Mạng truyền tải quang WDM

THUT NG VIT TT
ADM Add Drop Multiplexer B ghp knh xen/r

AOTN All Optical Transport Network Mng truyn ti ton quang
APD Avalance Photodiode Dit tch sng thc
APS Automatic Protection
Switching
Chuyn mch bo v t ng
ARC Alarm Reporting Control iu khin bo cnh bo
ASE Amplified Spontaneous
Emission
Pht x t pht c khuych
i
AST Alarm Status Function Chc nng trng thi cnh bo
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode Ch truyn khng ng b
CTP Connection Termination Point im u cui kt ni
DEMUX Demultiplexer B tch knh
DLE Dynamic Lightpath
Establishment
Thit lp tuyn quang ng
DLP Dedecated Line Protection Bo v on ring
DPP Dedecated Path Protection Bo v tuyn ring
DP-WSHR Dedecated-Path-Switched
WDM self-healing ring
Ring WDM t hi phc chuyn
mch bo v tuyn ring
EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier B khuych i si c pha tp
Erbium
FWM Four-Wave Mixing Trn bn bc sng
HP Higher order Path Tuyn bc cao
IP Internet Protocol Giao thc Internet
ITU International
Telecommunications Union
Lin minh vin thng quc t
LC Link Connection Kt ni tuyn
LOS Loss Of Signal Mt tn hiu
LP Lower order Path Tuyn bc thp
LSA Link State Advertisement Thng bo trng thi tuyn
MPLS MultiProtocol Label Switching Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc
MP
S MultiProtocol Labda Switching Chuyn mch bc sng a

giao thc
MS Multiplex Section on ghp knh
M-WSHR Multiple WDM Self Healing
Ring Protection
Bo v a ring WDM t hi
phc
MUX Multiplexer B ghp knh
NZ-DSF Non-ZeroDispersion Shifted
Fibre
Si dch tn sc khc khng
i
OA Optical Amplier B khuch i quang
OADM Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer B ghp knh xen/r quang
OBPSR Optical Bi-directional
Protection Switching Ring
Ring chuyn mch bo v tuyn
hai hng
OBS Optical Bust Switching Chuyn mch cm quang
OC Optical Carrier Truyn ti quang
OC-DPRing Optical Carrier-Dedicated
Protection Ring
Ring bo v dnh ring truyn
ti quang
OCG Optical Channel Group Nhm knh quang
OCh Optical Channel Knh quang
OCh-
DPRing
Optical Channel-Dedicated
Protection Ring
Ring bo v dnh ring knh
quang
OCh-
SPRing
Optical Channel Shared
Protection Ring
Ring bo v chia s knh quang
O-E-O Optical-Enectronical-Optical Bin i quang-in-quang
OMS Optical Multiplex Section on ghp knh quang
OMS-
DPRing
Optical Multiplex Section
-Dedicated Protection Ring
Ring bo v dnh ring on
ghp knh quang
OMSP Optical Multiplex Section
Protection
Bo v on ghp knh
OMS-
SPRing
Optical Multiplex Section
Shared Protection Ring
Ring bo v dng chung on
ghp knh quang
OS Optical Source Ngun quang
OSNCP Optical Subnet Connection
Protection
Bo v kt ni mng con quang
OTDM Optical Time Division
Multiplexing
Ghp knh quang phn chia
theo thi gian
OTM Optical Termination
Multiplexer
B u cui ghp knh quang
OTS Optical Transmission Section on truyn dn quang
OXC Optical Crossconnect Ni cho quang
PCM Pulse Code Modulation iu ch xung m
PDH Plesiochronous Digital
Hierachy
Phn cp s cn ng b
PIN Positive Intrinsic Negative Cu trc bn dn P-N c lp t
dn bn trong
PPS Path Protection Switching Chuyn mch bo v tuyn
QoS Quality of Service Cht lng dch v
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierachy Phn cp s ng b
SNCP SubNet Connection Protection Bo v kt ni mng con
SNR Signal-Noise Ratio T s tn hiu trn nhiu
SONET Synchronous Optical Network Mng quang ng b
ii
TDM Time Division Multiplexing Ghp knh phn chia theo thi
gian
TWP Tuneable Wavelength Path Tuyn bc sng ng hm
VC Virtual Carrier Mch o
VRA Virtual Ring Architecture Kin trc Ring o
VWP Virtual Wavelength Path Tuyn bc sng o
WC Wavelength Converter B chuyn i bc sng
WDM Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
Ghp knh phn chia theo bc
sng
WP Wavelength Path Tuyn bc sng
WR Wavelength Receiver B nhn bc sng
iii
LI NI U
X hi pht trin ko theo nhiu ngnh khc pht trin mnh m, trong
c vin thng v cng ngh thng tin nhm p ng nhng nhu cu ngy cng
nhiu v cng cao ca con ngi. Khch hng ngy cng c cung cp nhiu
dch v mi vi cht lng v tc c ci tin. iu ng ngha vi vic
cc nh cung cp phi ci thin cc cng ngh c v nghin cu cc cng ngh
mi m bo cung cp cho khch hng cc dch v: m bo cht lng m
gi thnh thp. Mt trong cc gii php c a ra l cng ngh ghp knh
theo bc sng (cng ngh ghp knh quang WDM). Khi nim ghp knh
quang xut hin t nm 1958, nhng mi n nm 1997 Tomlinson v
Aumiller mi a vo ng dng u tin trong thc t. Ghp bc sng quang
hay cn gi l ghp knh quang theo tn s l mt phng thc truyn dn mang
li nhiu li ch v kinh t v vn qun l mng. Chnh v vy m phm vi
ng dng ca n m rng mt cch nhanh chng. Cc nh t chc th vn
hi Olympic ma ng 1992 s dng tuyn cp quang ghp bc sng
truyn cc chng trnh gia cc a im thi u n thnh ph Alberville.
Hin ghp bc sng quang c ng dng rng ri trn cc mng truyn
dn nh h thng truyn hnh cp, trong mng ni ht, trong mng truy nhp
thu bao v ch yu l trong cc h thng cp quang bin.
Vit Nam, mng li truyn ti quang trong nhng nm qua p ng
c nhu cu ca ngi s dng. Nhng vi xu hng pht trin cc dch v a
phng tin (yu cu bng thng ln) th mng truyn ti s sm ri vo tnh
trng qu ti. Chnh v vy, cng ngh ghp bc sng quang (WDM) c
chn lm gii php gii quyt vn . Thng 4 nm 1998, Vit Nam bt
u trin khai xy dng trm cp b tuyn cp quang bin SEA ME WE 3
ni 33 quc gia khc nhau ca Chu v Ty u c tc bit vo cui nm
1999 ln ti 40 Gbit/s. y l tuyn thng tin quang ng dng cng ngh ghp
bc sng quang u tin ti Vit Nam.
Bng tn truyn dn ca si n mode rt rng. V vy gii php ghp knh
theo bc (WDM) sng s lm tng dung lng v gi thnh li thp. Hn na
iv
ghp knh theo bc sng cn c p dng trong nh tuyn v chuyn mch
quang.
trin khai mt h thng truyn dn WDM cn phi gii quyt rt nhiu
cc vn t ra nh l nh cu hnh mng, thit k tuyn, bo v mng, nh
tuyn v phn b bc sng duy tr hot ng an ton mng th mt
trong nhng vn t ra l cn phi nghin cu vn bo v v phc hi
cho mng. V vy trong n ny em s tm hiu nhng gii php bo v, phc
hi ph hp cho mng truyn ti quang WDM. t c mc tiu trong
n ca em i vo tm hiu nhng vn chnh:
Tng quan v cng ngh WDM
Bo v trong mng truyn ti quang WDM
Phc hi mng v phn b li ti nguyn
Mc d ht sc c gng, nhng chc hn cc vn nu ra trong phm
vi n ny cha th hon chnh v mt vn ht sc quan trng nh vy. Ni
dung ca n vn cn c cc vn cn phi xem xt thm v khng th trnh
khi nhng khim khuyt. Rt mong c cc Thy C gio ch bo, cc bn
sinh vin v cc bn c quan tm ti vn ny gp , ch dn thm.
Em xin c cm n su sc Thy gio TS. Bi Trung Hiu, ngui Thy
ht sc to iu kin gip , hng dn, ch bo, gip em hon thnh n ny.
Em cng xin cm n cc thy, c gio trong B mn Thng tin quang - Khoa
Vin Thng 1 ch bo dy d truyn cho em kin thc.
H Ni, ngy thng nm 2005
Sinh Vin
Nguyn Trng Cng
[dB]
[m]
1,5 1,6
v
CHNG I
TNG QUAN V CNG NGH WDM
1.1.Gii thiu
Nhng nm gn y, cc dch v thng tin tng trng ngy cng nhanh
chng, yu cu v dung lng truyn dn ngy cng ln, ng thi yu cu v
cht lng truyn dn cng ngy cng kht khe hn.
thch ng vi s tng trng khng ngng v tho mn yu cu tnh
linh hot ca mng, cc cng ngh truyn dn khc nhau c nghin cu,
trin khai th nghim v a vo ng dng, trong s phi k n cng ngh
TDM, WDM, OTDM, Soliton.
Vi cng ngh TDM, dung lng h thng c th t ti 5 Gbps, tuy nhin
y cng l gii hn dung lng ca cng ngh ny. Vi nhng g khng t
c ca h thng TDM v mt dung lng th h thng thng tin quang da
trn cng ngh WDM li p ng c.
Cng ngh ghp knh theo bc sng quang (WDM - Wavelength Division
Multiplexing) l cng ngh truyn ng thi nhiu bc sng khc nhau trn
mt si quang, vi dung lng trn mi bc sng quang in hnh l 2,5 Gbps.
S lng ghp thng l (2 16) bc sng (trong tung lai, con s ny cn ln
hn). u vo, cc bc sng quang mang thng tin (cc knh quang) c
ghp trn cng mt si quang v c truyn dn ti u thu. Ti u thu, cc
bc sng ghp c tch ra bng cc b tch knh quang. Dc theo tuyn
truyn dn c th c cc b khuch i quang b li suy hao truyn dn. Cng
ngh ny thc s cho hiu qu truyn dn rt cao m khng qu phc tp.
Di y l mt tnh ton cho thy s hp dn ca cng ngh WDM
Bng tn truyn dn ca si quang l rt ln; Ch vi ring ca s quang
1550 nm th di bc sng c th s dng l 1500 nm 1600 nm, tng ng vi
di tn rng c 12,5 THz.
[dB]
[m]
1,5 1,6
vi
S dng cho tc truyn tin c 10 Gbps th ch cn s dng mt phn rt
nh trong bng tn truyn dn ny. R rng, c th thy dung lng yu cu c
hng trm Gbps l hon ton nm trong kh nng ca h thng WDM. Thm vo
, h thng cn rt mm do khi c cc phn t nh b tch ghp quang, b ni
cho quang, chuyn mch quang, cc b lc quang thc hin la chn knh ng
hoc tnh
Cc cng ngh khc nh OTDM, truyn dn Soliton th dung lng c
p ng rt tt nhng li qu phc tp, bi th m gi thnh h thng li tr
thnh vn ng quan tm.
Cng ngh WDM vi s nng cp m rng dung lng pht trin dch v
bng rng, khai thc y tim nng bng rng ca si quang, thc hin truyn
dn thng tin siu tc, c ngha rt quan trng trong truyn dn cp si quang
ni ring, trong cng nghip vin thng ni chung. Thc s, n l cng ngh
ng c quan tm, nghin cu v trin khai ng dng rng ri.
1.2.Tin trnh pht trin mng truyn ti
thy r c xu hng pht trin mng trong tng lai, trc ht nhn
li lch s pht trin ca cng ngh mng truyn ti. Cng ngh mng tri qua
cc giai on chuyn i t tng t sang s, t phn cp s cn ng b(PDH)
sang phn cp s ng b (SDH) v gn y l t SDH sang WDM (ghp knh
phn chia theo bc sng). h tr v tng thch hon ton vi cng ngh c
th cng ngh chuyn mch mi phi thch hp vi cng ngh truyn dn trc.
Chng hn cng ngh PCM c chuyn mch mc 64Kbit/s v truyn dn
mc 2Mbit/s; khi chuyn ln PDH th ni cho mc 2Mbit/s v truyn dn
Pha ca mt
ngun quang
[dB]
Bng tn ca s 1550 nm
Hnh 1.1 Bng tn truyn dn si quang.
[m]
0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6
1,5 1,6
vii
mc 140Mbit/s; v khi ln n SDH th ni cho mc 155Mbit/s v truyn dn
mc 10Mbit/s. Cn vi cng ngh WDM th cha c xc nh r nhng
theo d on th tc chuyn mch c s c 300Gbit/s tng ng vi dung
lng truyn dn 10Tbit/s. Da theo lch s pht trin v nhu cu hin ti th
cng ngh WDM t nht cng p ng c trong mt thp k. Trong tng lai,
sm hay mun th cng cn c cng ngh WDM pht trin hn v c l c kt
hp vi cc k thut x l tn hiu quang nh ghp knh theo thi gian
quang(OTDM) v chuyn mch gi quang cng vi cc trm lp quang 3R
m rng trong sut ca mng. Trong tng lai xu hng tin ti mng ton
quang (photonic).
xy dng nn mt mng truyn ti photonic kh thi v c li v kinh t
th ngoi thch thc ban u v cc cng ngh ng truyn quang cht lng
cao, cc b ni cho, v cc nt chuyn mch quang th cn cn phi vt qua
thch thc v cu trc mng. Yu cu quan trng nht ca mt mng truyn ti
l n cn c cu trc tt. Yu cu ny cng c thc hin tng t nh ca
cc mng SDH hin nay. Cc thnh phn cu trc s bn l cc topo Ring v
Mesh v c th t hp theo vi cch nh kt hp Ring/Mesh, phn cp a
Ring. Hnh 1.2 ch ra xu hng pht trin c th ca mng truyn ti photonic
tng ng vi s pht trin cng ngh cc khi c bn.
Khi xy dng mng th cng cn c s gim st xem ci g s xy ra trong
mng. Trong khi khai thc chc chn s gp phi cc s kin c d liu trc
v cc s kin khng xc nh trc v i khi khng mong mun. Do cn c
h thng bo hiu v gim st cho mng. So vi mng SDH, th c rt nhiu vn
cn phi c cp trong mng WDM. V d gim st t l li bt quang r
rng lm d dng hn cho hot ng ca mng WDM. Cn c cc tiu chun v
mo u v bo hiu pht trin cc thit b mng WDM.
viii
Ro cn quan trng tip theo cn vt l pht trin mt m hnh thng
tin hiu qu trch v x l tt c cc trng thng tin nhn t mng. Cc th
nghim ch ra rng p dng thng cch tip cn m hnh phn lp c pht
trin cho mng SDH ny ra mt s vn i vi mng WDM. Khi pht trin
cc h thng qun l cc mng WDM c bn cht tng t vi nhiu hiu ng
vn cha c xc nh r ny ra cc thch thc mi cho nghin cu.
1.3.Cng ngh WDM
1.3.1 u nhc im ca cng ngh WDM
So vi h thng truyn dn n knh quang, h thng WDM cho thy
nhng u im ni tri:
ix
Ring WDM kt ni y
Ring WDM kt ni tp trung
OADM OADM
Truyn dn WDM im-im
Truyn dn WDM chui c OADM
OADM
OADM
OADM OADM
OADM
OADM
OADM
OADM OADM
OADM
oxc
oxc
oxc
oxc
oxc
Topo Mesh v kt ni cc Ring
X
u

h
n
g

p
h
t

t
r
i
n

c
n
g

n
g
h
1996 1998 2000 2002

Hnh 1.2 Xu hng pht trin kin trc mng
Dung lng ln truyn dn ln
H thng WDM c th mang nhiu knh quang, mi knh quang ng vi
tc bit no (TDM). Do h thng WDM c dung lng truyn dn ln
hn nhiu so vi cc h thng TDM. Hin nay h thng WDM 80 bc sng vi
mi bc sng mang tn hiu TDM 2,5Gbit/s, tng dung lng h thng s l
200Gbit/s c th nghim thnh cng. Trong khi th nghim h thng
TDM, tc bit mi ch t ti STM-256 (40Gbit/s).
Loi b yu cu kht khe cng nh nhng kh khn gp phi vi h
thng TDM n knh tc cao.
Khng ging nh TDM phi tng tc s liu khi lu lng truyn dn
tng, WDM ch cn mang vi tn hiu, mi tn hiu ng vi mt bc sng ring
(knh quang), do tc tng knh quang thp. iu ny lm gim ng k
tc ng bt li ca cc tham s truyn dn nh tn sc Do trnh c s
phc tp ca cc thit b TDM tc cao.
p ng linh hot vic nng cp dung lng h thng, thm ch ngay c
khi h thng vn ang hot ng
K thut WDM cho php tng dung lng ca cc mng hin c m
khng phi lp t thm si quang mi (hay cp quang). Bn cnh n cng
m ra mt th trng mi l thu knh quang (hay bc sng quang) ngoi
vic thu si hoc cp. Vic nng cp ch n gin l cm thm cc Card mi
trong khi h thng vn hot ng (plug-in-play).
Qun l bng tn hiu qu v ti cu hnh mm do v linh hot
Nh vic nh tuyn v phn b bc sng trong mng WDM nn n c
kh nng qun l hiu qu bng tn truyn dn v cu hnh li dch v mng
trong chu k sng ca h thng m khng cn i li cp hoc thit k li mng
hin ti.
Gim chi ph u t mi
Bn cnh nhng u im trn WDM cng bc l mt s mt hn ch nm
ngay bn thn cng ngh. y cng chnh l nhng thch thc cho cng ngh
ny
Dung lng h thng vn cn qu nh b so vi bng tn si quang
x
Cng ngh WDM ngy nay rt hiu qu trong vic nng cao dung lng
nhng n cng cha khai thc trit bng tn rng ln ca si quang. Cho d
cng ngh cn pht trin nhng dung lng WDM cng s t n gi tr ti
hn.
Chi ph cho khai thc v bo dng tng do c nhiu h thng cng hot
ng hn.
1.3.2 K thut ghp knh theo bc sng
Ghp knh theo bc sng (WDM) l cng ngh c bn to nn mng
quang. K thut ny tn dng bng tn ca si quang bng cch truyn nhiu
knh bc sng quang c lp v ring r trn cng mt si quang. Mi bc
sng biu th cho mt knh quang trong si, ta c th hiu l mi mt mu sc
khc nhau l mt knh thng tin quang khc nhau. V nh vy tn hiu truyn
trn h thng WDM s ging nh mt chic cu vng. Mc d bc sng ng
dng trong thng tin l nhng bc sng khng nhn thy, song y l mt cch
thc rt trc quan m t nguyn l ny.

Trn mt si quang hoc mt h thng thng tin quang ta c th ghp bc
sng quang theo mt hng i hoc c hai hng i v hng v.
Theo thi gian, khi nim WDM c thay bng khi nim DWDM. V
nguyn l khng c s khc bit no gia hai khi nim ny, DWDM ni n
khong cch gn gia cc knh v ch ra mt cch nh tnh s lng knh ring
r (mt knh) trong h thng. Nhng knh quang trong h thng DWDM
thng nm trong mt ca s bc sng, ch yu l 1550 nm v mi trng ng
dng h thng ny l mng ng trc, c ly truyn dn di v dung lng
xi
Hnh 1.3 Nguyn l c bn ca h thng thng tin quang WDM
.
.
.
n
.
.
.
.
.
.
12... n 12... n
M
U
X
D
E
M
U
X
1
n
2
.... ....
1
2
truyn dn ln. Cng ngh hin nay cho php ch to phn t v h thng
DWDM 80 knh vi khong cch knh rt nh (xp x 0,5 nm). thun tin
chng ta dng thut ng WDM ch chung cho c hai khi nim WDM v
DWDM.
Nhn bn ngoi, mt h thng truyn dn WDM v mt h thng truyn
dn quang SDH c rt nhiu im tng t. C hai h thng u c:
Cc thit b ghp tch knh u cui (MUX, DEMUX).
Cc thit b khuch i ng truyn hoc lp (Line Amplifier,
Regenerator).
Cc thit b xen/r knh (ADM).
Cc thit b u cho (Cross-Connect Equipment).
Si quang.
Tuy nhin khc bit quan trng gia chng l ch: H thng truyn dn
SDH ch dng mt bc sng quang cho mi hng pht, cn h thng WDM
th dng nhiu bc sng (t hai bc sng tr ln); i tng lm vic ca h
thng SDH l cc lung tn hiu s PDH/SDH, cn ca h thng WDM l cc
bc sng v cc bc sng ny khng nht thit chuyn ti tn hiu s. Mi
bc sng c chc nng nh mt si quang cung cp mi trng truyn tn hiu
cho h thng khc v v vy gi l si quang o.
WDM ra i nhm p ng nhu cu tng vt v bng thng do s pht
trin cha tng thy ca mng my tnh ton cu Internet, s ra i ca cc ng
dng v dch v mi trn nn tng Internet. Trc WDM, ngi ta tp trung mi
n lc nng cao tc truyn dn ca cc h thng SDH nhng kt qu thu
c khng mang tnh t ph v cng ngh x l tn hiu in ti tc cao
dn n gii hn. Khi tc t ti hng chc Gbit/s bn thn cc mch in t
khng th m bo p ng c xung tn hiu cc k hp. Thm vo chi ph
cho cc gii php tr nn tn km v c cu hot ng kh phc tp, i hi
cng ngh rt cao. Trong khi bng thng cc ln ca si quang mi c s
dng mt phn nh. Tuy nguyn l ghp knh theo bc sng WDM rt gn vi
nguyn l ghp knh theo tn s FDM, nhng cc h thng WDM ch c
thng mi ho khi mt s cng ngh x l tn hiu quang tr nn chn mui,
xii
Kt ni
on
khuch i
Knh
on
khuch i
Knh
on
khuch i
on
khuch i
Hnh 1.4 Cc lp con trong lp quang ca mng WDM

trong phi k n thnh cng trong ch to cc laser ph hp, cc b lc
quang, v c bit l cc b khuch i ng truyn quang di rng (khuch
i quang si EDFA, khuch i Raman).
Cc laser ph hp c tc dng gim ti a nh hng ln nhau ca cc
bc sng khi lan truyn trn cng mt si quang. Cc b lc quang dng
tch mt bc sng ra khi cc bc sng khc. Cc b khuch i ng
truyn di rng cn tng c ly truyn ca tn hiu quang tng gm nhiu bc
sng, nu khng c cc b khuch i ny th cc im cn tng cng sut tn
hiu ngi ta phi tch cc bc sng ra t tn hiu tng, sau hoc l khuch
i ring r tng bc sng ri ghp chng tr li, hoc l phi thc hin cc
bc chuyn i quang- in-quang trn tng bc sng ri mi ghp, v nh
vy th tn km v lm cho h thng tr nn km tin cy.
1.3.3 Cu trc mng WDM
1.3.3.1. M hnh phn lp
Trong d tho khuyn ngh G.otn ca ITU-T th mng quang s c phn
chia thnh ba lp, nm di lp on lp trong m hnh SDH.
Lp knh quang, cn gi l lp tuyn quang (OCh Optical Channel).
Lp ny c chc nng nh tuyn t u n cui cc tuyn quang. Mi OCh i
qua mt s on khuch i trong mng v mi on khuch i mang nhiu
bc sng.
Lp on ghp knh quang(OMS Optical Multiplex Section) c s
dng m t mt chng im ni im dc tuyn quang. Mi OMS bao gm
mt s on lp nm gia hai b khuch i.
Lp on truyn dn quang, hay cn gi l lp khuch i quang(OTS
Optical Transmission Section). iu cho ta thy mi on ghp knh quang
thuc v lp khuch i quang.
Electronic Layer (Lp in)
W
D
M
OCh - Lp knh quang
OMS - Lp on ghp knh quang
OTS - Lp on truyn dn quang
xiii
Hnh 1.5 V tr ca h thng WDM trong mng truyn ti

Kt ni
on
khuch i
Knh
on
khuch i
Knh
on
khuch i
on
khuch i

Trong m hnh phn lp giao thc mng truyn ti di y th quan h
lp ATM; SDH vi lp WDM l quan h gia lp client v lp server. Cc tn
hiu SDH v ATM di din cho dch v lp client m c mang trn h
thng WDM. Nu xt n khi nim phn lp mng th h thng WDM c
xem nh phng tin vt l, cng vi si quang to thnh lp knh quang
Di gc pht trin h thng th WDM cng vi thit b xen/r knh
quang (OADM) v b ni cho quang (OXC) s to thnh mt lp mng quang.
S pht trin ny tin ti mt mng truyn dn s dng knh bc sng hay ni
ngn gn l lp mng quang di lp client, tc l s tch mng truyn dn v
topo thnh hai lp quang v in trong h thng WDM l ht nhn ca lp
mng quang.
xiv

ATM

SDH

MPLS
Giao din quang m
SDH ATM
Mng quang hin ti
B khuych i quang
Kt ni
on
khuch i
on ghp
Knh
on
khuch i
on ghp
Knh
on
khuch i
on ghp
on
khuch i
Nt WDM

Nt WDM Nt WDM
Vi s pht trin mnh ca cc thit b chuyn mch quang v chuyn i
bc sng th xu hng tin ti mng ton quang l khng xa.
xv
Lp mch in
(nh ATM, IP...)
Lp knh SDH
Lp knh
quang WDM

OXC v OADM
B nh tuyn
v chuyn
mch ATM
DXC v ADM
ATM

SDH

MPLS
Giao din quang m
SDH ATM
Mng quang hin ti
1.3.3.2 Cc phn t trong mng quang WDM
Cu trc chung v cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng thng tin quang WDM
c th hin trong hnh 1.7.
Ni chung, h thng WDM bao gm ngun quang, b ghp/tch knh
quang (MUX/DEMUX), si quang, cc b khuch i quang (EDFA), cc b
ni cho quang (OXC), cc b tch knh xen r quang (OADM), chuyn mch
quang v cc b lc,.... Ngoi ra, cn c thm cc h thng knh tn hiu iu
khin gim st v h thng qun l.
xvi
WDM/OTN
Voice, IP...
ATM

SDH

Voice, IP...
MPLS
Giao din quang m
SDH ATM IP ...
WDM/OTN
Mng quang tng lai Mng quang hin ti
Hnh 1.6 Xu hng mng truyn ti quang trong tng lai
OADM
Hnh 1.7 Cu trc ca mt h thng WDM n gin
Ngun pht: Ngun pht s dng trong cc h thng WDM thng l
laser nh s dng trong cc h thng khong cch ln thng thng. Tuy
nhin, chng phi p ng c cc yu cu nghim ngt hn.
B thu: B thu c chc nng bin i tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in
v phi hon ton tng thch vi b pht c v bc sng v cc c tnh iu
ch. C 2 loi b thu thng c s dng cho cc h thng WDM l diode PIN
v photodiode thc APD. PIN hot ng vi ngun cng sut thp hn (5V)
nhng li c nhy thp v bng tn hp hn APD. APD ph hp cho cc ng
dng c ly ln. Cc tham s c bn nh gi 1 b thu gm: p ng ph,
nhy, bng tn ph v in, di ng v nhiu.
Si quang: Si quang l thnh phn c bn ca mt mng quang. Si
n mode chun (G.652) c bc sng tn sc bng 0 ti 1310nm v gi tr tn
sc ln ti 1550nm (18ps/nm.km) hin nay vn c s dng lm mi trng
truyn dn cho cc h thng WDM. Mc d c c tnh khng tng thch vi
ca s EDFA ti 1550nm ny nhng cc php nh gi gn y cho thy
rng loi si ny c th dng cho cc h thng WDM tc trung bnh m
khng lm suy gim cht lng tn hiu qua cc khong cch ng k nu h
thng c s dng si b tn sc hoc cc thit b b tn sc khc. Si tn sc
dch chuyn, DSF, (G.653) tuy c tn sc bng 0 ti bc sng 1550nm nhng
khng c khuyn ngh dng cho cc h thng WDM do hiu ng FWM. Si
tn sc dch chuyn khc 0, NZ-DSF, (G.655) c gi tr tn sc nh vng ca
s 1550nm, do vy hn ch c cc nh hng phi tuyn c bit l hiu ng
trn 4 bc sng (FWM) i vi h thng l loi si c thit k cho cc h
thng WDM. Loi si ny c lng tn sc nh trong vng bc sng t
1530nm n 1565nm (t hn 3ps/nm.km ti 1530nm v xung cn nh hn 0,7
ti 1560nm). Gi tr ny loi b c hiu ng FWM m vn cho php
truyn c cc knh c tc t nht 2,5Gbit/s qua khong cch 1000km.
B khuch i quang: Mt trong nhng yu t to nn s thnh cng ca
WDM dn n s ra i ca cc b khuch i quang pha erbium (EDFA).
Thit b ny s dng nng lng t 1 laser bm khuch i tt c cc bc
sng tn hiu c mt ti li vo ca chng. 1 EDFA gm 1 chiu di si quang
c pha tp vi erbium , do vy chng c th bin i nng lng t pht x
xvii
OADM
bm ring bit thnh cc bc sng n, tc l khuch i cc tn hiu. Vi 1
thit k EDFA n gin nht th s khuch i xy ra qua 1 vng bc sng
tng i hp t 1525nm n 1565nm. Di 40nm cng x l 1 s lng
ln cc knh quang. EDFA trong sut vi giao thc, dng, tc bit ca tn
hiu, v trong gii hn no c vi bc sng tn hiu quang. Do , cc knh
quang c th c xen hoc r trn tuyn ti bt c thi im no. Vic s dng
EDFA cho php thit lp c cc h thng truyn dn c ly ln vi t cc
thnh phn in t hn, tuy nhin cng lm xut hin 1 s vn mi. l
vn v khuch i ph khng ng u v nhiu pht x t pht khuch
i (ASE). Cc nghin cu mi v nguyn l bm EDFA cng sut ln tp
trung vo vic m rng vng khuch i ca cc EDFA t 1570 n 1630nm-
tc l bng L.
Cc b ghp knh xen r quang:

B OADM c cc giao din quang hai hng ng v Ty, cng nh cc
cng Xen v R cho hai hng ng v Ty ca OADM. Cc lung quang
ng-Ty v Ty-ng bao gm tn hiu quang ghp knh theo bc sng bao
gm N sng mang. B OADM cho php tch v chn mt sng mang (ti bc
sng
j
) trong cc lung quang ng-Ty v Ty-ng. Cc bc sng cn li
ca lung ghp knh s c cho qua b OADM m khng b tc ng g. Cc
cng Xen v R c th cn ti b pht p chuyn i bc sng hoc giao
din thch nghi quang ca cc h thng khng theo khuyn ngh G.691.
xviii
1
...
N
1
...
N
1
...
N
1
...
N
OADM
Ty ng
Hnh 1.8 Cu trc b ghp knh xen r quang
Cc chc nng khc ca OADM l:
B tn sc.
iu chnh mc cng sut (khuch i/suy hao).
Chn, tch v x l cc thng tin mo u ca ghp knh phn on
quang (nu cn ti giao din thch nghi quang, v d G.957 ti G.mcs).
quang.
Tch, chn, v x l cc thng tin mo u ca truyn dn phn
on quang.
H tr knh gim st v cc knh thng tin ngi s dng.
Kim sot tn hiu quang.
Thit b ni cho quang:
xix
1
...
N

1
...
N
Hnh 1.10 Thit b ni cho quang.
j
...
k
j
...
k
1
...
N
1
...
N
.
.
.
1
...
N
1
...
N
.
.
.
M si u vo M si u ra
Lp OTS
Lp OMS
OTS
OMS
OTS
OMS
OTS
OMS
OTS
OMS
Hnh 1.9 Cc chc nng ca OADM theo m hnh phn lp
Thit b ni cho qang (OXC) c M si u vo, M si u ra v cc cng
xen r. Mi si u vo v u ra mang mt tn hiu ghp knh N bc sng.
Cc cng xen v r cho php chn v tch mt s bc sng.
OXC thc hin cc chc nng sau y: ghp v tch knh, ghp knh xen
r, chuyn mch khng gian, v c th l c chuyn i bc sng. iu ny
cho php thc hin ni xuyn cc tn hiu quang gia cc si u vo v u ra
(v c th ni xuyn gia bc sng vo v bc sng ra).
Cc chc nng khc ca OXC l:
B tn sc.
iu chnh mc cng sut (khuch i/suy hao).
quang (nu cn ti giao din thch nghi quang, v d G.957 ti
G.mcs).
xx
Lp OCh
Lp OTS
Lp OMS
OMS
OMS
OMS OMS
Hnh 1.11 Chc nng ca OXC theo m hnh phn lp
OTS OTS
OTS OTS
OCh OCh OCh
OCh
quang.
Tch, chn, v x l cc thng tin mo u ca truyn dn phn
on quang.
Cc b u cui ghp knh quang: Mt b u cui ghp knh quang
(OTM) c biu din nh hnh 1.12.
OTM l mt phn t mng hai chiu. Trong hng truyn i, n c kh
nng tip nhn N knh quang, mi knh c mt mc cng sut tn hiu quang v
t s SNR theo ch tiu k thut xc nh. OTM xc nh bc sng cho tng
knh quang ti u vo theo cc bc sng c nh ngha t trc, v u
ra thit b ny cha tn hiu ghp knh bao gm N bc sng (sng mang). Tn
hiu u ra c trng bi bng tn quang tng, cng sut quang tng, cng sut
mang trn mi sng mang v t s SNR ca mi sng mang.
xxi
Ch
N
.
.
.
Ch
2
Ch
1
Ch
N
.
.
.
Ch
2
Ch
1
1
...
N
1
...
N
Hnh 1.12 Cu trc b ghp knh quang
Trong hng thu, b OTM nhn tn hiu ghp knh theo bc sng, tch tn
hiu thnh cc sng mang nh u vo b ghp knh, v a N knh quang
ti cc u ra ring bit.
Bc sng ca tng knh quang c th thay i so vi khi n c chn
vo hay tch ra t cc b ghp/tch knh. V th, trong OTM c th cn n mt
b chuyn i bc sng. iu ny c bit c ngha nu c mt s h thng
SDH cng tn ti (giao din quang G.957) c ghp knh cng vi nhau, trong
trng hp , cc bc sng ca mt vi h thng s phi thay i cho ph hp
a vo cc knh ca OTM. Hin ti vi cng ngh ny, vic thay i bc
sng c thc hin ch yu nh b chuyn i O/E/O. Cc b chuyn i bc
sng photonic t c s dng hn. Thay i bc sng c th c thc hin
nh b pht p ng c lp, tch bit vi b ghp knh ca n.
Cc chc nng khc c th c ca OTM l:
B tn sc.
iu chnh mc cng sut (khuch i/ suy gim).
Chn, tch, v x l cc thng tin mo u ca lp knh quang (nu
cn n giao din thch nghi quang, v d: G.957 hoc G.mcs).
Tch, chn v x l cc thng tin mo u ca on truyn dn
quang.
H tr cc knh gim st v knh thng tin ngi s dng.
C hai cu hnh c bn truyn dn dng cho h thng WDM:
Cu hnh truyn dn hai hng trn cng mt si quang: cu hnh
ny, cc knh quang c hai hng truyn dn (i v v) c ghp chung ch
trn mt si quang. Cu hnh ny cn c gi l cu hnh h thng truyn dn
song cng.
Cu hnh truyn dn hai hng trn hai si quang: cu hnh ny,
theo mi hng truyn dn, cc knh quang c ghp trn mt si quang
ring bit v mi si quang m nhim truyn dn ch theo mt hng (i
hoc v). i khi, cu hnh ny c gi l cu hnh h thng truyn dn n
cng
xxii
V mt pht trin v ng dng, h thng WDM n cng c s dng
tng i rng ri, cn h thng WDM song cng th c nhng yu cu cao
hn, l v trong thit k v ng dng h thng WDM song cng cn phi xem
xt n cc yu t then cht ca h thng nh hn ch can nhiu nhiu knh
(MPI), cn ch n cc vn nh hng ca phn x quang, cch ly gia cc
knh hai chiu, tr s v loi hnh ca xuyn m, cng sut tn hiu quang truyn
dn trn hai chiu..., ng thi phi s dng b khuch i quang hai chiu.
Nhng so vi h thng WDM n cng, h thng WDM hai chiu gim c s
lng b khuch i quang v ng dy.
xxiii
CHNG II
BO V TRONG MNG TRUYN TI QUANG WDM
2.1 S cn thit phi bo v tng quang
Hat ng bnh thng ca mt mng truyn ti quang trong thc t khng
nhng nh hng bi nhng yu t khch quan nh tin cy, tui th ca thit
b m cn chu tc ng ca cc yu t mi trng, kh hu, thi tit, cc nhn t
ch quan do con ngi gy ra. Tc ng ca cc yu t trn gy ra s c hng
thit b, t cp dn n s ngng hot ng ca cc knh truyn ti thng tin
gy thit hi cho c ngi s dng v ngi cung cp dch v. Vn t ra l
cn phi thit lp chc nng duy tr hot ng ca mng trc cc s c bng
cch p dng cc k thut bo v hoc phc hi mng. i vi mng truyn ti
quang s dng cng ngh SDH, cc gii php k thut bo v v phc hi
c p dng tng i hiu qu theo cc xut v khuyn ngh ca ITU-T
[6]. Nhng thi gian hi phc li lu, vo khong t 60 ti 100ms. Trong khi
th cc k thut bo v tng quang WDM c kh nng hi phc mng ch mt
ti a 50ms. Tuy nhin, trong hin tai v tng lai, nhu cu lu lng ln i
hi cn phi cung cp mt mi trng truyn dn dung lng ln, m cng ngh
ghp knh theo bc sng WDM l mt trong nhng gii php c la chn.
Do vy, vic xy dng chc nng phc hi mng WDM tng quang l vn
sng cn cn phi gii quyt khi xy dng mng WDM nhm duy tr hot ng
lin tc ca mng.
Theo G.872 ITU-T, lp quang c chia thnh 3 lp con: lp knh quang
(OCh-Optical Channel), lp on ghp knh quang (OMS Optical Multiplex
Section) v lp on truyn dn quang (OTS Optical Tranmission Section).
Bo v c th c thc hin ti lp OMS hoc lp OCh hoc phi hp trn c
hai lp.
xxiv
Bo v OMS v bo v OCh c th theo phng thc ring hoc chung.
Trong bo v ring, mi knh lm vic c truyn trn hai tuyn khc nhau v
knh c cht lng tt nht s c la chn ti u thu, do vy mt na ca
dung lng truyn dn trong mng s lun c n nh l dung lng d phng
dnh cho bo v (tc l dung lng bo v bng 100% dung lng lm vic).
Tri li, trong bo v chung, ti nguyn bo v c th c s dng phc hi
nhiu knh lm vic khc nhau, tu thuc vo s c. Bo v chung cho php s
dng dung lng mng tt hn bo v ring (lng dung lng d phng yu
cu ph thuc nhiu vo topo mng v vo s phn b lu lng gia cc node).
Hin nay, bo v ring OMS ch yu c trin khai trong cc h thng
thng tin quang WDM im - im, cn bo v OCh c s dng c trong cc
h thng im - im v cc ring OADM (Optical Add Drop Multiplexer).
Trong tng lai gn, cc ring bo v chung OMS s c th c trin khai.
Bo v OCh c th c trin khai vi hai cch: bo v kt ni mng con
(SNCP) hoc bo v lung. S khc nhau c bn l trong bo v lung OCh kt
cui ca lung OCh cng c bo v v s lng card transponder c nhn
i. Gii php ny ci thin sn sng ca knh quang, nhng li lm tng chi
ph u t thit b.
2.2 Cc khi nim c bn
Bo v l mt phng thc hi phc mng s dng cc ti nguyn bo v
c cp pht trc truyn lu lng ti hot ng trn knh b nh hng
bi s c nhm m bo kh nng duy tr ca mng.
Bo v - C nhiu tiu chun phn loi cc k thut bo v mng nhng
thng da trn cc tiu chun ph bin sau:
Da vo s lng h thng lm vic v d phng
Bo v 1+1: l bo v m trong dnh ring mt h thng
d phng bo v cho mi h thng hot ng. Bnh thng c hai h
thng cng c s dng nhng ch ly kt qu ca tuyn hot
ng, khi xy ra s c th chuyn sang h thng d phng.
Bo v M:N: l bo v m ta chia s M h thng d phng
bo v cho N h thng hot ng cng chng loi. Khi xy ra s c
xxv
trn bt k h thng hot ng no th chuyn mch bo v sang
mt h thng d phng kh dng. tit kim ti nguyn ta c th
s dng M h thng d phng ny cho cc mc ch khc nh: hot
ng th nghim dch v mi hoc x l cc cng vic ph c mc
yu tin thp.
Da vo cu trc h thng bo v ta c chuyn mch bo v n hng
hay c hai hng, loi tr v hay khng tr v; chuyn mch bo v tuyn (PPS)
hay bo v on (LPS)
Chuyn mch bo v n hng: ch lu lng trn hng
truyn dn no c s c th mi chuyn mch bo v sang knh d
phng, cn cc tuyn khc khng c s c th gi nguyn.
Chuyn mch bo v hai hng: nu c bt k mt hng
hot ng no b s c th c hai hng cng chuyn mch bo v
sang knh d phng (knh bo v).
Bo v c tr v: sau khi chuyn mch bo v sang knh d
phng m khi phc li ng truyn s c th lu lng t ng
chuyn t knh bo v v knh hot ng c khi phc.
Phng php bo v ny thng p dng cho bo v chia s N:M.
c bit l 1:N.
Bo v kiu khng tr v: sau khi chuyn mch bo v sang
knh d phng m khi phc li c ng truyn s c th vn
truyn lu lng trn knh d phng. Phng php bo v ny
thng p dng cho bo v ring 1+1.
Bo v tuyn: ch thc hin chuyn mch bo v ti im kt
cui ca tuyn c s c.
Bo v on: thc hin chuyn mch bo v ti hai nt k
cn vi on b s c, trng hp s c nt th on b s c l hai
on lin nhau cha nt .
2.2.1 Bo v ring
Bo v ring l hnh thc bo v m trong mi knh lm vic c
truyn trn hai tuyn khc nhau v knh c cht lng tt nht s c la chn
xxvi
ti u thu, do vy mt na ca dung lng truyn dn trong mng s lun c
n nh l dung lng d phng dnh cho bo v (tc l dung lng bo v bng
100% dung lng lm vic).
Trong bo v 1+1, nt ngun pht tn hiu ng thi trn c hai tuyn hot
ng v bo v. Nt ch gim st tn hiu ca c hai tuyn ny v la chon tn
hiu c cht lng tt nht (v d da chn tham s SNR). Nu pht hin suy
gim tn hiu trn tuyn hot ng th nt ch t ng chuyn mch sang tuyn
bo v. Trong bo v 1:1 nt ngun ch pht tn hiu ln tuyn hot ng, cn
tuyn bo v c th c dng truyn lu lng c mc u tin thp. Khi xy
ra s c trn tuyn hot ng th c nt ngun v nt ch chuyn mch ln
tuyn bo v.
V d trong mt mng vng bo v 1+1 s dng cc knh quang kp, tn
hiu c pht i trn hai knh: mt knh truyn theo hng thun chiu kim
ng h, cn knh kia truyn theo hng ngc chiu kim ng h; my thu s
la chn tn hiu tt nht. Nu hot ng ny c thc hin lp knh quang
th ta gi l OC-DPRing (p dng cho ring 2 si 2 hng), nu thc hin lp
ghp knh quang th ta gi l OMS -DPRing (p dng cho ring 4 si 2 hng).
Trong cc mng li xy dng cc lin kt im - im truyn ti hai
hng mun cung cp bo v ring th phi s dng hai cp si tch bit nhau
v mt vt l, mt cp cp cho cc knh hot ng cn cp kia cp cho cc knh
bo v, khi xy ra s c trn si hot ng th chuyn cc knh lu lng ln si
bo v.
2.2.2 Bo v chia s
Bo v chia s l hnh thc bo v m trong nhiu h thng hot ng
cng s dng chung mt h thng d phng bo v. Chng hn l dung lng
d phng hoc bc sng d phng. iu kin bnh thng mi yu cu c
nh tuyn ln cc knh hot ng, v dung lng bo v c th c dng
truyn lu lng c mc u tin thp. Khi xy ra s c lu lng ti ca tng
tuyn truyn dn b s c c chuyn mch ln cc bc sng bo v. Hot
ng ny yu cu h tr bo hiu thng bo cho cc nt mng v cc tuyn
ng truyn dn b s c th mi m bo chc chn cc bc sng bo v trn
cc si khc nhau kt ni chnh xc ti cc tuyn quang yu cu bo v. Trong
xxvii
thi gian ti nguyn d phng c dng bo v mt tuyn hot ng b s
c th n khng cn kh dng bo v cho cc tuyn quang hot ng khc
cho ti khi tuyn hot ng ban u ny c khi phc li.
i vi cc vng ring quang bo v chia s, dung lng ca cc si dnh
cho cc knh hot ng v bo v l ring bit. Do mt ring 2 si bo v chia
s l ring 2 hng, mt si truyn lu lng theo hng thun chiu kim ng
h, cn si kia truyn lu lng theo hng ngc chiu kim ng h.
Tng t vi cc mng li quang bo v chia s (trong cc lin kt im -
im): trong mi cp si, mi si s dng mt na s knh cho lm vic, v
dnh mt na s knh cn li bo v cho lu lng lm vic trn si kia. Nu
mt si b s c th cc knh hot ng s c truyn trn cc knh bo v ca
si kia.
Bo v chia s l mt cch gim dung lng tha dnh cho d phng v
gim s lng cc tuyn quang cn phi qun l.
Hin nay mi ch p dng bo v ring OMS cho cc h thng WDM im
- im, trong khi bo v OCh c s dng cho c h thng im - im v
cc ring OADM, sp ti c th s cung cp thm cc ring bo v chia s OMS.
2.2.3 Bo v on ghp knh quang
Hnh thc bo v ny c thc hin lp ghp knh quang (OMS), v hay
c p dng bo v trong cc mng cung cp mt s lng ln cc knh
quang. Tt c cc bc sng (knh WDM) truyn trn si quang b s c cng
c nh tuyn li ln mt tuyn si quang tm thi ri ( c xc nh
trc). Thc hin chuyn mch bo v khng gian ti b ghp knh WDM
(chuyn mch si quang).
2.2.4 Bo v knh quang
Hnh thc bo v ny c thc thi lp knh quang. Mi knh quang
c bo v c lp s dng mt chuyn mch ring, dn n tng s cc
chuyn mch quang ln nhng cho php la chn cc knh bo v trong b
ghp knh v c th tch hp bo v ca cc b pht p vo trong kin trc ny.
xxviii
Si hot ng
Si d phng
Si d phng chuyn
sang hot ng
Hnh 2.3 OCh DPRing hai si n hng
iu kin bnh thng v khi c s c
Chuyn
mch
Chuyn
mch
2.3 Cc phng thc bo v theo cu hnh mng
2.3.1 Bo v lp knh quang
2.3.1.1 Bo v ring cho cu hnh im - im
Vi cu hnh ny c th p dng trc tip cc k thut bo v tuyn
ring/chia s nn khng cn phn tch nhiu. Mc d cu hnh ny n gin
nhng n thng hay xy ra s c nh t c tuyn cp hay s c hng thit b
nn n ch c s dng giai on u th nghim cha pht trin dung lng
m khng my khi c s dng trong cc mng quy m ln. Trong trng hp
s dng kiu bo v ny th cch phng hiu qu nht l chn tuyn ng i
cp thun li hn ch ti thiu kh nng b xm phm, c chnh sch bo dng
thng xuyn, v p dng k thut bo v 1+1 hay 1:1.
Bo v quang 1+1 tng t nh phng thc bo v 1+1 SDH. Pha pht s
dng b chia s chia cng sut quang v pht trn c hai tuyn hot ng v d
phng; pha thu s dng mt chuyn mch quang c chc nng nh mt b la
chn v chuyn mch ln tuyn bo v khi tuyn hot ng tng t c s c.
Bo v quang 1:1 tng t nh phng thc bo v 1:1 trong SDH. Khc
vi bo v 1+1, lu lng khng c truyn trn c hai si hot ng v lm
vic m s dng chuyn mch c hai u. Ban u chuyn mch t ln si
hot ng, khi pht hin s c th chuyn mch lu lng ln si bo v.
Trng hp ny yu cu phi c knh bo hiu APS kch hot chuyn mch
bo v.
xxix
Si hot ng
Si bo v
Rx
Tx
B chia Chuyn mch
Hnh 2.1 H thng WDM cu hnh ng thng chuyn mch bo v 1+1
Si hot ng
Si d phng
Si d phng chuyn
sang hot ng
Si hot ng
Si d phng
Si d phng chuyn sang
hot ng
Hnh 2.4 OCh DPRing bn si n hng
Si bo v
Chuyn
mch
Knh bo hiu APS
Chuyn
mch
Rx
Tx
Hnh 2.2 H thng WDM cu hnh ng thng chuyn mch bo v 1:1
Si hot ng
im khc bit gia bo v WDM v SDH l khi xut hin s c trn mt
si hot ng th chuyn mch ca u thu tng ng ca pha pht khng
bit g (chuyn mch b m blind switch), trong khi SDH c hai u thu u
bit trng thi ca si bo v.
2.3.1.2 Bo v ring cho cu hnh ring (OCh - DPRing)
Bo v trong cu hnh ny c thc thi lp knh quang s dng cc
chuyn mch quang chuyn mch lu lng ln si hot ng hay bo v ty
thuc vo trng thi ca ring iu kin bnh thng hay s c m khng yu
cu bo hiu. Kin trc bo v ny c th chng li s c chng n, s c a
chng, hay s c ti nt trung gian trn tuyn hot ng. Nhng c nhc im
chung l yu cu chi ph t hn so vi cc gii php khc.
Trng hp ring hai si cp pht mt si cho hot ng v dnh mt si d
phng bo v cho si hot ng. Ti my pht tn hiu quang c chia thnh
hai lung tn hiu v nh tuyn trn hai tuyn khc nhau (nh trong bo v
1+1). My thu nhn c hai tn hiu ri la chn tn hiu tt nht. Khi si hot
ng xy ra s c, u thu tng ng t ng chuyn mch bo v ln si d
phng.
xxx
B ghp knh

B khuch i
Nt A
Nt D
Nt B Nt C
Nt A
Nt D
Nt B Nt C
Si hot ng
Si d phng
Si d phng chuyn
sang hot ng
Hnh a
Hnh b
Si hot ng
Si d phng
hot ng
Cc nt trong mng l cc OXC v trn mt si ta c th truyn n hng
hoc hai hng, nhng trong trng hp OCh DPRing hai si mt si cho d
phng v mt si cho hot ng th ta phi truyn hai hng. Vi d nh hnh
2.3, hnh a tnh trng cha xy ra s c, hnh b tnh trng s c.
Trng hp OCh DPRing bn si (trong hai si dnh cho lu lng
hot ng, cn hai si dnh cho d phng ). trng hp ny nu truyn lu
lng hai hng th s thc thi bo v 1+1 mm do hn v yu cu t bc
sng hn trng hp OCh DPRing hai si nhng li tn km.
V d v OCh DPRing bn si n hng c m t trong hnh 2.4,
hnh a tnh trng cha xy ra s c, hnh b tnh trng s c.
Gi s ta c mt mng vng ring su nt, mi nt yu cu nm bc sng
truyn thng vi nm nt kia nu khng ti s dng bc sng th tng bc
sng yu cu ln ti 15. Tng qut mt mng OCh DPRing bn si c N nt
s yu cu
2
) 1 .( N N
bc sng. Nu cho php s dng li cc bc sng, v d
cc on k nhau c th chia s cng bc sng th tng s bc sng gim
xung 3 nhng yu cu thc thi chuyn mch bo v c hai u cui trnh
xung t bc sng trn si bo v khi xy ra s c.
xxxi
B ghp knh

B khuch i
Nt A
Nt D
Nt B Nt C
Nt A
Nt D
Nt B Nt C
Si hot ng
Si d phng
hot ng
Hnh a Hnh b
TX 1
TX n
TX 1
TX n
M hnh chc nng ca OCh DPRing c th tham chiu m hnh bo v
ring on ghp knh SDH (MS SPRing) vi gi thit khng thc thi bo v
tng SDH m bo v mc knh quang.
2.3.1.3 Bo v chia s cho cu hnh im - im
Chia s l mt cch gim dung lng tha dnh cho d phng v s
lng cc tuyn quang cn phi qun l.
Trong bo v chia s knh quang (chia s tuyn), thi im thit lp phin
lin lc cho mt ng ban u, xc nh mt ng d phng v mt bc
sng dnh ring. Mt tuyn quang bo v gia hai nt c thit lp bo v
cho N tuyn quang hot ng gia hai nt .
xxxii
Hng ng
Hng ty
Hinhg 2.5 M hnh chc nng ca mt nt OCh DPRing
Lp OTS
Lp OMS
B ghp knh

B khuch i
Lp OCh
Lp SDH hoc ATM hoc IP
TX 1
TX n
TX 1
TX n
Bc sng d phng dnh ring trn cc on ca ng d phng c th
chia s vi cc ng d phng khc gip cho gii php ny c chi ph hiu qu
hn bo v tuyn ring nhng cng yu cu nhiu bo hiu hn v phi cu hnh
li cc OXC kt cui ca cc knh WDM chia s m tuyn hot ng cn c
hi phc. iu ny s lm tng thi gian tr hi phc thc hin truyn cc
bn tin bo hiu ti cc thnh phn v cu hnh li tt c cc OXC.
2.3.1.4 Bo v chia s cho cu hnh ring (OCh - SPRing)
Xt ring hai si truyn thng hai hng gia cc nt. Trong iu kin bnh
thng, mi si hot ng trn mt bc sng khc nhau (
1
thun chiu kim
ng h v
2
ngc chiu kim ng h). Nu mt on hay mt nt b s c th
cc nt k cn s nh tuyn li cc bc sng cho on cung b , chia s
dung lng ca cc si gia hai knh quang. OCh SPRing thng c dng
cung cp bo v quang cho cc ring SDH hai si. Vic nh tuyn lu lng
lin quan c thc hin lp in bi thit b SDH, cc knh quang ch tn ti
gia cc nt k nhau tng ng vi cc on vt l nt - ti - nt.
V d truyn thng gia hai nt A v nt D nh hnh v 2.7, hnh a tnh
trng cha xy ra s c, hnh b tnh trng s c. Nh trnh by trn th
1
c truyn trn si quang th nht thun chiu kim ng h,
2
truyn trn si
th hai ngc chiu kim ng h. Khi xy ra s c on th nt A t ng
chuyn mch bo v bc sng
1
ln si quang th hai ngc chiu kim ng
h.
xxxiii
B ghp knh

B khuch i
.
.
.
TX 1
TX n
.
.
.
TX 1
TX n
Knh bo hiu
Hnh 2.6 Mng li WDM bo v chia s 1:N
V d truyn thng gia nt A v nt C v xy ra s c nt D. Hnh v 2.8
di y m t:
OCh SPRing thng c dng cung cp bo v quang cho cc ring
SDH hai si. Vic nh tuyn lu lng lin quan c thc hin lp in bi
thit b SDH, cc knh quang ch tn ti gia cc nt k nhau tng ng vi
cc on vt l nt ti nt.
M hnh chc nng ca OCh SPRing tham chiu m hnh bo v SDH
MS SPRing nhng mc knh quang. Do cc chc nng thch ng tng OTS
v OMS phi x l cng mt s lng cc knh quang nn chuyn mch bo v
khng th t tng OMS m c chuyn ln tng OCh. Hnh v di y
miu t m hnh chc nng ca mt nt OCh SPRing k cn vi s c s dng
xxxiv
B ghp knh

B khuch i
1
Hnh 2.7 OCh SPRing khi bnh thng v khi s c on
1
Nt D
Nt C
Nt B
Nt A
Hnh a
2

2
1
Nt D
Nt C
Nt B
Nt A
Hnh b
1
Hnh 2.8 OCh SPRing khi bnh thng v khi s c nt
1
Nt D
Nt C
Nt B
Nt A
Hnh a
1

2
1
Nt D
Nt C
Nt B
Nt A
Hnh b
chuyn mch OCPC mc knh quang, cn cc hot ng nh tuyn c thc
hin cc tng SDH (HP, LP).
2.3.1.5 Bo v chia s cho cu hnh Mesh
D cu trc mng Ring WDM l cu hnh ph bin nht hin nay, nhng
gn y cc mng quang WDM c cu hnh Mesh ang c tha nhn l c
c tnh quan trng v u vit hn. iu ny l nh s pht trin v ci thin ca
cc OXC, cc thit b chuyn mch quang.
Mc d mng quang cu hnh Mesh c nhiu u vit v ang c pht
trin mnh nhng kh nng tn ti v duy tr mng l vn phc tp hn so vi
cu hinh Ring bi v trong mng c nhiu thc th hn trong bng nh tuyn v
c nhiu quyt nh thit k phi la chn. Ngoi ra, khng c c ch bo v
mng quang WDM cu hnh Mesh no hin nay c thng mi ho trn phm
vi ln.
Bo v tuyn ti lp OCh c th c p dng cho cc mng quang cu
hnh Mesh. c mt kt ni th mt cp ng i (ng i lm vic v ng
i d phng) phi c thit lp. c ch bo v tuyn t hiu qu nht th
cc tuyn lm vic v cc tuyn bo v phi c lp, c lp c v s c (ngha
l cc li tuyn xy ra trn tuyn hot ng v tuyn bo v l c lp). Trong
xxxv
Hng ty
OCPC
Hnh 2.9 M hnh chc nng ca mt nt OCh SPRing k cn vi s c
B ghp knh

B khuch i
Lp OTS
Hng ng
Lp OMS
Lp OCh
Lp SDH
nhiu trng hp, iu kin ny c tha mn bng vic thit lp hai ng i
trong phn tp cc ng i vt l: ng i chnh v ng i phc hi khng
th dng chung bt k mt lin kt no. Nu vn bo v nt c t ra th s
c lp gia nt v ng lm vic, ng bo v l cng cn thit. Trong hu
ht cc trng hp th iu ny c bo m bng vic ngn cn dng chung
hai ng i trong mt nt: nh tuyn phi c thc hin di cc rng buc
v vic khng lin hp nt. Bo v tuyn dnh ring 1+1 v bo tuyn 1:1 u
c th c s dng.
Trong trng hp bo v 1:1 lu lng c u tin thp c th c pht
trn tuyn bo v khi khng c li xy ra, nhng bo hiu t u cui ti u
cui l cn thit.
Vi cu hnh Mesh th bo v tuyn dnh ring tiu tn ti nguyn qu
nhiu bi v phi c cc rng buc ng i vt l. Vic dng chung cc knh
WDM (cc bc sng quang) trong s cc ng i bo v c th gim ti
nguyn vt l tham gia trong vic bo v. Vic bo v dng chung c th c
p dng theo ngha t u cui ti u cui bng vic s dng mt tuyn bo
v(c th c mt nt dng d phng) cho N tuyn hot ng vi cng cp nt
ngun ch (xem hnh 2.10 di y). K thut ny l mt trng hp c bit
ca vic dng chung, trong N tuyn bo v chia s tt c cc knh WDM ca
chng, v cng c gi l bo v 1:N. Hin nhin bo v 1:N ci m cn N+1
tuyn khng lin hp ng (hay khng c s lin hip nt) l lun c th s
dng gia cc nt ngun v ch ca kt ni.
xxxvi
ng hot
ng
ng bo
v
Hnh 2.10 Bo v ng trong cu hnh Mesh
ch
Ngun
g
Bo v ng chia s cng c th c thc hin mt chiu hng rng
hn trn mt mng hn hp bng vic cho php dng chung mt phn (thng
l di tn s nh sng) cc ng bo v trn c s ghp cc bc sng. Vic
chia s cho php tit kim cc ngun ti nguyn truyn dn, nhng li yu cu
qun l phc tp.
Trong bo v 1:1 v 1:N, khi mt s c xy ra th ch cc nt cui mi lin
quan ti qu trnh hi phc, bi v cc knh quang (cc bc sng ) c bo
v v cc knh quang d phng l hon ton c thit lp trc. Khi bo v
chia s c p dng hng rng hn trong mt mng c cu hnh Mesh, th
s c s phi lm th tc phc hi phc tp hn, th tc yu cu nhiu bo
hiu trong mt s phn t mng dn n thi gian phc hi s tn km. Khng
nhng phi c nhiu tn hiu bo hiu m trong vn phc hi mng cn phi
mt thi gian cu hnh li cc OXC(ngha l thay i cc thng s nh tuyn).
Do vic bo v dng chung l nh trc, nn hot ng khi phc c th
c iu khin bng ng phn phi no hn l ng tp trung, bi vy
loi b c s can thip ca h thng qun l mng v gim khi lng bo
hiu. Trong trng hp ny, cc OXC phi c kh nng t xc nh ng ang
lm vic c s c hay khng chuyn mch bo v cho ph hp. Vic u tin
yu cu l phi pht hin nhanh chng c trng ng nh sng v l mt
trong cc thc y chnh m nh ngha mt b nhn dng OCh trong khun
kh ca vic chun ha knh gim st OCh.
Nu bo v chia s tuyn s dng iu khin phn tn thay cho iu khin
tp trung s hn ch s can thip ca h thng qun l mng v gim bt tng s
cc bo hiu. Khi cc OXC phi c kh nng t nhn thc c tuyn hot
ng no b s c chuyn mch bo v ph hp.
Trong cc mng quang WDM cu hnh Mesh, bo v tuyn lp con OMS
di mt vi phng din c th thch hp hn l vic bo v ng. Trong mt
cu hnh phc tp, mt c cu khi phc ni b, ph hp vi iu khin phn
tn hn l iu khin tp trung, l d dng qun l hn mt c cu u cui
ti u cui. Bo v tuyn trong mt mng hn hp c th xy ra trong cc
ng khc nhau. Chng ta s khng xem xt bo v ng trn c s cung cp
m chng ta s m t hai phng php chnh c bit n bo v tuyn nh
xxxvii
Si hot ng
Si d phng
Si d phng hot ng
trc: mt l da trn khi nim u vng cc vng, cch cn li gn y c
cp nhiu hn, l da trn cng ngh u vng chung.
Mt mng cu hnh Mesh c th c to mt cch t nhin bng lin kt
n gin mt s vng: thc t, hu ht cc mng WDM hin nay c qun l
theo kiu ny. Chuyn mch gia cc vng trong cc mng nh vy thng
c thc hin bng in t bi cc ni cho s SDH/SONET. Bi vy, kh
nng tn ti trong cc mng a vng WDM thng c bo v bi cc k
thut bo v SDH/SONET (c th, l khai thc s tha ca cc lin kt lin
vng). Mt s trong nhng k thut ny s c th cng chuyn ti lp WDM (v
d cho trng hp c th a vng WDM di bin). Tuy nhin, trong nhng th
sau y, chng ta mun b kin trc a vng v tp trung vo cc mng WDM
thc t, ngha l nhng mng ny c to ra bt u t mt cu hnh vt l hn
hp v ci m khai thc cc OXC thc hin chuyn mch quang trong ton
b mng. S phn ly vng cc kin trc c s ca tng lai ny ch phc v
kh nng tn ti.
Nguyn l u vng cc vng c th c p dng mt mng WDM thc
t nh sau: u tin, mng ny c phn tch trong mt s tp cc cp, mi tp
c qun l nh mt vng n. Khi phn tch c thc hin, mi vng c
trang b mt h thng bo v OMS chnh xc nh mt OMS-SPRing. Bi vy
mi vng tr thnh mt h thng bo v.
Thng thng vic thc hin bo v vng bn cp l la chn tt nht, t
vic thc hin bo v vng 2 cp phi yu cu cc b chuyn i bc sng
trong mt s node. Mt u im r rng ca phng php ny l n cho php
khi phc phn b: mi vng l mt h thng khi phc t ng v t tr. iu
ny ng rng thi gian khi phc ch b gii hn bi kch c vng (trong bo
v tuyn, thay v tr truyn lan t ngun ti ch phi a ch tnh n). Hn na,
vic qun l s c b gii hn bi vng b s c.
Trong vn bo v mng c cu hnh Mesh ni chung v bo v mng
quang WDM c cu hnh Mesh ni ring l nhng vn mi m v phc tp.
Ni cch khc th lnh vc ny khng c thng mi ho v ng dng trong
thc t nn khng c my ai nghin cu v lnh vc ny cho nn n vn cn mi
m. Ngoi ra n cn mt l do khc l iu kin vt l v nhu cu ca cc quc
xxxviii
B ghp knh B khuch i
Si hot ng
Si d phng
Si d phng hot ng
Cc knh
bo
v
Cc knh
dch
v vv
Cc knh
bo
v
Cc knh
dch
v vv
Cc knh
bo
v
Cc knh
dch
v vv
Cc knh
bo
v
Cc knh
dch
v vvvvvv
gia vn cha i hi cn n s dng mng li c cu hnh Mesh. Trong khi
cng ngh WDM ch yu c s dng cho cc mng c cu hnh back blbole.
V vy trong n ny em cp t n vn .
2.3.2 Bo v lp on ghp knh quang
2.3.2.1 Bo v ring cho cu hnh im - im
Trong bo v on ghp knh quang vi cu hnh im - im th chnh
l hnh thc bo v knh quang im - im.
2.3.2.2 Bo v ring cho cu hnh vng ring (OMS - DPRing)
OMS DPRing c th p dng cho ring hai si hoc bn si cp pht cc
bc sng khc nhau cho cc lin kt nt - ti nt khc nhau. Bo v c thc
thi tng on ghp knh quang nn tt c cc knh quang trn cng mt chng
s c bo v ng thi khi xut hin s c. Khi xem xt bo v OMS gia cc
OADM trong mt kin trc ring yu cu phi s dng cc chuyn mch kp
hoc cc chuyn mch n c h tr bin i bc sng ti mi nt.
Xt trng hp n gin nht OMS DPRing hai si s dnh ring mt si
bo v cho lu lng truyn trn si hot ng hng ngc li.
Khi xut hin mt s c nt hay s c on, cc nt k cn vi s c s
nh tuyn li lu lng t trn si hot ng ln si bo v. Di y l m
hnh chc nng ca mt nt OMS DPRing.
xxxix
B ghp knh B khuch i
Hng ty
Hnh 2.12 M hnh chc nng ca mt nt OMS DPRing hai si
Lp OTS
Lp OMS
Lp OCh
Hng ng
Si hot ng
Si d phng
Si d phng hot ng
Hnh b
Nt D
Nt C
Nt B
Nt A
Nt D
Nt C
Nt B
Nt A
Hnh 2.11 OMS DPRing hai si iu kin bnh thng v khi c s c
Hnh a
Cc knh
bo
v
Cc knh
dch
v vv
Cc knh
bo
v
Cc knh
dch
v vv
Cc knh
bo
v
Cc knh
dch
v vv
Cc knh
bo
v
Cc knh
dch
v vvvvvv
2.3.2.3 Bo v chia s cho cu hnh vng ring (OMS SPRing)
Kin trc ny c th p dng cho ring hai si hoc bn si. Cc lin kt logic
trc tip nt - ti - nt c th c thit lp s dng cc bc sng khc nhau,
cho php ta xy dng nn cc li logic kt ni mi nt ti nt khc trong ring.
Bo v c thc thi mc on ghp knh, dung lng ca mi si mang
c cc bc sng hot ng v bc sng bo v. V d mt h thng WDM hai
si c 16 bc sng, trn si truyn cng chiu kim ng h cp mt na u (8
bc sng) ca di bc sng cho cc knh lu lng hot ng, mt na cn
li dng bo v cc knh hot ng truyn trn si kia (i ngc chiu kim
ng h). Trn si i ngc chiu kim ng h th o ngc li, na u ca
di bc sng dng bo v cc knh hot ng truyn trn si i cng chiu
kim ng h, cn na sau dng cho cc knh lu lng hot ng khc.
xl
Cc knh
bo
v
Cc knh
dch
v vv
Cc knh
bo
v
Cc knh
dch
v vv
Cc knh
bo
v
Cc knh
dch
v vv
Cc knh
bo
v
Cc knh
dch
v vvvvvv
Hnh 2.13 Bo v chia s cc knh quang trong OMS - SPRing
Nu mt on hay mt nt b s c, cc nt k cn s c thc hin chuyn
mch bo v nh tuyn li cc bc sng hot ng truyn trn si b s c ln
cc bc sng bo v ca si i theo hng ngc li.
OMS 2 SPRing cho vng ring hai si hai hng.
Trn si th nht cc bc sng lm vic t 1 ti W/2, na cn li dnh cho
bo v. Trn si th hai cc bc sng lm vic t W/2 ti W, na cn li dnh
cho bo v. Khi hi phc c thc hin bi chuyn mch 2
2. Trong trng
hp lu lng b s c c th loop m khng b xung t bc sng

xli
Chuyn mch 22
Hnh 2.15 Ring hai si hai hng chuyn mch bo v on ghp knh
Hnh 2.18 M hnh chc nng ca mt nt
OMS SPRing hai si k cn vi s c
B ghp knh

B khuch i
SDXC
SDXC
Khi xut hin s c on, cc tuyn hot ng c nh tuyn ln cc si
bo v cng bc sng hot ng.

Khi xut hin s c nt th OMS 2 SPRing c thc thi bi chuyn
mch 2
2. Bnh thng tuyn hot ng c nh tuyn ln ring ca si pha

ngoi, sau khi xut hin s c nt th tuyn c chuyn mch ln ring ca si
pha trong ti cng bc sng hot ng.
Di y l m hnh chc nng ca mt nt OMS SPRing k cn s c s
dng chuyn mch kp chuyn mch bo v pha xy ra s c (t cp
hoc s c nt). M hnh ny c xy dng da trn m hnh SDH MS
xlii
Hnh 2.16 Ring hai si hai hng bo v s c on OMS 2SPRing
Hnh 2.17 Ring hai si hai hng bo v s c nt OMS 2 SPRing
B ghp knh

B khuch i
SDXC
SDXC
SPRing, cc chc nng thch ng OMS c xc nh tu thuc vo cc h
thng c th (v d chng ta s c chc nng OMSA 16 trong h thng WDM
16 bc sng) nhng n ch cung cp cho cc knh hot ng hoc bo v ch
khng phi tt c 16 knh. Khi thit k thc thi cn xem xt n vic thc hin
gim st cc s c nh th no nu ti s dng bc sng.
Trong phng thc chuyn mch quang 2
2 th n thch hp vi chuyn
mch bo v m yu cu tn tht nh (khong 1dB) v tc chuyn mch
nhanh (khong 20 ms). Cu hnh nt bao gm mt OADM cho mt si, mt
chuyn mch quang nhanh cho 2
2 mi pha ca nt, v c th s dng b

khuych i quang nu cn. V tr tt nht t b khuych i quang l gia
OADM v chuyn mch quang c th s dng cc b khuych i quang hn
ch nhng tn tht ph trng thi bo v.
Di y l cc cu hnh ca cc nt c s dng chuyn mch quang.
xliii
Hng ty
Lp OTS
Lp OMS
Lp OCh
Hng ng
B ghp knh

B khuch i
Lp SDH hoc IP hocATM
EDFA
EDFA
SDXC
OADM
OADM
OS 2 OS 1
Si 1
Si 2
Hnh 2.19 Cu hnh ca mt nt s dng chuyn mch quang22 (cross - bar)
EDFA
EDFA
SDXC
OADM
OADM
OS 2
OS 1
Si 1
Si 2
OS 3
OS 4
Hnh 2.20 Cu hnh ca mt nt s dng chuyn mch quang 21
Si bo v Si bo v
ng bo v th nht hot ng
ng bo v th hai hot ng
Knh bo hiu
OMS 4 SPRing cho vng ring 4 si - hai hng.
Vi trng hi ny mi chng c bn si quang, mi cp si quang dng
truyn lu lng hot ng, mt cp si quang kia dnh cho d phng bo v
cho cp lm vic (50% tng dung lng cho bo v). Khi xy ra s c cc
chuyn mch bo v c thc hin bi cc chuyn mch 2
2 theo k thut
quang c hay k thut khc.

xliv
Hnh 2.21 Ring bn si hai hng chuyn mch bo v on ghp knh
Si bo v
i

Si bo v Si bo v
Knh bo hiu
Khi xy ra s c on th Ring c hi phc bng vic s dng chuyn
mch bo v ti hai nt k cn vi on b s c ni vng lu lng trn cc
si hot ng ln cc si bo v. Yu cu c bo hiu phi hp chuyn mch
c hai nt kt cui on b s c.
V d c phin truyn thng hai hng gia nt A v nt C khi xy ra s c
on gia nt A v nt D nh hnh v 2.22 trong hnh a l trng hp iu
kin bnh thng cn hnh b iu kin xy ra s c. Khi xy ra s c th xut
hin knh bo hiu gia nt A v nt D sau hai nt ny thc hin chuyn
mch bo v chuyn cc bc sng ln knh d phng.

2.4 Cc phng php bo v trong kin trc lin kt gia cc lp
quang
2.4.1 La chn cc kin trc mng tham chiu
Trong thc t cc mng quang thng c xy dng theo kin trc phn
cp, mi cp c th xem nh mt min mng con. Cc min mng con c
trin khai thng s dng cc cu hnh c bn nh CS Ring, OMS Ring, v
cu hnh li quang ca cc OXC.
xlv
i

OXC

OXC

OXC

OXC

Hnh 2.22 Ring bn si hai hng s c on OMS 4SPRing
Si bo v Si bo v
Nt C
Nt A Nt D Nt A Nt D
Nt C Nt B Nt B
Knh bo hiu
Hnh a Hnh b
CS Ring l mt kin trc thun li cho vic kt hp cc chc nng
SDH ca cc thit b sn c trn mng (nh tuyn v bo v MS) vi chc nng
nh tuyn quang ca cc nt logic.
OMS SPRing l mt kin trc mng ton quang tin tin h tr thc
thi c nh tuyn v bo v quang. Do kin trc ny rt quan trng i vi
vic lp k hoch cho cc mng quang.
Kin trc li quang ca cc OXC h tr nh tuyn v hi phc quang
gip n gin ho s phc tp khi xy dng cc mng cu hnh li dung lng
cao t cc thit b tng in.
Da trn ba cu hnh c bn CS Ring, OMS SPRing, v cu hnh li
quang ca cc OXC chng ta xy dng bn kin trc mng tham chiu sau:
Kin trc CS Ring hai mc: hnh 2.23 th hin mt kin trc CS-
Ring/CS hai mc.
y l mt kin trc phn cp gm hai CS Ring lin kt vi nhau thng
qua cc kt ni cho SDH. u im chnh ca kin trc ny l vic cp pht
bc sng c th c lp k hoch cho mi Ring mt cch c lp.
Kin trc OMS SPRing hai mc: hnh 2.24 th hin kin trc OMS-
SPRing hai mc.
xlvi
i

CS - Ring
CS - Ring
CS - Ring
Hnh 2.23 Kin trc CS - Ring/CS - Ring
i

OXC

OXC

OXC

OXC

i

OXC

i

OXC

OXC

OXC

OXC

OXC

OXC

OXC

u im chnh ca kin trc ny l kt ni quang gia cc Ring. Trong cc
hub kh nng mm do mc knh quang ph thuc vo dung lng kt ni cho
quang m cc OADM cung cp.
Kin trc hai mc li/Ring: hnh 2.25 th hin kin trc li quang/
OMS-SPRing hai mc.
y l mt kin trc c nhiu ha hn ng dng nht trong tng lai. Lu
lng cc Ring lp di c tp hp v truyn ti bi lp bn trn c lu
lng rt cao ging nh trong mng SDH truyn thng. Trong mt mng ln cc
OXC c th c chc nng bin i bc sng nhm thit lp rt nhiu tuyn
xlvii
i

OMS - SPRing
Hnh 2.24 Kin trc OMS SPRing hai mc
OMS - SPRing
OMS - SPRing
i

OMS - Ring OMS - Ring
Hnh 2.25 Kin trc li quang/OMS - SPRing
OXC

OXC

OXC

OXC

i

OXC

i

OXC

OXC

OXC

OXC

OXC

OXC

OXC

quang. Phng thc bo v kt ni mng con (OSNCP) (bo v tuyn 1+1) c
th l mt la chn cho kin trc ny.
Kin trc hai mc Ring/li: hnh 2.26 th hin kin trc OMS-SPRing/
li quang hai mc.
Trong mt s trng hp kin trc ny c th cung cp mt gii php ti
u, khi ta s c mt Ring quang dung lng rt cao lin kt gia cc mng
con c cu hnh li tng di. Vn bo v tng t kin trc hai mc
li/ring.
Bng 2.1 So snh mt s tham s ca bn kin trc mng tham kh.
Cc tham s CS Ring
hai mc
OMS-SPRing
hai mc
OMS SPRing/
li quang
Li quang/
OMS - SPRing
Kt ni SDH(VC-
4/3/12)
Quang(OC)
b hn ch
Quang (OC) Quang(OC)
(VC-4/3/12)
Phc hi
tng quang
Khng C (hn ch) C (hn ch) C
Mm do SDH OXC Gii hn Tt Tt
Mc kt ni VC4 Bc sng Bc sng Bc sng
Mc Thp Tt Tt Tt
Thit b Hub SDXC OADM OXC OXC(SDXC)
Loi mng con Ring Ring Ring/OXC/Link Ring/OXC/Link
xlviii
Hnh 2.27 Lin kt dual homing da trn kin trc ring o, (a)p dng cho
OC- DPRing, (b) p dng cho OMS - SPRing
i

OXC

OMS - SPRing
i

Hnh 2.26 Kin trc OMS SPRing/li quang
OXC

OXC

OXC

OXC

OXC

OXC

OXC

2.4.2 Lin kt gia cc mng con v vn bo v
Hot ng lin kt bo v gia cc min mng quang ph thuc vo chc
nng v c tnh ca cc nt kp lin kt gia cc mng con. Nhm n gin ho
ch phc tp ny ta ch tp trung vo phn tch kin trc mng vng ring hai
si.
Trong cc mng quang thc t, hai ring con thng lin kt vi nhau thnh
mt ring kp thng qua hai nt OADM v to ln hai kin trc: kin trc ring o
(VRA), kin trc tch v chuyn tip.
2.4.2.1 Bo v vi kin trc ring o(VRA)
Kin trc ring o ban u c th ch c ng dng cho OC - DPRing.
Phng thc nh tuyn v bo v c ch ra trn hnh 2.27a s dng cc nt
lin kt chuyn tip vin (border) gia cc vng ring ti cng bc sng.
i vi OMS-SPRing nh ch ra trn hnh 2.27b cn thit lp cc bc
sng t A ti B, v nh tuyn cc bc sng theo mt tuyn ng tch bit.
Trong thc t hot ng bo v tng OMS c kt hp vi phn tp tuyn
tng OCh. Cc phng thc bo v c p dng phc hi mt s c nt
hoc on lin kt xy ra trong mi ring, cn chin lc phn tp tuyn c
dng phc hi kt ni i vi s c on lin kt gia hai ring. Tuy vy nu
cc bc sng nycng mang cc kt ni tng client nh nhau th gii php ny
s ti hn gii php ng dng VRA trn cc OC - DPRing, v n yu cu bng
thng gp i m khng tng c kh dng. Ni chung khi ng dng phn
tp tuyn tnh th mi tuyn gia mt cp nt ch mang mt na cc kt ni tng
client gia hai nt , dn n hai h qu:
S lng bc sng mang trn tng quang theo nguyn l ch c mt
na nu khng th s khng cung cp c ti nguyn d phng mc d iu
ny c th cng lm gim thm mc s dng thp ca cc knh quang khi lng
nhu cu tng client khng ln.
Kh nng phc hi nhanh cc kt ni client chng li cc s c c
thc thi ti mt trong hai tng gn s c hn.
xlix
Trn thc t trong nhng trng hp ny kin trc hnh 2.27b s truyn mt
na s kt ni ca tng client gia hai nt A, B trn bc sng
1
v mt na
cn li trn bc sng
2
. Do n c th:
Phc hi tt c cc kt ni client khi xy ra mt s c nt n hoc s
c on n trong mi ring.
Ch phc hi mt na cc kt ni client khi xy ra mt s c on lin kt.
iu ny gip tng cng hiu qu s dng ti nguyn nh khi s dng
VRA trn OCh-DPRing nhng li gim kh nng phc hi nhanh lin kt. Do
phng thc trong hnh 2.27b khng th c xem nh mt lin kt dual-
homing.
2.4.2.2 Cc kin trc ring o ci tin
C mt s kin trc khc c th tng cng hiu nng ca VRA trn OCh -
DPRing m khng nht thit phi s dng chc nng tch v chuyn tip quang
l gii php s dng mt single - homing trn cc ring lin kt vt l vi nhau
l
L1 L2
L3
L4
Nt A
Nt B
L1 L2
L3
L4
Nt A
Nt B
Hnh a
Hnh b
qua cc nt kp. Hnh 2.28 miu t kin trc ny trong cc trng hp OCh -
DPRing v OMS - SPRing. Lin kt logic l mt single-homing v mi bc
sng c tch t ring bi duy nht mt OADM.
Mc ch y l s dng mi bc sng truyn mt na s kt ni tng
client nn v mt nguyn l th yu cu ti nguyn ging nh trng hp ca
VRA trn OCh DPRing (hoc tt hn tng ng vi OMS-SPRing). Mi
mng con (SSN v d mt ring) khng ch phc hi mt s c nt n hoc s
c on n, m c th cho php chng li c trng hp nhiu xy ra s c
(mi s c trn mt ring) gia nt A v B. Nhng c hai kin trc ny u km
hn kin trc s dng VRA trn OCh - DPRing ti cc nt lin kt: ch phc hi
mt na s kt ni tng client khi xy ra s c ti v tr lin kt. Nu thc thi bo
v cc b 1:N cc knh quang lin kt gia L1 v L3,gia L2 v L4 vt qua
im yu ny th gii php ny cng kh hiu qu v mt chi ph.
li
L1 L2
L3
L4
Nt A
Nt B
L1
L2
L3
L4
Nt A
Nt B
Hnh a
Hnh b
Hnh 2.28 Kin trc ring o ci tin, (a) OC- DPRing, (b) OMS - SPRing
Nhn ton cnh mt mng quang ta c th thy n c cu thnh t mt
mng li (mng trc back bone) v cc mng con thnh phn lin kt vi
mng li mng li v lin kt vi nhau. Cc kch bn bo v trong cc mng
WDM c phn tch trong cc cu trc t p c bn nh ng thng, vng
ring, li (mesh). Hai cu hnh vng ring v mesh hin ang thu ht c s
quan tm ch yu ca cc nh thit k. Sau nghin cu hot ng ny khi lin
kt gia cc mng con vi nhau, v khi lin kt vi cc tng khc bn trn (nh
SDH, ATM,IP) .
i vi cu hnh ng thng ta c th p dng trc tip cc k thut bo
v tuyn ring/chia s. Mc d c bo v nhng cu hnh ny tim tng rt
nhiu nguy c nh t c tuyn cp hay s c thit b nn n ch c s dng
giai on u th nghim cha pht trin dung lng m khng my khi c
s dng trong cc mng qui m ln. Cc phng thc bo v 1+1/1:1
SONET/SDH. im khc bit gia bo v WDM v SDH l khi ch khi xut
hin s c trn mt si hot ng th chuyn mch ca u thu tng ng ca
pha pht khng bit g. Trong khi SDH c hai u thu u bit trng thi
ca si bo v.
Cc kin trc OCh DPRing v OCh SPRing thc thi bo v lp knh
quang. Cc kin trc OMS DPRing v OMS SPRing thc thi bo v lp
on ghp knh quang nn tt c cc knh quang trn cng mt chng s c
bo v ng thi khi xut hin s c.
OCh DPRing s dng cc chuyn mch quang chuyn mch lu lng
ln si bo v khi xy ra s c v khng yu cu bo hiu. Cu hnh ny c th
chng li s c chng n, s c a chng, hay s c ti nt trung gian trn
tuyn hot ng nhng c nhc im chung l yu cu chi ph t hn so vi
cc gii php khc. Trng hp OC DPRing bn si nu cho php ti s dng
cc bc sng th tng s bc sng s gim xung nhng yu cu chuyn mch
bo v c hai u cui trnh xung t bc sng trn si bo v khi xy ra
s c.
OCh DPRing s dng hai si truyn ti lu lng theo c hai hng.
Trong iu kin bnh thng, mi si mang mt bc sng khc nhau (
1
thun
lii
chiu kim ng h,
2
ngc chiu kim ng h). Nu mt on hay mt nt b
s c th cc nt k cn s nh tuyn li cc bc sng cho on cung b ca n.
Cu hnh OMS SPRing phi thit k bo v ring cho tng chn nn rt
t v khng c tnh kh thi. Cu hnh OMS SPRing bo v chia s nn cho
php s dng ti nguyn kh hiu qu. OMS 2 SPRing truyn lu lng trn
c hai si, mi si cp pht mt na tng s cc bc sng cho cc knh hot
ng, na cn li d phng bo v cc knh hot ng trn si kia. Nu mt
on hay mt nt b s c, cc nt k cn s dng cc chuyn mch 22 nh
tuyn li cc knh hot ng truyn qua on cung ln cc knh bo v ca
si truyn ngc hng ti cng mt bc sng hot ng.
OMS 4 SPRing l ring WDM hai hng mi chng c bn si quang, mt
cp si quang dng truyn lu lng hot ng, mt cp si quang kia dnh
cho d phng bo v cho cp hot ng. Khi xy ra s c s dng cc chuyn
mch nhanh 22 ti hai nt k cn vi s c chuyn mch bo v ni vng
lu lng trn cc si hot ng ln cc si bo v. Yu cu c bo hiu phi
hp chuyn mch c hai nt kt cui s c.
C hai gii php bo v 1+1 v 1:1 u dnh ti 50% dung lng cho bo
v v c th p dng bo v tng knh quang trong mng li WDM, cc OXC
chuyn tip khng phi cu hnh li trong trng hp xy ra s c. C ch bo
v ring c th phn chia thnh hai loi: mt l loi tuyn bo v v tuyn hot
ng ch tch bit v SRG, hai l tuyn bo v v tuyn hot ng tch bit c
v SRG v cc nt trung gian.
Trong bo v chia s tuyn, mt tuyn quang bo v gia hai nt c thit
lp bo v cho N tuyn quang hot ng gia hai nt. Bc sng d phng
dnh ring trn cc on ca ng d phng c th chia s vi cc ng d
phng khc. Gii php ny gim c chi ph nhng phc tp hn v cch thc
thc hin do yu cu trao i thng tin bo hiu v phi cu hnh li cc OXC
kt cui cc knh WDM chia s.
i vi cu trc mng quang WDM hnh li (mesh) s dng cc OXC
chuyn mch quang trn ton mng. C nhiu cch thc thi bo v on trong
cu hnh mesh, nhng trn thc t c hai chin lc cp pht dung lng d
liii
phng ph bin: gii php s dng cc vng ring vu hi v gii php tng qut
ho vng lp ngc.
Nguyn l cc vng ring vu hi p dng cho mng li WDM nh sau:
trc ht mng c phn tch thnh mt s nhm con cc si, mi nhm con
c qun l nh mt vng ring v c trang b mt h thng bo v OMS
ging nh OMS SPRing. Khi mi h thng bo v s phn ng vi s c
bng cch ni vng cc kt ni b s c. Mt s gii php ang c nghin cu
v hon thin trn th gii: gii php ph nt. gii php ph vng, gii php ph
vng kp v gii php P cycle.
Trong thc t cc mng quang thng c xy dng theo kin trc phn
cp, mi cp c th xem nh mt mng con. Cc min mng con c trin khai
thng s dng cc kin trc c bn nh CS Ring, OMS SPRing, v kin
trc li s dng cc OXC. Da trn ba kin trc c bn ny, ta c th to ra
bn kin trc mng tham chiu l: CS Ring hai mc, OMS SPRing hai mc,
kin trc li/ring, v kin trc ring/li.
liv
CHNG III
PHC HI MNG V PHN B LI TI NGUYN
3.1 Cc khi nim
3.1.1 Phc hi
Phc hi l mt phng thc s dng cc ti nguyn d phng kh dng
nh tuyn li lu lng sau khi xy ra s c, theo tnh trng khi ca mng.
chng II ta ni ti vn bo v. im phn bit gia hai phng
thc bo v v phc hi l: cc k thut bo v da trn cc kch bn xc
nh tuyn /on bo v cho mi tuyn /on hot ng cn bo v trc khi
xy ra s c, cn cc k thut phc hi s dng cc thut ton nh tuyn tm
mt tuyn /on d phng kh dng thay th tm thi cho tuyn /on hot ng
b nh hng sau khi xy ra s c. Do cc k thut bo v thng p ng
thi gian hi phc nhanh hn cc k thut phc hi ng nhng b li cc k
thut phc hi cho php s dng cc ti nguyn d phng mm do hn.
Nh ta bit mi trng WDM c chia thanh 3 lp; lp knh quang
(OCh-Optical Channel), lp on ghp knh quang (OMS- Optical Multiplex
Section) v lp on truyn dn quang (OTS Optical Transmisstion Section).
Tng ng vi mi lp ta c cc cch phc hi ring bit.
Phng thc phc hi knh quang: phng thc ny yu cu thay th
mi tuyn quang hot ng b nh hng bi s c bng mt tuyn quang bo
v. Vic tm tuyn bo v c th c thc thi bng iu khin phn tn hoc
tp trung. Trng hp p dng iu khin tp trung, mt nt iu khin lu gi
bn ghi trng thi ca mng v tm cc tuyn bo v ri thng bo cho cc nt
mng. Trng hp p dng iu khin phn tn, c nt ngung v ch s r sot
ng cc bc sng bo v c yu cu thit lp li tuyn ng b t.
Phng thc phc hi on ghp knh quang: phng thc ny yu
cu tm kim cc b mt tuyn tm thi kh dng vng qua on b s c.
Phng thc ny c thc thi ti cc nt u cui on b s c, s dng mt
thut ton phn b tm tuyn thay th tm thi.
lv
im phn bit gia phc hi knh quang v phc hi on ghp knh
quang l mc bo v hay n v bo v. Trng hp th nht ly i tng
bo v l tuyn quang nn bo v knh quang c gi l bo v tuyn, n cho
php la chn hi phc cc s c kt cui ng dy quang (OLT). Trng hp
th hai ly i tng bo v mc tn hiu tng l tn hiu ghp knh ca cc
knh WDM truyn trn mi si quang nn bo v on ghp knh cn c gi
l bo v on, n s hi phc tt c cc tuyn quang hin c mang trn on
si b s c.
Cc k thut phc hi quang c th c thc thi mc knh quang p
dng cho cu hnh li vi cc nt OXC. Hin nay trn th trng cha cung
cp cc thit b OXC c hiu nng cao nhng mt s nh sn xut ang pht
trin cc thit b kt ni cho quang - in c thit k c bit cho phc hi
phn tn nhanh.
Trong mt h thng mng vin thng c th xy ra cc s c nh; t
ng truyn gia hai nt mng; s c ti nt mng. T cc s c ny ta c ba
phng php phc hi mng: phc hi t u cui - ti - u cui ca tuyn
hot ng, phc hi ti cc nt k cn vi s c, v phc hi ti nt trung gian.
3.1.1.1 Phc hi u cui - ti - u cui

lvi
Hnh 3.1 M t phc hi u cui-ti-u cui i vi s c on lin kt
ng kt ni gia hai
nt
Tuyn hot ng trc
khi xy ra s c
Tuyn hot ng sau
khi xy ra s c
Khi xy ra s c th phng php phc hi ny s thc hin nh tuyn li
t cc nt u cui ca cc knh b nh hng bi s c. Phng php phc hi
ny m bo hiu qu nh nhau i vi c s c nt v s c on lin kt
3.1.1.2 Phc hi ti nt k cn s c
cho cc knh i trn on ni gia hai nt k cn vi s c on, phng php
phc hi ny khng hi phc c lu lng trong trng hp s c nt
3.1.1.3 Phc hi ti nt trung gian
lvii
Hnh 3.2 M t phc hi u cui-ti-u cui i vi s c nt
ng kt ni gia hai
nt
Tuyn hot ng trc
khi xy ra s c
Tuyn hot ng sau
khi xy ra s c
Hnh 3.3 M t phc hi ti nt k cn
ng kt ni gia hai
nt
Tuyn hot ng trc
khi xy ra s c
Tuyn hot ng sau
khi xy ra s c
cc knh b nh hng bi mt s c gi bt k cp nt trung gian no. Phng
php phc hi ny s dng dung lng d phng rt hiu qu v n cho php
nh tuyn li kt ni mt cch ti u m khng c cc rng buc nh hai
phng php trn, nhng yu cu thut ton phc tp hn.
Trong cc phng php phc hi trn th phng php phc hi ti cc nt
bin thng cho p ng tuyn phc hi di hn so vi phng php phc hi
ti nt k cn s c. Tuy vy phng php th hai li yu cu phi tp trung
nhiu dung lng d phng gn cc v tr d gp s c dn n tng dung lng
d phng m n yu cu cao hn trong khi phng php u c th lp k hoch
dung lng d phng va hi phc cc s c n ph hp vi qui m
mng.
V kh nng khc phc s c th tt c cc phng php phc hi u p
dng c cho mt s c chng. Ring phng php phc hi ti nt k cn s
c khng c kh nng i ph vi s c nt.
V thi gian hi phc th phng php phc hi ti nt k cn s c c th
s dng mc on ghp knh quang (OMS), lin ti it nt hn v thng cho
tuyn ng phc hi ngn hn nn p ng hi phc nhanh hn.
Di y l bng so snh cc phng php phc hi
lviii
Tuyn quang trc
khi xy ra s c
Tuyn quang sau khi
xy ra s c
Hnh 3.4 M t phc hi ti nt trung gian i vi s c on
ng kt ni gia hai
nt
Tuyn hot ng trc
khi xy ra s c
Tuyn hot ng sau
khi xy ra s c
Phng php phc hi Nt k cn s c Nt bin
Dung lng d phng yu cu Nhiu hn t hn
Kh nng khc phc s c Ti hn Tt hn
Thi gian hi phc Ngn hn Di hn
Bng 3.1 So snh cc phng php phc hi
3.1.2 Cp pht ti nguyn
Phn b li ti nguyn l mt vn cn thit trong xy dng, vn hanh v
khai thc mng, c bit l khi khi phc s c. i vi cc mng quang, c
bit l mng quang WDM th phn b li ti nguyn l rt quan trng. N gm
cp pht si quang, bc sng, thit b WDM v thit b u cui. T kt qu x
l s c tnh sc s lng bc sng v cc thnh phn mng cn b sung.
Hot ng cp pht mt kt ni knh quang cho cc cp v cc si quang
khng c g mi l i vi cc nh lp k hoch xy dng mng SDH trc y,
nhng vic gn mt bc sng cho mt knh quang, nh tuyn cc bc sng
quang l mt nhin v mi kh phc tp. Nu mng c h tr bin i bc
sng (s dng cc b pht p hay b bin i bc sng) th vn ny c
gii quyt n gin nhng li lm tng chi ph xy dng nt mng. Do khi
cp pht ti nguyn cho cc mng WDM c hai kha cnh cn phi xem xt
Mt l cc h thng WDM thng c thit k vi s lng bc sng
xc nh hu hn.
Hai l vn xung t bc sng c th xy ra nu cc knh quang
khc nhau hot ng cng bc sng trn cng mt si.
V hai vn ny m cc nh thit k phi ti thiu ho s lng bc sng
s dng khng vt qu dung lng ca h thng WDM v trnh c xung
t bc sng.
Khi xem xt vn cp pht bc sng cn bit r mng c h tr bin i
bc sng hay khng, t c ba trng hp cp pht bc sng:
Cp pht tuyn bc sng o ( Virtual Wavelength Path - VWP): bc
sng c cp pht c th thay th trn tuyn ng ti nt ch. Trng hp
ny tng t nh hot ng cp pht ti nguyn trong cc mng SDH
lix
Cp pht tuyn bc sng (Wavelength Path - WP): ch cp pht mt
bc sng duy nht dc theo tuyn ng t nt ngun ti nt ch. Trng hp
ny dn n nguy c xung t bc sng gia hai tuyn chia s cng mt si
quang.
Cp pht tuyn bc sng ng hm (Tuneable Wavelength Path -
TWP): cp pht c nh hai bc sng khc nhau cho cc tuyn hot ng v
hi phc. Phng php ny l phng php trung gian ca ca hai phng php
trc.
Khi xem xt v c im lu lng ti trn mng (ti tnh hay ti ng )
chng ta c hai cch thc cp pht ti nguyn tng ng:
Cp pht ti nguyn vi lu lng ti tnh: c th c thc hin mt
ln hoc theo k hoch nhiu chu k (lu lng ti d bo kh chnh xc cc
thi im). Trong c hai trng hp lu lng u c khuynh hng tng ln v
c th p dng cc cng c ti u d bo s tng trng ny.
Cp pht ti nguyn vi lu lng ti ng (trong trng hp lu lng
ti bt nh): lu lng d bo ch c th thng k, v d cng lu lng ti
a c mong i hay mc tp trung lu lng trong mt ring. Ngi thit
k phi lm sao p ng c mc mm do ca mng cao nht vi chi ph
thp nht.
3.1.3 Cc phng thc thc thi cp pht ti nguyn
S dng cc thut ton ti u: cch ny c th rt chm nhng thch hp
vi cc mng ln, lu lng tnh v ni chung cn d bo lu lng chnh xc.
Chng c th c dng nghin cu so snh cc kiu mng khc nhau, phn
tch mc nhy cm a ra nhng kt qu c gi tr.
S dng cc lut thit lp k hoch n gin: cch ny c th thch ng
ngay cho thc thi v vn hnh cc mng thc t (v d khi ci t dung lng
mi cn nh tuyn cho cc nhu cu mi).
3.1.4 Cp pht ti nguyn trong cc k thut bo v mng
Trong mng thng tin quang WDM vn cp pht ti nguyn cho mc
ch bo v lu lng v hi phc mng sau khi xy ra s c rt quang trng, c
lx
ngha quyt nh n vic lp d n xy dng mng quang, d tnh chi ph v
xc nh cu hnh mng kh thi.
Hin ti c ba trng hp cp pht ti nguyn sau. Chng c phn bit
da trn s lng bc sng yu cu b sung cho mc ch bo v.
3.1.4.1 Bo v trn chnh bc sng ca thc th c bo v (khi ch c cc nt
WR)
Phn tp si quang: bng cch tng gp i ti nguyn cn thit
truyn ti lu lng mng. Cch bo v 1+1 ny m bo hi phc 100% cc s
c tuyn nhng khng m bo hi phc cc s c nt.
Phn tp ng nh tuyn: i vi mi ng nh tuyn s dnh mt
ng nh tuyn khc cho mc ch bo v, ti u ho v mt ti nguyn
mng th vic xc nh hai ng khc nhau vi cng bc sng cho mi cp
nt phi c thc hin trong pha cp pht ti nguyn bo v. Cch ny c th
bo v mng chng li cc s c trn on, tuyn v ti cc nt trung gian.
Bo v da trn ring: xc nh cc vng ring t bo v trn mng cu
hnh li. Cch ny cho php s dng cc k thut bo v chia s ging nh bo
v ring SDH. Lp k hoch cc ring i qua cc nt trong mng vi cc yu t
rng buc (nh tr, s lng cc nt, v chiu di tuyn...)
3.1.4.2 Bo v trn cc bc sng khc nhau (trng hp c sn cc nt WC)
Vi cch ny cho php dng cc k thut bo v ring hay chia s, v ti u
ho ton b ti nguyn mng theo cch: ban u dng cc WL cha b chim
dng sau thc hin phn tp si quang. iu ny c thc hin trong pha
lp k hoch cp pht ti nguyn mng. Nu mun cung cp bo v trn c si
quang khi b t th knh bo v khng nn trn cng mt si quang vi knh
c bo v.
3.1.4.3 Bo v trn cc tuyn a bc sng (trng hp cc nt WR kh dng)
Hnh thc ny dng ti u ho ton b ti nguyn mng khi khng c s
hn ch v WL trn tuyn. Ban u s dng cc bc sng cha b chim dng
sau mi p dng phn tp si quang. Cng vic ny c th thc hin trong
pha lp k hoch cp pht ti nguyn mng. Tng t trng hp trn trnh
lxi
nh hng khi b t cp knh bo v khng nn chia s cng mt si quang vi
knh c bo v.
3.2 Phn b lu lng trong qu trnh hi phc mng
u tin chng ta nghin cu v vn cp pht ti nguyn vi lu lng
ti tnh trong cc cu hnh ring, li, sau l vn cp pht ti nguyn vi
lu lng ti ng trong cu hnh ring. Trong cc trng hp nghin cu, lu
lng gi thit l cc khi. Mt khi l mt yu cu truyn ti thng tin gia hai
nt mng quang trn mt bc sng. Khi quang c th c nh tuyn t u
cui - ti - u cui trn mt bc sng sut tuyn ng i hoc trn cc bc
sng khc nhau nu s dng bc sng.
3.2.1 nh tuyn lu lng v cp pht ti nguyn cho cc mng quang
WDM vi lu lng tnh
Phn ny trnh by v cp pht ti nguyn bc sng cho cc mng WDM
cu hnh ring c lu lng tnh tho ba nhm sau: nhm ring WDM bo v
ring, nhm ring WDM bo v chia s v nhm ring WDM khng bo v.
Cc ring WDM bo v ring n hng hoc hai hng c cc knh quang
hot ng c bo v i ph vi s c t cp bi cc knh bo v dnh ring
truyn hng i din ca ring. Do cc knh hot ng v bo v c th cng
chia s mt bc sng cc hng truyn dn khc nhau trn ring nn vn
cp pht ti nguyn rt n gin, ta c th cp pht mt bc sng cho mi nhu
cu khi. V d trng hp mt ring WDM vi N nt c N*(N-1)/2 khi th
s lng bc sng yu cu trn ring WDM hai si bo v ring l N*(N-1)/2.
Tng t vi ring WDM n hng khng bo v, c hai hng truyn dn cho
mi khi s dng mt bc sng trn tt c cc tuyn vng quanh ring.
Cc ring WDM bo v chia s (thng l ring hai hng, i khi cng p
dng nh tuyn n hng cho mt s khi): khi cp t ti mt cung n vn
c dung lng d phng trn phn cng b hi phc cho nhng khi
quang b t kt ni (v d OMS - SPRing).
Cc ring WDM hai hng khng bo v: nhim v bo v c th c
chuyn ln cc tng khch s dng dung lng trn chnh ring hoc trn cc
lxii
phn khc ca mng nhng khng cn dnh ring bt k bc sng no cho
mc ch bo v.
Cc ring ny cho php ti s dng bc sng truyn cc khi quang khc
nhau nn v l thuyn chng yu cu t bc sng hn. Nhng b li cc khi
quang phi c nh tuyn chnh xc v c cp pht cc bc sng sao cho
m bo kh nng ti s dng ti a. Nu cc nt c h tr bin i bc sng
th vn tr nn n gin: nhng nu cc nt s dng b ghp knh xen/r th
ng th khng c kh nng bin i bc sng cho cc knh lu lng truyn
qua, do mi nhu cu quang phi c cp pht mt bc sng t u cui -
ti - u cui khin cho cng vic ny tr ln phc tp. Khi phi tm ra mt
phng thc cp pht bc sng ti u m ch c s dng mt s lng bc
sng hn ch nh trong trng hp c h tr bin i bc sng. V d trng
hp ring WDM hai si bo v chia s c N nt, ta ch c yu cu [(N
2
1)/4]
bc sng, khi s N ln gi tr ny gn bng 50% so vi trng hp bo v rin.
i vi ring bn si bo v chia s hoc ring WDM hai hng khng bo v th
s lng bc sng yu cu l [(N
2
- 1)/8] m yu cu h tr bin i bc sng
th khng thch hp.
Nhn chung nhu cu lu lng him khi t ti mc ti a nhng v lu di
cn thit phi tm ra cc cng thc chung hoc cc lut cp pht bc sng n
gin. ti thiu ho vic s dng cc bc sng rt cn cc thut ton cho p
ng nhanh.
Trong thc t p dng mt lut cp pht ti nguyn kh tt theo hai giai
on lin tip sau.
Giai on mt (giai on nh tuyn): nh tuyn cc khi quang
truyn cng chiu hoc ngc chiu kim ng h nhm ti thiu ho tng s
bc sng s dng trn mi on (vi gi thit c h tr bin i bc sng).
Cc nhu cu quang (cc khi) c cp nhiu bc sng c th c tch ra,
v mi bc sng c nh tuyn ring nu yu cu. Sau s dng mt thut
ton p ng nhanh sn c nh tuyn ti u nhm t c s lng cc
bc sng trn mi on l t nht c th.
Giai on hai: giai on cp pht bc sng cho cc tuyn c xc
nh khi kt thc giai on mt: ta c th s dng cc thut ton Stochastic hay
lxiii
cc thut ton phong on nhm t c hiu qu phn b tt c cc bc sng
nh mong mun .
Giai on u nhm to ra mt mc ngng s lng cc bc sng yu
cu thp hn m cha xt ti vic khng c h tr bin i bc sng. Giai
on hai thc thi cp pht bc sng theo gii hn
WDM vi lu lng ti ng
Trong nhiu ng dng mng thc t khng phi lc no cng d on c
trc cc mu lu lng, cc nhu cu quang (cc kh) c th tng hoc gim bt
k nn cn thit phi xem xt cc mu lu lng ng xc nh mc linh
hot v hiu qu ca cc mng WDM. Cc thut ton phi thc thi nh tuyn v
cp pht cc bc sng trong iu kin lu lng ng nn cn m bo cc yu
cu sau:
m bo mc s dng mng cao m bit nhu cu lu lng ban u.
Thut ton vn t hiu nng tt ngay c khi lu lng c s bin ng ln
Thut ton n gin c th d dng lin kt gia cc mng con ca h
thng qun l mng. Phn ny ta s xem xt lu lng ng trong cc mng ring
WDM bo v chia s vi kch bn nh sau.
Mt ring kt ni N nt, ban u cha c nhu cu quang (khi) no
c nh tuyn
Cc nhu cu quang xut hin ln lt v yu cu c phc v ngay
lp tc. Cc yu cu ny xut hin ngu nhin vi xc sut nh nhau
gia cc nt trn ring, nn phi tnh ton da trn trung bnh mu
lu lng ton phn.
Khi c mt nhu cu quang yu cu phc v phi tm thy ngay mt
bc sng kh dng. Hiu nng ti xp xut cc bc sng cp
pht cho lu lng trn ring phi m bo mc s dng mng
cao hn, nhng vi k thut ring WDM hin nay yu cu xem xt c
kh nng can thip nhn cng v t knh dch v khch hng do
khng cho php tai sp xp.
lxiv
Nu c hin tng dao ng lu lng c th loi bt cc nhu cu
quang (trn cc phn ring s dng) v bc sng cp pht cho
nhu cu quang b lai s tr thnh kh dng i vi cc nhu cu
quang mi c th c ng tuyn trn phn ring .
C mt s lut cp pht ti nguyn lin quan ti hot ng nh tuyn v
cp pht bc sng: thut ton tm ng ngn nht (SP), thut ton tm s
lng bc sng it nht. so snh ta xem xt cc ring WDM c h tr bin
i bc sng lun nhm nh tuyn cc nhu cu quang ln tuyn ngn nht.
Cc nhu cu quang c to ra ngu nhin v cp cho ring WDM s dng lut
chn cho ti khi tt c cc bc sng c s dng. Khi xy ra hin tng
tc nghnth phi tnh ton li cc nhu cu c phc v thnh cng. thy
c mc cp pht ti nguyn ti u t c ta s dng mt s cng c cp
pht ti nguyn tnh th thc hin trn cng cc khi quang , nu thc thi tt
hn th c th c nhiu bc sng kh dng hn.
Vn dao ng ti ng c nh hng xu ti mng ring WDM nh hin
tng phn mnh trong cng ca my tnh. Trong hin tng phn mnh ca
my tnh th n xy ra do ta to ri li xo cc tp tin, cn vn dao ng ti
th do cc nhu cu quang b loi ngu nhin khi ring WDM li mt khng
gian bc sng b phn mnh, dung lng tha c phn b vng quanh ring
trn cc bc sng khc nau nhng li khng c mt bc sng no hon ton
kh dng ht mt vng ring. Cc ti nguyn kh dng phn tn ny li c
dng cp pht cho cc nhu cu mi cn c nh tuyn qua mt s nt m
khng c h tr bin i bc sng nn tt kho khn. Ngc li nu h tr
bin i bc sng ta c th d dng tn dng dung lng tha trn mt vi
bc sng nh tuyn cho mt nhu cu quang.
Mt kt lun quan trng l nu mng ring WDM c dao ng ti cao, bo
v chia s c th t kt qu s dng thp. Ngc li cc ring WDM bo v
ring s dng cc lut n gin hn khng nhy cm vi cc dao ng ti: u
im ca bo v chia s so vi bo v ring v mt yu cu bc sng c th b
p nhc im mc s dng.
thc thi thit k mng t c hiu qu cao ta cn nh c mng tho
cc mu lu lng d bo thch hp, ly chi ph lm i tng tnh ton mc
lxv
kh dng v kim tra kh nng linh hot ca mng. iu ny da trn lu lng
tnh s dng mt s cng c ti u. V d: nh c OMS SPRing s dng
chin lc nh tuyn v cp pht bc sng theo hai bc. Chng ta ta bit
OMS SPRing c nhiu u im v yu cu di thng tt hn cc ring WDM
bo v ring cng ging nh trng hp SDH SPRing tt hn SNCP ring. Kh
nng h tr bin i bc sng khng thch hp lm ngoi tr trng hp lu
lng ng khng c d bo trc, c bit khi c dao ng ti cao.
i vi cc mng li WDM, thc hi tch bit cc tc v nh tuyn v
cp pht bc sng l n gin nht. C th s dng thut ton tm ng ngn
nht cho nh tuyn, mt thut ton heuristic hay cc cng c da trn SA v
ILP cho cp pht ti nguyn.
i vi lu lng ng ta nn chn cc mng ring WDM bo v chia s l
thch hp hn c. Nu khng th d bo trc c lu lng, v hot ng
nh tuyn khng th ti sp xp ng m khng xt n QoS th nn s dng
lut SP s t c hiu qu s dng t 90% ti 95% (khi khng c dao ng
ti), v gim xung 70%(khi c giao ng ti). iu ny khin cho cc ring
WDM bo v chia s km hm dn hn cc ring WDM bo v ring 1+1 s
dng cc lut n gin hn nhiu.
3.2.3 Phng php nh tuyn trong mngWDM cu trc Ring
Tng t trong mng cu Ring SDH, khi xet v tnh hiu qu s dng bng
tn quang, hin nay cc cu trc ring ton quang c th chia thnh hai loi ch
yu:
Ring bo v dng chung SPRing (OMS-SPRing - Optical Multiplex
Section Shared Protection Ring), tng ng vi cng ngh SDH c MS- SPRing
hay ring hai hng.
Ring bo v dnh ring DPRing (OCH/OMS DPRing Dedicated
Protection Ring hay OCH-SNCP Ring Sub-Network Connection Protection
Ring) tng ng vi cng ngh SDH l loi SNCP Ring hay Ring n hng
USHR.
Trong loi ring bo v dnh ring DPRing (1+1) ti lp quang, lung tn
hiu quang c gi i theo c hai hng ca vng ring bo v. Nguyn tc
c bn phn b bc sng l: mi mt lung quang im - im s s dng
lxvi
mt bc sng ring trn ton ring. Mc phc tp trong thit k mng vi
cu trc DPRing s khng nm phn quang m ch yu phn giao din
quang v VC-4. V d, xc nh s xp xp logic cc nt tt nht (cu hnh lp
SDH), hoc cch ghp cc VC-4 vo bc sng l cn thit.
i vi ring bo v dng chung SPRing, yu cu nh c phc tp hn.
Nh thit k phi quyt nh hng tuyn thun/ngc chiu kim ng h cho
mi lu lng v s dng bc sng nht nh no . Do c ch bo v dng
chung cho php s dng bc sng trn cc lung quang khng chng cho
nhau, nn s khng c nguyn tc thit k n gin no. Hn na nhim v phn
b cc VC-4 vo tng bc sng s lm cho bai ton phc tp hn trong vng
ring c bo v dng chung. Phn ny s tp trung vo nh tuyn v phn b
bc sng cho SPRing p ng yu cu lu lng lung quang xc nh, m
khng cp n vn nhm, phn b cc lung VC-4 vo knh quang y
l phn quyt nh ca lp mng trn v thng thuc nh khai thc khc, c
lp vi nh khai thc mng quang.
Trong vn phn b ti nguyn d phng ni chung l rt kh. Nhng
trong trng hp cu hnh ring th vi loi DPRing mi mt knh OCh lm vic
s yu cu knh bo v theo hng i din, v vi cu trc loi SPRing, th
mt na phn bc sng trn mi chng c s dng cho knh bo v v na
cn li s dng cho d phng. V nguyn tc khi c s c xy ra phn bc
sng lm vic b s c s chuyn sang phn bo v hng ngc li, do cn
c chuyn i bc sng. Tuy nhin c th trnh s dng chuyn i bc sng
nh b tr hai hai phn bc sng dnh cho lm vic v d phng ca hai si b
nhau.
Ngoi ra, vn nh c cho mng DPRing hon ton phi c thng qua
phng php tnh n gin, bi v mi lu lng quang s yu cu s dng mt
bc sng trn mi chng ca ring (cho knh bo v v lm vic). V vy d
dng nh tuyn v gn bc sng cho DPRing trong trng hp ma trn lu
lng quang c bo v hon ton. Tuy nhin. DPRing c th ti cc lu lng
quang khng c bo v; nhng lu lng ny s lm cho phc tp hn khi nh
c cc DPRing. i vi trng hp ny bi ton li quay v gii bi ton
SPRing. Do vy trong phn ny ch cn tp trung v vn nh c SPRing.
lxvii
1 nu a
j

P(i, 2j-1) =
0 nu a
j

1 nu a
j

P(i, 2j) =
0 nu a
j

3.2.3.1 nh tuyn trong mng ring n
nh tuyn. Nhim v ca bc ny rt quan trng, n xc nh nh tuyn
lu lng thun hoc ngc chiu kim ng h vi gi nh c b chuyn i
bc sng. Bc ny c th gii cho cho kt qu gn hoc ti u bng thut ton
ti di truyn (Genetic), Heuristic hoc s dng thut ton ti u, xc nh
hng tuyn ca mi lung lu lng.
C hai loi phng php ph bin c s dng nh tuyn lu lng
cho SPRing, l:
Cc phng php Heuristic.
Heuristic thch nghi.
Heuristic khng thich nghi.
Cc phng php ti u.
a) Cc phng php nh tuyn
Rt nhiu nh nghin cu trc xut vi phng php nh tuyn ti
u cho mng SPRing. tng ca cc phng php ny l ti thiu chi ph ring
bng cch ti thiu ti trng trn chng c ti cao nht, trong ti l tng cc
lu lng nh tuyn qua chng . Hu ht cc thut ton u phi gii quyt
vn cn bng ti trng, l cc lung quang c sp xp trn ring sao cho
s chnh lch v ti gia cc chng cng nh cng tt.
Mt trong nhng thut ton c C.Y.Lee v S.G.Chang xut v ch
ra kt qu l ti u hoc nhiu nht l ln hn gi tr ti u mt n v
(N=[L
MAX
/2]+1).
* Bi ton
Xt vng ring c n nt (n cnh/cung/chng). Cc nt c nh s theo
chiu kim ng h v cnh gia nt I v i+1 gi l a
i
. Cnh gia nt n v l l a
n
.
Mi mt lu lng gia hai nt l i xng v hai hng. K hiu:
d = (d
1
, d
2
, d
3
, d
m
) l vc t lu lng trong d
j
l tng s lung ca lu
lng j
Pj
+
= {a
s
, a
s+1
, . . .a
t-2
, a
t-1
} l tp cc cnh m ti lu lng j gia nt s v t
(t n) theo hng kim ng h
lxviii
1 nu a
j

P(i, 2j-1) =
0 nu a
j

1 nu a
j

P(i, 2j) =
0 nu a
j

Pj
= {a
s
, a
s+1
, . . .a
n
, a
n-1
, . . .a
t+1
, a
t
} l tp cc cnh m ti lu lng j gia
nt s v t(t n) ngc chiu kim ng h
P l ma trn n2m, trong :
x
) , ,..., , , , (
2 2 1 1
+ + +
m m
x x x x x x
l vc t kt qu, trong :
+
j
x
l s lung ca lu lng j c nh tuyn theo chiu kim ng h
j
x
l s lung ca lu lng j c nh tuyn ngc chiu kim ng h
R l ma trn (n2m) lu lng ca cnh, trong

+

i
x j i P j i R ) 1 2 , ( ) 1 2 , (

j
x j i P j i R ) 2 , ( ) 2 , (
y
) ,..., , (
2 1 n
y y y
l vc t ti vi i
y
l ti trn cnh
i
c xc nh l i
y
=
j
j i R ) , (
z(x) = max
i
{
i
y
} l ti ln nht trong cc cnh
i
ng vi kt qu x
A ={a
i
/ y
i
z(x)-1} l tp cc cnh c ti cc i nh hn 1
Bi ton cn bng ti c th c biu din nh sau:
Ti thiu hm mc tiu z(x).
Tho mn iu kin:

i
P i j
j
P i j
j
y x x
j j
+

+
+
} / { } / {
vi
n i ..., 2 , 1
j j j
d x x +
+
vi
m j ,..., 2 , 1
+
j
x
,

j
x
nguyn dng vi mi
j
lxix
1 nu a
j

P(i, 2j-1) =
0 nu a
j

1 nu a
j

P(i, 2j) =
0 nu a
j

Y
Y
j
>n >
:=nh tuyn cc lu lng bt u t nt i;
nh gi ti y=(y
1
, y
2
,,y
n
);
Xc nh tp A; X
d
rq
: i qua
tt c cc
cnh thuc A
Hm mc tiu z(x) nhn c t nh tuyn
+
j
x
v
j
x
ca mi lu lng
j

sao cho ti ln nht l ti thiu. Rng buc th nht ch ra l ti ca cnh i
y
l
tng tt c cc lu lng nh tuyn qua cnh a
i
c hai hng (ngc /thun
chiu kim ng h), rng buc th hai ch ra lu lng c nh tuyn c hai
hng phi bng d
j
, cn rng buc th ba l vic tch lu lng theo 2 hng
phi nguyn dng.
gii bi ton ny Lee v Chang xut thut ton sau:
Bc 1: khi to
x := (d
1
,0,d
2
,0, . . .,d
m
,0);
Tnh ton y, z(x),A;
t
i
:=1;
Bc 2: kim tra iu kin
n i
: nu sai th kt thc
To danh sch cc lu lng bt ngun t nt
i
v sp xp theo th t
gim dn ca gi tr
+
j
P
, tc l lung lu lng c s cnh/chng
gim dn.
Gi lu lng j:=lu lng u tin trong danh sch ca nt i
Bc 3: lp li vi bc ny vi iu kin
+
j
P
A(tc l xt cc lung
jm c nh tuyn i qua tt c cc cnh c ti cc i).
t
{ }
'
1
]
1

+ + +

2
) ( min
, min :
k
j
P k
y x z
j j j
x x x
t
{ }
'
1
]
1
+

+

2
) ( min
, min :
k
j
P k
y x z
j j j
x x x
; (chia lung lu lng j sao cho
mi hng c ti tng t nhau)
Tnh ton li y, z(x), A
Chn lu lng j:=lu lng tip theo trong danh sch
Bc bn: t i:=i+1 ri thc hin bc hai.
Theo ng Chang v Lee ch ra, li gii l ti u hoc nhiu nht l ln
hn ti u mt n v.
Thut ton:
lxx
Y
Y
j
>n >
nh gi ti y=(y
1
, y
2
,,y
n
);
Xc nh tp A; X
d
rq
: i qua
tt c cc
cnh thuc A
b) Cc phng php nh tuyn Heuristic
Mc d bi ton nh tuyn trn SPRing hon ton c th gii bng mt
trong cc thut ton ti u trn, tuy nhin mt s thut ton Heuristic cng
c s dng. Cc thut ton ny c mt s c im:
n gin hn loi ti u m vn cho kt qu ti u hoc gn ti u
trong hu ht cc trng hp.
D dng hn cho vic duy tr lin tc gia cc qu trnh lp qui hoch v
thit lp lung trong khai thc
Cc phng php Heuristic c th c a thnh hai nhm, thch nghi v
khng thch nghi.
lxxi
Y
Y
Y
Bt u
Sp xp d
sd
theo th t tng ca s v d;
j
>n >
nh gi ti y=(y
1
, y
2
,,y
n
);
Xc nh tp A;
Kt thc K
d
rq
: i qua
tt c cc
cnh thuc A
) ( ) (
*
x z x z <
x:= x
*
;
Chn d
rq
c s cnh ln nht;
x*:=nh tuyn d
rq
theo hng
ngc li;
nh gi ti y=(y
1
, y
2
,,y
n
);
Xc nh li tp A:
Hnh 3.4 Lu gii bi ton ti u
*Cc phng php nh tuyn Heuristic khng thch nghi
Cc thut ton ny tun theo nhng qui tc n gin v c nh khi quyt
nh hng nh tuyn tho tng mt lu lng mt. Chng c gi l khng
thch nghi l bi v cc qui tc nh tuyn l khng thay i trong ton b qu
trnh nh tuyn. C ba kiu qui tc nh tuyn c bn sau:
Lun lun nh tuyn lu lng theo hng c khong cch nh nht
Lun lun nh tuyn lu lng theo hng c s chng it nht
Lun lun nh tuyn lu lng theo hng c ti t nht
Trong ba nguyn tc nh tuyn trn th hai phng php u l tng t
nhau: mi lu lng quang hai hng gia hai nt ca ring c nh tuyn
theo hng hoc l ngn nht hoc c s chng t nht. u im chnh ca cc
nguyn tc ny l tnh n gin, ngoi ra chng cung cho kt qu rt tt.
Trong trng hp ring c s nt l l th c th xy ra s chng gia hai nt
nh nhau, do vy nguyn tc s chng t nht khng th quyt nh c hng
tuyn cho cc nt ny. Trong trng hp ny hng nh tuyn c th chn
ngu nhin hoc theo hng nh trc hoc l nh tuyn theo hng c cc
chng c ti t hn.
Mc d cc nguyn tc ti thiu khong cch/chng rt ph hp i vi ma
trn lu lng quang c dng Mesh hon ton, nhng chng li khng ph hp
trong trng hp tng qut. S phn b lu lng loi ny th hin s mt cn
bng ti ln trn ring v khi cn thm cc tuyn ph.
Nguyn tc ti ti thiu:
Mi lu lng lun lun nh tuyn tho hng c ti nh nht (ngha
l trn hng c cc chng c ti nh hn)
Lu lng hai hng c nh tuyn trn cng mt pha ca ring (trn
hai si khc nhau)
Khi m c hai pha ca ring c cng ti, th hng c s chng ngn
nht c chn
Trong nguyn tc ny lun c gng gi cn bng ti trn ring. Nguyn tc
ny rt nhy cm vi th t chn lung nh tuyn v yu cu ti nguyn cao
hn nhiu so vi kt qu ti u khi m c cc cm lu lng quang gia cng
lxxii
cp nt c nh tuyn theo cc cm khc. Thc ra cc lu lng quang c th
c nh tuyn theo cc hng lun phin (tc l, ban u l thun chiu kim
ng h, tip ngc, thun, ngc ) v c xu hng l cng yu cc v ti
nguyn nh DPRimg. Vn xc nh th t nh tuyn ti u cc lu lng
c xem nh l NP - y . Gii php c l n gin, hiu qu theo Heuristic
gii quyt bi ton ny, l ngn khng cho xut hin cc cm lu lng
quang bng cch trn cc th t cc lu lng trc khi nh tuyn. Theo cch
ny c th nhn c:
Tit kim ti nguyn mng so vi DPRing cho cc mu lu lng
quang ni chung
S tit kim ny c th cao hn nu s dng cc k thut trn thng
minh th t cc lung c xt trong nh tuyn
K thut trn thng minh trc ht phi trnh cc cm lu lng quang
v c hng u tin nh tuyn cc lung quang di nht (tc l cc lu lng
gia cc cp nt c khong cch chng cao hn)
**Cc phng php nh tuyn Heuristic thch nghi
Cc thut ton ny tun theo nguyn tc n gin c nh quyt nh
hng nh tuyn tng lung quang mt, tr khi c s kin thiu ti nguyn. S
kin ny cho php thay i chnh sch nh tuyn. Cc thut ton ny c gi
l thch nghi bi v nguyn tc nh tuyn ca chng c thay i trong qu
trnh nh tuyn .
Nguyn tc nh tuyn thch nghi in hnh l chn tuyn c hng
chng ti thiu, ngoi tr khi chng ta gp phi thiu ti nguyn trn ring. iu
ny c ngha l thng tin v cc bc sng cn cho php s dng trn mi chng
ca mi ring cn xc nh trc khi thc hin quyt nh nh tuyn ca lung
quang. V thng tin ny ch c th c sau khi qu trnh phn b bc sng, do
chng ta phi ghp hai chc nng nh tuyn v gn bc sng. Thut ton
thch nghi c xut c bn cht k tha tnh cht ph thuc vo th t lu
lng c nh tuyn nh thut ton ti ti thiu khng thch nghi. Cch x l
tng t v trn th t lung quang nh xut trn cng c th p dng y.
lxxiii
3.2.3.2 nh tuyn trong mng a ring
Khi thit k mng quang c cu trc a ring (ph bin hin nay Vit
Nam), nh v d hnh 3.5. V tr ca cc ring v cch kt ni chng c nh
hng rt ln n s dng bc sng v si trong mng. y l bi ton phc
tp, trong thc t vic t cc ring trong mng u l do v tr a l, topo, cc
mu lu lng v yu cu qun l. Cch kt ni v c ch nh tuyn gia cc
ring ph thuc vo chi ph v phn cp ca mng .

Ngoi vic xc nh nh tuyn v phn b bc sng lu lng trn tng
ring, chng ta se i mt vi vn nh tuyn lu lng gia cc ring trog
mng quang c cu trc a ring. i vi cu trc ny cn xc nh:
Mng cu trc a Ring c phn cp hay khng? Nu trong mng a ring
c phn cp, th lp trn cng s c 1 hay nhiu cc ring v cu hi t ra l
nh tuyn s c thc hin nh th no gia cc ring lp trn ny
Tiu chun nh tuyn no p dng gia cc ring
C chuyn i bc sng, trm lp 3R, sp xp li lung lp in gia
cc ring hay khng?
Cc ring kt ni vi nhau c cng hay khc cu trc (DPRing hay
SPRing)?
Cc ring c kt ni vi nhau thng qua mt hay nhiu nt?
lxxiv
A
D
C
B
Hnh 3.5 Mng cu trc theo a ring
Trong trng hp kt ni nhiu nt, th c ch bo v no cho php cc lu
lng c nh tuyn thng qua cc nt kt ni (Gateway) khc khi c s c?
Mt s cng c c pht trin ti u v tr ca cc ring SDH trong
mng nhng do bi ton rt phc tp v phi xt n mt tp ln cc v tr v
kh nng kt ni ring, cho nn cc cng c ny cng khng th a ra kt qu ti
u v nhanh i vi cc mng ln
Cc cng c ny cng ph hp vi thit k mng ring quang v ch cn b
xung, sa i cho ph hp vi cc c trng ca cng ngh quang. Trong , bi
ton in hnh l phn b ti nguyn cho cc ring n cn c gii vi cc
thut ton thch hp trong qu trnh nh c mng a ring
Trong phn ny ta s m rng bi ton phn b lung trong nh c mng
a ring v ch yu tp chung vo cu trc mng c cc ring kt ni vi nhau qua
mt nt mng. Tip sau y, chng ta s ch r cc bc ph bin trong vic lp
qui hoch mng a ring v m t nhim v bi ton phn b lung quang trong
mng ny v xut phng n gii quyt.
M t bi ton:
Bc 1 - xc nh v tr cc ring v cc im k ni
Bc 2 - phn b v nh tuyn lu lng cho mng ring v nguyn tc
kt ni gia cc ring
Bc 3 - Xc nh lung quang (gn bc sng )cho tng mng ring.
Bc ny c th dng cc thut ton chng trc
Bc 4 - Xc nh cu hnh v ti nguyn mng. Trong phn ny s
xut phng php phn b lung quang bao gm bc 2 v 3 trn, ng dng
trong qu trnh lp qui hoch mng quang WDM vi cu trc a ring. V
nguyn tc th vic kt ni gia cc ring thng qua cng nhiu nt cng tt.
Tuy nhin, trong thc t s lng nt kt ni gia cc ring ph thuc vo v tr
a l, qun l v chi ph ton mng. Do vy thng thng cc ring c kt ni
vi nhau thng qua mt nt hoc hai nt gn nhau. Do vic phn b lung
quang gia cc ring thng qua mt nt hoc hai nt gn nhau l khng khc
nhau nhiu. Trong thi im hin nay cho n gin ta ch xt trng hp cc
ring kt ni vi nhau thng qua mt nt trung gian
lxxv
Tng t nh cch tip cn phn b lung cho mng Ring n ,vic phn
b lung cho mng a Ring cng c thc hin theo hai bc :
nh tuyn cc lu lng trong v gia cc ring xc nh nh tuyn
c th ca tng lu lng quang trn mng a ring
Phn b hay gn bc sng cho cc lung quang
Bi ton tng th cho phn b lung trong mng a ring c th m t nh sau:
u vo
Cu hnh mng (lp vt l)
Cu trc mng a ring: bao gm cc ring, im kt ni v ma trn
lu lng.
C ch kt ni, bo v cc ring.
u ra
nh tuyn lu lng trn mng
Gn bc sng cho cc lung lu lng nh tuyn
Vi cch tip cn gii hai bc th vn phn b lung trong mng a
ring ch cn l xc nh c ch nh tuyn cc lu lng gia cc ring nh th
no. Bi v vn nh tuyn v gn bc sng cho phn lu lng thuc mt
ring c gii quyt nh cc thut ton nh cp trn.
3.2.4 Phng php nh tuyn trong mng quang WDM cu trc Mesh
3.2.4.1 nh tuyn c nh
Cch tip cn n gin nh tuyn mt kt ni l lun la chn mt
tuyn c nh nh nhau cho mt cp ngun-ch. Mt v d in hnh ca cch
tip cn ny l nh tuyn ngn nht c nh. ng ngn nht tnh cho mi cp
ngun ch c tnh trc (offline) s dng thut ton ng ngn nht chun
nh Dijkstra hoc Bell-Ford. Do nt mng khng cn thit lu gi ton b
trng thi mng. Bt k kt ni no gia cp cc nt ring c thit lp s dng
tuyn c xc nh trc. Trong hnh 3.6 ng ngn nht c nh minh ha t
nt 0 n nt 2. Cch tip cn thit lp cc kt ni ny rt n gin, tuy nhin
s bt li ca cch tip cn ny l nu ti nguyn (bc sng) dc theo cc
ng b tc nghn, n c th c kh nng dn n xc sut tc nghn cao trong
lxxvi
trng hp lu lng ng hoc dn n cn mt s lng ln cc bc sng s
dng trong mng trong trng hp lu lng tnh. nh tuyn c nh cng
khng th iu khin cc tnh hung c s c trong mt hay nhiu cc tuyn si
no trong mng. iu khin cc s c tuyn si, vic t chc nh tuyn
li phi xem xt cc ng la chn ti ch hoc phi c kh nng tm thy mt
tuyn ng. Ch rng trong hnh 3.6, mt yu cu kt ni t nt 0 n nt 2 s
b kha nu bc sng chung khng th s dng trn c hai tuyn si trong
tuyn c nh.
3.2.4.2 nh tuyn lun phin c nh
Mt cch tip cn xem xt nh tuyn a ng l nh tuyn lun phin
c nh. Trong nh tuyn lun phin c nh, mi nt trong mng c yu cu
duy tr mt bng nh tuyn cha cc danh sch ch th ca mt s cc tuyn c
nh ti mi nt ch. V d, nhng nt ny c th bao gm tuyn u tin ngn
nht, tuyn ngn th hai nht, tuyn ngn th ba nht.Mt tuyn chnh gia
mt nt ngun s v mt nt ch d c nh ra l tuyn u tin trong danh
sch cc tuyn ti nt d trong bng nh tuyn ti nt s. Mt tuyn thay th gia
nt s v nt d l bt k tuyn no m n khng dng chung bt k tuyn si no
vi tuyn u tin trong bng nh tuyn ti s. Thut ng tuyn thay th cng
thc hin m t tt c cc tuyn (bao gm c tuyn chnh ) t mt nt ngun
ti mt nt ch. Hnh 3.7 mt t tuyn kt ni chnh (ng lin) t nt 0 n
nt 2, v tuyn thay th (ng chm) t nt 0 n nt 2.
lxxvii
1 2
5 4
3 0
Hnh 3.6 ng ngn nht c nh
Khi mt kt ni yu cu n, nt ngun th thit lp kt ni lin tip trn
mi tuyn t bng nh tuyn n khi c mt tuyn vi bc sng gn hp l.
Nu khng c tuyn no c th dng c t danh sch cc tuyn thay th th
yu cu kt ni b tc nghn hoc hy. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, cc bng
nh tuyn ti mi nt c ch th bng s cc chng ti ch. Nh vy tuyn
ngn nht ti ch l ng u tin trong bng nh tuyn. Khi c cc rng
buc v khong cch gia cc tuyn khc nhau, mt tuyn c th c la chn
ngu nhin. nh tuyn thay th c nh cung cp iu khin d dng cho thit
lp v gii phng cc lung quang v n cng c th c s dng trnh s
c mng.
3.2.4.3 nh tuyn thch nghi
Trong nh tuyn thch nghi, mt tuyn t mt nt ngun s n mt nt ch d
c la chn ng phc thuc vo trng thi mng. Trng thi mng c xc
nh bi tp tt c cc kt ni hin ti. Mt loi nh tuyn thch nghi l nh
tuyn ng chi phi t nht, n l cch nh tuyn tt cho mng c s dng
chuyn i bc sng. Vi cch tip cn ny, mi tuyn si c s dng c chi
ph bng v mi tuyn si s dng chuyn i bc sng s c chi ph l c
n v. Nu chuyn i bc sng khng c th c = . Khi mt kt ni n,
ng chi ph thp nht giax nt ngun v nt ch s c xc nh. Nu c
nhiu tuyn c cng chi phi, mt trong chng s c la chn ngu nhin.
Bng cch la chn chi phi chuyn i bc sng c thch hp, chng ta c th
m bo rng cc tuyn c chuyn i bc sng ch c la chn khi khng
m bo cc ng bc sng lin tc. nh tuyn thch nghi yu cu h tr m
lxxviii
1 2
5 4
3 0
Hnh 3.7 nh tuyn lun phin c nh
Tuyn chnh
Tuyn thay th
1 2
5 4
3 0
1
1
1
1
1
Hnh 3.8 nh tuyn thch nghi t nt 0 n nt 2
rng cc giao thc iu khin v qun l cp nht lin tc cc bng nh
tuyn ti cc nt. u im ca nh tuyn thch nghi l c kt qu tc nghn
thp hn nh tuyn c nh v nh tuyn thay th c nh. Vi mng trong
hnh 3.8, cc tuyn si (1,2) v (4,2) trong mng bn th thut ton nh tuyn
thch nghi c th thit lp qua mt kt ni gia nt 0 v nt 2. Trong khi c hai
nh tuyn c nh v nh tuyn thay th c nh vi cc tuyn nh hnh 2.7 s
b tc nghn
Mt dng khc ca nh tuyn thch nghi l nh tuyn trn lung c tc
nghn t nht (LCP- Least-Congested path).Ging nh tuyn thay th, vi mi
cp ngun-ch, mt danh sch cc tuyn c la chn trc. Khi mt yu cu
kt ni n, lung tc nghn t nht trong s cc tuyn xc nh trc c la
chon. S tc nghn trn mt tuyn si c o bng s cc bc sng c th s
dng.
3.2.4.4 nh tuyn bo v
Khi thit lp cc kt ni trong mt mng c nh tuyn ghp knh bc
sng sng quang WDM, yu cu cung cp mt s mc bo v tuyn si v
nt trnh sai hng trong mng bng cch d tr mt s lng dung lng d
phng [14,21]. Mt cch tip cn ph bin bo v l thit lp 2 tuyn lung
quang phn tp mc lung. Mt lung gi l lung chnh cho s dng cn lung
kia c gi l lung quang d phng hi phc cho lung quang chnh b
hng. Cch tip cn ny c th hng, cc ng chnh v ng thay th cng
c th l phn v nt.
nh tuyn thay th c nh cung cp mt cch tip cn thc hin iu
khin bo v. Bng cch la chn cc ng thay th phn tp vi tuyn chnh,
ta c th bo v kt ni vi bt c cc sai hng tuyn si n no bng cch
phn b mt trong cc ng thay th l mt ng hi phc.
Trong nh tuyn thch nghi, c th b sung mt gii php bo v c th
c trong cc ng hi phc no thit lp ngay sau khi ng chnh
c thit lp. Giao thc nh tuyn c th c s dng xc nh ng hi
phc, vi vic loi tr mt bng cch thit lp c = n ang c s dng trn
ng chnh. Vic s dng tuyn thay th phc hi c xc nh ng sau
khi sai hng xy ra. S phc hi s ch thnh cng nu ti nguyn c th s
lxxix
dng c trong mng. Ch rng, khi mt sai hng xy ra, vic tm kim v
thit lp ng ca mt ng phc hi di cch tip cn hi phc c th mt
thi gian ang k so vi chuyn mch trn cc ng hi phc thit lp trc
theo cch tip cn bo v (protection).
3.3 Kt lun
Cng ngh WDM em li nhiu c hi cho cc nh khai thc mng, gim chi
ph/bit v tng dung lng p ng nhu cu pht trin trong nhiu nm ti. Tuy
nhin, khi a cng ngh mi vo ng dng th s c nhiu thch thc cho vic
ng dng hiu qu cc c tnh tin tin m vn duy tr c tnh lin tc trong
pht trin mng li. Hin nay, thc t vic ng dng WDM ch yu trong
mng truyn ti vi cu trc mng nh tuyn quang s p ng cc lu lng
kt ni im - im tc cao. Do vy thch thc trc mt i vi cc nh lp
quy hoch v thit k mng cn quyt nh thi im v la chn cc cu trc
mng quang WDM ph hp. gii quyt cc vn ny trong quy hoch
mng, th mt trong nhng bi ton c trng in hnh ca cng ngh WDM(so
vi cng ngh SDH) l phn b lung quang trong mng, bao gm nh
tuyn v gn bc sng cho cc lung lu lng trn mng WDM vt l. Do
tm quan trng ca bi ton ny m hin c rt nhiu ti nghin cu v tm ra
cc gii php mi ph hp vi nhng yu cu ca tng bi cnh c th ca
mng li: t lu lng tnh ti lu lng ng, ngu nhin; t cc gii thut
ngoi tuyn n trc tuyn x l tp trung v phn tn; t lu lng song cng
i xng ti lu lng n cng v bt i xng; t khng c chuyn i bc
sng n c hay hn ch chuyn i bc sng; t khng c khng c rng buc
v di trong sut n cc rang buc nh nhiu, xuyn m, mc cng sut; . . .
lxxx
KT LUN
Gii php tng dung lng h thng bng cch s dng cng ngh WDM
c sc thu ht mnh m i vi cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng. Hin nay
c hng lot cc tuyn truyn dn ang vn hnh v khai thc theo cng ngh
ny v nhng u im vt tri so vi k thut ghp knh TDM.
Tuy nhin, khi nng cp hoc xy dng mt h thng thng tin theo cng
ngh WDM c rt nhiu vn quan trng cn phi xem xt. Nh vn bo
v, duy tr v kh nng hi phc mng khi xy ra s c. Bi vy trong n ca
em i vo tm hiu nhng vn v duy tr mng v c nhng ni dung chnh
sau:
Tng quan v cng ng WDM.
Bo v trong mng truyn ti quang WDM.
Phc hi mng v phn b li ti nguyn.
Vi thi gian nghin cu c hn v khng c iu kin tm hiu thc t
nn ni dung ca n ch yu mang tnh l thuyt ch cha trnh by c cc
c im trin khai trn thc t.
Mt ln na em xin chn thnh cm n cc Thy, C gio trong Hc vin
Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng to iu kin thun li cho em trong sut
qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu, c bit l Thy gio TS. Bi Trung Hiu
tn tnh gip em trong thi gian va qua.
lxxxi
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Tp ch bu chnh vin thng & cng ngh thng tin, k 1-thng 7/2004
[2] TS. Cao Phn, C s k thut thng tin quang, Bi ging mn hc, 2000.
[3] KS. V Vn San, K thut thng tin quang, NXB Khoa hc K thut, 1997.
[4] KS. Dng c Tu, H thng ghp knh theo bc sng quang, NXB
Bu in, 2001.
[5] ti: Phng php o kim tra v nh gi h thng thng tin ghp bc
sng quang WDM. Vin khoa hoc k thut bu in
[6] EURESCOM, Project 615, Evolution toawards an Optical Network Layer-
Deliverable 1, 1998
[7] GEOGLE ELLINAS, Restoration in Optical Networks, Proc, of ENE
2000 conference, Toronto Canada, 2000
[8] EURESCOM, Project P709, Planning of Full Optical Network Deliverable
2,Volume 3, 1999
[9] GUIDO MAIER, ACHILLE PATTAVINA, SIMONE DE PATRE,
MARIO MARTINELLI, Otical Network Survivability: Protection
Techniques in the WDM Layer, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands,
2002
[10]H.ZHANG, A.DURRESI, Differentiated Multi-layer survivability in
IP/WDM network, IETF draft, draft-many-ip-optical-framework-01.txt,
July 200
lxxxii
MC LC
THUT NG VIT TT ...................................................................................... i
LI NI U ...................................................................................................... iv
CHNG I ......................................................................................................... vi
TNG QUAN V CNG NGH WDM ............................................................ vi
1.1.Gii thiu ................................................................................................... vi
1.2.Tin trnh pht trin mng truyn ti .................................................. vii
1.3.Cng ngh WDM ...................................................................................... ix
1.3.1 u nhc im ca cng ngh WDM ................................................. ix
1.3.2 K thut ghp knh theo bc sng ..................................................... xi
.................................................................................................................. xi
1.3.3 Cu trc mng WDM ......................................................................... xiii
1.3.3.1. M hnh phn lp ....................................................................... xiii
1.3.3.2 Cc phn t trong mng quang WDM ...................................... xvi
CHNG II .................................................................................................... xxiv
BO V TRONG MNG TRUYN TI QUANG WDM ............................ xxiv
2.1 S cn thit phi bo v tng quang ................................................ xxiv
2.2 Cc khi nim c bn ............................................................................ xxv
2.2.1 Bo v ring ..................................................................................... xxvi
2.2.2 Bo v chia s ............................................................................... xxvii
2.2.3 Bo v on ghp knh quang ....................................................... xxviii
2.2.4 Bo v knh quang ......................................................................... xxviii
2.3 Cc phng thc bo v theo cu hnh mng .................................... xxix
2.3.1 Bo v lp knh quang ................................................................. xxix
2.3.1.1 Bo v ring cho cu hnh im - im ..................................... xxix
2.3.1.2 Bo v ring cho cu hnh ring (OCh - DPRing) ....................... xxx
2.3.1.3 Bo v chia s cho cu hnh im - im ................................. xxxii
2.3.1.4 Bo v chia s cho cu hnh ring (OCh - SPRing) ................. xxxiii
2.3.1.5 Bo v chia s cho cu hnh Mesh ........................................... xxxv
2.3.2 Bo v lp on ghp knh quang .............................................. xxxix
2.3.2.1 Bo v ring cho cu hnh im - im ................................... xxxix
2.3.2.2 Bo v ring cho cu hnh vng ring (OMS - DPRing) .......... xxxix
2.3.2.3 Bo v chia s cho cu hnh vng ring (OMS SPRing) ............. xl
2.4 Cc phng php bo v trong kin trc lin kt gia cc lp quang
........................................................................................................................ xlv
2.4.1 La chn cc kin trc mng tham chiu .......................................... xlv
2.4.2 Lin kt gia cc mng con v vn bo v .................................. xlix
2.4.2.1 Bo v vi kin trc ring o(VRA) ............................................ xlix
2.4.2.2 Cc kin trc ring o ci tin ........................................................... l
lxxxiii
CHNG III ........................................................................................................ lv
PHC HI MNG V PHN B LI TI NGUYN .................................... lv
3.1 Cc khi nim ............................................................................................ lv
3.1.1 Phc hi ............................................................................................... lv
3.1.1.1 Phc hi u cui - ti - u cui ................................................ lvi
3.1.1.2 Phc hi ti nt k cn s c ....................................................... lvii
3.1.1.3 Phc hi ti nt trung gian ......................................................... lvii
3.1.2 Cp pht ti nguyn ............................................................................ lix
3.1.3 Cc phng thc thc thi cp pht ti nguyn ..................................... lx
3.1.4 Cp pht ti nguyn trong cc k thut bo v mng .......................... lx
3.1.4.1 Bo v trn chnh bc sng ca thc th c bo v (khi ch c
cc nt WR) .............................................................................................. lxi
3.1.4.2 Bo v trn cc bc sng khc nhau (trng hp c sn cc nt
WC) .......................................................................................................... lxi
3.1.4.3 Bo v trn cc tuyn a bc sng (trng hp cc nt WR kh
dng) ........................................................................................................ lxi
3.2 Phn b lu lng trong qu trnh hi phc mng ............................ lxii
WDM vi lu lng tnh ........................................................................... lxii
WDM vi lu lng ti ng .................................................................... lxiv
3.2.3 Phng php nh tuyn trong mngWDM cu trc Ring ............... lxvi
3.2.3.1 nh tuyn trong mng ring n .............................................. lxviii
3.2.3.2 nh tuyn trong mng a ring ................................................ lxxiv
3.2.4 Phng php nh tuyn trong mng quang WDM cu trc Mesh lxxvi
3.2.4.1 nh tuyn c nh ................................................................... lxxvi
3.2.4.2 nh tuyn lun phin c nh ................................................ lxxvii
3.2.4.3 nh tuyn thch nghi ............................................................. lxxviii
3.2.4.4 nh tuyn bo v ................................................................... lxxix
3.3 Kt lun ................................................................................................. lxxx
KT LUN ..................................................................................................... lxxxi
TI LIU THAM KHO .............................................................................. lxxxii
MC LC ..................................................................................................... lxxxiii
lxxxiv

Mạng truyền tải quang WDM

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Mạng truyền tải quang WDM

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THUT NG VIT TT

ADM Add Drop Multiplexer B ghp knh xen/r

S MultiProtocol Labda Switching Chuyn mch bc sng a

1996 1998 2000 2002

2. Bnh thng tuyn hot ng c nh tuyn ln ring ca si pha

2 mi pha ca nt, v c th s dng b

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