng nht, mu tm m
V ma c mt lp phn trng bao bc
Thn ma chia lm nhiu dng, mi dng ma di khong 0,05-0,304 m (tu
theo ging ma v thi k sinh trng)
Gia 2 dng ma l t ma, t ma bao gm ai sinh trng, ai r, ai phn
mm, v so l.
c. L ma
L mc t chn t ma (di ai r) thnh hng so le hoc theo ng vng
trn thn cy ma l c mu xanh (vi mt s ging c bit c thm mu vng hoc
tm), mp l c hnh rng ca, mt ngoi c mt lp phn mng v lng bm. Tu
thuc vo ging ma, l c chiu di (0,91 1,52 m), chiu rng (0,01 0,30 m).
L l trung tm ca qu trnh quang hp, l b phn th v l ni thot m ca
cy ma.

2.2. Thu hoch v bo qun ma

a. Ma chn
Ma c xem l chn khi hm lng ng trong thn ma t ti a, v lng
ng kh cn li t nht.
Cc biu hin c trng ca thi k ma chn:
- L chuyn sang mu vng, dy ca l gim, cc l st vo nhau, dng
ngn dn
- Hm lng ng gia gc v ngn xp x nhau
- Hm lng ng kh di 1%, (c khi ch cn 0,3%)
Khi ma chn, tu theo ging ma v iu kin thi tit m lng ng ny
duy tr khong 15 60 ngy. Sau , lng ng bt u gim dn (giai on ny
gi l ma qu la, hay ma qu chn).
b. Thu hoch ma
cc nc pht trin nh M, c ngi ta thu hoch ma bng c gii l
ch yu, nhiu loi my lin hp va n ma, cht ngn v ct khc c s dng
rng ri.
Nc ta hin nay, vic thu hoch ma vn cn bng phng php th cng,
dng dao cht st gc v b ngn.
Sau thu hoch hm lng ng gim nhanh, do ma cn c vn chuyn
ngay v nh my v tin hnh p cng sm cng tt.
hn ch tn tht ng sau khi thu hoch, c th p dng cc bin php sau:
- Cht ma khi tri rt hoc hi rt
-4-

- Khi cht cho ma ng theo chiu ca lung, cc cy ma gi ln nhau (ngn

cy ny ph trn gc cy kia)
- Cht ma thnh ng c th gim s phn gii ng
- Dng l ma thm nc che trong lc vn chuyn, v c th dng nc
ti phun vo ma.

II. Cng ngh p ma

1. Ly nc ma bng phng php p
y l phng php c s dng ph bin cc nh my ng hin nay
Nguyn l ca phng php ny l dng lc c hc lm bin i th tch cy
ma, t ph v t chc t bo ly nc ma
Phng php p bao gm cc cng on: x l ma, p gip, p kit.

1.1. Cc cng on ly nc ma
a. X l ma
Nhm to iu kin cho qu trnh p d dng hn, nng cao nng sut v hiu
sut p. H thng x l ma trc khi p bao gm cc qu trnh sau:
San bng ma: Do a xung bng ti, ma trng thi ln xn, khng
ng u, do d cn phi san bng lp ma trn bng ti, m bo ng u ca
lp ma, tng mt ma.
Bm ma: Ma c bm thnh tng mnh nh nhm ph v lp v cng
ca cy ma lm t bo ma l ra, ng thi san ma thnh lp n nh trn bng ti
v nng cao mt ma trn bng ti. Nh vy:
- Nng cao nng sut p
- Nng cao hiu sut p ma
nh ti: Sau khi qua my bm, lng ma cha c bm nh cn
nhiu nn chng cn phi qua my nh ti ph v hn na t chc t bo ca
cy ma, v lm tng mt ma a vo my p. Nu dng my nh ti, hiu
sut p c th tng khong 1%.
b. p gip
p gip va c tc dng ly nc ma ra t cy ma (khong 60 70%), va
lm cho ma gip vn hn. ng thi thu nh th tch lp ma, cung cp ma u
n cho cc my p sau, to iu kin cho cc my p sau lm vic n nh, lm
tng nng sut, hiu sut p v gim bt cng sut tiu hao.
c. p kit
Mc ch ch yu ca giai on ny l ly n mc ti a lng nc ma c
trong cy ma.

-5-

1.2. Phng php ly nc ma (gm 2 phng php)

a. Phng php p kh
y l phng php p ly nc ma m khng s dng nc thm thu, ch
dng p lc lm v t bo ly nc ma, do hiu sut ly ng thp
(khong 92 95%) v mt lng nh ng cn nm trong t bo khng th ly ra
c.
Nc ma ly c (do khng b pha long) nn thun li cho qu trnh bc hi,
tit kim c nng lng bc hi.
Phng php p kh ch s dng cc nh my ng th cng, trong phng
th nghim
b. Phng php p t (c s dng nc thm thu)
ly c nhiu ng ra t cy ma, th vic phun nc thm vo b ma
c xem l bin php hiu qu.
Khi ma b p, mng t bo b rch v co li, ng thi nc ma chy ra. Sau
khi ra khi my p, cc t bo n ra v c kh nng ht nc mnh. Chnh v vy,
m ngi ta phun nc vo lp b ho tan mt lng ng cn li trong t
bo, qua ln p sau nc ng pha long c ly ra, v tip tc nh vy cho n
khi ng c ly ra vi mc cao nht.
C 3 phng php p t
Phng php p thm thu n
Ch dng nc nng phun ngay vo b khi ra khi ming p (tr my p
cui cng), do kh nng ly ng t ma l rt cao.
Tuy nhin lng nc thm thu a vo ln, nc ma hn hp b pha
long, dn n kh khn cho qu trnh bc hi nh: tiu hao nhiu nng lng,
thi gian bc hi ko di, ng thi lm cho mt lng ln ng b chuyn ho
v phn hy.
ma

nc

nc

nc
b

nc ma hn hp
S phng php p thm thu n

Phng php p thm thu kp

y l phng php c dng nc ma pha long lm nc thm thu,
thng c p dng cho h thng p cc nh my c 4 my p. i vi phng
php ny, nc nng c phun vo b khi ra khi ming p ca my p th 3,
nc ma long p ra t my 4 c bm tr li lm nc thm thu cho b ra khi

-6-

my p th 2, nc ma long p ra t my p th 3 c bm tr li lm nc
thm thu cho b ra my p th nht. Nc ma ly ra t my 1 v my 2 c
tp trung li thnh nc ma hn hp.
ma

nc

nc ma hn hp
S phng php p thm thu kp
Phng php p thm thu kt hp

ma

nc

nc

nc ma hn hp
S phng php p thm thu kt hp

p dng cc nh my c t 5 my p tr ln, v nng cng sut p.

1.3. Hiu sut v nng sut p ma

a. Hiu sut p

L s liu quan trong nh gi kh nng lm vic ca phn xng p, n

nh gi hiu qu thu hi ng t ma khi qua dn p. Hin nay hiu sut p
cc nh my thng t t 92 97%.
Cng thc tnh hiu sut p
Lng ng trong nc ma hn hp
E =

x 100

,(%)

Lng ng c trong ma
Hoc
Lng ng trong nc ma hn hp x Pol nc ma hn hp
E =
x 100 ,(%)
Lng ng c trong ma
V hm lng cht x trong ma nh hng ln n hiu sut p, do nh
gi hiu sut p cc nh my khc nhau Hip hi ma ng quc t quy nh

-7-

thnh phn x trong ma l 12.5%. Vy ta c hiu sut p hiu chnh c tnh nh

sau:
100 (100 E)(100 F)
E 12.5 =
7F
Trong :
E 12.5: Hiu sut p hiu chnh
E: Hiu sut p
F: Phn x trong ma
Cc yu t chnh nh hng n hiu sut p
- X l nc ma trc khi p: Trc khi p, ma c x l bng cc bin
php: san bng, bm ma, nh ti nh vy lm tng hiu sut p.
- S lng trc p: S lng trc p nhiu ng ngha vi ma c p
nhiu ln do hiu sut p ma tng, tuy nhin mc tng hiu sut p khng t l
theo ng thng m ch tng nhanh t 2 15 trc, t trc th 16 tr i hiu sut
p tng rt t.
- Tc quay ca trc p: C nh hng tng i r n hiu sut p. Tht
vy, vi chiu dy lp ma nht nh nu ta tng tc quay ca trc p th hiu
sut p s gim. Tuy nhin s thay i ny l rt nh nu ta s dng tc trc
quay di 5 vng/pht.
- p lc trc nh: Khi p lc trc nh tng, kh nng ly nc ma tng.
- Thm thu: C tc dng ln n hiu sut p, nu lng nc thm thu
tng th hiu sut p tng.
b. Nng sut p
L s tn ma c p trong mt n v thi gian vi hiu sut p nht nh.
Cng thc tnh nng sut p: C =

60 DnLKdF
f

Trong :
C: Nng sut p ,(tn/gi)

K: di ming p ,(m)

D: ng knh trc p ,(m)

d: Trng lng ring ca b ,

(tn/m3)

n: Tc quay trc p ,
(vng/pht)

F: Phn x trong b ,(%)

L: Chiu di trc p ,(m)

f: Phn x trong ma ,(%)

Cc yu t nh hng n nng sut p

- X l nc ma trc khi p: Vi cng mt ming p, nu ma c x l
tt, mt ma vo trc p tng v ma vo trc p d dng do nng sut tng.

-8-

- Hm lng x trong ma: S lng v bn cht x trong ma u c nh

hng n nng sut. Tht vy, phn x quyt nh tr lc gia ma v trc p, v
vy khi phn x nhiu th lp ma dy nn nng sut p nh. X cng hay mm,
x nt ca ma sau khi s l s b s nh hng n vic ma vo ming p, nu
ma vo my p d dng (trc p khng b nghn) th nng sut p tng v ngc
li.
- Tc v kch thc trc p: Nng sut t l thun vi tc quay v kch
thc trc p. Trong cng iu kin, tc trc p tng th nng sut tng. Khi
ng knh trc cng ln th kh nng ma vo trc p cng tt, trc cng di th
din tch p cng ln do nng sut tng.
- Rng trc p: Rng trc p lm tng din tch p ca trc, hnh dng v
su ca rng c nh hng n vic ko ma vo my p t lm tng nng sut.
- Thm thu: Khi dng nc thm thu nhiu lm cho b trng ln, kh
vo ming p, nng sut p gim.

2. Ly nc ma bng phng php khuch tn

y l phng php c s dng trong tt c cc nh my trch li ng t c
ci ng. Hin nay, nhiu nh my ng ma trn th gii dng phng php
khuch tn trch li ng t ma. nc ta, phng php khuch tn c s
dng u tin ti nh my ng ma La Ng.
Tuy gi l phng php khuch tn nhng cc nh my ng ma khng
phi hon ton da vo nguyn l khuch tn nh cc nh my ng c ci. V
thi gian khuch tn ng ca lt ma tng gp 3 ln so vi lt c ci (cng kch
thc) nn nu ch dng phng php khuch tn ly ng trong ma th thi
gian s ko di gy nh hng n cht lng nc ma.
Trn thc t, thit b khuch tn ch c th thay th mt s b trc p ( gia
cng on p) nn c th coi y l phng php kt hp gia p v khuch tn.
C 2 phng php khuch tn ma ch yu

2.1. Khuch tn ma
Sau khi x l, ton b lng ma i vo thit b khuch tn

-9-

2.2. Khuch tn b ma
Sau khi x l, ma c a qua my p ly khong 65 70% ng trong
ma, phn b cn li (cha khong 30 35% ng) i vo thit b khuch tn, v
vy qu trnh khuch tn c rt ngn. Khuch tn b c dng ph bin trong
cc nh my ng.
Ma
My bm ma
Thit b nh ti
My p
Nc mi

Thit b khuch tn

Tch nc t b t

Nc khuch tn

Nc p

un nng v gia vi

Bc hi s b

Lng
Nc lng trong

Lc
Cn lc

3. So snh phng php p v phng php khuych tn

Phng php p

Phng php khuch tn

- Hiu sut trch li 92%

- Hiu sut trch li 97%

- Tng hiu sut thu hi 80%

- Tng hiu sut thu hi 82%

- Tiu hao nng lng nhiu

- Tiu hao nng lng t

- Vn u t cao

- Vn u t thp (tit kim khong

30% so vi phng p)

- Nhin liu dng trongbc hi t

- Tiu hao nhiu nhin liu dng

trong bc hi

- Cht khng ng trong nc ma hn - Cht khng ng trong nc ma

hp t hn, t tn tht ng trong mt hn hp nhiu, do d tng tn tht
ng trong mt cui.
cui thp.

4. Vi sinh vt trong cng on ly nc ma

T khi n cht n khi p ly nc, cy ma v nc ma tip xc vi nhiu h
vi sinh vt phc tp.

- 10 -

Nc ma c ng khong 10 14%, pH = 5 5,5, nhit 25 oC, l mi

trng thun li cho vi sinh vt sinh trng nhanh chng, hot ng ca chng gy
ra nhng tc hi ch yu sau:
- Chuyn ho v lm mt ng trong nc ma ng thi sinh ra cc tp
cht khc.
- Sinh ra cc khi nhy, do gy mt cn bng trong sn xut nh: nght
ng ng, van lm tng nht ca dung dch gy kh khn cho cng on
nu ng v kt tinh.
Cc vi sinh vt thng gp trong nc ma l
- Leuconostoc: l loi sn sinh cc khi nhy bn
- Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus mesentericus,: to ra nhng
bo t hiu kh
- Micrococcus: loi khng sinh bo t hiu kh
- Ngoi ra c khong 26 loi nm men khc nhau, trong ch yu l loi
Saccharomyces
hn ch nhng tc hi ca vi sinh vt gy ra trong cng on ly nc ma
ta cn v sinh thng xuyn my p, bng chuyn, mng chaThng thng sau
mi k ngng my phi v sinh sch s cc thit b, c th dng nc vi long
phun qut cc b mt thit b tip xc vi ma, nhng phi ra sch vi trc khi
cho my lm vic tr li.

- 11 -

Chng 2: LM SCH NC MA

I. Mc ch ca cng on lm sch nc ma
1. Thnh phn hn hp nc ma sau khi p
Hn hp nc ma sau khi p c thnh phn tng i phc tp, cc thnh phn
ho hc ny thay i tu theo ging ma, iu kin canh tc, t ai, iu kin kh
hu, phng php v iu kin ly nc ma ca nh myc th hin qua
bng sau:
Thnh phn

T l (%)

ng
- Saccaroza
- Glucoza
- Fructoza
X
- Xenluloza
- Pentosan
- Araban
- Linhin
Cht c cha nit
- Protein
- Amit
- Axit amin
- Axit nitric
- NH3
- Xantin
Cht bo v sp
- Pectin
- Axit t do
- Axit kt hp
Cht v c
- SiO2
- K2O
- Na2O
- CaO
- MgO
- Fe2O3
- P2O5
- SO2
- Cl
- H2O

12.00
0.90
0.50
5.50
2.00
0.50
2.00
0.12
0.07
0.21
0.01
vt
vt
0.20
0.08
0.12
0.25
0.12
0.01
0.02
0.01
vt
0.07
0.02
vt
74.5

- 12 -

2. Mc ch ca cng on lm sch nc ma
Nc ma hn hp c mt lng ln cht khng ng, a s nhng cht ny
gy nh hng khng tt cho qu trnh sn xut. V vy mc ch ch yu ca vic
lm sch nc ma l:
- Loi ti a cht khng ng ra khi hn hp, c bit l cc cht c hot
tnh b mt v cc cht keo.
- Trung ho nc ma hn hp
- Loi nhng cht rn l lng trong nc ma.

II. Cc phng php lm sch nc ma

1. Phng php vi
y l phng php n gin nht, c con ngi p dng t rt lu. Nc
ma ch c lm sch di tc dng ca nhit v vi, thu c sn phm ng
th. Phng php vi s dng sn xut mt trm, ng ct vngC th chia
thnh 3 dng sau

1.1. Phng php cho vi vo nc ma lnh

Trc ht nc ma c lc bng li lc loi cc vn ma, cn v bm n
thng trung ho, sau cho vi vo (khong 0.5 0.9 kg vi/tn ma). Khuy u
nc ma, ri un nng n nhit 105 oC trc khi cho vo thit b lng, sn
phm lng thu c l nc lng trong v nc bn. em lc nc bn thu c
nc lc trong. Cui cng c c hn hp nc lng trong v nc lc trong.
Hn hp nc ma
Li lc
Sa vi

Trung ho
(pH = 7,2 7,5)
Gia nhit
(t = 102 105oC)
Thng lng

Nc bn

Nc lng trong
C c

Lc
Nc lc trong

Bn

1.2. Phng php cho vi vo nc ma nng

Tng t nh phng php cho vi vo nc ma lnh, nhng cng on gia
nhit c thc hin trc khi cho vi vo.

- 13 -

Hn hp nc ma
Li lc
Gia nhit
(t = 105oC)
Sa vi

Trung ho
(pH = 7,2 7,5)
Thng lng

Nc bn

Nc lng trong
C c

Lc
Nc lc trong

Bn

Trc khi trung ho, mt s cht keo nh (anbumin, silic hidroxit) b ngng
t di tc dng ca nhit v pH. Nh vy, tc lng nhanh, lng vi trung
ho gim (khong 15 20%), hin tng ng cn gim

1.3. Phng php cho vi phn on

y l phng php ti u nht ca vic lm sch nc ma bng vi. Trc
tin, cho vi vo a hn hp nc ma n pH = 6,4, sau un si hn hp (t =
105 110oC), tip tc cho vi vo n pH = 7,6, ri li un si tip tc (t = 105
110oC)
c th hin qua s :

- 14 -

Hn hp nc ma
Gia vi
(pH = 6,4)

Sa vi

Gia nhit 1
(t = 105 110oC)
Sa vi

Trung ho
(pH = 7,5 7,6)
Gia nhit 2
(t = 105 110oC)
Thng lng

Nc bn

Nc lng trong

Lc

C c

Nc lc trong

Bn

Phng php phn on tit kim c 35% lng vi so vi phng php cho
vi vo nc ma lnh, rt ngn thi gian lng, tinh khit nc ma tng, hiu
sut lm sch tt.

2. Phng php sunfit ho

Cn gi l phng php SO2, v ta s dng lu hunh di dnh kh SO2 lm
sch nc ma. C th chia lm 3 loi:

2.1. Phng php sunfit ho axit (thng SO2 vo nc ma n pH axit)

Dng ph bin trong sn sut ng knh trng

- 15 -

Sa vi
H3PO4

Hn hp nc ma
Gia vi
(pH = 6,46,6)
Gia nhit 1
(t = 60 65oC)
Xng SO2 (ln 1)
(pH = 3,4 3,8)

SO2
Sa vi

Trung ho
(pH = 7,0 7,3)
Gia nhit 2
(t = 102 105oC)
Thng lng

Nc bn

Nc lng trong
Gia nhit 3
(t = 110 115oC)

Lc
Nc lc trong

Bn

C c
SO2

Xng SO2 (ln 2)

(pH = 6,2 6,4)

Mt ch

2.2. Phng php sunfit ho kim nh (Ch xng SO2 vo nc ma, khng
thng SO2 vo mt ch v sn phm ng th)
Dng sn xut ng th, nu so vi phng php vi th hiu qu loi cht
khng ng tt hn, tuy nhin thit b phc tp v tiu hao nhiu ho cht nn
hin nay t ph bin.

- 16 -

Hn hp nc ma
Gia vi kim nh
(pH = 8,0 9,0)

Ca(OH)2

Gia nhit 1
(t = 60 65oC)
SO2

Trung ho
(pH = 7,0 7,2)
Gia nhit 2
(t = 100 105oC)
Thng lng

Nc bn

Nc lng trong
C c

Lc
Nc lc trong

Bn

2.3. Phng php sunfit ho kim mnh

c im ca phng php ny l dng 2 im pH (pH trung tnh v pH kim
mnh), do c th loi c P2O5, SiO2, Al2O3, FeO3, MgO... Nhng iu kin
cng ngh ca phng php ny cn cha n nh.

- 17 -

3. Phng php cacbonat ho

Phng php ny s dng kh CO2 xng vo nc ma loi cc cht khng
ng, c th chia lm 3 dng

3.1. Phng php xng CO2 mt ln

c im ca phng php l cho ton b sa vi vo nc ma mt ln v
thng CO2 mt ln n kim thch hp. Do nc ma ch qua mt im ng
in, nn loi cht khng ng t. Ngoi ra, v thng CO2 sau khi cho vi nn to
phc ng vi nh hng n hiu sut hp th CO2 v to nhiu bt.
Nc ma hn hp
Ca(OH)2

Gia vi s b
(pH=6,4 6,6)
Gia nhit (ln 1)
(t = 60 65oC)

CO2

Ca(OH)2

Thit b xng CO2

( kim 300500mg CaO/l)
Lc

SO2

Bn

Nc ma trong
Xng SO2
(pH =7,0 7,2)
Gia nhit (ln 2)
(t = 100 105oC)
Bc hi
Mt ch

- 18 -

3.2. Phng php xng CO2 thng thng

Hay cn gi l phng php xng CO2 hai ln, xng SO2 hai ln, c s dng
trong sn xut ng knh trng cht lng cao. S cng ngh nh sau:
Nc ma hn hp
Ca(OH)2

Gia vi s b
(pH=6,4 6,6)
Gia nhit (ln 1)
(t = 50 55oC)

CO2
Ca(OH)2

Xng CO2 (ln 1)

(pH =10,5 11,3)
Gia nhit (ln 2)
(t = 70 75oC)
Lc (ln 1)

CO2

Bn

Xng CO2 (ln 2)

(pH =7,8 8,2)
Gia nhit (ln 3)
(t = 80 85oC)
Lc (ln 2)

SO2

Bn

Xng SO2 (ln 1)

(pH =6,8 7,2)
Gia nhit (ln 4)
(t = 100 115oC)
Bc hi
n CK = 55 60oBx
o

SO2

Mt ch th
Xng SO2 (ln 2)
(pH =6,2 6,4)
Lc kim tra

Bn

Mt ch

- 19 -

3.3. Phng php xng CO2 ch trung gian

Nc ma hn hp
Ca(OH)2

Gia vi s b
(pH=6,4 6,6)
Gia nhit (ln 1)
(t = 100 105oC)

Ca(OH)2

Trung ho kim nh
(pH = 7,2 7,9)
Bc hi
n CK = 35 40oBx
o

CO2
Ca(OH)2

Xng CO2 (ln 1)

(pH =10,5 11,0)
Lc (ln 1)

CO2

Bn

Xng CO2 (ln 2)

(pH =7,8 8,5)
Gia nhit (ln 2)
(t = 75 80oC)
Lc (ln 2)

SO2

Bn

Xng SO2 (ln 1)

(pH =7,0 7,2)
Bc hi
n CK = 55 60oBx
o

SO2

Xng SO2 (ln 2)

(pH =6,2 6,4)
Lc kim tra

Bn

Mt ch

Sau khi un nng n khong 100oC v cho bc hi n nng mt ch 35

40oBx nc ma hn hp c x l nh phng php xng CO2 thng thng
Khi c c n nng cao, hm lng cht khng ng trong ma tp trung
hn, phn ng trit hn do tit kim c nhiu ha cht, loi nhiu tp cht
khng ng, thit b t ng cn. Tuy nhin lng ng tn tht trong bn
nhiu.
- 20 -

4. So snh cc phng php lm sch nc ma

Phng php vi
- Vn u t t
u
im

Phng php
sunfit ho
- Vn u t t

Phng php
cacbonat ho
- Hiu sut thu
hi cao

- Thit b, quy trnh

- Thit b, quy trnh
cng ngh, qun l iu cng ngh, qun l iu - Sn xut ra
hnh n gin
hnh n gin
ng knh trng
- Sn xut ra sn phm cht lng cao
ng knh trng

Khuyt
im

- Hiu sut thu hi sn

phm thp
- Sn xut ra sn phm
ng vng

- Sn phm ng kh - Quy trnh cng

bo qun, d ht m v ngh phc tp
bin mu
- iu hnh, qun
l kh

5. Lng
L qu trnh c hc phn ring mt hn hp khng ng nht bng trng lc
hoc bng li tm.

5.1. Mc ch qu trnh lng trong nc ma

Phn bit nc ma trong v kt ta (to ra khi cho cc cht in li vo nc
ma trong qu trnh lm sch)
Nng cao cht lng sn phm (do tch cc cht c nh hng xu n sn
phm)

5.2. Nguyn l qu trnh lng trong nc ma

Nc ma trng thi tnh, khi cho cht in li vo to kt ta cn th chng s
chu tc dng ca 2 lc
- Trng lc: ko kt ta i xung
- Lc acsimet: y kt ta i ln
Khi trng lc > lc acsimet th kt ta s lng xung, tc lng ph thuc vo
s chnh lch ln ca 2 lc, hay ni cch khc tc lng ph thuc vo chnh
lch v trng lng gia cht rn (cn) v trng lng cht lng (nc ma).

5.3. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh lng

- Khi lng ring ca cc ht lng
- Nhit
- pH
- 21 -

6. Lc
L qu trnh phn ring hn hp kh lng khng ng nht qua lp lc.

6.1. Mc ch lc nc ma
Tn dng phn nc ng cn li trong bn lng, v loi kt ta (bn)

6.2. Nguyn l
Dng lp lc c nhiu l dung dch c th chui qua cc l nh, b c gi
li trn lp lc, dung dch chui qua lp lc di p sut d so vi p sut bn di
vt ngn.

6.3. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh lc

- Cht kt ta
- p lc lc hoc chn khng
- dnh v nhit lp bn

- 22 -

Chng 3: C C NC MA

I. Mc ch
Bc hi nc ma c nng ban u (khong 13 15 oBx) n nng mt
ch (khong 60 65oBx).
Tuy nhin nu c c nc ma ti nng qu cao (>70 oBx) s xut hin cc
tinh th ng li (trong ng ng v bm), tng nht gy kh khn cho qu
trnh lc...

II. C c nc ma
1. Cu to thit b c c
a. Yu cu thit b c c
- Khong khng gian nc ma cn nh nht, v khng c khong khng
cht
- Nc ma lu li trong ni vi thi gian ngn nht
- n gin, din tch t d lm sch v d thay i
- Thao tc khng ch n gin, t ng ha d dng
b. Thit b c c ng chm thng ng
y l thit b dng ph bin trong cc nh my ng. Din tch t gm
nhng ng truyn nhit thng ng, hi t i vo b phn di gi l bun t.
Nc ma i trong ng truyn nhit, cn hi i ngoi ng, khi cp nhit hi ngng
t thnh nc v chng c tho ra y phng t. gia bun t l ng tun
hon (ng knh khong 250 500mm). Do s chnh lch nhit gia ng tun
hon v ng truyn nhit to nn s i lu nhit trong thit b c c.
Thit b lm vic lin tc, nc ma trong khng ngng chy vo v mt ch
khng ngng chy ra khi thit b c c. Hi th sau khi i qua b phn thu hi
ng, theo ng dn i cung cp cho b phn khc, cn nc ng thu hi th
chy tr v thit b.
Trn thn ni c c c lp knh quan st nhn bit mc dung dch, ngoi ra
thit b cn gn nhit k, p k...
c. Thit b c c tun hon n
C cu to tng t nh thit b c c ng chm thng ng, tuy nhin ng
truyn nhit di hn di hn. Pha trong ng tun hon c lp chic phu hnh
thang to iu kin cho phn ln dung dch ch i qua ng tuyn nhit mt ln.
Khi c mt phn dung dch ng khng thot ra kp vo hiu sau th gia ng
tun hon v ng tho dung dch c khong trng dung dch ng tr li theo
ng tun hon. u im ca thit b l dung dch tun hon c nng thp, nn
tng h s truyn nhit.

- 23 -

2. Phng php bc hi h c c
a. Phn loi phng n bc hi
- Phng php bc hi chn khng: H c c lm vic trong iu kin chn
khng
+ u im: Nhit si ca dung dch ng thp nn trnh c hin
tng phn hy v chuyn ha ng, cht lng mt ch tt, thao tc d dng.
+ Khuyt im: Nhit hi th thp, khng tha mn yu cu cng ngh,
gim kh nng s dng hi th, tng tn tht hi. B tr thit b phc tp, cn c
thit b ngng t thc hin iu kin chn khng
- Phng php bc hi p lc: Cc hiu c c lm vic trong iu kin p lc
+ u im: Vic s dng hi trit hn, nhit hi th cc hiu c c
cao nn c th gim din tch truyn nhit ca thit b.
+ Khuyt im: Mu sc dch nc ma sm, pH h thp, ng kh b phn
hy, to caramen...
- Phng php bc hi p lc chn khng: i vi phng php ny l ta kt
hp c bc hi chn khng v bc hi p lc xen k gia cc hiu, nhit si ca
dung dch ng hiu cui tng i cao, c th dng hi th hiu cui un
nng nc ma.
u khuyt im ca phng php bc hi p lc chn khng l tng hp
ca 2 phng php trn.
b. Cc phng php bc hi ch yu
- Phng n bc hi chn khng 4 hiu
Thch hp cho cc nh my va v nh, vic s dng phng php bc hi
chn khng 4 hiu s tn dng tt lng hi tha.
y l phng php in hnh cho h thng bc hi chn khng, s dng hi
tha t ni hi nc c b sung hi gim p gia nhit cho hiu 1. Do p sut
hi hiu 1 thp, chn khng cao nn dch ng bc hi nhit thp v th
lng ng chuyn ha thp, ng hon nguyn t b phn hy...
- Phng n bc hi chn khng 4 hiu c hiu 0
Tng t nh phng n bc hi chn khng 4 hiu, nhng ngi ta c lp
thm hiu bc hi 0 trc hiu 1.
Hiu 0 va c tc dng lm bc hi dch ng va lm ni pht sinh hi
nc p sut thp. Tuy nhin do ni 0 lm vic nhit cao nn d xy ra hin
tng phn hy ng v caramen ha, do cn rt ngn thi gian dng ca
nc ma trong thit b v cn phi thit k b phn thu hi ng.
c. Nguyn tc chn phng n bc hi
- Tha mn yu cu cng ngh
- S dng hp l lng hi
- 24 -

- Vn u t thit b
- iu kin thao tc

3. Thao tc khng ch qu trnh c c

a. Kim sot chn khng v p sut hi
Nhit v p sut hiu c c c lin quan mt thit n nhit si ca dung
dch trong hiu . chn khng cng cao, im si cng thp, p sut hi cng
ln, dung dch si cng mnh. Thng thng chn khng hiu c c cui ca
h c c c 4 5 hiu khong 580 600mmHg. Nu chn khng cao hn na,
nht ln nh hng n i lu v truyn nhit.
Trong trng hp p sut hi ca hiu 1 thp th chn khng ca cc hiu
tng cao v nh hng n nng sut bc hi. gii quyt vn cn m to
van hi hiu 1 v iu chnh van hi phng t ca cc hiu sau, kt hp vi
ng nh van np liu n khi tr li trng thi bnh thng. Nu xy ra trng
hp ngc li, thu nh van hi hiu 1 (gim ngun nhit), m to van chn khng,
ng thot ngng t v van np liu.
b. Kim sot chiu cao dung dch
trnh hin tng chy ng cn khng ch tt tc bc hi v chiu
cao dung dch. Lc hiu s nhit c ch ln, tc bc hi tng, cn duy tr n
nh chiu cao dung dch, nu chiu cao dung dch ln, cn m to van dung dch
chy ra mt phn. Trng hp chn khng hai hiu lin nhau chnh lch khng
nhiu, dung dch khng th t hiu trc chy ra hiu sau, cn m to van dung
dch ra, nu khng c kt qu th iu chnh chn khng hiu nh li v tng
chn khng hiu sau.
c. Kim sot lng ht hi th
Trong iu kin k thut nht nh, lng hi th ht cn n nh. Nu lng
hi ht dng lun thay i s dn n thay i hiu s nhit c ch gia cc
hiu, nh hng n nng mt ch. Nu dng hi th cho nu ng th lng
hi cn ly t 2 ngun: hi thi v hi th v nu ng dng hi khng lin
tc.
Da vo kinh nghim, lng hi th dng cho nu ng khong 60 70%
tng lng hi nu ca ng l thch hp.
d. Thot nc ngng t
Vic thot nc ngng t cc hiu c lin quan cht ch n tc bc hi.
Nu c hiu no thot hi khng tt, nc ngng ng li nhiu trong phng
t, gim lng hi t vo phng v nh hng n tc bc hi th cn m
van kh khng ngng phng t to hn vic thot nc ngng c d dng.
e. Thot kh khng ngng
Kh khng ngng phng t cn thot ra theo mt tc n nh. S tn ti
ca kh khng ngng trong phng t s lm gim h s cp nhit ca hi v do

- 25 -

gim nng sut bc hi. Nu vic thot kh khng ngng khng tt mt hiu no
th p sut hiu trc tng cao v hiu c hin tng gim p sut. Lc
cn m to van x kh khng ngng n khi tr li trang thi n nh.

III. Bin i vt l v ho hc trong qu trnh c c

1. S thay i pH v chuyn ho ng Saccarose
a. S thay i pH
Nguyn nhn ca s gim kim l do
- S phn hy cc amit
CH2 - CONH2

+
CHNH2 COOH
(Asparagin)

CH2 - COOH
HOH

+ NH3
CHNH2 COOH
(axit asparagin)

(nc)

(amoniac)

- Phn hu ng kh to ra cc axit hu c
- S to caramen ca ng saccarose (tc dng rt nh)
Hin tng tng pH rt t thy trong qu trnh c c. Tuy nhin, nu thao
tc xng SO2 hoc thng CO2 khng hp l, kim dung dch tng ln:
2KHCO3 = 2KCO3 + CO2 + H2O
2KHSO3 = K2SO3 + SO2 + H2O
b. Chuyn ho ng saccarose
Di tc dng ca nhit , trong mi trng pH tng cao hoc gim thp
ng saccarose b chuyn ho, lm gim lng ng saccarose v lm tng
lng ng hon nguyn.

2. S gia tng mu sc
Trong iu kin nhit cao, ng saccarose b caramen ho lm tng mu
sc dch nc ma. Lng caramen ny ph thuc vo nhit , thi gian truyn
nhit, v pH.
Ngoi ra, ng kh cng b phn hu hay kt hp vi cc hp cht cha nit
to thnh melanoidin lm tng mu sc nc ma.

3. tinh khit tng

tinh khit tng trong qu trnh c c ph thuc vo phng php lm sch.
i vi phng php vi tinh khit tng t 0,7 1,0; i vi phng php
sunfit ho tinh khit tng t 0,8 1,0; i vi phng php cacbonat ho
tinh kit tng 0,2 0,5.
tinh khit tng l do cc nguyn nhn
- Cht khng ng b phn hy
- S to cn trong thit b c c

- 26 -

- S thay i gc quay ring ca cht khng ng c bit l ng kh

4. S to cn
S to cn xut pht t nhng nguyn nhn
- Cng vi vic nng ng tng cao, nng tp cht cng khng
ngng tng ln trong qu trnh c c. Khi nng tp cht vt qu bo ho
chng s lng thnh cn.
- Cc oxit kim loi dng keo nh (oxit silic, oxit nhm, oxit st) trong qu
trnh gia nhit tch dn ra khi dung dch to thnh cn
- Mui canxi ho tan kt hp vi mui ho tan ca kali v natri to thnh
mui cacbonat kt ta.
- Cc mui sunfit c ho tan thp, di tc dng ca nhit s to thnh
mui kt ta.
Qua cc kt qu nghin cu thnh phn cn, c th rt ra mt s quy lut chung
nh sau:
- Thnh phn cn trong ni c c ch yu l cc cht khng ng v c v
hu c tn ti dng hp cht
- Thnh phn v c chim ch yu >50% (so vi cht kh)
- Cn cc hiu khc nhau v thnh phn v hm lng: Hiu 1 ch yu l
mui phosphat, hiu cui ch yu l mui sunfat...

- 27 -

Chng 4: NU NG V KT TINH

I. L thuyt qu trnh kt tinh

1. Mc ch ca nu ng
Mc ch ca qu trnh nu ng l tch nc ra khi mt ch, a dung dch
n trng thi qu bo ho thc hin qu trnh kt tinh ng.
Sn phm sau khi nu ng l ng non v mt ci.

2. Tnh cht ng saccarose

2.1. Hnh dng tinh th saccarose

103o30

Tinh th ng saccarose kt tinh t dung dch thuc h n t c 3 trc (hai

trc thng v mt trc nm nghing).

90o
90

Tuy nhin hnh dng tinh th ng c th thay i tu theo cht khng ng

c trong dung dch, nhit thc hin qu trnh kt tinh, h s bo ho...

2.2. ho tan ca ng saccarose trong nc, v trong dung dch

khng tinh khit
ho tan ca ng saccarose trong nc c biu din bng s gam ng
trong 1 gam nc.
Trong dung dch khng tinh khit ho tan ca ng saccarose ph thuc
vo cc cht khng ng, mt s th lm tng ho tan ca saccarose nh: KCl,
NaCl..., mt s khc th ngc li nh: K2SO4...
H s bo ho (): L t s gia h s ho tan saccarose trong dung dch
ng khng tinh khit (H1) v h s ho tan trong dung dch tinh khit (H0) trong
cng iu kin v nhit
'=

H1
H0

- Khi >1 th ho tan saccarose trong dung dch khng tinh khit ln
hn trong dung dch tinh khit
- 28 -

- Khi = 1 th ho tan saccarose trong dung dch khng tinh khit ln

hn trong dung dch tinh khit (hay ni cch khc cc cht khng ng khng
nh hng n ho tan)
- Khi < 1 cht khng ng lm gim ho tan ca saccarose.
H s bo ho ph thuc vo tinh khit dung dch v cht lng cht
khng ng c trong dung dch.
H s bo ho c ngha quan trng trong sn xut, n th hin nh hng
ca ngun nguyn liu i vi qu trnh sn xut.
H s qu bo ho (): L t s gia lng ng ho tan trong mt n v
nc ca dung dch nghin cu (H) vi lng ng ho tan trong mt phn nc
ca dung dch bo ho (H1) cng nhit
=

H
H1

- Khi > 1 dung dch qu bo ho

- Khi = 1 dung dch bo ho
- Khi < 1 dung dch cha bo ho
H s qu bo ha c ngha quyt nh i vi qu trnh kt tinh, hiu sut
kt tinh v cht lng sn phm.
i vi dung dch saccarose tinh khit H1 = H0. Trong dung dch ng
khng tinh khit vic xc nh H1 kh phc tp, v vy trong thc t i vi dung
dch ng khng tinh khit ngi ta tra theo bng ho tan ng tinh khit, t
tm c h s bo ho biu kin (1) theo cng thc:
1 =

H
H0

S lin h gia h s qu bo ho thc, h s qu bo ho biu kin v h s

bo ho dung dch:
=

1
'

3. ng hc ca qu trnh kt tinh ng
Saccarose l cht rt kh xut hin nhn tinh th trong dung dch qu bo ho
ca n. Theo thc nghim, tinh th ch xut hin khi > 1,3 -1,4. tng tc
xut hin tinh th, ngi ta p dng cc bin php kch thch to mm hay phng
php tinh chng, lc tinh th s xut hin gi tr = 1,2 1,25.
Theo quan im ng hc, qu trnh xut hin nhn tinh th trong mi trng
lng l hin tng lin hp ca cc phn t cht ho tan di ng. iu kin cn
thit to nhn tinh th l c s tp t cc b ca cc phn t cht ho tan v
phn b cc phn t ny vo v tr ca chng trong li tinh th. Vy, cc tinh th
nm trn ranh gii ca 2 qu trnh kt tinh v ho tan.
- 29 -

Theo Silin: Trn b mt tinh th v dung dch lun xy ra hai qu trnh:

- Lng cht ho tan trn b mt tinh th vo dung dch, khi cc phn t
hay cc nhm phn t tch ra khi b mt tinh th, nu iu kin qu bo ho
ln nhng nhm phn t ny s l nhng nhn tinh th mi.
- Nu iu kin qu bo ho cha ln th nhng mm s ho tan vo dung
dch (do ho tan ca n ln hn ng bnh thng rt nhiu). Lc ny ch
nhng tinh th sn c ln ln m thi, khng xut hin mm tinh th mi.

4. Tc kt tinh
L lng ng kt tinh trong 1 pht trn 1m2 b mt tinh th, n v
(mg/m2.pht)
K=

S
F .

Trong
S: lng ng kt tinh trong dung dch qu bo ho, (mg)
F: b mt tinh th, (m2)
: thi gian kt tinh, (pht)
B mt tinh th ph thuc vo s lng ca chng, nu lng tinh th cng
nhiu, kch thc cng nh, b mt tinh th cng ln, lng ng kt tinh nhiu.
B mt mi tinh th ph thuc vo khi lng ca n theo cng thc.
f = 4,12 3 p 2

Trong
f: b mt mt tinh th, (cm2)
p: khi lng mt tinh th, (g)
4,12 l h s thc nghim cho tinh th saccarose

5. C s l thuyt ca qu trnh kt tinh

Da trn c s nghin cu v kt qu thc nghim, Silin cho rng qu trnh kt
tinh ch yu l qu trnh khuch tn v ng gii thch nh sau:

d
C

- Tinh th c bao quanh bi mt lp dung dch khng chuyn ng vi

chiu dy d.

- 30 -

- Ngay trn b mt tinh th l dung dch qu bo ho vi nng C, cch

b mt tinh th mt khong d l dung dch qu bo ho vi nng C. Do s
chnh lch nng , cc phn t ng s khuch tn n b mt tinh th th lp
tc kt tinh thnh tinh th mi, v b mt tinh th mi ny li c nng C nh
c. Nh th, qu trnh kt tinh li c thc hin tip tc.
Qua , ta nhn thy tc kt tinh chnh l tc khuch tn. Theo nh lut
Fick: lng ng khuch tn S t l thun vi hiu s nng (C C), b mt
khuch tn F, thi gian kt tinh , v t l nghch vi on ng khuch tn d.
k 1 ( C C ')
F
d

S=

Vy, tc kt tinh

K=

k1 ( C C ' )
d

Trong k1 l h s khuch tn. Theo Enstein, h s khuch tn ph thuc vo

nhit tuyt i (T) v nht mi trng ()
k1 =

Vy:

K=

k 'T

(vi k l hng s)

k ' T ( C C ')
d

6. Cc yu t nh hng n tc kt tinh
- qu bo ho d
- Nhit
- tinh khit ca dung dch
- nht
- S khuy trn
- Kch thc tinh th
- S lng tinh th trong ng non

II. Qu trnh ho hc ca giai on nu ng

Sau khi c to thnh tinh th ng saccarose rt bn, hu nh chng khng
c s bin i c cu trc cng ch cc bin i c bit khc khi nhit di
70oC. Tuy nhin lp mt bao quanh tinh th khng bn, do ng non khng
bn. S thay i ca ng non trong qu trnh kt tinh ch yu ph thuc vo
thnh phn mt ci.

1. S phn gii ng
Trong giai on nu ng xy ra qu trnh chuyn ho ng saccarose thnh
ng kh, s chuyn ho ny ph thuc vo nhit nu ng v pH ng
non.

- 31 -

Di tc dng ca nhit , ng kh s phn ng vi cc axit amin to thnh

nhng hp cht mu, ngoi ra ng kh b phn hu thnh cc sn phm khng
ln men.

2. Tch cn lng ng mui phi ng

Trong qu trnh kt tinh mt s axit hu c chuyn thnh hp cht khng tan v
kt ta di dng mui canxi, mui magi.
Cc cht khc (nh: tinh bt. pectin...) c kh nng kt tinh cng ng
saccarose v lin kt bn trong tinh th ng.

3. Hin tng kh nu
Khi nu mt s m ng c xut hin hin tng nh: ng non c cng li
trong ni, bc hi chm, khng kt tinh c... Hin tng ny thng xy ra khi
mt ch cha lng mui canxi cao, ngoi ra khi dung dch c pH cao th qu trnh
nu ng chm (v mt phn ng dng sacarat).
Khi ma nguyn liu cn non, cht keo nhiu, nht ln th qu trnh nu
ng cng gp kh khn, c bit l khi nu cc loi ng c cht lng thp.

III. Qu trnh nu ng gin on

1. C c u
L qu trnh c c dung dch n nng cn thit chun b cho s to
thnh tinh th. Tu theo phng php gy mm m ta khng ch dung dch cc
nng khc nhau. Trong giai on ny ta c c chn khng thp (khong
600 620mmHg) gim nhit si dung dch (vi p sut ny nhit si ca
dung dch khong 60 65oC) , v gim s phn hu ng.
Mt ch cn phi c ph kn ti b mt truyn nhit (ca ni nu) trnh
hin tng chy ng.

2. S to mm tinh th
y l thi im quan trng ca qu trnh nu ng, tu theo phng php to
mm m ta khng ch thi im to mm khc nhau. Thng thng thit b nu
khng c dng c xc nh trc tip qu bo ho v cng khng c s liu v
ho tan ca ng khng tinh khit. V vy vic xc nh qu bo ho thng
qua vic xc nh cc thng s: nng nguyn liu gc (c xc nh bng chit
quang k), dn in, nhit ... hoc da vo kinh nghim cng nhn vn hnh.
S to mm c th chia lm 3 phng php:
a. To mm t nhin
Nu dung dch ng n h s qu bo ho = 1,4 tr ln, lc ny cc tinh
th ng t xut hin.
Phng php ny t ph bin v: t khi bc u xut hin tinh th cho n
khi t yu cu v s lng tinh th phi tri qua mt thi gian nu tng i di
(thi gian ny ph thuc vo tinh khit v nht ca nguyn liu gc). Khi
dung dch t xut hin tinh th th qu bo ho ca dung dch tng i cao, v
- 32 -

sau khi xut hin th tinh th ln ln khng ngng, v vy so vi cc mm tinh th

xut hin giai on cui cng th c s chnh lch kch thc. Ngoi ra, v nhit
cao lm cho nguyn liu gc tng mu sc, d xy ra hin tng dnh tinh th...
b. Phng php kch thch
Nu mt n nng qu bo ho = 1,2 1,3 sau thay i chn
khng t ngt, hoc cho mt lng mm (bt ng) rt t kch thch s xut
hin tinh th mi.
c. Phng php tinh chng
Khng ch nng nguyn liu gc sao cho qu bo ho = 1,05 1,15,
sau cho mt lng mm thch hp vo. qu bo ho ny khng ho tan
mm tinh th v cng khng kch thch s xut hin thm mm tinh th mi, cho
nn lng ng mm cho vo s hp thu lng ng d t dung dch v ln ln.

3. Nui tinh th
Khi dch ng non c s lng tinh th theo yu cu, nhanh chng dng
nc nu lm gim bo ho xung n = 1,1 (nhm khng cho dch ng
non xut hin tinh th mi). Nguyn tc chung l nc nu cho vo phi c nhit
trong ni nu t 3 5oC ( gi nhit si trong ni, tng kh nng truyn
nhit v trn u vi ng non trong ni).
Trong giai on nui tinh th cn ch cc vn sau
- Do tinh th ca dch ng non vn cn nh nn, din tch kt tinh nh,
tinh khit ca mu dch cao nn d sinh ra cc tinh th gi. V vy ta cn ch
khng ch nng sao cho ph hp vi s ln ln ca tinh th.
- Cc tinh th nh nhng s lng tinh th nhiu nn d xy ra hin tng
dnh tinh th. V vy phi khng ch tt chn khng, p lc bun t sao cho
qu trnh i lu tt, ng thi cng phng nga s xut hin tinh th gi.

4. C c cui
Khi tinh th t n kch thc quy nh, ngng np liu, c n nng ra
ng (trnh c c nhanh v c th to thnh tinh th di)

IV. Tr tinh v s to thnh mt cui

1. Tr tinh
ng non ly ra t ni nu cha mt thnh phn ng nht nh. Do ng
non nu giai on cui th tch ln, nng mu dch cao, nht ln cho nn
s i lu trong ni khng tt. V nu mun hon thnh qu trnh kt tinh trong
ni nu th phi tri qua mt thi gian di m hiu qu li khng cao, m cn tiu
tn nhiu hi t.
V vy sau khi nu n mt th tch no vi nng v thun yu cu th
ta a ng non n thit b tr tinh tip tc thc hin qu trnh kt tinh.

- 33 -

Trong thit b tr tinh, ta khng ch nhit v nng thch hp lm cho tinh

th tip tc hp th thnh phn ng d ca mu dch, gim bt thnh phn
ng trong mu dch, lm tng hiu sut thu hi.
Nguyn l tr tinh
Cn c vo tinh khit ca mu dch, ta khng ch nng v nhit
a mu dch n bo ha thch hp, ng thi duy tr mt khong thi gian
thnh phn ng trong nc ct hp th ln b mt tinh th ng.
Khi nhit h thp th ha tan ca ng gim lm cho qu bo ha
tng, qu trnh kt tinh tip tc, cc tinh th ln ln.

2. S to thnh mt cui
Thnh phn mt cui ph thuc vo nguyn liu, iu kin cng ngh ca nh
my, thi v sn xut...
Thnh phn

T l (%)

Cc cht ng:
Sacaroza
Glucoza
Fructoza
Cc cht cacbohydrat khc
Cht keo, tinh bt, pentosan, cc ng phn ca hexitol,
myoinositol, d - manitol, axit aronic
Tro (% so vi trng lng tro)
K2O
CaO
MgO
Na2O
Fe2O3
Axit
SO3
Cl
P2O5
SiO2
Hp cht cha nit
Prtin
Axit amin
Cc hp cht nit khng prtin
Hp cht khng cha nit
Axitaconitic, xitric, malic, oxalic, glucolic, sucxinic,...
X, sterin, phosphatit
Vitamin

- 34 -

30 40
49
5 12
25

30 50
7 15
2 14
0,3 9,0
0,4 2,7
7 27
12 20
0,5 2,5
17
36
0,3 0,5
1,5 3,0
0,5 1,5
0,1 1,0
lng nh

Trc y ngi ta cho rng s to thnh mt cui l do ng ngng kt tinh.

V khi tinh khit gim, nht tng ln, cn tr cc phn t ng di ng v
kt tinh trn b mt tinh th.
Nhng thc t chng minh nht khng lm ngng hn qu trnh kt tinh m
ch lm cho qu trnh kt tinh b chm li.
Gii thch bng thuyt ha l
Ngi ta c gng gii thch s to thnh mt cui bng cch nghin cu
s nh hng ca cc cht ha hc v cc cht khng ng trong mt cui n
ha tan ca mt tc l nh hng ca chng n h s bo ha.
Nhng cht khng ng lm tng ha tan gi l cht to mt cui dng
(mui natri, mui kali), nhng cht khng ng lm gim ha tan gi l cht
to mt cui m (mui canxi).
Tuy nhin cc cht khng ng lm tng ha tan ca ng nhng
khng lm ngng qu trnh kt tinh. Ngoi ra, khi c mt cc cht to mt cui m
nhiu vn c mt cui.
Gii thch bng lun thuyt ha hc
Ngi ta cho rng cht to mt cui l cht v c ca nguyn liu (do to
thnh sacarat)
Mt khc ngi ta nhn thy mt cui no c thnh phn tro cha nhiu
canxi th tinh khit bao gi cng thp. V Dedek kt lun rng canxi khng
mang theo ng m ch c mt phn t kali, natri mang theo mt phn t ng.
Tuy nhin, cch gii thch ny cng b ph sn do thc t chng minh rng
s tn tht ng trong mt cui vo cui v sn xut bao gi cng ln hn mc
du lng kali v natri khng thay i.
Gii thch bng thuyt c l ha hc
Phn tch u khuyt im ca cc hc thuyt trn, Silin ra hc thuyt tng
hp tt c cc yu t nh hng n hm lng ng trong mt cui v cho thy:
- nht gy kh khn cho qu trnh ly tm
- nh hng ca cht khng ng n ha tan ca ng (tc l nh
hng ca chng n h s bo ha). Trong trng hp 1 tc l khng c cht
to mt cui, hoc cc cht to mt cui m ta vn nhn c mt cui. Nh vy
theo hc thuyt ny tt c nhng cht khng ng (k c cc cht khng lin kt
vi ng) khi c mt trong dung dch s lm tng nng cht kh, tng nht,
gy kh khn cho qu trnh kt tinh. Mt du qu trnh kt tinh vn xy ra, tuy
nhin rt chm khng kinh t v khng ly tm c.
Bng cch gii thch ny Silin v cc cng s a ra nhng kt lun sau:
- Khng nn cho rng ch c mt s cht to mt cui, v mi mt cht
khng ng u c tc dng n s to thnh mt cui.

- 35 -

- Khng ch c cation to mt cui m cc anion cng c kh nng to mt

cui.
- i vi cation cht to mt cui gim dn theo th t kali, natri, canxi
-

anion cht to mt cui gim dn theo th t

OH , CO , CH 3 COO , Cl , axit glutamic, tirozin, cc sn phm phn hy ng kh
v NO3 .

2
3

vi

- 36 -

Chng 5: LY TM, SY, TCH THNH PHM

I. Ly tm
1. Nguyn l ca qu trnh tch mt ng non
y l qu trnh tch mt ng non ra khi tinh th ng bng lc ly tm
trong thng quay vi tc cao.

2. Qu trnh phn ht (c thc hin qua 4 giai on)

- Cho ng non vo my ly tm
u tin cho my ly tm quay t t n khi tc my t 200 300
vng/pht, sau m van np liu cho ng non vo.
Thng thng cho ng vo y thng quay pht huy ti a nng sut
thit b, tuy nhin trong thc tin lng np liu thay i ty thuc vo cht lng
ng non. Nu ht ng ct ln, dnh nh, d tch mt nn lp ng c th
dy, tuy nhin khng c trn mm quay. Ngc li nu ng ct khng ng
u, dnh ln nn khng ch chiu dy lp ng mng hn d tch mt
ng, gim thi gian tch mt.
- Phn mt
Sau np liu, tng dn tc mm quay n cc i, lc ny phn ln mt
trong ng non c tch ra gi l mt nu. Thi gian phn mt ph thuc vo
chiu dy lp ng non, nht, khch thc thng quay...
- Ra ng
Sau khi phn mt xong, trn b mt ng cn ph mt lp mt nu. Do vy
ta cn phi tch lp mt ny m bo yu cu cht lng ng. Qu trnh ra
ng bao gm 2 giai on:
Ra ng bng nc nng (nhit t 75 80oC), lng nc ra dng
khong 2% so vi lng ng non. Sn phm ca ra nc l mt trng (c
tinh khit cao hn mt nu)
Sau phun hi bo ha c p sut 3 4 at vo ng non, lng hi dng
khong 2 3% so vi khi lng ng non. Hi bo ha s lm tng nhit ca
mt, do nht gim, phn ly d dng. Ngoi ra mt phn nc ngng t t hi
c tc dng ra ng mt ln na, hi bo ha cn lm cho ng kh hn, rt
ngn thi gian sy, gim kh nng ng cc ca ng.
- Hm my v x ng
Sau qu trnh ra ng ta ngt in m t hm my, dng phanh hm
lm gim tc thanh quay, nng chp y ln v ly ng ra khi thit b ly
tm.

- 37 -

II. Sy kh
1. Mc ch
a ng n m thch hp, lm cho ng thnh phm c mu sng
bng, khng b h hng, bin cht trong qu trnh bo qun.

2. Nguyn l lm kh
S dng nhit lng ta ra t bn thn ng sau qu trnh ly tm, hay s dng
khng kh nng lm bc hi nc trn b mt ng.

3. Cc yu t nh hng n tc lm kh
- Kch thc ht tinh th ca ng ct v chiu dy lp ng
Thi gian lm kh s rt ngn khi khi din tch b mt bc hi ca ng tng
ln. Nu ht tinh th qu b, lp ng qu dy, lng m bn trong kh khuch
tn, tc lm kh nh.
- Lng nc cha trong ng lm kh
Nu ng ct sau qu trnh ly tm c m ln th thi gian lm kh s ko
di.
- Nhit v m khng kh
Nhit khng kh cao, m tng i thp, kh nng ht m mnh, tc
lm kh nhanh. Tuy nhin nhit khng kh nng khng nn qu cao v n s nh
hng n cht lng ng sau khi sy.
- Thit b lm kh
Cu to thit b khc nhau th tc lm kh cng khc nhau.

4. Cc phng php lm kh
a. Lm kh t nhin
Thng thng nhit ng ct sau khi ra khi my ly tm ln hn 80 oC,
ta lm ngui t nhin n mt nhit thch hp. Li dng nhit lng ca bn
thn n ta ra lm cho ng kh. Tuy nhin, thi gian lm kh di, kh khng
ch m thnh phm, v khi m ca ng sau khi ly tm khng n nh s
nh hng n hiu qu lm kh.
b. Lm kh bng khng kh nng
Trc tin sy nng khng kh, lm gim m tng i ca n, sau
a vo my lm kh cho tip xc vi ng ct nhm hp thu m ca chng. i
vi phng php ny, thi gian lm kh tng i ngn, v c th khng ch hm
lng m trong ng thnh phm.

- 38 -

Chng 6: CNG NGH SN XUT BNH KO

I. Quy trnh sn xut bnh Bch quy

Bnh Bch quy l mt loi sn phm c lm t bt m, ng, cht bo,
trng, thuc n, ha hc, tinh du. Bch quy c nhiu hnh dng v kch thc
khc nhau. C th chia lm 2 loi chnh
- Bnh Bch quy xp
- Bnh Bch quy dai
Cng thc ca Bch quy xp yu cu nhiu ng, cht bo hn Bch quy dai.
Nhng lng nc, nhit bt nhu v tc cnh khuy ca my nhu th thp
hn. C th tham kho quy trnh cng ngh sau:
a.
ng,
nguyn liu ph

Bt m + dch nh tng
Bt m
Tch tp cht
Nho
Cn

Nho
Quy trnh sn xut bnh
Bch Quy dai

Quy trnh sn xut bnh

Bch Quy xp

Chun b dch nh
tng

Cn (ln 1)
yn (ln 1)
Cn (ln 2)
yn (ln 2)
Cn (ln 3)

Dp hnh

To hnh
Nng

Nng

Lm ngui

Lm ngui

Bao gi, bo qun

Bao gi, bo qun

Chun b bt nho
C th dng my hoc nho bt th cng ty theo mc c gii ca ha ca
dy chuyn sn xut. Chun b bt nho l mt khu quan trng v nu khng m
bo ng cng thc th khng to nn tnh c trng ca bnh. V vy qu trnh
cn ong nguyn liu khng c sai st, ng thi phi m bo cc iu kin k
thut nh nhit , m...

- 39 -

 m bt nho c th tham kho s liu sau

- m bt nho cho Bch quy xp: 16,5 18,5% (i vi bt cao cp loi
1), 18 20% (i vi bt loi 2)
- i vi Bch quy dai: 22 26% (i vi bt cao cp), 25 26% (i vi
bt loi 1), 25,5 27,5% (i vi bt loi 2)
Ngoi m, nhit cng l mt yu t cn c ch trong trong qu trnh
nho bt. Thng thng nhit bt nho sn xut Bch quy xp l 19 25 oC, i
vi Bch quy dai l 38 40oC
b. To hnh
Bt nho c a vo my cn thnh tm trc khi cho vo my to hnh
thnh chit bnh Bch quy c kch thc v hnh dng yu cu. Ring i vi my
to hnh quay th khng cn qua my cn.
c. Nng bnh
y l khu quan trng nht trong ton b dy chuyn sn xut, v n quyt
nh n cht lng thnh phm. nng bnh ta c th dng l in, l nng
bng du, hoc t l bng than, ci...
d. Lm ngui
Sau khi ra khi l nng, nhit bnh cn cao, cu trc bnh mm nn kh
ly ra khi khay. Trc tin lm ngui bnh s b n nhit khang 70oC, sau
ly ra khi khay v lm ngui n nhit bnh thng.
e. Bao gi, bo qun
Bch quy l bnh c cu trc xp mao qun, d ht m nn sau khi tch bnh ra
khi khay cn phi chuyn ngay n khu bao gi. m bo sn phm c
xp, gin c lu cn phi bao gi kp thi bng giy chng m v ng trong
cc ti polietylen...

- 40 -

II. Sn xut ko
1. Quy trnh sn xut ko cng
ng knh + mt tinh bt

ng knh + mt tinh bt

Phi liu

Phi liu

Ha tan

Ha tan

Lc

Lc

Nu

Gia nhit s b

Lm ngui

Bc hi chn khng

Trn u

Lm ngui

Cht mu,
Hng liu,
Cht iu v

To hnh
Lm ngui

Cht mu,
Hng liu,
Cht iu v

Trn u
To hnh

Gi ko

Lm ngui

Bao gi th cp

Gi ko

Thnh phm

Bao gi th cp
Thnh phm
Sn xut ko cng theo phng
php nu chn khng

Sn xut ko cng theo phng

php nu di p sut thng

a. Phi liu
Vic phi liu keo cng gm 2 phn: Phi hp cht to ngt v phi hp cht
iu v. Hp cht iu v c tc dng lm tng hng v, cn hp cht ngt khng
nhng gip lm tng v ngt m cn quyt nh n thnh phn ha hc v tnh
cht ca sn phm.

- 41 -

Vic phi hp cc cht ngt chnh l xc nh t l thch hp nht gia cht kt

tinh v cht chng kt tinh. Mun xc nh chnh xc t l gia saccarose v cht
chng kt tinh a vo cng thc phi liu, ta phi quy nh hm lng ng
kh cui cng trong sn phm. Ty theo s thay i ca kh hu, thao tc, bao gi,
bo qun... Hm lng ng kh c th iu chnh trong khong 12 18%.
Hm lng ng kh trong ko bao gm lng ng kh a vo cng thc
v lng ng kh to nn t saccarose. Thc t cho thy, nu khng ch dung
dch ng c pH 6 th ng kh to thnh trong qu trnh nu ko chn khng
khng vt qu 2%, nu ko bng l than khng vt qu 4%. iu ng ch l
phi cn o chnh xc nguyn vt liu nhm trnh gy nn nhng s c ng tit
trong qu trnh sn xut.
b. Ha tan
Dng mt lng nc t nht ha tan hon ton saccarose tinh th trong mt
thi gian ngn nht. Nu ha tan ng khng trit , nhng ht ng nh s l
mm mng cho s kt tinh tr li. Ngc li nu ha tan vi lng nc nhiu, tuy
trnh c s kt tinh ng tr li nhng tn nhiu thi gian v nhit lng
lm bc hi nc, nh hng n hiu sut nu ko, lm tng lng ng kh v
mu sc ko thnh phm.
c. Gia nhit s b
Nu ta nu ko m dung dch ng c hm lng cht kh ha tan ha tan
hon ton 80% s nh hng n hiu sut nu ko (c bit l qu trnh nu
chn khng).
Trc khi nu ko bng ni nu chn khng nu dch ng c gia nhit s
b th s c li cho qu trnh sn xut. Tuy nhin nu ko di thi gian gia nhit s
lm tng nng dung dch v xy ra 2 hin tng sau:
- Khi nhit dch ng h xung v bc vo trng thi qu bo ha, tinh
th saccarose c kh nng xut hin tr li.
- Di tc dng ma st v va chm c hc, dung dch ng qu bo ha s
kt tinh mt cch nhanh chng.
Hai hin tng trn u lm cho khi ko b li ng trc khi to hnh, thm
ch c th b li ng ngay trong ni chn khng. Ngoi ra khi gia nhit s b tin
hnh di p sut thng vi thi gian ko di s lm cho saccarose b phn hy,
gy nn chy kht.
d. Nu ko
Sau khi gia nhit s b dung dch ng c c c n 97% hm lng cht
kh, v ta thu c ko cng.
Nu ko di p sut thng

L qu trnh nu ko bng ngun nhit trc tip p sut thng. Nhit gia
nhit p sut thng khong 120oC. Giai on u bt ng to nhng d tan, v
sau bt nh dn v t si. Nu giai on u qu trnh nu c bt nh nhng dy,
- 42 -

th c nguy c tro bt, v vy nn b sung mt lng thch hp cht ph bt vo

dch ng.
Khi nht ca dch ng tng dn, mu chuyn t vng nht sang vng sm,
ng thi lp bt trn mt cng nh, chuyn ng cng chm. Lc ny ly mt t
dch ng ngm ngay vo nc lnh, nu dch ng ng thnh nhng ht cu
nh, rn, gin th vic nu ng kt thc.
Nu ko chn khng
L qu trnh nu ko di p sut chn khng. Nh vy m nhit si ca
dung dch ng thp, qu trnh sn xut n nh, tit kim nhit nng, cht lng
sn phm c m bo...
e. Lm ngui
Khi ko sau khi nu c nhit tng i cao, cn mang tnh cht ca mt lu
th, ng thi sacarose vn c th kt tinh mt cch d dng. Mun cho qu trnh
to hnh vin ko khng b bin dng, khng b li ng m vn c tnh cht dnh
th phi lm ngui ngay.
Hin nay hu ht cc nh my lm ngui khi ko bng cch chng ln mt
bn (lm bng tn tm) c bng thch hp. Bn tn rng lng c nc lnh chy
lin tc bn trong, chng s hp thu nhit ca khi ko ta ra v lm ngui chng
nhanh chng.
f. To hnh
Lm cho ko thnh phm c hnh dng nht nh, kch thc u n.
Nhit khi ko trc khi to hnh l mt yu t quan trng. Nu nhit
cao, khi ko mm, linh ng, kh to hnh. Ngc li nu nhit thp khi ko
s cng li, b mt ko khng hon chnh.
g. Gi ko
Nhng vin ko sau khi lm ngui ht m rt nhanh, do phi c phng gi
ko ring v c my iu ha m . Nhit phng khng c qu 20oC,
m tng i khong 60% tr xung.
Khi gi 2 u vin ko phi xon 3/4 vng, giy gi phi st vo ko v khng
b rch. Gi ko xong phi bao gi th cp ngay, c th l bao plctic, giy cng...

- 43 -

2. Quy trnh sn xut ko mm:

Bt lng trng trng

ng knh + mt tinh bt

Ngm

Ha tan

To bt

Lc

Dch anbumin

Nu

B,
Cht iu v,
Hng liu

nh trn

Xir ko 1

B sung xir

Xir ko 2

nh trn
Lm ngui
Cn
To hnh
Gi ko
Bao gi th cp
Thnh phm

a. Ngm bt lng trng trng

Bt lng trng trng ngm trong nc s tr li trng thi keo dnh ban u.
Di tc dng ca my nh trn dung dch lng trng trng tr thnh lp bt hp
ph mu trng
Thi gian ngm bt lng trng trng tng i di (thng thng khong 8 gi
l thch hp). Lng nc ngm khong 3 4 ln trng lng bt lng trng trng.
Nhit nc ngm khng c qu ln v chng s phn hy anbumin. Tt nht
l ngm xong phi dng ngay trnh hin tng bin cht, lm gim kh nng
keo dnh v nht ca lng trng trng.
b. Phi ch xir anbumin
Cho lng mt tinh bt v ng knh gia nhit vo my nh trn khong 5
pht, sau cho dch anbumin ngm sn vo v tip tc nh trn khong 15 pht
vi tc cao cho n khi to thnh xir anbumin (c bt mu trng).
tng cng tnh n nh ca lp bt hp ph xir anbumin c th b sung
mt lng pectin ph hp trong qu trnh phi ch.

- 44 -

Khi phi ch xong xir anbumin nn c s dng ngay trnh hin tng
bin cht.
c. Nu ko
L qu trnh c c dung dch ng knh v mt tinh bt ha tan n nng
nht nh (92 95%), tip theo nh trn vi mt dung dch to bt to thnh
khi ko anbumin.
d. nh trn
y l qu trnh cho xir nu n nng nht nh v dch anbumin
c to bt vo my nh trn n khi khi ko tr nn mn, trng bng (thng
thng thi gian nh trn l 15 pht).
Tc cho xir vo my nh trn phi chm v u n nhm trnh hin
tng vn cc anbumin, lm mt tc dng to bt v gy xp ca n.
C th b sung nguyn liu ph nh b, sa bt, hng liu... lm tng hng
v ca sn phm.
e. Lm ngui
Ko anbumin c nhiu l rng xp nn qu trnh lm ngui tng i kh.
Trc tin khi ko thnh lp mng ri lm ngui n 70 80oC sau ct
thnh nhng min nh v tip tc lm ngui n 40oC l c.
f. To hnh
Sau khi lm ngui, ko c cn thnh nhng tm phng c dy khong
1cm v ct thnh vin vi kch thc quy nh bng my ct dc v my ct
ngang.
Qu trnh to hnh s kh khn nu giai on lm ngui khng t yu cu.
Khi ko lc ct mm, hin tng dnh ko trn dao ct, khi ct xong ko b bin
dng...
Ko ra khi my ct phi c tch ri trnh s dnh ko, ng thi loi
nhng vin ko c hnh dng khng t yu cu.
g. Bao gi
Sau khi to hnh ko phi c bao gi ngay trnh hin tng ht m.
Do ko anbumin mm v xp, d bin dng, v vy khng nn cho ko vo hp
vi s lng nhiu.

- 45 -

3. Quy trnh sn xut ko do (ko cao su):

Cht n
X l

Cht do
Nghin vn

Cht tng do
Cht n nh
Cht tng ngt

Lm mm
ng knh

Trn u
Lm mm
Lm ngui
Thi nh
Lm mm

Mt tinh bt

Nghin nh

Gia nhit

Ry lc

Ry lc

ng bt

Trn u

Hng liu

Lm ngui
Cn thnh min
To hnh
Bao gi
Thnh phm

3.1. Ch to cht keo tng hp

a. X l cht n
Cn 1 phn cao su trng vi 4 phn sp trng. Thi cao su thnh nhng mnh
nh (mi cnh 2 cm) ra sch bng nc.
Trc tin, cho sp trng vo ni nu (c cnh khuy) gia nhit cho ton b sp
trng chy ra v tin hnh khuy lin tc. Sau cho cao su trng vo, di tc
dng ca nhit cao su s n ra v mm dn.
Khi ton b cao su trng tan ht, ra cc khay ri sn CaCO3 lm ngui.
b. Lm keo
Cho polyaxetat etylen c p vn vo ni nu (c cnh khuy), ri t t cho
cht to do vo. Tip tc cho cht n c x l vo v trn u cc vt liu,
ng thi y np ni bo n.
- 46 -

Khi ton b vt liu tan ht, ngng gia nhit v khuy trn, cho ra khay ri
sn CaCO3 lm ngui. Nu cn thit phi d tr th phi bao gi cn thn.

3.2. Lm ko cao su
a. Trn u
Cho cht keo tng hp (hoc keo t nhin) thi nh vo my trn kt hp
vi gia nhit bng hi nc, khi keo mm ta cho mt tinh bt gia nhit n nng
chy vo my trn.
Chia ng bt thnh 3 phn v cho vo nh trn theo 3 ln khc nhau.
Mun hng liu phn b u v hp thu tt nn trn trc hng liu vi mt
t ng bt v cho vo my trn ng thi vi khi cho ng bt ln 3.
b. To hnh
Trc khi to hnh, khi ko c chia thnh nhiu phn nh lm ngui sau
cho chng vo my p thnh min ko c chiu rng khong 18cm, chiu dy
1,5cm. Tip tc ct thnh tng on di 30cm, trn mt cc thanh ko c th cho
mt lng thch hp cc cht chng dnh nh: tinh bt ng v ng bt.
Tip theo min ko c cho qua trc cn ln th nht ( dy khong 3mm),
ln th 2 ( dy 1,5mm). Ko ra t my cn c lm ngui t nhin trc khi
cho vo my ct thnh nhng vin nh c kch thc (70x20x1,5mm)
Chn v loi ra nhng vin ko khng hon chnh, sau a vo cng on
bao gi.
c. Bao gi
Thng thng ko c gi bng 2 lp giy, lp giy c trng mt lp nhm
mng bn trong, bn ngoi l giy dy hn v c in nhn.
Keo cao su c th gi th cng bng tay hoc gi bng my ty theo iu kin
thit b. Nhng tt nht nn iu chnh nhit v m tng i ca phng bao
gi nhm hn ch n mc thp nht hin tng ko ht m (thng thng nhit
t 20 25oC, m tng i l 60%).

- 47 -

4. Quy trnh sn xut ko c nhn

Qu
Cn

ng knh + mt tinh bt

Chn

Phi liu

Ra

Ha tan

Chn

Lc

Nghin

Gia nhit s b

C c

C c chn khng

Bt qu

Lm nhn

Lm ngui

Qut

Bc nhn

Lm v

Bo n
To hnh
Bao gi
S dy chuyn sn
xut ko c nhn bt qu

Thnh phm

a. Lm nhn bt qu
Trc khi lm ko c nhn, phi ch bin trc nhn bt qu. Trong qu trnh
lm nhn bt qu bao gm cc giai on nh sau:
- Loi b nhng qu h, ra sch qu trc khi bc v
- Nghin nt v loi b tp cht
- Ha tan ng knh vi liu lng quy nh
- Ln lc cho bt qu v axit citric vo nc ng, nu n 110oC, khuy
trn lin tc trong qu trnh nu
- Khi nng bt qu t trn 80% th a i lm ngui.

- 48 -

b. Lm ti cha nhn
Nu trc tip rt nhn vo khi ko cng th ko s khng ng u v d b
thng l. Do trc khi to hnh phi lm sn nhng ti cha nhn bt qu ri
bc v trc khi to hnh. Thao tc nh sau:
- Ly khong 1/3 1/2 khi ko cng cn ang nng cn phng ri gp li
thnh hnh ti dt.
- bt nhn qu hm nng n 80oC vo ti v gp kn ming ti li.
Khi lm ti cha nhn ngoi vic ch thao tc ta cn phi khng ch nhit
khi ko v bt nhn. Khi nhit thp, bt nhn s keo qunh, kh linh ng,
nhn phn b khng u v cn lm gim nhit ca v ngoi. Nu nhit bt
nhn qu cao, tnh linh ng ca bt ln, lm cho ko d b bin dng sau khi to
hnh.
c. To hnh
B sung hng liu v cht to mu vo khi ko cng cn li, ri em i qut
cho bng v c th t thm nhng thi ko c mu sc khc nhau tng thm v
p cho v ko. Sau cn khi ko thnh tm nh cun cc ti nhn vo bn
trong, ln trn khi ko thnh thi c dng vin tr.
Ct thi ko nh thnh tng on c di quy nh, bt kn 2 u ri a ln
my to hnh ct thnh vin
Qu trnh to hnh phi c thc hin trn bn bo n, nhm trnh hin tng
lm ngui keo, ko b cng, khng th to hnh.
d. Gi ko
Ko sau khi to hnh phi c lm ngui ngay, chn v loi ra nhng vin ko
b bin dng hay b chy nhn.
Bao gi phi m bo kn v b cht vo vin ko.

- 49 -

5. Sn xut mt s loi ko c sn Vit Nam

5.1. Quy trnh sn xut ko m xng

Cho axit (ln 1)

Tinh bt

ng knh + ng Glucose

Ngm

Ha tan

Lc

Lc

H ha

Lm ngui n 60oC
Trn u

Cho axit (ln 2)

Nu ko (thi gian
15 pht sau khi si)

Cho axit (ln 3)

Nu n 125oC
Trn vi m, u phng
Lm ngui
To hnh
Bao gi

a. H ha
Nhm mc ch lm cho tinh bt trng n hon ton, trnh hin tng li bt
trong qu trnh bo qun ko.
Trc tin tinh bt c ha vi nc trong thi gian 30 60 pht, sau lc
qua ry loi b bt th, x, ct, sn... Gia nhit dch tinh bt 60oC trong 20
pht, khi gia nhit c 5 pht ta b sung axit citric (khong 1/4 lng axit trong
cng thc ch bin) ct c mch tinh bt, chuyn tinh bt sang dng dextrin.
b. Lc ng
Nhm gi li nhng cc ng to cha tan ht v loi b tp cht ln trong
ng v glucose thu c nc ng tinh khit. Sau khi lc phi lm ngui
nc ng trc khi cho vo ni nu (trnh lm chn bt).
c. Nu ko
Nu ko vi mc ch lm cho nc ng v dch tinh bt tr thnh hn hp
ng nht c do dai nht nh.
Cng on nu ko c th chia lm 3 giai on
- Giai on 1: T lc cho nc ng vo nu vi dch tinh bt n khi cho
axit ln th 2 (khong 50% lng axit trong cng thc ch bin).
- 50 -

- Giai on 2: Tip tc lm bc hi dung dch ko v b sung axit ln 3

(lng axit cn li) lm ph v nhng phn t nc cng, ko c do dai
thch hp, mu sc sng v trong.
- Giai on 3: Sau khi b sung axit ln 3 khong 15 pht, ta cho m, u
phng vo trn u.
Kt thc qu trnh nu, nhit khi ko khong 126 127oC.
d. Lm ngui
Ko c ra v dn u trn cc khay chun b sn, chiu dy lp ko
khong 1cm. Sau rc ln mt ko mt lp m mng, lm ngui khong 30 pht
trc khi to hnh.
e. To hnh
Nhng min ko c ly ra t khay c a n my ct dc v my ct
ngang thnh nhng mnh nh c kch thc 13x16x10 mm.
f. Bao gi
Ko c gi bng 2 lp giy, bn trong l lp giy tinh bt, ngoi l giy bng
knh.

5.2. Quy trnh sn xut ko chui

Qu chui rm chn

ng knh + ng Glucose

Bc v

Ha tan

Ch

Lc

C c 70oBx
Nu ko
Lm ngui
To hnh
Bao gi
Thnh phm

- 51 -

a. Bc v chui
Chn nhng qu chui chn, d bc v, loi b nhng phn hng. Sau khi bc
v, chui c ngm trong dung dch nc st trng (98% nc, 2% dch
NaHSO3) trong 20 pht, tip tc chui c vt ra cho ro nc khong 15 pht
trc khi ch.
b. Ch chui
C th dng tay hoc ch chui bng my qua l li nh thu c bt chui
dng lng.
c. C c
Bt chui dng lng c c c bng ni c cnh khuy. Tt nht ta c bt
chui n 70oBx. Trong qu trnh c c c th thm 5 10% ng knh so vi
lng bt chui tng v, ng thi ko di thi gian bo qun. Nu cn thit c
th b sung 0,05% NaHSO3 hoc axit socbic (C6H8O2) chng i chua, mc.
d. Nu ko
Cho nc ng lc sch v bt chui vo ni nu ko c cnh khuy.
Trong qu trnh nu di tc dng ca nhit cnh khuy o trn nn nc
ng v bt chui c trn ln vo nhau thnh mt hn hp ng nht, to nn
khi ko qunh, nhuyn.
Khi nhit khi ko t 150oC th cho m, u phng c rang chn v
bc v vo trn u. Cui cng chuyn ko n b phn lm ngui.
e. Lm ngui
Ko c dn mng trn b mt lm ngui chiu cao lp ko khong 1,0 1,2
cm. Sau khong 15 pht, ta chia lp ko thnh nhng min nh c kch thc 25 x
25 cm. Tip tc ch khi ko ngui n 40 45oC, ta rc ln hai mt min ko mt
lp m mng, ri a i cn phng mt ko.
f. To hnh
Min ko c ct thnh nhng thi nh c kch thc khong 23x26x10 mm
bng my ct dc v my ct ngang.
g. Bao gi
Sau khi to hnh, ko c bao gi ngay. Thng thng mi vin ko c gi
bng 3 lp giy: lp trong cng l giy tinh bt, lp gia l giy c trng lp thic
hoc nhm, ngoi cng l lp giy c in nhn. Ko c gi th cng bng tay, ri
cho vo ti polyetylen.

- 52 -

PH LC
Nhit
(oC)

Saccarose
(%)

Ho

Nhit
(oC)

Saccarose
(%)

Ho

- 53 -

64.18

1.792

51

72.53

2.641

64.31

1.802

52

72.79

2.668

64.45

1.813

53

72.95

2.697

64.59

1.824

54

73.16

2.726

64.73

1.835

55

73.37

2.755

65.16

1.870

56

73.58

2.785

65.24

1.877

57

73.79

2.816

65.34

1.885

58

74.00

2.847

65.44

1.893

59

74.22

2.879

65.54

1.902

60

74.43

2.911

10

65.65

1.911

61

74.64

2.944

11

65.76

1.920

62

74.86

2.979

12

65.87

1.930

63

75.04

3.012

13

65.99

1.940

64

75.29

3.047

14

66.11

1.951

65

75.50

3.083

15

66.24

1.962

66

75.72

3.119

16

66.37

1.973

67

75.94

3.156

17

66.50

1.985

68

76.15

3.193

18

66.53

1.997

69

76.37

3.232

19

66.78

2.010

70

76.59

3.271

20

66.92

2.023

71

76.80

3.310

21

67.06

2.036

72

77.02

3.350

22

67.21

2.050

73

77.24

3.393

23

67.36

2.064

74

77.45

3.435

24

67.52

2.079

75

77.66

3.477

25

67.58

2.094

76

77.88

3.521

26

67.80

2.109

77

78.09

3.565

27

68.00

2.125

78

78.31

3.610

28

68.16

2.141

79

78.52

3.656

29

68.33

2.158

80

78.74

3.703

30

68.50

2.175

81

78.95

3.751

31

68.57

2.192

82

79.16

3.800

- 54 -

32

68.85

2.210

33

69.03

2.229

34

69.21

2.248

35

69.39

2.267

36

69.58

2.287

37

69.76

2.307

38

69.95

2.328

39

70.14

2.349

40

70.33

2.370

41

70.52

2.392

42

70.72

2.415

43

70.91

2.438

44

71.11

2.462

45

71.31

2.486

46

71.51

2.510

47

71.71

2.535

48

71.92

2.561

49

72.12

2.587

50

72.33

2.614

83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

- 55 -

79.38
79.59
79.80
80.01
80.22
80.43
80.64
80.85
81.05
81.25
81.46
81.66
81.87
82.07
82.27
82.47
82.67
82.87

3.849
3.899
3.950
4.002
4.056
4.110
4.165
4.221
4.277
4.335
4.394
4.454
4.515
4.578
4.705
4.705
4.770
4.837

MC LC
Bi m u ...............................................................................................................1
Chng 1 NGUYN LIU V CNG NGH P MA.....................................3
I. Nguyn liu (ma)..................................................................................................3
II. Cng ngh p ma.................................................................................................5
1. Ly nc ma bng phng php p...................................................................5
2. Ly nc ma bng phng php khuch tn.....................................................9
3. So snh phng php p v phng php khuch tn......................................11
4. Vi sinh vt trong cng on ly nc ma........................................................11
Chng 2 LM SCH NC MA....................................................................12
I. Mc ch ca cng on lm sch nc ma.......................................................12
II. Cc phng php lm sch nc ma.................................................................13
1. Phng php vi...............................................................................................13
2. Phng php sunfit ho....................................................................................15
3. Phng php cacbonat ho...............................................................................17
4. So snh cc phng php lm sch nc ma..................................................20
5. Lng..................................................................................................................20
6. Lc....................................................................................................................21
Chng 3 C C NC MA..........................................................................22
I. Mc ch...............................................................................................................22
II. C c nc ma.................................................................................................22
1. Cu to thit b c c.......................................................................................22
2. Phng php bc hi h c c........................................................................23
3. Thao tc khng ch qu trnh c c................................................................24
III. Bin i vt l v ho hc trong qu trnh c c..............................................25
1. S thay i pH v chuyn ho ng saccarose...............................................25
2. S gia tng mu sc..........................................................................................25
3. tinh khit tng..............................................................................................25
4. S to cn..........................................................................................................26
Chng 4 NU NG V KT TINH............................................................27
I. L thuyt qu trnh kt tinh..................................................................................27
1. Mc ch ca qu trnh nu ng...................................................................27
2. Tnh cht ng saccarose................................................................................27
- 56 -

3. ng hc ca qu trnh kt tinh ng.............................................................28

4. Tc kt tinh..................................................................................................29
5. C s l thuyt ca qu trnh kt tinh...............................................................29
6. Cc yu t nh hng n tc kt tinh.........................................................30
II. Qu trnh ho hc ca giai on nu ng.......................................................30
1. S phn gii ng...........................................................................................30
2. Tch cn lng ng mui phi ng.................................................................31
3. Hin tng kh nu...........................................................................................31
III. Qu trnh nu ng gin on.........................................................................31
1. C c u.........................................................................................................31
2. S to mm tinh th..........................................................................................31
3. Nui tinh th.....................................................................................................32
4. C c cui.......................................................................................................32
IV. Tr tinh v s to thnh mt cui......................................................................32
1. Tr tinh.............................................................................................................32
2. S to thnh mt cui........................................................................................33
Chng 5 LY TM, SY, TCH THNH PHM............................................36
I. Ly tm..................................................................................................................36
1. Nguyn l ca qu trnh tch mt ng non...................................................36
2. Qu trnh phn ht.............................................................................................36
II. Sy kh...............................................................................................................37
1. Mc ch...........................................................................................................37
2. Nguyn l lm kh............................................................................................37
3. Cc yu t nh hng n tc lm kh........................................................37
4. Cc phng php lm kh................................................................................37
Chng 6 CNG NGH SN XUT BNH KO............................................38
I. Quy trnh sn xut bnh bch quy........................................................................38
II. Sn xut ko........................................................................................................40
1. Quy trnh sn xut ko cng.............................................................................40
2. Quy trnh sn xut ko mm.............................................................................43
3. Quy trnh sn xut ko do...............................................................................45
4. Quy trnh sn xut ko c nhn.........................................................................47
5. Sn xut mt s loi ko c sn vit nam.......................................................49
- 57 -

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Trn Mnh Hng, Gio trnh cng ngh sn xut ng ma, NXB

Nng Nghip, H Ni, Nm 2000.

2.

Nguyn Ng, K ngh sn xut ng ma , NXB KHKT, Nm

1984.

3. Vinh, Bi Quang, Phn Tch v Qun L Ha Hc Ma ng, NXB

Nng Nghip, 1998

4.

B sch ph cp cho cn b ngnh ma ng, NXB Nng Nghip,

Nm 1996

5. H Hu Long, K thut sn xut ko, NXB KHKT, H Ni, Nm

1983

- 58 -