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Chuyn : Nhng vn kh v quan trng trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng

B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC VINH -----------o0o-----------

L TH T ANH
Tiu lun NHNG NI DUNG THNG GP V KH PHN LIN KT HA HC

Chuyn : Nhng vn kh v quan trng trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng Lp: Cao hc K17 - LL & PPGD Ha hc Cn b hng dn: TS. Cao C Gic

Vinh, 2010
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Chuyn : Nhng vn kh v quan trng trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng

MC LC
B GIO DC V O TO...........................................................................1 TRNG I HC VINH.................................................................................1 -----------o0o-----------...........................................................................................1 M U..................................................................................................................2 NI DUNG...............................................................................................................3 I. TM TT NI DUNG.....................................................................................3 I.1. Nhng ni dung c bn .............................................................................3 b. S to thnh ion ......................................................................................3 c. Lin kt ion v lin kt cng ho tr....................................................................3 f. Tinh th ion, tinh th nguyn t v tinh th phn t............................................5 Bng 1.1. Khi nim, c tnh ca cc mng tinh th...............................................5 I.2. Nhng ni dung kh ..................................................................................6

M U
T hn mt trm nm mi nm trc, cc nh khoa hc cho rng mi cht u c to nn t nhng ht cc k nh b gi l nguyn t v chng rt t khi tn ti c lp m kt hp vi cc nguyn t khc to thnh cc phn t hay tinh th, s kt hp cc nguyn t vi nhau gi l lin kt. Ho hc lin tc c nhng bc pht trin nhy vt th k 19, u th k 20 khi con ngi thc s khm ph ra cu trc ca nguyn t, ht nhn, tm hiu v in t. ng thi nhng khm ph ca vt l hc gn y v bn cht sng ca in t thc y ho hc i su vo cu trc v bin i ca vt cht. T nhng iu trn y, r rng chng ta thy c tm quan trng ca nhng kin thc v Ha hc i cng i vi vic dy hc mn Ho hc v trong chng trnh ho hc ph thng. Phn lin kt ha hc l mt trong nhng phn c s quan trng trong h thng ha hc i cng. Tuy nhin y cng l phn kin thc phc tp v mang tnh tru tng

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cao, do nhn chung c s l thuyt v bi tp ca phn ny mi ch c HS tip thu mt cch hn ch. Nhm mc ch to ra nn tng kin thc c bn v tng bc chuyn su khi hc sinh bc chn vo trng trung hc ph thng, ti chn ti: Nhng ni dung thng gp v kh phn lin kt ha hc. Ti hi vng ti s gp phn xy dng c mt h thng l thuyt, bi tp v lin kt ha hc tng i ph hp vi yu cu v mc ch bi dng hc sinh trng ph thng. N cng s l t liu b ch trong vic dy hc cho cc bn ng nghip.

NI DUNG
I. TM TT NI DUNG I.1. Nhng ni dung c bn a. Quy tc bt t gii thch s hnh thnh lin kt ha hc Theo quy tc bt t th nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c khuynh hng lin kt vi cc nguyn t khc t c cu hnh electron bn vng ca cc kh him vi 8 electron (hoc 2 i vi Heli) lp ngoi cng. b. S to thnh ion
ne + me Cation Nguyn t Anion

(Mn+)

(M)

(Mm-)

c. Lin kt ion v lin kt cng ho tr * Lin kt ion - Khi nim: Lin kt ion l lin kt ha hc c to thnh do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in ngc du.
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- c im chung: + Lin kt ion l lin kt ha hc bn, do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion tri du l ln. + Lin kt ion khng c tnh nh hng trong khng gian do trng lc ion to ra c dng cu. + Lin kt ion khng c tnh bo ho, s lng nguyn t hay ion l khng hu hn, cc ion tri du sp xp xen k, lun phin nhau theo mt trt t xc nh, tun hon to ra mng tinh th ion. - Tnh cht chung ca cc hp cht ion: + Lun l cht rn tinh th ion. + C nhit nng chy cao v khng bay hi khi c cn dung dch. + Thng d tan trong nc v t tan trong cc dung mi hu c km phn cc. + trong dung dch hoc trng thi nng chy hp cht ion dn in tt. * Lin kt cng ho tr - Lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc: l loi lin kt cng ho tr trong electron chung chnh gia ht nhn hai nguyn t. - Lin kt cng ho tr phn cc: l loi lin kt cng ho tr trong electron chung lch mt phn v pha nguyn t c m in ln hn, nguyn t ny s mang mt phn in tch m v ngc li. - Lin kt cng ho tr cho - nhn (lin kt phi tr): l lin kt cng ho tr trong cp electron dng chung ch do mt nguyn t cung cp. - c im chung ca lin kt cng ho tr: + L lin kt ha hc bn. + S xen ph obitan c tnh nh hng r rt trong khng gian m bo nguyn l xen ph cc i.

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+ Lin kt cng ho tr c tnh bo ha nn phn t cng ho tr thng c s nguyn t xc nh. - Tnh cht chung ca cc hp cht cng ho tr: + C th tn ti trng thi kh, lng hoc rn iu kin thng. + C hnh dng xc nh trong khng gian do tnh nh hng ca lin kt cng ho tr. + Thng kh tan trong nc v d tan trong dung mi hu c km phn cc. d. Bc lin kt - Bc lin kt l s lin kt cng ho tr gia hai nguyn t. Cc lin kt i v lin kt ba cn c gi chung l lin kt bi. e. Lin kt xichma () v lin kt pi ( ). - Lin kt : l loi lin kt cng ho tr c hnh thnh bng phng php xen ph ng trc cc obitan nguyn t, vng xen ph nm trn trc lin kt. - Lin kt : l loi lin kt cng ho tr c hnh thnh bng phng php xen ph song song trc cc obitan nguyn t, vng xen ph nm hai pha so vi trc lin kt. Lin kt n lun l lin kt , lin kt i gm 1 lin kt v 1 lin kt , lin kt ba gm 1 lin kt v 2 lin kt . f. Tinh th ion, tinh th nguyn t v tinh th phn t Bng 1.1. Khi nim, c tnh ca cc mng tinh th Khi nim Tinh th ion Tinh th nguyn t Tinh th kim loi Tinh th phn t

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Tinh th ion c hnh thnh t nhng ion mang in tch tri du, gm cc cation v anion cc nt mng tinh th.

Tinh th c hnh thnh t cc nguyn t.

Tinh th Tinh th c c hnh hnh thnh t thnh t cc phn t. nhng ion, nguyn t kim loi v cc electron t do.

- Lc lin kt c - Lc lin kt - Lc lin kt - Lc lin kt bn cht tnh c bn cht c bn cht l lc tng in. cng ho tr. tnh in. tc phn t. c tnh - Tinh th ion - Nhit - nh kim. bn. nng chy v - Dn in, - Kh nng nhit bay dn nhit tt. hi cao. chy. - Do. - Kh bay hi. - cng nh. - Nhit nng chy v nhit bay hi thp.

I.2. Nhng ni dung kh a. Mt s i lng c trng cho lin kt ha hc - di lin kt (d): l khong cch gia hai ht nhn ca hai nguyn t lin kt trc tip vi nhau. - Gc lin kt: l gc to bi hai na ng thng xut pht t mt ht nhn nguyn t v i qua ht nhn ca hai nguyn t lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t . - Nng lng lin kt: l nng lng to ra khi to thnh mt lin kt ha hc t nhng nguyn t c lp. Nng lng phn li v tr tuyt i bng nng lng lin kt. Tng nng lng cc lin kt trong phn t bng nng lng phn li ca phn t .

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- Lng cc in: l mt h gm hai in tch +q v -q cch nhau mt khong cch l . Lng cc in c trng bng i lng momen lng cc vi nh ngha momen lng cc bng tch ca in tch q v cnh tay n l .
r r = l.q

-q l +q

lng cc in

- Lng cc lin kt: Trong lin kt ion hoc lin kt cng ho tr phn cc in tch phn b khng ng u trn hai nguyn t tham gia lin kt, trng tm in tch m lch v pha nguyn t c m in ln hn v trng tm in tch dng lch v pha nguyn t c m in nh hn. Nh vy, mi lin kt ion hoc lin kt cng ho tr phn cc l mt lng cc in v c mt momen lng cc xc nh c gi l momen lng cc lin kt. Lin kt phn cc cng mnh th momen lng cc cng ln. - Lng cc phn t: Trong vic kho st lng cc phn t, ngi ta tha nhn thuc tnh cng tnh ca momen lng cc lin kt v coi momen lng cc ca phn t l tng vect cc momen lng cc lin kt. Vic kho st momen lng cc phn t l mt thng s cn thit cho vic nghin cu tnh cht ca lin kt (khi cng ln, tnh ion ca lin kt cng mnh), cu trc hnh hc ca phn t cng nh cc tnh cht vt l, ho hc ca mt cht. - T tnh ca phn t: + Cht thun t: l nhng cht b ht bi nam chm. V mt cu to, phn t ca cc cht ny c electron khng ghp i (electron c thn). + Cht nghch t: l nhng cht b y bi nam chm. V mt cu to, phn t ca cht ny khng c electron c thn. - Lc lin kt ion: ln ca lc lin kt ion (F) ph thuc vo tr s in tch ca cation (q1) v anion (q2) v bn knh ion ca chng r1 v r2:
F~
q1.q2 (r = r1+r2) r2

Khi lc lin kt ion cng ln th lin kt ion cng bn, nng lng mng li ion cng ln v lin kt ion kh b phn li, mng li ion cng kh b
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ph v, cc hp cht ion cng kh nng chy, kh b ho tan trong dung mi phn cc hn. b. Mt s loi lin kt ha hc * Lin kt kim loi: - Lin kt kim loi l lin kt ha hc hnh thnh do cc electron t do gn kt cc ion dng kim loi trong mng tinh th kim loi hay trong kim loi lng. Bn cht ca lc lin kt kim loi l lc ht tnh in gia cc electron t do v cc ion (+) kim loi. - nh hng ca lin kt kim loi n tnh cht vt l ca kim loi: Mt nguyn t (hay c kht), mt electron t do, in tch ca cation kim loi cng nh hng n cc tnh cht vt l khc ca kim loi nh: cng, nhit nng chy, nhit si, t khi. * Lin kt hiro: - Lin kt hiro l lin kt ha hc c hnh thnh khi c lc ht tnh in gia: + Nguyn t H mang in dng (H + l nguyn t hiro lin kt vi nguyn t c m in mnh nh N, Cl, O, F). + Nguyn t c m in mnh, mang in m (X - nh N, Cl, O, F), cn cp electron ghp i: X H + Y - . Lin kt hiro thuc loi lin kt yu. - nh hng ca lin kt hiro n nhit si, tnh tan trong nc + Lin kt hiro gip cc phn t rng buc vi nhau cht ch hn, nn cn nhiu nng lng hn c th tch cc phn t ra khi mng tinh th, dn n nhit cao hn trng hp khng to c lin kt hiro (c khi lng phn t xp x nhau). + Lin kt hiro gia phn t cht hu c vi nc gip chng phn tn hon ton trong nc, ngha l tan c trong nc. * Lin kt Vanecvan:

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- Lin kt Vanecvan l lin kt ha hc c hnh thnh bng lc ht tnh in rt yu gia cc phn t phn cc thng trc hay phn cc tm thi. Lc lin kt Vanecvan hnh thnh gia tp hp ca cc cht rn, lng, kh. - ln ca lc lin kt Vanecvan (F) ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: + phn cc ca phn t cng tng th F tng. + Khong cch gia cc phn t cng gim th F cng tng. + Khi lng phn t cng tng th F cng tng. - nh hng ca lc ht Vanecvan n tnh cht vt l ca cc cht: Tng t nh hng ca lin kt hiro nhng yu hn: tng tc Vanecvan cng mnh th cht c nhit nng chy, nhit si cng cao, cng d ho lng, tan vo nhau ng k. c. Cch vit cng thc Lewis - m tng s electron ho tr Ne ca cht nghin cu. - Vit k hiu ho hc cc nguyn t sao cho cc nguyn t cui cng bao quanh nhng nguyn t trung tm (cc nguyn t hiro c tnh axit th lin kt vi nhng nguyn t oxi nu c, hoc vi nhng nguyn t trung tm nu khng). - S dng u tin cc i electron to ra cc lin kt n gia nguyn t trung tm v mi nguyn t xung quanh. - in bt t cho mi nguyn t pha ngoi bng cch thm s cc i electron cn thit (khng bao gi thm cho hiro v n lun lun c ho tr 1). Trong cch vit ny, cc halogen kt thc ch tham gia vo 1 lin kt n v do c ba i khng lin kt. - t tt c cc i electron cn li (v electron c thn khi Ne l l) ln cc nguyn t trung tm v kim tra chng c tun theo qui tc bt t hay khng. - D kin mt hay nhiu lin kt bi nu khng s electron tho mn qui tc bt t ca cc nguyn t trung tm.

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- Gn cho mi nguyn t mt in tch hnh thc. d. S lai ho obitan nguyn t v hnh dng ca phn t * S lai ho cc obitan nguyn t - Trn cc lun im thun ty ca thuyt VB s khng gii thch ng cu to hnh hc ca phn t. gii quyt vn ny, ngi ta b xung thm vo thuyt VB mt gi thuyt mi c tn l thuyt lai ho cc obitan nguyn t. - iu kin c s lai ho bn: + Nng lng ca cc obitan tham gia lai ho phi xp x nhau; + Mt electron ca cc AO tham gia lai ho phi ln; + xen ph ca cc AO lai ho vi cc AO ca cc nguyn t khc tham gia lin kt phi ln to thnh lin kt bn. Bng 1.2. Cc kiu lai ho Lai ho Thng Tam gic T din Vung phng Lng chp tam gic Bt din Kiu lai ho sp (s, pz) sp2 (s, px, pz) sp3 (s, px, py, pz) dsp ( d x2 y2 , s, px, py)
2

V d CO2, BeH2, C2H2,... O3, NO2-, SO2,... CH4, NH3, H2O,... [PtCl4]2-, [Ni(CN)4]2, ... PF5, IF4, ICl3,... SF6, [FeF6]3-,...

dsp3 ( d z , s, px, py, pz)


2

d2sp3 ( d z , d x y , s, px, py, pz)


2 2 2

* Thuyt sc y gia cc cp electron ho tr (VSEPR)

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Ch xt nhng electron ho tr xung quanh nguyn t trung tm A, tc l nhng electron ho tr ca A v nhng electron ho tr do cc phi t B (l nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t hay phn t) ng gp ri m xem c bao nhiu cp electron lin kt v bao nhiu cp electron khng lin kt (E). Tng qut k hiu phn t ABnEm vi A l nguyn t trung tm, B l cc phi t v c n cp electron lin kt, m cp electron khng phn chia. - m my ca nhng cp electron ho tr c phn b sao cho s y gia nhng cp electron l cc tiu. - Mt cp electron khng phn chia chim mt khng gian ln hn so vi mt cp electron tham gia vo mt lin kt n. Sc y gia cc cp electron ho tr gim theo th t: (E - E) > (E -B ) > (B - B). - Khng gian ca mt cp electron lin kt gim khi m in ca phi t tng. - Hai cp electron ca mt lin kt i hoc ba chim mt khng gian ln hn khng gian ca mt cp electron thuc mt lin kt n. Bng 1.3. Hnh hc ca nhng phn t ABnEm khng c nhng lin kt bi

n + m ABnEm

Cu hnh

Gc

Hnh dng

V d

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2 3

AB2 AB3
..

1800 1200

Thng Tam gic u

BeH2 BF3

AB2E

C gc

SnCl2

AB4 AB3E

.. ..

109028

T din u Thp tam gic

CH4 NH3

AB2E2 5 AB5
:

C gc 900 (1 tm Song thp tam xch o, 1 gic tm trc), T din bin 1200 (2 tm dng xch o), Hnh ch T 1800 (2 tm trc)

H2O PCl5

AB4E AB3E2
:

SF4 ClF3

AB2E3

Thng

XeF2 I3SF6

AB6
..

900

Bt din u Thp vung

AB5E AB4E2 7 AB7


..

..

IF5 XeF4 IF7

720 (2 tm xch o),


:

Vung phng

AB6E

Song thp ng 900 (1 tm gic xch o, 1 Bt din tm trc) khng u

XeF6

e. Thuyt MO v s hnh thnh lin kt cng ho tr

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* Phn t hai nguyn t dng A2 - Chu k 1: Cc nguyn t chu k 1 c AO duy nht 1s, nn trong phn t hai nguyn t dng A2 s c s t hp hai AO-s to ra hai MO- l 1s*1s. - Chu k 2: Cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t chu k 2 c 4 AO ho tr (2s, 2px, 2py v 2pz), do vy trong phn t hai nguyn t dng A2 s t hp to 8 MO: + Hai AO-2s to ra hai MO- l 2s v *2s; + Hai AO-2pz to ra hai MO- l z v *z; + Bn AO-2px,y to ra hai MO- l x, y v *x, *y. i vi cc h O2, F2, Ne2 nng lng cc MO c phn b tng dn theo th t: 2s <*2s <z <x, y <*x, *y <*z (gin A). i vi cc h Li2, Be2, B2, C2, N2 nng lng cc MO c phn b tng dn theo th t: 2s <*2s <x, y <z <*x, *y <*z (gin B). * Phn t hai nguyn t dng AB i vi cc nguyn t chu k 2, s t hp ca hai AO-2s v su AO-2p to ra tm MO c mc nng lng tng dn nh sau: 2s<*2s<x, y<z<*x, *y<*z. Trn c s ny ta c th kho st cu hnh phn t ca cc phn t nh BO, NO, CO, hay cc ion nh CN-, NO+, NO-, CO+, f. S cng hng - lin kt nhiu tm khng nh x Tnh bnh ng ca 3 nguyn t O m lin kt C=O c th c chuyn ho qua li gia 3 nguyn t trong CO32- nn tn ti ng thi 3 dng cu to (1), (2), (3) tng ng sau y:
O C O O O O C O O C O O

(1)

(2)

(3)

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O C O O

2-

(4)

Ngi ta gi y l hin tng cng hng v cc cu to y c gi l cu to cng hng. Trong ion CO32- c mt lin kt khng nh x, m gii ta trn 4 nguyn t ca phn t (hnh (4)) vi bc lin kt ca mi lin kt C-O l
4 1 = 1 . Lin kt nhiu tm khng nh x khng ch 3 3

xut hin trong cc h cng hng , m cn c cc lin kt nhiu tm khng nh x. L thuyt v lin kt nhiu tm khng nh x gip gii thch c mt s phn t thiu cng nh tha electron. g. Mng tinh th * Mng lp phng n gin - nh l cc nguyn t kim loi hay ion dng kim loi. - S nguyn t trong 1 mng c s = 1.

* Mng lp phng tm khi - nh v tm khi hp lp phng l nguyn t hay ion dng kim loi. - S nguyn t trong 1 mng c s = 2.

* Mng lp phng tm din - nh v tm cc mt ca khi hp lp phng l cc nguyn t hoc ion dng kim loi. - S nguyn t trong 1 mng c s = 4.

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* Mng su phng c kht (mng lc phng) - Khi lng tr lc gic gm 3 mng c s. Mi mng c s l mt khi hp hnh thoi. Cc nh v tm khi hp hnh thoi l nguyn t hay ion kim loi. - S nguyn t trong 1 mng c s = 2. * c kht ca mng tinh th (P) P= Tng th tch qu cu Th tch ca mt c s * Khi lng ring ca kim loi. Cng thc tnh khi lng ring ca kim loi: =

3.M.P vi M khi lng kim loi. 4r 3 .N A

II. BI TP VN DNG II.1. H thng bi tp c hng dn gii Bi 1. Trong s cc phn t hai nguyn t N2, C2, O2, CN, CO v NO th phn t no: 1. C th nhn mt electron to thnh ion phn t AB- bn hn? 2. C th mt mt electron to thnh ion phn t AB+ bn hn? 3. L bn hn nhng ion tng ng AB+ v AB-?

Phn tch: Vn dng kin thc v so snh bn ca cc hp cht hoc ion l da vo bc lin kt ca cc phn t. T xy dng tin trnh lun gii cc yu cu ca ra:

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- Xc nh tng electron ho tr ca cc phn t v ion phn t tng ng. - Xc nh bc lin kt mi phn t v ion phn t. Bc lin kt (P) cho mi phn t = (s electron obitan lin kt s electron obitan phn lin kt)/2. - xc nh c s electron trn obitan lin kt v phn lin kt th phi bit kt hp vi kin thc v thuyt MO. + Cu hnh electron phn t ca cc phn t c m in ln l: * * s s* x y z x * z . y + Cu hnh electron phn t ca cc phn t c m in nh l: * * s s* z x y x * z . y
Cc gi tr ca P tnh c l nh sau:

N2 Tng electron ho tr AB ABAB+ 10 3 2,5 2,5

C2 8 2 2,5 1,5

O2 12 2 1,5 2,5

CN 9 2,5 3 2

CO 10 3 2,5 2,5

NO 11 2,5 2 3

Bc lin kt cng ln th phn t cng bn. Da vo bng tnh gi tr P so snh v kt lun rng: 1. C2, CN nhn thm mt electron to thnh ion phn t C2 , CN- s bn hn. 2. O2, NO mt mt electron to thnh ion phn t O2+ , NO+ s bn hn. 3. N2, CO l bn hn nhng ion tng ng.

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Chuyn : Nhng vn kh v quan trng trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng

Bi 2. 1. Da vo m hnh VSEPR hy cho bit dng hnh hc ca cc phn t v ion sau ng thi cho bit kiu lai ho cc AO ho tr ca nguyn t trung tm. a. NH4+; b. BeCl2; c. [Fe(CN)6]4-; d. BrF5; e. COCl2 2. C tn ti phn t NF5 v AsF5 khng? Ti sao?

Phn tch: Vn dng kin thc hc v thuyt VSEPR, i vi mi hp cht cn xc nh c nguyn t trung tm, s lin kt , s cp electron cha tham gia lin kt xung quanh nguyn t trung tm. T , xc nh cu trc hnh hc ca phn t v kiu lai ho ca nguyn t trung tm: 1. a. NH4+ c cng thc VSEPR AX4 c cu trc t din N lai ho sp3. b. BeCl2 c cng thc VSEPR AX2 c cu trc thng Be lai ho sp. c. [Fe(CN)6]4- c cng thc VSEPR AX6 c cu trc bt din u Fe lai ho sp3d2. d. BrF5 c cng thc VSEPR AX5E1 c cu trc hnh chp vung Br lai ho sp3d2. e. COCl2 c cng thc VSEPR AX2 c cu trc tam gic Be lai ho sp2. Thng qua bi tp, bit khi qut v cch lm cc bi tp xc nh cu trc hnh hc ca phn t hay xc nh trng thi lai ho ca nguyn t trung tm trong cc hp cht da vo thuyt VSEPR. 2. Vn dng qui tc bt t v cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t xc nh hp cht c tn ti hay khng? Khng tn ti phn t NF5 v: cu hnh electron ngoi cng ca N l: 2s22p3, s electron ti a trong lp 2 ch c 8 electron nn khng th to 5 lin kt xung quanh. i vi As ((Z=33) 4s24p34d0) c phn lp d trng

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Chuyn : Nhng vn kh v quan trng trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng

c s kch thch electron t phn lp 4s 4d nn c 5 electron c thn to 5 lin kt xung quanh As nn AsF5 tn ti. Thng qua bi tp, khi qut: cc nguyn t thuc chu k 2 th ch c th to ti a l 4 lin kt.

Bi 3. Mt cht rn X ch cha H v O. 0oC, P = 1bar n kt tinh trong h lc gic. mng c bn cho hnh v di y. Cc thng s: a = 452pm, c = 739pm. 1. Xc nh s nguyn t ca mi nguyn t trong mng ca X, t rt ra cng thc HxOy ca mt v s mt trong hp cht ny. Cho bit tn thng thng ca cht rn X. 2. Xc nh khi lng th tch ca X? 3. Xc nh tnh cht ca X khi nhng trong nc: + 0oC, P = 1bar. + Tng nhit v gi nguyn p sut. + Tng p sut v gi nguyn nhit . Cho nc = 1,00.103kg/mol.
a = 452pm c = 739pm

Tm tt: Cht rn X (HxOy) kt tinh h lc gic 1. HxOy ? Tn ca X? 2. x = ?

t = 00 C, P = 1bar 3. X nhng trong nc? khi: t , P = const ,nc=1,00.103kg/mol t = const, P

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Chuyn : Nhng vn kh v quan trng trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng

Phn tch: Yu cu ca bi l tm s nguyn t ca mi nguyn t trong 1 mng cn phi xc nh c v tr ca cc nguyn t trong mng v s ng gp ca n trong 1 mng nh th no? y l 1 bi tp v mng tinh th phn t c cu trc khc hn so vi cc mng c hc nn d gy nhm ln. Xc nh s nguyn t trong mt h lc gic tng i phc tp, cc gc trong hnh lc gic khng phi u bng 900. Do , nn vn dng sng to i vi h lc gic: khi cc nguyn t nm trn cc cnh m gc y l 1200 th s ng gp s l 1/3, nu nm trn cc cnh m gc y l 600 th s ng gp 1/6, nu nm cc nh c gc l 1200 ng gp l 1/6, cn nm cc nh c gc l 600 ng gp l 1/12 vo 1 mng. T da vo hnh v, s xc nh c s phn t H2O trong 1 mng. 1. S nguyn t O = 4.
1 3 1 1 1 1 + 4. + 2. + 2. = 4 ; 12 6 3 6 1 6

S nguyn t H = 2. + 2. + 7.1 = 8 . CT ca HxOy: H8O4 = 4H2O vy c 4 phn t H2O trong mng. y chnh l tinh th nc . 2. Xc nh khi lng th tch ca X, p dng cng thc: = M.Z 2 2 vi V = c.a 2 .sin = 739.10-12 ( 452 ) .10-24 .sin = 1,31.10-28 m3 V.N A 3

M.Z 18.10-3 .4 = = = 914,25kg/m3 -28 23 V.N A 1,31.10 .6,023.10 3. Da vo cc kin thc

vt l hc lp lun tr li cu hi: Ta c: nc < nc 0oC, P = 1bar: nc ni ln trn mt nc. + Khi tng nhit v gi nguyn p sut th nc nng chy, tan ra, chuyn sang th lng. + Khi tng p sut v gi nguyn nhit , dn n th tch gim tng nn nc chy ra thnh nc. - Khi gii cc bi tp hc sinh c rn luyn nhiu cc thao tc t duy nh phn tch, tng hp, khi qut, so snh. Cc thao tc t duy khng tch
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Chuyn : Nhng vn kh v quan trng trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng

ri nhau m kt hp vi nhau mt cch cht ch hay gii mt bi tp th yu cu phi vn dng cc kin thc khng ch mt bi m c th nhiu bi, nhiu chng.

Bi 4. Nguyn t X (c nhiu dng th hnh) c mt anion cha oxi ng vai tr quan trng trong nhim nc. m in ca n nh hn ca oxi. N ch to hp cht phn t vi halogen. Ngoi hai oxit n phn t cn c nhng oxit cao phn t. X cn c vai tr rt quan trng trong sinh ho. Cc obitan p lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t X ch c 1 electron. 1. l nguyn t no? Vit cu hnh ca n. 2. X c th to vi hiro nhiu hp cht cng ho tr c cng thc chung l XaHb; dy hp cht ny tng t dy ng ng ankan. a. Vit CTCT ca bn cht ng ng u tin. b. Mt trong bn cht ny c 3 ng phn lp th (tng t axit tatric). Xc nh cht cn tm. 3. Nguyn t X to c nhng axit cha oxi (oxoaxit) c cng thc chung l H3XOn vi n = 2, 3, 4. Vit CTCT ca 3 axit ny. nh du * cc nguyn t H axit v ghi s oxi ho ca X trong cc hp cht ny. 4. Mt hp cht d vng ca X, vi cu trc phng, do J.Liebig v F.Wohler tng hp t nm 1834, c to thnh t phn ng ca NH 4Cl vi mt cht pentaclo ca X; sn phm ph ca phn ng ny l mt kh d tan trong nc v phn ng nh l mt axit mnh. a. Vit phng trnh ca phn ng ni trn. b. Vit CTCT ca hp cht (NXCl2)3. 5. Hp cht v c va nu trn c tnh cht khc thng khi b un nng: n si 2560C khi b un nng nhanh. Nu un nng chm n bt u nng chy 2500C; lm ngui nhanh cht lng ny th c mt cht tng t cao su.

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Chuyn : Nhng vn kh v quan trng trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng

Phn tch: y l bi tp vn dng v phi hp kin thc ca nhiu chng, kin thc ca cc mn hc c th tr li cc yu cu ca bi. 1. i t cc d kin ra kt hp vi cc kin thc hc v chng bng h thng tun hon v cc kin thc v t nhin phn tch tm ra nguyn t X nh sau: - Nguyn t X c mt anion cha oxi ng vai tr quan trng trong nhim nc c th l ion NO3-, SO42-, PO43-,... - Cc obitan p lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t X ch c 1 electron: p3 c 5 electron lp ngoi cng. T , suy ra c l nguyn t X thuc phn nhm VA. - X to nhng oxit cao phn t X c phn lp d X thuc t chu k 3 tr i. - X cn c vai tr rt quan trng trong sinh ho. Tng hp: l nguyn t Photpho. Cu hnh electron: 1s22s22p63s23p3. 2. X c th to vi hiro nhiu hp cht cng ho tr c cng thc chung l XaHb; dy hp cht ny tng t dy ng ng ankan. c th vit c 4 cht u tin trong dy ng ng th phi xc nh c cng thc chung ca dy hp cht. C th s dng phng php qui np nu bit cc cng thc PH3, P2H4 hoc c th t duy da vo ho tr ca P v H nh sau: - P c ho tr III, H c ho tr I. - Khi to lin kt: s lin kt gia P v H l 3n (n l s nguyn t P). - Khi to thnh dy ng ng c to lin kt gia P v P l 2(n - 1); s lin kt gia P v H l 3n 2(n - 1) = n + 2. Tng hp: Cng thc chung ca dy ng ng: PnHn+2. a. 4 cht u ca dy ng ng: PH3, P2H4, P3H5, P4H6.

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Chuyn : Nhng vn kh v quan trng trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng

P H H H H P P H P H H

H P H P

H P H

H P P H P

H H

b. i vi cu hi ny, phi bit v hiu cch xc nh c ng phn lp th v bit c cng thc ca axit tatric: tng tng kt hp vi quan st v cng thc ca axit tatric xc nh trong cng thc ca P4H6 c 2 P bt i xng th s xut hin 3 ng phn lp th. 3. Ba axit l: H3PO2, H3PO3, H3PO4. xc nh H axit trong 3 axit th cn phi xc nh H no linh ng l H lin kt trc tip vi O.
* OH O P H
+1

* OH
H

* OH

+3

+5

* OH

* OH

* OH

4. Phn tch: - Sn phm ph ca phn ng ny l mt kh d tan trong nc v phn ng nh l mt axit mnh, trong thnh phn c cha nguyn t Cl HCl. - Kt hp vi quan st cu b to sn phm l hp cht (NXCl 2)3. Tng hp: a. Vit phng trnh: 3NH4Cl + 3PCl5 (NPCl2)3 + 12HCl b. Da vo phn tch: (NPCl 2)3 l hp cht d vng, vi cu trc phng th ch c cng thc sau l ph hp

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Chuyn : Nhng vn kh v quan trng trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng

Cl P Cl N Cl

N P P N Cl

Cl Cl

5. Da vo kin thc hc v so snh nhit si cc cht c th gii thch v tnh cht khc thng ca hp cht v c trn: un nng nhanh cht nng chy khng b gy vng. un nng chm vng b b gy to thnh cc phn t polime c h lin hp
N Cl P N Cl Cl P N Cl Cl P Cl

II.2. H thng bi tp t gii Bi 1. 1. Ti sao c cc phn t BF3, BCl3, BBr3 nhng khng c phn t BH3? 2. Hy m t cu trc phn t BX3. Bo trng thi lai ho no? Trng thi lai ho ny thay i nh th no khi halogenua Bo hnh thnh mt lin phn t vi mt baz, v d nh Pyridin (C5H5N)? S thay i cu trc xung quanh Bo vi s hnh thnh lin phn t ni trn s thun li hn khi X l F hay I? 3. Hy gii thch ti sao axit orthoboric H3BO3 l axit mt ln axit? 4. M t cu to ca phn t B2H6? Thuyt MO gii thch s hnh thnh lin kt 3 tm B-H-B nh th no? Bi 2. Xt ng phn cis- v trans- ca iimin N2H2: 1. Hy vit CTCT ca mi ng phn ny.
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Chuyn : Nhng vn kh v quan trng trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng

2. Trong mi cu to , nguyn t N dng lai ho no? Hy trnh by c th. 3. ng phn no bn hn? Hy gii thch. Bi 3. 1. Trong cc cu trc c th c sau y, nhng cu trc no tn ti u tin hn? V sao? Ion ICl4Cl Cl Cl I Cl Cl (a) Cl I Cl Cl (b)

Phn t TeCl4

Cl Te Cl Cl Cl (c)

Cl Cl Te Cl Cl (d)

2. Ti sao nc nh hn nc lng? (c v hnh minh ha) 3. Da theo thuyt MO, hy gii thch t tnh ca phn t F2 v ion CO+. Bi 4. Hai nguyn t C v N l 2 nguyn t k tip nhau chu k 2 ca bng h thng tun hon. Hy gii thch: 1. Lin kt C C c hot tnh mnh, trong khi lin kt N N c hot tnh rt yu? 2. Lin kt n C C rt bn so vi lin kt n N N? Phn t Nng lng lin kt (kcal/mol) H3C CH3 83 H2N NH2 38

Bi 5. 1. Trnh by cu to phn t ozon theo thuyt VB v thuyt cng hng.

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Chuyn : Nhng vn kh v quan trng trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng

2. Hy chng minh rng v mt nng lng khng th coi O3 c cu trc vng kn. Bit: - Nng lng phn li oxi: 118Kcal/mol - Nng lng lin kt O O: 33Kcal/mol - Phn ng: 3O2 2O3 Bi 6. 1. M t dng hnh hc phn t, trng thi lai ho ca nguyn t trung tm trong cc phn t v ion: IF5, XeF4, Be(CH3)2, BCl3, H3O+, NO3-. 2. So snh ln gc lin kt ca cc phn t: PI3, PCl3, PBr3, PF3. Gii thch. 3. So snh nhit nng chy ca cc cht: NaCl, KCl, MgO. Gii thch. Bi 7. 1. Thc nghim cho bit c ba hp cht CHBr 3, SiHBr3, CH(CH3)3 u c cu to t din. C ba tr s gc lin kt ti tm l 110o; 111o; 112o (khng k ti H khi xt cc gc ny). m in ca H l 2,20; CH3 l 2,27; Csp l 2,47; Si l 2,24; Br l 2,50. Da vo m hnh VSEPR v m
3

H0298 = 67,8Kcal

in, hy cho bit tr s gc ca mi hp cht v gii thch. 2. M t cu trc cc phn t N(CH 3)3 v N(SiH3)3. So snh gc lin kt CNC vi SiNSi. So snh tnh baz gia 2 hp cht trn. Bi 8. Gii thch cc ni dung sau: 1. CO v N2 c nhiu tnh cht vt l ging nhau, u rt km hot ng iu kin thng v tr nn hot ng hn khi nhit cao? 2. BeCl2 d c kh nng ime ho v polime ho. 3. Nng lng ion ho th nht (I1) ca Mg ln hn so vi Al (Mg c I1 = 7,644eV cn Al c I1 = 5,984eV). 4. Phn t NH3 c gc lin kt HNH (1070) ln hn gc lin kt HOH (104,290) trong pt H2O.

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Chuyn : Nhng vn kh v quan trng trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng

Bi 9. Silic c cu trc tinh th ging kim cng vi thng s mng a = 0,543nm. Tnh bn knh nguyn t cng ha tr ca silic v khi lng ring (g/cm3) ca n. Cho bit MSi = 28,086g/mol. Kim cng c cu trc lp phng tm din, ngoi ra cn c 4 nguyn t nm 4 hc t din ca mng c s. Bi 10. Mui LiCl kt tinh theo mng lp phng tm din. mng c s c di mi cnh l 5,14.10-10m. Gi thuyt ion Li+ nh ti mc c th xy ra tip xc anion anion v ion Li+ c xp kht vo khe gia cc ion Cl-. Hy tnh di bn knh ca mi ion Li +, Cl- trong mng tinh th theo picomet (pm)? Bi 11. Cacbon th hin tnh cht tinh th hc rt khc nhau ty theo bn cht cc dng tn ti ca n. 1. Kim cng c trng bng mng lp phng vi thng s a = 357pm (hnh v). Tnh bn knh cng ha tr ca C.

Cu trc kim cng D a. V tr cc nguyn t Cacbon b. Tp hp t din

2. Graphit c cu trc lc phng, c trng bng t s c/a = 2,72 (hnh v). - Xc nh cc thng s mng ca n nu bn knh cng ha tr ca C khng i.
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Chuyn : Nhng vn kh v quan trng trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng

- Tnh gi tr thc ca bn knh C trong graphit, bit thng s a thc t l 246pm? - Xc nh s mt v compac ca graphit.

Bi 12. 1. graphit Cu trcNhm clorua khi ho tan vo mt s dung mi hoc khi bay hi a. V tr cc nguyn t qu cao th tn ti dng ime (Al Cl ). nhit cao nhit khng Cacbon 2 6 b. Tp hp t din

(7000C) ime b phn li thnh monome (AlCl3). Vit cng thc cu to Lewis ca phn t ime v monome, cho bit kiu lai ho ca nguyn t nhm, kiu lin kt trong mi phn t, m t cu trc hnh hc ca cc phn t . 2. Phn t HF v phn t H2O c momen lng cc, phn t khi gn bng nhau (HF: 1,91 Debye, H2O: 1,84 Debye, MHF = 20, M H O = 18), nhng
2

nhit nng chy ca hiroflorua l 0C thp hn nhiu so vi nhit 83 nng chy ca nc l 00C, hy gii thch v sao? Bi 13. T nhit phng n 1185K, st tn ti dng Fe vi cu trc lp phng tm khi, t 1185K n 1667K dng Fe vi cu trc lp phng tm din. 293K, st c khi lng ring d = 7,874g/cm3. 1. Tnh bn knh nguyn t st? 2. Tnh khi lng ring d ca Fe 1250K (b qua nh hng khng ng k do s gin n nhit)? Thp l hp kim ca Fe v C, trong mt s khong trng gia cc nguyn t Fe b chim bi nguyn t C. Trong l luyn thp (l thi) st d nng chy khi cha 4,3% C v khi lng. Nu c lm lnh nhanh th cc nguyn t C vn c phn tn trong mng li lp phng tm khi, hp kim gi l martensite cng v gin. Kch thc ca t bo s ng Fe khng i.

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3. Hy tnh s nguyn t trung bnh ca C trong mi t bo c bn ca Fe vi hm lng ca C l 4,3%? 4. Hy tnh khi lng ring ca martensite? Bi 14. Mono oxit st c cng cu trc tinh th nh NaCl, nhng l mt hp cht khng hp thc, ngha l n khng ng vi cng thc FeO. Ngi ta ngh hai cng thc Fe1-xO (cu trc lp phng tm din ca cc ion O2nhng tt c cc l bt din khng b chim ht Fe2+) hay FeO1+y (cu trc lp phng tm din ca cc ion Fe2+ vi mt s d O2-) gii thch s thiu Fe2+ so vi O2-. la chn gia hai cng thc ny ngi ta nghin cu mt oxit st cha 76,57% st (phn trm v khi lng) m t trng d = 5,70g/cm3 v cnh ca t bo a = 0,431nm. Tnh cc khi lng mx, my ca t bo tinh th cho hai cng thc c ngh v t rt ra cc t trng dx, dy. Chng minh rng, cng thc ng l Fe1-xO v tnh x? Bi 15. 1. Phn loai cac cht sau y theo ban cht cua lc tng tac gia cac n vi cu truc trong mang tinh th cua chung: Cu, kim cng, MgO, C6H12O6, I2, Pb, BN, NaH. 2. Mu trong c th ngi c mu v cha hemoglobin (cht vn chuyn oxi cha st). Mu cua mt s ng vt nhuyn th A khng co mau o ma c mu khc vi cha mt kim loai khc (X). T bo n v ( mng c s) lp phng tm din ca tinh th X (hnh bn), co cnh C bng 3,62.10-8cm. Khi lng ring ca nguyn t ny B A l 8920kg/m3. a. Tnh th tch ca cc nguyn t trong mt t bo v phn trm th tich ca t bao b chim bi cc nguyn t. b. Xc nh nguyn t X.

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Chuyn : Nhng vn kh v quan trng trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng

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Chuyn : Nhng vn kh v quan trng trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng

KT LUN
Sau mt thi gian nghim tc v tch cc nghin cu, ti hon thnh ti Nhng ni dung thng gp v kh phn lin kt ha hc. ti h thng kin thc nng cao dnh cho hc sinh trung hc ph thng da trn c s kin thc c bn trong chng trnh sch gio khoa lp 10 nng cao. ng thi la chn c 19 bi tp, trong 4 bi tp c hng dn gii v 15 bi tp t gii ca phn lin kt ha hc. Do thi gian nghin cu cn mt s hn ch v mt khch quan va ch quan nn kt qu nghin cu khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, Ti rt mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp qu bu ca qu thy, c gio cng cc bn ng nghip vic nghin cu tip ca chng ti t c nhng kt qu cao hn. Cui cng ti xin gi ti thy gio Tin s Cao C Gic li cm n su sc trong sut qu trnh hc tp gip chng ti rt nhiu, cm n thy v giao cho ti mt ti tht s c ngha trong cng vic hc tp, nghin cu v ging dy ca mnh.

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Chuyn : Nhng vn kh v quan trng trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng

TI LIU THAM KHO


1. Mt s vn chon loc cua Hoa hoc - Tp I - Nguyn Duy i, Nguyn Tinh Dung, Trn Thanh Hu, Trn Quc Sn, Nguyn Vn Tong NXB Gio , dc, Ha Ni, 2000. 2. Cm nang n luyn Ho hc ph thng - Tp I: Ho i cng Cao C Gic, NXB i hc Quc gia, H Ni, 2009. 3. Phng php gii bi tp ho hc 10 t lun v trc nghim - Cao C Gic, NXB i hc Quc gia, Thnh ph H Ch Minh, 2007. 4. Ho hc nm th nht MPSI v PTSI - o Qu Chiu - NXB Gio dc, H Ni, 2006. 5. Ti liu nng cao v m rng kin thc Ho hc ph thng trung hc - Nguyn Tinh Dung, Hong Nhm, Trn Quc Sn, Phm Vn T NXB Gio dc, H Ni, 1999. 6. Olympic Ho hc Vit Nam v Quc t - Tp 1, 2, 3, 4 - Phm nh Hin, Phm Vn T, NXB Gio dc, H Ni, 2000.

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