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TI LIU HNG DN MN HC
CHNG TRNH KHNG CHUYN
STT
1
Ton cao cp
2
3
4
5
TN MN HC
MN HC
GHI CH
TON CAO CP
M S
THI LNG
CHNG
TRNH
L thuyt: 90 tit
Thc hnh: 0 tit
Tng cng: 90 tit
IU KIN
TIN
QUYT
Ton ph thng
M T MN
HC
IM T
Ton cao cp
Trang 2
Ton cao cp
CU TRC MN HC
CU TRC
MN
HC
Trang 3
Ton cao cp
K HOCH NH GI MN HC
Hnh thc nh gi
Kt qu
hc tp
Thi
lng
ging
dy
1.
15
Gii c bi tp
2.
12
Gii c bi tp
3.
18
Gii c bi tp
4.
15
Gii c bi tp
5.
15
Gii c bi tp
6.
15
Gii c bi tp
Mc yu cu t
c
Vit
Thao
tc
Bi
tp
v
nh
Thc
tp
thc
t
ti
NH GI CUI MN HC
HNH THC
Thi (t lun) .
THI GIAN
120 pht.
Trang 4
T
hc
Ton cao cp
NI DUNG
NH
GI
Trng tm:
- Cc bi ton tnh gii hn; Xt tnh lin tc; gin on
ca dy s v dy hm mt bin s.
- Cc bi ton v kho st hm s; tip tuyn; vi phn
ton phn v ng dng vi phn tnh gn ng.
- Cc khai trin TayLor v Maclaurance.
- Cc bi ton v tch phn c bit: tch phn dng
phng php i bin s v tch phn tng phn.
- Cc bi tp v din tch hnh phng; di cung
phng v th tch vt th trn xoay.
- Xt s hi t v phn k ca tch phn suy rng loi I
v loi II.
- Cc bi ton cc tr hm nhiu bin s.
- Gii cc phng trnh vi phn cp mt v cp hai.
- Bi ton ng dng matrn. Tm mc sn lng ca cc
ngnh kinh t.
Trang 5
Ton cao cp
MC LC
TN MN HC ................................................................................................... 1
CU TRC MN HC ............................................................................................ 3
K HOCH NH GI MN HC ..................................................................... 4
NH GI CUI MN HC.................................................................................. 4
MC LC ................................................................................................................. 6
KQHT 1: Xc nh cc kin thc c bn v gii hn dy s v dy hm mt bin
s ............................................................................................................................. 12
Trnh by cc kin thc v cc trng s ........................................................... 12
Bi: CC TRNG S ................................................................................. 12
1.1. Tp cc s ............................................................................................. 12
1.2. S phc ................................................................................................. 13
1.3. Khong Ln cn ................................................................................. 15
Trnh by cc nh ngha v gii hn dy s. ..................................................... 15
Bi: HM S V GII HN ........................................................................ 15
2.1. Hm s .................................................................................................. 15
2.1.1. nh ngha 1................................................................................... 15
2.1.2. nh ngha 2................................................................................... 16
2.1.3. Cc tnh cht................................................................................... 16
2.2. Gii hn ca dy s .............................................................................. 19
2.2.1. Cc nh ngha ............................................................................... 19
2.2.2. Cc tnh cht................................................................................... 21
Trnh by cc vn v gii hn hm ................................................................ 21
Bi: GII HN CA HM S ..................................................................... 21
3.1. Cc nh ngha ...................................................................................... 21
3.2. Cc tnh cht ......................................................................................... 23
3.3. Cc gii hn c bn .............................................................................. 24
Trnh by cc khi nim v v cc v s lin tc ca hm s............................ 26
Bi: V CNG B V V CNG LN ...................................................... 26
4.1. Cc nh ngha ...................................................................................... 26
4.2. Cc tnh cht ......................................................................................... 27
Bi: HM S LIN TC............................................................................... 28
4.3. Cc nh ngha ...................................................................................... 28
4.4. Tnh lin tc ca hm s s cp............................................................ 29
4.5. Cc php tnh v hm lin tc ti cng mt im. ............................... 29
BI TP ................................................................................................................. 30
KQHT 2: Kho st hm s v tnh gn ng gi tr ca hm mt bin s bng ng
dng vi phn, bng khai trin Taylor Maclaurin. ................................................ 33
Trnh by php tnh o hm hm mt bin ....................................................... 33
Bi: O HM .............................................................................................. 33
1.1. Cc nh ngha ...................................................................................... 33
1.2. Cc nh l ............................................................................................ 34
1.3. ngha ca o hm ............................................................................ 34
1.3.1. ngha hnh hc ............................................................................ 34
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 6
Ton cao cp
Trang 7
Ton cao cp
Trang 8
Ton cao cp
Trang 9
Ton cao cp
Trang 10
Ton cao cp
Trang 11
Ton cao cp
p
q
Tp s hu t: Q = x sao cho x = ; p, q Z , q 0
1
= 0,25 ;
4
3
= 0,75.
4
7
7
= 1,1666... ta c th vit
= 1,1(6)
6
6
15
15
= 1,363636... hay
= 1, (36)
11
11
an
10 n
an
10 m n b1 b2
+ n + m
+
( +
10
10 1 10 10 2
bm
)
10 m
Nhn xt:
Mt s thp phn hu hn cng c th c xem l s thp phn v hn
tun hon, chng hn:
1
= 0,25000... hay
4
1
= 0,25(0)
4
2 = 1,414213562...
; Tp s thc R = Q I
= 3,141592653...
Trang 12
Ton cao cp
O E
Hnh 1.1
1.2. S phc
S phc l s c dng: z = a + ib. Trong a, b R, i l n v o vi i2 = -1.
Ta k hiu: a = Rez gi l phn thc; b = Imz gi l phn o. C l tp hp tt
c cc s phc.
S phc z = a + ib c th biu din hnh hc l mt im M(a;b) trn mt
phng Oxy.
S phc z = a ib oc gi l s phc lin hp ca s phc z = a + ib, hai s
phc lin hp i xng nhau qua Ox.
y
b
Php ton:
M(a; b)
z = a + ib
khi ta c:
z1 z 2 = (a1 + a 2 ) + i (b1 + b2 )
r
a
(z 2 0)
Re z1 = Re z 2
z1 = z 2
Im z1 = Im z 2
-b
z = a ib
H 1.2
Ch : Ta thc hin cc php ton theo quy tc chung thun tin hn.
V d 3: (1 3i) + (- 2 + 7i) = - 1 + 4i
(1 i)(2 + i) = 2 + i 2i i2 = 3 i
1
4i
4i
=
=
4 + i (4 + i )(4 i ) 17
Trang 13
Ton cao cp
b
a
K hiu: Argz. Ta c tg = .
T ngha hnh hc, ta c a = r cos ; b = r sin z = r (cos + i sin ) .
V d 4: Biu din s phc z = 1 + i di dng lng gic.
Ta c: r = 12 + 12 = 2 , tg = 1 =
z = 2 cos + i sin .
4
4
4
z1
z
z1
; Arg 1 = Argz1 Argz 2 + 2k
=
z2
z2
z2
z = u un = z
+ k 2
; k = 0; n 1
n = + k 2
=
n
+ k 2
+ k 2
u = n r cos
+ i sin
; k = 0; n 1
n
n
V d 5:
Tnh 1/ A = (1 + i )20 .
2/ u = 4 1 + i
Gii
2/ z 2 = 4 2 cos
+ k 2
+ i sin
4
+ k 2
4
8
=
+ k 8
+ k 8
2 cos
+ i sin
16
16
; k = 0; 3
u = 4 1 + i c 4 gi tr:
u 0 = 8 2 cos + i sin
16
16
17
17
+ i sin
u 2 = 8 2 cos
16
16
9
9
+ i sin
u1 = 8 2 cos
16
16
25
25
+ i sin
u 3 = 8 2 cos
16
16
Trang 14
Ton cao cp
1.3. Khong Ln cn
nh ngha 2: Khong l tp hp cc s thc (hay cc im) nm gia hai s thc
(hay hai im) no .
Phn loi khong:
Khong hu hn:
Khong ng: [a, b] = {x R \ a x b}
Khong m: (a, b ) = {x R \ a < x < b}
Khong na ng, na m: (a, b] = {x R \ a < x b}
[a, b ) = {x R \ a x < b}
Khong v hn:
( , a ) = {x R \ x < a}; ( , a] = {x R \ x a}
(b, + ) = {x R \ x > b}; [b, + ) = {x R \ x b}
nh ngha 3: Gi s a l mt s thc, khong m (a - , a + ) (vi > 0) c
gi l ln cn bn knh ca a.
(
a -
)
a
a +
Hnh 1.3
Trang 15
Ton cao cp
K hiu y = f(x)
x c gi l bin c lp, y c gi l bin ph thuc.
X c gi l min xc nh ca hm s, k hiu l Df .
Tp Y = {y R \ y = f ( x), x D f } c gi l min gi tr ca hm s, k
hiu Rf
V d 1: Khi nui mt con b, quan st qu trnh tng trng ca b ta c mi lin
h gia thi gian nui t (ngy) v trng lng m (kg) ca con b l mt hm s m
= m(t).
2.1.2. nh ngha 2
th ca hm s y = f(x) l tp hp cc im M(x, f(x)) trong h ta
Descartes, G = {M ( x, f ( x), x D}
2.1.3. Cc tnh cht
a. Hm s n iu
nh ngha 3:
Hm s y = f(x) c gi l tng (hay tng nghim ngt) trn tp E Df ,
nu vi mi x1, x2 E , x1 < x2 th f(x1) f(x2) (hay f(x1) < f(x2)).
Hm s y = f(x) c gi l gim (hay gim nghim ngt) trn tp E Df ,
nu vi mi x1, x2 E , x1 < x2 th f(x1) f(x2) (hay f(x1) > f(x2)).
Hm s y = f(x) c gi l hm s n iu (hay n iu nghim ngt)
trn E Df nu n tng hoc gim (hay tng nghim ngt hoc gim nghim ngt)
trn E.
Nu ta s dng thut ng trn m khng nhc n tp E th coi nh E = Df .
V d 2: Hm s y = f(x) = x2 gim nghim ngt trn (- , 0] v tng nghim ngt
trn [0, + ).
Tht vy, gi s x1, x2 [0, + ) v x1 < x2. Khi ta c:
f(x1) f(x2) = x12 x22 = ( x1 x2 )( x1 + x2 ) < 0 f(x1) < f(x2)
Vy hm s y = x2 tng nghim ngt trn [0, + ).
Chng minh tng t ta c hm s y = x2 gim nghim ngt trn (- , 0] .
b. Hm s chn v hm s l.
nh ngha 4: Tp X c gi l tp i xng qua gc ta O nu vi bt k
x X th x X. Ngi ta thng gi tt l tp i xng.
nh ngha 5: Cho hm s y = f(x) xc nh trn tp i xng X, khi ta c:
Hm s y = f(x) l hm s chn nu vi mi x thuc X th f(-x) = f(x).
Hm s y = f(x) l hm s l nu vi mi x thuc X th f(-x) = - f(x).
V d 3:
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 16
Ton cao cp
Tht vy, vi mi x R , ta c:
f(-x) = (- x)2 = x2 = f(x)
g(-x) = (- x)3 = - x3 = - f(x)
Ch : th ca hm s chn i xng qua trc tung, th ca hm s l i
xng qua gc ta O.
c. Hm s b chn.
nh ngha 6:
Hm s y = f(x) c gi l b chn di trn tp X Df nu tn ti s a R
sao cho f(x) a, x X.
Hm s y = f(x) c gi l b chn trn trn tp X Df nu tn ti s b R sao
cho f(x) b, x X.
Hm s y = f(x) c gi l b chn trn tp X Df nu n va b chn trn
va b chn di, tc l tn ti hai s a, b R sao cho a f(x) b, x X.
Ch : th ca hm s b chn s nm gia hai ng thng y = a v y = b.
V d 4: Hm s f(x) =
4
b chn trn tp X= [1, + ).
x
4
4
> 0 v f(x) = < 4
x
x
4
b chn trn tp X= [1, + ).
x
d. Hm s tun hon.
nh ngha 7: Hm s y = f(x) c gi l hm s tun hon nu tn ti s t 0
sao cho vi mi x Df ta lun c x t Df v f(x + t) = f(x).
S dng T nh nht (nu c) trong cc s t ni trn c gi l chu k ca
hm s tun hon.
V d 5:
1. Cc hm s y = sinx v y = cosx tun hon vi chu k T = 2 .
2. Cc hm s y = tgx v y = cotgx tun hon vi chu k T = .
3. Cc hm s y = sin(ax+b) v y = cos(ax+b) tun hon vi chu k T =
Tht vy, xt hm s f(x) = sin(ax + b).
Gi tn ti s t 0 sao cho f( x + t) = f(x) x R
sin[a(x + t) + b] = sin(ax + b) x R
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 17
2
.
a
Ton cao cp
sin[a(x + t) + b] - sin(ax + b) = 0 x R
2cos(ax +
sin
at
at
+ b)sin = 0 x R
2
2
at
at
2k
=0
= k , k Z\{0} t =
, k Z\{0}
2
2
a
2
l chu
a
x2
y=3 x.
Ch :
1. Nu g l hm ngc ca hm f th Dg = Rf v Rg = Df .
2. th ca hai hm s ngc nhau i xng qua ng thng y = x.
3. iu kin hm s y = f(x) c hm ngc l hm f phi tn ti trong
min xc nh ca n.
f. Hm s s cp.
nh ngha 10: Cc hm s s cp c bn l cc hm s:
Hm s lu tha: y = x ( R).
Hm s m: y = ax (0 < a 1)
Hm s logarithm: y = logax (0 < a 1)
Cc hm s lng gic: y = sinx, y = cosx, y = tgx, y = cotgx
Cc hm lng gic ngc: y = arcsinx, y = arccosx, y = arctgx, y = arccotgx
i. y = arcsinx:
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 18
Ton cao cp
; ] nn n c hm
2 2
ngc: x = arcsiny.
Hm ngc ca y = sinx (
vi th ca hm y = sinx (
x ) l y = arcsinx, th ca n i xng
2
2
x ) qua ng thng y = x.
2
2
ii. y = arccosx:
Hm s y = cosx l hm gim nghim ngt trn [0; ] nn n c hm ngc
x = arccosy.
Hm ngc ca hm y = cosx (0 x ) l y = arccosx, th ca n i
xng vi th ca hm s y = cosx (0 x ) qua ng thng y = x.
iii. y = arctgx:
Hm s y = tgx l hm tng nghim ngt trn (
; ) nn n c hm ngc:
2 2
x = arctgy.
Hm ngc ca hm y = tgx (
xng vi th ca hm y = tgx (
x ) qua ng thng y = x.
2
2
iv. y = arccotgx:
Hm s y = cotgx gim nghim ngt trn (0,) nn n c hm ngc x =
arccotgy.
Hm ngc ca hm y = cotgx (0 < x < ) l y = arccotgx, th ca n i
xng vi th ca y = cotgx (0 < x < ) qua ng thng y = x.
nh ngha 11: Hm s s cp l nhng hm s c to thnh bi mt s hu
hn cc php ton i s thng thng (cng, tr, nhn, chia vi mu khc khng)
v php ly hm hp t nhng hm s s cp c bn v cc hng s.
V d 8: Cc hm s s cp:
y = cos 4 x + sin( x + ) + 3
4
x
4
y =2 +x +2
y = 5 x 2 lg 3 x + 1
2.2. Gii hn ca dy s
2.2.1. Cc nh ngha
nh ngha 1: Cho hm s f xc nh trn tp N = {1, 2, 3., n}, khi cc gi
tr ca hm f ng vi n = 1, 2, 3, lp thnh mt dy s: f(1), f(2), f(3),, f(n).
Trang 19
Ton cao cp
n
=1
n
+
1
n
n
1
1
Vi mi > 0, ta xt x 1 =
1 =
< n > 1
n
n +1
n +1
1
n
Vy > 0 (b ty ), N = [ -1]sao cho n > N
1 <
n +1
n
=1
n
+
1
n
Vy lim xn = lim
n
Xt x
Trang 20
Ton cao cp
- Nu xn yn th lim x n lim y n
n
x .
Dy s {k.xn} cng hi t v lim kx n = k nlim
n
n
Dy s
x
n
y n
lim x
yn 0 )
cng hi t v lim x n = n n ( lim
n
n
yn
lim y n
Trnh by cc vn v gii hn hm
Bi: GII HN CA HM S
3.1. Cc nh ngha
Trong phn ny ta lun gi s f(x) l hm s c xc nh trong ln cn
im x0, khng nht thit phi xc nh ti x0.
nh ngha 1: Ta ni hm s f(x) c gii hn l L nu vi mi dy s {xn} trong
ln cn ca x0 tha: x n x 0 n v lim x n = x 0 th lim f(x n ) = L .
n
n
K hiu: lim f(x) = L hay f(x) L khi x x0.
xx
Trang 21
Ton cao cp
0< xx
+
0
xx
V d 1:
2
2. Chng minh: lim x 9 = 6 .
x3
x 3
x x
= 0.
Gii:
1. V x 0 ta c th ch rt: x <
2. Khi x 3 x 3 0 ta c:
x2 9
x 3
6 = (x + 3) 6 = x 3 <
x2 9
x 3
6 < .
x2 9
=6
x
3
x3
Vy: lim
x
x x
Trang 22
Ton cao cp
1
1
M = > 0 : x > M 0 < .
x
1
=0
Vy xlim
x
3.2. Cc tnh cht
xx
5. Nu f(x) l mt hm s s cp xc nh ti im x0 v trong ln cn x0
th lim f(x) = f(x 0 ) .
xx
xx
xx
xx
+
0
xx
Trang 23
Ton cao cp
lim
f(x) limf(x)
=
; lim g ( x) 0
g(x) limg(x) x x
0
f [u ( x)] = L .
th xlim
x
0
2 x (x 2 + 3x 5)
V d 2: Tnh: lim
x2
x2
lim f (u ) = lim
u 20
Vy lim
u = 20 = 2 5
u 20
2 x (x 2 + 3x 5) = 2 5
x2
3.3. Cc gii hn c bn
lim
x 0
sin x
=1.
x
ln(1 + x)
= 1.
x0
x
lim
ax 1
ex 1 .
lim
= ln a . t bit lim
=1
x 0
x 0
x
x
(1 + x) 1
= 1.
x 0
x
lim
1
1
lim (1 + x) x = e hay lim (1 + ) x = e .
x
x 0
x
Ch : Khi tnh gii hn ca hm s chng ta thng gp cc dng v nh
0
nh : , , , 1 . sau y l mt vi v d minh ha.
0
V du 3:
2
1. Tnh: lim 1 + x + x 1 .
x 0
x 2 7x + 6
.
x1 2
x 3x + 2
2. Tnh: lim
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 24
Ton cao cp
3. Tnh: lim
x 0
tgx
.
x
4. Tnh: lim
x 0
1 cos x
.
x2
5. Tnh: lim x + x .
x+
x +1
6. Tnh: lim ( x + x x ) .
x+
0
x( 1 + x + x 2 + 1)
1 + x + x2 + 1 2
= lim
(x 1)(x 6)
x6
x 2 7x + 6
2) lim
= lim
= lim
=5
x1 2
x1 (x 1)(x 2) x1 x 2
x 3x + 2
3) lim
x0
4) lim
x 0
tgx
sin x
sin x
1
= lim
= lim
. lim
= 1 .1 = 1
x 0 x. cos x
x0
x
x x 0 cos x
1 cos x
= lim
x 0
x2
5) lim
x+
x
x
sin
2 = lim (
2 ) 2 . 1 = 1.
x 0
x
2
x2
2
2 sin 2
x+ x
= lim
x + 1 x+
1
x
= 1.
1
1+
x
1+
6) lim ( x + x x ) = lim
x+
x+
x
x+ x + x
1
x0
= lim
x+
sin x
2x
1
1
= .
1
2
1+
+1
x
= e2 = e .
Trang 25
Ton cao cp
x x0
x x0
V d 1:
1
1
l VCB v lim = 0 .
x
x
x
3) Khi x 0 th
1
1
= + .
l VCL v lim
x 0 x
x
Nhn xt:
1
l mt VCL khi
f (x)
1
l mt VCB khi x x0 .
f (x)
Trang 26
Ton cao cp
V lim
x 0
1 cos x
= lim
x 0
x2
2. sin 2
x2
x
x
sin
2 = lim( 2 ) 2 . 1 = 1
.
x 0
x
2 2
2
f ( x)
bng
g ( x)
1) lim
x 0
sin 5x
5x 5
= lim
=
x 0
sin 3x
3x 3
2) lim
x0
ln(1 + 2x)
2x 2
= lim
=
3x
x0
e 1
3x 3
Trang 27
Ton cao cp
Bi: HM S LIN TC
4.3. Cc nh ngha
nh ngha 1: Cho hm s f(x) xc nh ti x0 v trong ln cn x0, khi hm
f(x) c gi l lin tc ti x0 nu lim f (x ) = f (x 0 ) .
x x 0
Vi x = x x0 gi l s gia ca i s x.
f = f(x) f(x0) = f(x0+ x) f(x0), gi l s gia ca hm f(x) ng vi x ti
x0.
lim f ( x) = f ( x0 ) ( lim+ f ( x) = f ( x0 ) ).
x x0
x x0
nh ngha 4
x x0
Trang 28
Ton cao cp
x x0
khi x 1
3 x + 1 khi x < 1
ti im x = 1.
x 1
x 1
x 1
1) f(x) = xn ( x N ) lin tc ti x.
2) f (x ) =
1
lin tc ti x 1.
x 1
3) f (x ) = x 2 1 lin tc ti mi x 1 x 1 x 1 .
4.5. Cc php tnh v hm lin tc ti cng mt im.
f1 (x )
(f2(x) 0) cng l nhng hm s lin
f2 (x )
tc ti im x0.
2) Nu u = u(x) l hm s lin tc ti x = x0, cn hm f(u) lin tc ti u = u0
th hm f[u(x)] cng l lin tc ti x0.
ngha hnh hc ca khi nim lin tc:
Trang 29
Ton cao cp
BI TP
1. DY S V GII HN
Bi 1: Chng minh rng khi n dy:
1
1
1
1
, 2 + , 2 + , 2 + , c gii hn bng 2.
2
3
4
n
3, 2 +
a) xn =
(1) n +1
.
n
b) xn =
2n
.
n +1
c) xn = (-1)n.0,999n.
a). lim x = 4.
x2
b) lim e
1
x 1
x 1+
= +.
c) lim e
x 1
1
x 1
= 0.
2. TM CC GII HN
Bi 1: Tm cc gii hn:
x2 + 2
a) lim 2
.
x2 x 1
Bi 2: Tm cc gii hn:
a) lim
n
(n 1)(n 2)(n 3)
.
3n 3
d) lim
n
(n + 1)!
.
(n + 1)! n!
b) lim
n
( n + 1 + 2n ) .
2
n6 + 2
n 1
1
2
3
+ 2 + 2 + ... + 2 .
2
n
n
n
n
e) lim
n
1
.
g) lim + + ... +
n 1.2
2.3
(n 1)n
e) lim
1
n
x2
x +1
c) lim
.
x 2 x 1
x
b) lim
.
x2 2 x
h) lim
n
2 n +1 + 3n + 2
.
n 2 n + 3n +1
1 1
1
1 + + + ... + n
2 .
f) lim 2 4
n
1 1
1
1 + + + ... + n
3 9
3
c) lim
1 2 + 3 4 + ... 2n
n2 + 1
1
1
1
1 2 ...1 2 .
2
2 3 n
Bi 3: Tm cc gii hn:
Trang 30
Ton cao cp
4x2 + x +1
.
n x 3 + 7 x + 5
a) lim
x 3 + 3x 2 + 2 x
.
x 2
x2 x 6
d) lim
9 + 2x 5
.
3
x 2
g) lim
x 8
x+ x+ x
.
x +1
b) lim
n
c) lim ( x 2 + 2x x 2 2x )
n
e) lim
x 1
1
3
.
3
1 x 1 x
h) lim
x 0 3
f) lim
x a + xa
x2 a2
xa
1 + x 1
1 + x 1
Bi 4: Tm gii hn:
a). lim
x 0
1 + x 1
x
b) lim
x 1 n
Bi 5: Tm gii hn:
x 1
x 1
b) lim 3 x 3 + 3x 2 x 2 2 x .
a). lim x 2 + 2 x 2 x 2 + x + x .
x +
(1 x )(1 3 x )..(1 n x )
(1 x ) n 1
c) lim
x 1
x +
Bi 6: Tm cc gii hn:
cos(a + x) cos(a x)
.
x
sin x sin ax
d) lim
.
xa
xa
2 arcsin x
g) lim
.
x 0
3x
2 1 + cos x
.
x2
ln(cos x )
e) lim
x 0
x2
1
h) lim(
cot gx )
x 0 sin x
a) lim
x 0
sin 5 x sin 3x
sin x
cot gx cot ga
f) lim
.
xa
xa
b) lim
c) lim
x 0
x 0
Bi 7: Tm cc gii hn:
x
x2 2x +1
.
a) lim 2
x x 4 x + 2
1 + tgx sin x
d) lim
.
x 0 1 + sin x
b) lim(cos x) .
x 0
c) lim(1 + x 2 ) cot g x .
x 0
x2
x + 2
x 3
e) xlim
3x + 4
Bi 8: Tm gii hn:
a). lim
x 0
ln(a + x) ln a
.
x
b) lim
x e
ln x 1
.
xe
c) lim
x x 1
.
x ln x
c) lim
x 0
ln(1 + 3 x sin x)
.
tgx 2
x 1
Bi 9: Tm cc gii hn:
3x + sin 2 x
.
x 0 sin 2 x x 2
a). lim
d) lim
x 0
1 + 2x 1
.
tg 3x
1 cos 2 x + tg 2 x
.
x 0
x sin x
b) lim
e) lim
x 0
sin 2 x
e
x
sin x
arcsin
f) lim
x 0
1 x2 .
ln(1 + x)
a) lim x 3 + x
x 0
b) lim ( x 1) 2
x 1
c) lim
x 0 +
1 cos x
1 cos x
3. TNH LIN TC CA HM S
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 31
Ton cao cp
a) y = x2.
b) 3 x .
c) y = arctgx.
Bi 2: Xt s lin tc ti x0 = 0 ca cc hm s:
sin x
,x 0
a) y = x
0, x = 0
sin x
,x 0
b) y = x
1, x = 0
1
sin , x 0
.
x
a, x = 0
x sin , x 0
d) y =
x
c). y =
0, x = 0
1
,x 1
1
Bi 3: Xt s lin tc ti x0 = 1 ca hm s: y = f(x) = 1 + e x 1
a , x = 1
Bi 4: Xt s lin tc ti x0 = 1 v x0 = -1 ca hm s:
cos , x 1
2
x 1, x > 1
sin x
,x 1
Bi 5: Cho hm s: f(x) = x 1
. Chng t hm f lin tc trn R.
, x = 1
x 2 , x 2
b) f(x) =
a x 2 , x > 2
x a , x < 3
1 ax, x 3
c) f(x) =
x 2 ,0 x 1
a). f(x) =
.
2 x 2 ,1 < x 2
Phng trnh
a3
a1
a2
+
+
= 0 vi a1, a2, a3>0, k1<k2<k3
x k1 x k 2 x k 3
Trang 32
Ton cao cp
dy df ( x)
;
; f (x).
dx
dx
f(x0) ; y '
x = x0
dy
dx
;
x = x0
df ( x)
dx
.
x = x0
Nu gii hn lim
x 0
f ( x0 + x) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 + x) f ( x0 )
= f +' ( x0 ) (hay lim
= f ' ( x0 ) )
0
x
x
Ta c f ' ( x) = lim
x 0
Trang 33
Ton cao cp
1.2. Cc nh l
nh l 1: iu kin cn v hm s y = f(x) c o hm ti x l hm s f(x)
c o hm tri v o hm phi bng nhau.
nh l 2: Gi s hm s f(x) xc nh ti x0 v trong ln cn ca n. Khi nu
hm f(x) c o hm ti x0 th n lin tc ti x0.
Ch : Nu hm s f(x) lin tc ti x th cha th suy ra n c o hm ti x.
V d 2: Hm s f(x) = x lin tc ti x = 0 nhng khng c o hm ti im .
1.3. ngha ca o hm
1.3.1. ngha hnh hc
Cho hm s y = f(x) c th (C), trn (C) ly hai im M0(x0, y0), M(x, y).
V tr gii hn nu c ca cc tuyn M0M khi M M0 dc theo th (C) c gi
l tip tuyn ca (C) ti im M0.
y
l h s gc ca cc tuyn M0M.
x
y
Khi M M0 th x 0 v gii hn nu c ca
l h s gc ca tip tuyn.
x
Theo nh ngha ca o hm th f(x0) l h s gc ca tip tuyn vi th hm
s ti im M0(x0, y0).
Vi x = x x0 ; y = y y0 ta c t s
y
M
(C)
M0
O
x
Hnh 2.1
1.3.2. ngha vt l
S (t + t ) S (t )
. By gi gi
t
S (t + t ) S (t )
l vn tc tc thi ca cht im ti thi im t.
t 0
t
tr S ' (t ) = lim
Trang 34
Ton cao cp
1.
2.
[ f ( x) g ( x) ] = f ' ( x) g ' ( x)
'
[ f ( x).g ( x)] = f ' ( x).g ( x) + f ( x).g ' ( x)
'
'
f ( x)
f ' ( x).g ( x) f ( x).g ' ( x)
3.
=
g 2 ( x)
g ( x)
( g ( x) 0)
1
.
f ( x0 )
'
BNG O HM CA CC HM S S CP
f(x)
f ' ( x)
x ; u
n-1
x 1 ; nu u
a x ln a ; u a lna.
e x lne = e ; u e lne = u e
ax ; a
ex ; e
u'
1
1
( 1 a > 0);
( 1 u > 0); ;(x > 0)
x ln a
u log u
x
sinx; sinu
cosx; ucosu
cosx; cosu
- sinx; -ucosu
tgx; tgu
1
u'
;
cos 2 x cos 2 x
cotgx; cotgu
1
u'
; 2
sin 2 x
sin x
arcsinx; arcsinu
1
1 x2
arccosx; arccosu
arctgx; arctgu
1
1 x2
u'
1 u2
u'
1 u2
1
u'
;
1+ x2 1+ u2
Trang 35
Ton cao cp
arccotgx; arccotgu
1
u'
;
1+ x2
1+ u2
1.5. o hm cp cao
nh ngha: Gi s hm s y = f(x) c o hm y = f(x) trong khong (a; b), ta
gi f(x) l o hm cp mt ca hm f(x). Bn thn f(x) cng l hm s nn n c
th c o hm, nu hm f(x) c o hm ti x thuc khong (a; b) th ta gi o
hm ca hm f(x) l o hm cp 2 ca hm f(x) v k hiu:
y ' ' = f ' ' ( x) =
d 2 ( y) d 2 f
=
.
dx 2
dx 2
(n)
= f
(n)
d n ( y) d n f
=
.
( x) =
dx n
dx n
Trang 36
Ton cao cp
Bi: VI PHN
1.6. nh ngha vi phn
nh ngha 1: Cho hm s f(x) xc nh ti x0 v trong ln cn ca n. Cho x mt
s gia x tu , nu ti x0 s gia ca hm s y = f(x0 + x) f(x0) vit c di
dng:
y = A x + (x)
f gdf fdg
d =
g2
g
( g 0)
Trang 37
Ton cao cp
V d 1: Tnh gn ng 3 28
Ta c 3 28 = 3 271 +
Xt hm s f(x) =
1
1
= 33 1+
27
27
x f ' ( x) =
, Chn x0 = 1 v x =
33 x2
cng thc tnh gn ng ta c: f ( x0 + x) f ( x0 ) + f ' ( x0 )x
f (1 +
1
1
) f (1) + f ' (1).
27
27
3 1+
1
. Khi p dng
27
1
1 1
1+ .
27
3 27
1 1
1
3,04
= 3+
3 27
27
Vy 3 28 31 + .
f (b) f (a)
.
ba
nh l 6: (Cauchy)
nh l 7: (Taylor)
Trang 38
Ton cao cp
f ' ( x0 )
f '' ( x 0 )
f ( n ) ( x0 )
( x x0 ) +
( x x0 ) 2 + +
( x x 0 ) n + Rn ( x )
2!
n!
1!
(k )
( x0 )
( x x0 ) k + Rn ( x).
k!
a thc Pn ( x) =
k =0
(k )
( x0 )
( x x 0 ) k gi l a thc Taylor.
k!
n
k =0
(By gi phn d l: Rn ( x) =
(k )
(0) k
x + Rn ( x )
k!
f ( n +1) (c) n +1
x ), gi l cng thc Maclaurin.
(n + 1) !
1. f(x) = ax.
ax = 1+
ln
ln 2 a 2
ln n a n
x+
x ++
x + Rn ( x ) ,
1!
2!
n!
vi Rn ( x) =
a c ln n +1 a n +1
x (c nm gia 0 v x).
(n + 1)!
2. f(x) = ex.
ex = 1+ x +
n +1
x2
xn
++
+ Rn ( x) , vi Rn ( x) = x
e c (c nm gia 0 v x).
2!
n!
(n + 1)!
3. f(x) = sinx.
x3 x5
x 2 n 1
n 1
sin x = x
+
+ (1)
+ R2 n 1 ( x)
3! 5!
(2n 1) !
sin[c + (2n + 1) ]
2 x 2 n +1 (c nm gia 0 v x).
Vi R2 n 1 ( x) =
(2n + 1)!
4. f(x) = cosx.
2n
x2 x4
n x
cos x = 1
+
+ (1)
+ R2 n ( x )
2! 4!
2n !
Trang 39
Ton cao cp
Vi R2 n ( x) =
cos[c + (n + 1) ] 2 n + 2
x
(2n + 2)!
(c nm gia 0 v x).
x2 x3 x4
xn
+
+ + ( 1) ( n 1)
+ Rn ( x )
2
3
4
n
x n +1
(n + 1)(1 + c) n +1
Vi Rn ( x) =
(c nm gia 0 v x).
6. f(x) = (1 + x) .
(1 + x) = 1 + x +
Vi Rn ( x) =
( 1)
2!
x2 ++
( 1) ( n)
(n + 1) !
( 1)( 2) ( n + 1)
n!
(1 + c) ( n +1) x n +1
x n + Rn ( x )
(c nm gia 0 v x).
c
1
1
+ + , vi sai s = Rn ( x) = e
; c (0,1)
2!
n!
(n + 1) !
ec
3
M =
c (0,1)
(n + 1) ! (n + 1) !
< 10 3 th ta ch cn ly n = 6, khi e 1 + 1 +
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
2! 3! 4! 5! 6!
sin[c + (2n + 1) ]
2 x 2 n +1 ; c (0, )
Vi sai s = R2 n 1 ( x) =
(2n + 1) !
180
2 n +1
sin[c + (2n + 1) ]
x
2 n +1
2
M =
x
c (0,
)
(2n + 1) !
(2n + 1) !
180
Trang 40
Ton cao cp
2 n +1
180
Vi x =
th = R2 n 1 ( )
180
180
(2n + 1) !
< 10
th ta ch cn ly n = 1, khi sin 1
(
)3
180 3!(180)3
Gi s:
1. f(x) v g(x) l cc hm s kh vi trong ln cn ca im x0 .
2.
lim f ( x) = lim g ( x) = 0 .
x x
x x0
Gi s:
1. f(x) v g(x) l cc hm s kh vi trong ln cn ca im x0 .
f ( x) = lim g ( x) = .
2. xlim
x
x x
0
x
3
2
2
x
3x
3x
2
= lim
= lim
= 6 lim = 6
V d 3: Tnh: 1) lim
x 0 x sin x
x 0 1 cos x
x 0
x 0
x
x
sin 2
2 sin 2
2
2
2) xlim
+
xn
n x n1
n (n 1) x n2
n!
=
lim
=
lim
= = lim x = 0
x
x
x
x + e
x +
x + e
e
e
Trang 41
Ton cao cp
Nu hm s f(x) t cc tr ti x0 v kh vi ti x0 th f ' ( x) = 0 .
nh ngha 1: im x0 Df c gi l im ti hn ca hm s f(x) nu f(x)
khng kh vi ti x0 hoc f ' ( x) = 0 . im ti hn loi f ' ( x) = 0 cn gi l im dng
ca hm s.
nh l 3: (iu kin th nht ca cc tr)
Min xc nh Df = [-1,1]
f ' ( x) =
1 2x 2
1 x2
2
2
=0 x=
Bng xt du f
x
f ' ( x)
2
2
2
2
+ 0
f(x)
C
CT
Vy hm s t cc tiu ti x =
fC = f(
2
2
2
1
, t cc i ti x =
; fCT = f(
)= ,
2
2
2
2
2
1
)= .
2
2
Trang 42
Ton cao cp
Ta c f ' ( x) = 3x 2 3 = 0 x = 1
f(1) = 2 ; f(-1) = 6 ; f(-3) = -14 ; f(2) = 6
Gi tr ln nht ca hm s l 6 t ti x = -1; x = 2 (fmax = 6) v gi tr nh
nht ca hm s l -14 t ti x = -3 (fmin = -14).
V d 3: Ngi ta mun thit k mt ci lon hnh tr ng c din tch ton phn
l S. Hy xc nh kch thc ca lon sao cho th tch ca n ln nht.
Gii:
Gi x, y (x, y > 0) ln lt l bn knh y v chiu cao ca lon. Ta c:
Din tch ton phn ca lon l: S = S2 y + Sxq = 2 x 2 + 2 x y y =
S 2 x 2
2 x
Th tch ca lon l: V = x 2 y = x 2
S 2 x 2
2 x
S
= x x 3
2
S
x x 3 t gi tr ln nht.
2
S
S
3 x 2 = 0 x =
.
2
6
S
6
V ' ( x)
V(x)
Vy V t gi tr ln nht khi x =
S
6
0
+
C
S
y=2
6
S
6
Trang 43
Ton cao cp
V
x2
4V
x
4V
t gi tr nh nht.
x
4V
=0 x=3V
2
x
S ' ( x)
S(x)
CT
Vy V t gi tr nh nht khi x = 3 V y = 3 V
V d 5: Gi s AB l mt on thng trn b bin v L l mt o nh ngoi
khi (AL vung gc vi AB), ngi ta mun mc mt ng dy cp t L n B.
Hy xc nh v tr ca im C trn on AB sao cho tng gi tin cp (tnh trn
n v ngn ng) l nh nht? Bit rng: Phn cp di nc gi 500 ngn
ng/km, phn cp trn b gi 300 ngn ng/km, AL = 5 km, AB = 10 km.
Gii: Gi AC = x km ( 0 x 10 ) CB = 10 - x
V AL vung gc AB nn LC =
x 2 + 52
Cho t(x) = 0 x =
500 x
x +5
2
300
15
4
15
= 5000; t (0 ) = 5500; t (10) = 2500 5 .
4
Ta c: t
15
, tc l ta cn chn
4
im C cch A l 3,75 km .
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 44
Ton cao cp
2.3. Kho st v v th hm s.
BI TP
1. O HM CA HM S
Bi 1: Tm f(1), f(2), f(3), nu f(x) = (x 1)(x 2)2(x 3)3
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 45
Ton cao cp
Bi 2: Kho st s c o hm ca hm:
sin 2 x
,x 1
a). f(x) = (x 1) ( x 1) 2 ti im x0 = 1. b). f(x) = x 1
ti im x0 = 1.
0, x = 1
x. sin , x 0
c). f(x) =
ti im x0 = 0.
x
0, x = 0
x2
x +
,x 0
Bi 3: Cho hm s f(x) =
. Kho st s lin tc v c o hm ca f
x
1, x = 0
ti x0 = 0.
Bi 4: Dng nh ngha tm o hm ca cc hm s sau:
a) y =
b) y = 3 x .
x.
1
x
e +1
c) y =
d) y = 2 x
b) y = x2 ex.
e) y = ln(arcsin5x).
2x2
g) y = arcsin
, x < 1.
1+ x4
h) y =
arcsin x
.
x
c) y =
f) y = cos{cos(cosx)}.
sin x
1 + sin x
+
ln
cos 2 x
cos x
Bi 7: Tnh o hm ca cc hm sau y:
a). y = (sinx)x .
b) y = x x .
e) y =
c) y = (ln x) 2 x +1 .
( x 2) 2 .3 x + 1
.
( x 5) 3
Bi 8: Tnh o hm ca cc hm sau y:
a). y = ( x 1) 2 ( x + 1)3
b) y = sin 3 x .
2. VI PHN CA HM S
(x a)2 (x b)2 , a x b
d.)y =
0 khi x ngoi on [a, b]
Bi 1: Tm vi phn ca hm s sau:
a). y = arctgx.
t
b) y = e . c) y = ln x + x 2 + a .
d) y = arctg
u
.
v
Trang 46
Ton cao cp
Bi 2: Tnh gn ng nh vi phn:
b). sin290
a). 3 1,02 .
3. O HM V VI PHN CP CAO
Bi 1: Tm o hm ring v vi phn cp cao:
1
x + 6, tm y, y, y
2
b.) y = x 1 + x 2 . Tm y.
c.) y = x2ex. Tm y(20)(0).
Bi 2:
a b
a a b
< ln <
nu 0 < b < a.
a
b
b
Bi 4: Gi s hm f(x) xc nh, lin tc, dng trn [a, b] v kh vi trn (a, b).
f '( c )
(b a )
f (b)
f (c )
=e
.
Chng minh rng tn ti c (a, b), sao cho
f (a)
x di dng a thc bc 5 i vi x 1.
e chnh xc n 0,0001.
Trang 47
Ton cao cp
x 2 1 + ln x
a) lim
.
x 1
ex e
x sin x
b) lim
.
x 0
x3
1
1
(sin x) x .
e) lim x
. f) lim
0
x
x 0 x
(e 1)
xn
c) xlim
.
+ e x
x.e 2
d) lim
.
x x + e x
(tgx ) 2 cos x .
g) xlim
(1 + x) ln x
h) lim
x 0
KQHT 3: Tnh tch phn i bin, tng phn, din tch hnh phng, di
cung phng v th tch vt th trn xoay. Xt cc tch phn suy rng.
Tch phn bt nh
Bi: TCH PHN BT NH
1.1. Nguyn hm v tch phn bt nh
nh ngha 1: Hm F(x) c gi l nguyn hm ca hm f(x) trn khong (a; b)
nu F' (x) = f (x) x (a,b) .
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 48
Ton cao cp
V d 1: Hm F(x) =
x3
l nguyn hm ca hm f(x) = x2 vi mi x v
3
F ' ( x) = f ( x) , x .
Trong :
l du tch phn,
x3
+C
V d 2: x dx =
3
2
1. f ( x)dx ' = f ( x) .
2. d f (x)dx = f (x)dx .
3. f (x)dx = f (x) + C
'
4. f (x)dx = f (x)dx
( 0) .
2
1
2
dx = x dx + 2
dx = x x + 4 x + C .
V d 3: x +
3
x
x
Trang 49
Ton cao cp
adx = ax + C
; 0dx = C ;
x dx =
1
x +1
+ C ( 1) ; dx = ln x + C ;
x
+1
x + 1 = ln x + 1 + C.
x
a dx =
ax
+C
ln a
eu
+ C.
u'
; e x dx = e x + C ;
sin
dx
1
xa
=
+ C.
ln
2
x a
2a x + a
= cot gx + C ;
u
e dx =
dx
dx
= ln x + x 2 + k + C.
x +k
2
dx
1
a+x
=
+ C.
ln
2
a x
2a a x
2
dx
1 2
a2
2
2
2
=
tgx
+
C
;
x
a
dx
=
x
ln x x 2 a 2 + C.
cos 2 x
2
2
dx
1+ x
;
= arctgx + C ;
dx
x
= ln tg + C ;
sin x
2
dx
1 x2
= arcsin x + C
dx
cosx = ln tg ( 2 + 4 ) + C;
sin 4 x
+C .
4
2. sin 3 xdx = sin 2 x.sin xdx = (cos2 x 1)( sin x)dx = (cos2 x 1)d (cos x)
cos 3 x
= cos xd (cos x) d (cos x) =
cos x + C .
3
2
Trang 50
Ton cao cp
1 1
1
1 dx
dx
dx
dx =
2a x a x + a
2a x a
x + a
a
3.
1 d ( x a)
d ( x + a) 1
[ln x a ln x + a + C ] = 1 ln x a + C
2a x a
2a x + a
x + a 2a
x
d
dx
dx
1
1
x
x
a
1
= 2 = arctg + C1 = arctg + C
4. 2 2 =
2
a
a
a
x +a
x
a x
a
a 2 + 1
+1
a
a
5.
dx
a2 x2
6. I =
t t =
I=
1
a
dx
x
1
a
x
d
a
x
1
a
= arcsin
x
+C
a
xdx
3
x2 + a2
x 2 + a 2 t3 = x2 + a2 3t2dt = 2xdx
3 t 2dt 3
3
3
= tdt = t 2 + C = 3 (x 2 + a 2 ) 2 + C
2 t
2
4
4
V d 4: Tnh I =
a 2 x 2 dx
t x = asint vi t , , ta c:
2 2
I = a 2 x 2 dx = a 2 a 2 sin 2 t ( a cos t ) dt = a 2 cos t 1 sin 2 t dt = a 2 cos 2 tdt
a2
a 2 sin 2t
a2
a2
(1 + cos 2t )dt =
t + sin t cos t + C
=
t +
+C =
2
2
2
2
2
=
a2
x 1
arcsin + x a 2 x 2 + C
2
2 2
u ( x).v ' ( x) cng c nguyn hm v u ( x ).v ' ( x )dx = u ( x).v( x ) u ' ( x).v( x )dx .
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 51
Ton cao cp
'
'
Ch : V du = u ( x ) dx v dv = v ( x )dx nn cng thc trn thng c vit
di dng:
udv = uv vdu
V d 5: 1) Tnh I = x 3 ln xdx
Ta c:
I=
1
4 ) = 1 x 4lnx - x 4d(lnx) = 1 x 4lnx - x3dx = 1 x 4lnx - x + C
lnxd(x
4
4
4
4
4
2) Tnh I = x.arctgxdx
1
x2
t u = arctgx, c du =
dx ; dv = xdx, c v = .
1 + x2
2
x2
1 x2
x2
1
1
1
1 + x2
x
I = .arctgx -
dx = .arctgx - dx +
dx =
.arctgx - + C
2
2
2
2 1+ x
2
2
2 1+ x
2
2
1.3. Tch phn ca cc hm s n gin
1.3.1. Tch phn ca hm s hu t
Dng 1:
dx
(ax + b)
1. I 1 =
dx
(ax + b)
2. I 2 =
1. I 1 =
dx
(ax + b) n
(n 1)
dx
1 d (ax + b) 1
1
=
= (ln ax + b + C1 ) = ln ax + b + C
(ax + b) a (ax + b)
a
a
1 (ax + b)1 n
dx
1
1 (ax + b)1 n
n
2. I 2 =
+C
(ax + b) d (ax + b) =
+ C1 =
=
a 1 n
(ax + b) n a
a 1 n
Dng 2:
dx
trong a, b l cc hng s v n = 1, 2, 3.
+ ax + b
1. I 1 =
dx
x + x +1
2. I 2 =
dx
x + 4x + 4
3. I 3 =
dx
3x 2 x 1
Trang 52
Ton cao cp
Gii:
1
dx+
dx
2
1. I1 =
=
2
2
2
1 3
3
1
x+ +
x+ +
2 4
2 2
2
arctg
3
dx
( x + 2)1 2
1
dx
+C =
+C
=
=
2
2
1 2
x+2
( x + 2)
x + 4x + 4
2. I 2 =
3. I3 =
1
2 + C = 2 arctg 2 x + 1 + C
3
3
3
2
x+
1
dx
3 x2 2 x 1
3
3
1 2
1
dx
13
1 3(x 1)
3 3
I3 =
ln
+ C1 = ln
+ C1
2
2 =
3
4
3x + 1
1 2 3 4 x 1+ 2
x
3 3
3 3
1
1
x 1 ln 3
x 1
+C
ln
+
+ C1 = ln
4 3x + 1
4
4 3x + 1
Cch khc:
Ta c
1
1
A
B
=
=
+
3x 2 x 1 ( x 1)(3x + 1) x 1 3x + 1
2
A=
3 A + B = 0
4
1 = A(3x + 1) + B( x 1) = (3 A + B) x + A B
=
1
A
B
B = 3
4
34
1
1
3
1 dx
dx
dx =
dx =
3
I 3 = 4 +
4 x 1
3x + 1
x 1 3x + 1
4( x 1) 4(3x + 1)
=
Dng 3:
1
(ln x 1 ln 3x + 1 ) + C = 1 ln x 1 + C
4
4 3x + 1
Ax + B
2
dx trong A, B, a, b l cc hng s, n = 1, 2, v a 4b < 0.
x + ax + b
2
V d 7: Tnh I =
x 1
dx
x + x +1
2
Ta c:
2
dx
dx
1
2x + 1
1 2x + 1 3
1 d ( x + x + 1) 3
dx 3 2
2
I = 2
dx = 2
= 2
2 x + x +1
2 x + x +1
2 x + x +1
x + x + 1 2
x + x +1
Trang 53
Ton cao cp
1
3
dx
1
2x + 1
= ln x 2 + x + 1
+ C = ln x 2 + x + 1 3arctg
+C
2
2
2
2
2
3
1 3
x + +
2
2
Ax 2 + Bx + C
(ax 2 + bx + c)(dx + e)dx trong A, B, C, a, b, c, d, e l cc hng s, n = 1,
e
2, 3 v b2 4ac < 0, x = khng l nghim ca phng trnh Ax2 + Bx + C = 0.
d
Dng 4:
1. I 1 =
dx
x( x 2 + 1)
x2 x +1
2. I 2 =
dx
( x + 1)( x 2 + x + 1)
Gii:
1. Ta c
1
x( x + 1)
2
A Bx + C
1 = A( x 2 + 1) + x( Bx + C ) = ( A + B) x 2 + Cx + A
+ 2
x
x +1
A + B = 0 A = 1
C = 0
B = 1
A = 1
C = 0
Vy:
1 d ( x 2 + 1)
dx
x
dx
xdx
1
=
dx
=
=
x
+C
ln
x x2 + 1
x( x 2 + 1) x x 2 + 1
2 x2 + 1
1
= ln x ln x 2 + 1 + C
2
I1 =
2. Ta c
x2 x +1
A
Bx + C
=
+ 2
2
( x + 1)( x + x + 1) x + 1 x + x + 1
x 2 x + 1 = A( x 2 + x + 1) + ( x + 1)( Bx + C )
x 2 x + 1 = ( A + B) x 2 + ( A + B + C ) x + A + C
A + B = 1
A = 3
A + B + C = 1 B = 2
A + C = 1
C = 2
Vy I 2 =
x2 x +1
2x + 2
2x + 1 + 1
dx
3
dx =
dx
2
2
dx = 3
2
x +1 x + x +1
( x + 1)( x + x + 1)
x + 1 x + x + 1
Trang 54
Ton cao cp
(2 x + 1)dx
dx
2
+C
2
x + x +1
x + x +1
d ( x 2 + x + 1)
dx
= 3 ln x + 1 2
+C
2
2
x + x +1
1 3
x + +
2 2
= 3 ln x + 1
= 3 ln x + 1 ln( x 2 + x + 1)
Dng 5:
2
3
arctg
2x + 1
3
+C
dx
trong m l hng s v n = 1, 2,.
(x + m2 )n
2
V d 9: Tnh I =
Ta c I =
=
Tnh
dx
(x + m2 )2
2
dx
1
= 2
2
2 2
m
(x + m )
1
m2
x2 + m2 x2
x2
1 x2 + m2
dx
dx
dx
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
(x 2 + m2 )2
m (x + m )
(x + m )
dx
x 2 dx
2
2
(x2 + m2 )2
x +m
1 xd ( x 2 + m 2 )
x 2 dx
=
(x 2 + m2 )2 2 (x 2 + m2 )2
t u = x du = dx
dv =
d (x 2 + m2 )
1
v= 2
2
2 2
x + m2
(x + m )
1
x 2 dx
x
dx
( x 2 + m 2 ) 2 = 2( x 2 + m 2 ) + 2 x 2 + m 2
Vy I =
=
1
m2
dx
x 2 dx
2
2
(x 2 + m2 )2
x +m
1
dx
1
x
dx
= 2 2
2
+ 2
2
2
2 x +m
x + m2
m x +m
1
x
dx
1
1
x
x
+ 2
=
+ arctg + C
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
m
m
2m x + m
x + m 2m x + m
P(x)
P(x)
l hm hu t, P(x) v Q(x) l
dx , trong
Q(x)
Q(x)
cc hm a thc vi h s thc. Gi s bc ca P(x) nh hn bc ca Q(x). Nu
bc ca P(x) ln hn bc ca Q(x) th chia P(x) cho Q(x), ta c:
Dng 5: (Tng qut) I =
P(x)
R(x)
, trong R(x) nh hn bc ca Q(x). Vic ly tch phn
= S(x) +
Q(x)
Q(x)
hm S(x) n gin. Vn cn li l ly tch phn ca hm hu t c bc ca t
nh hn bc ca mu.
nh l 5: Gi s P(x) v Q(x) l cc hm a thc vi h s thc v bc ca P(x)
nh hn bc ca Q(x), th:
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 55
Ton cao cp
bc ca Q(x) l + + ... + + .
b) Hm hu t
P(x)
c th phn tch thnh tng ca cc phn thc n gin:
Q(x)
2t
1 t2
2dt
=
x
=
dx
;
cos
;
1+ t2
1+ t2
1+ t2
V d 10: Tnh I =
dx
3 + 5 cos x
2t
1 t
2dt
x
; cos x =
; dx =
t t = tg sin x =
2
2
1+ t
1+ t
1+ t2
2
2 dt
2
dt
1 t+2
1 tg 2x + 2
=
ln
+
=
ln
+C
I = 1+t 1t 2 =
C
4 t 2
4 t2
4 tg 2x 2
3 + 5 1+t 2
2
Trang 56
Ton cao cp
1/ I 1 =
dx
sin x 3 cos 2 x
2/ I 2 =
dx
sin x cos 2 x + sin 2 x
Gii:
1/
t2
dt
1
2
; sin x =
; dx =
t t = tgx cos x =
2
2
1+ t
1+ t
1+ t2
2
I1 =
dt
1+ t 2
3 1+1t 2
t
1+ t 2
2/ Ta c I 2 =
dt
dt
=
t 3
t2 3
( )
1
2 3
ln
t 3
1
tgx 3
+C =
ln
+ C.
t+ 3
2 3 tgx + 3
dx
sin x cos x + 2 sin x cos x
2
1
t2
dt
t
1
2
; sin x =
; dx =
; sin x =
; cosx =
t t = tgx cos x =
2
2
2
1+ t
1+ t
1+ t
1+ t 2
1+ t 2
2
I1 =
=
dt
1+ t 2
2
t
1+t 2
1
2 2
1+1t 2 + 1+2tt2
ln
tgx + 1 2
dt
dt
=
t + 2t 1
(t + 1) 2
2
( 2)
1
2 2
ln
(t + 1) 2
+C
(t + 1) + 2
+C
tgx + 1 + 2
sin 3 x
dx
1 + cos 2 x
t t = cosx dt = - sinxdx
sin 2 x
1 t2
t2 +1 2
2
I =
( sin xdx) =
dt = 2
dt = 1 2
dt = t 2arctgt + C
2
2
1 + cos x
1+ t
t +1
t +1
dx
sin x cos x
2
t t = sinx dt = cosxdx
I =
cos dx
dt
t 2 + (1 t 2 )
dt
dt
dt =
+ 2
=
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
sin x cos x
t (1 t )
t (1 t )
1 t
t
dt
dt
1
1 sin x 1
1 t 1 1
+C
+ C = ln
+ 2 = ln
2 sin x + 1 sin x
2 t +1 t
t 1
t
2
Trang 57
Ton cao cp
R ( x,
Dng 1:
ax + b )dx , ta t t = n ax + +b .
V d 14: Tnh I =
dx
1+ 3 x +1
x = t 3 1
dx = 3t 2 dt
t t = 3 x + 1
I =
t2
3t 2 dt
1
= 3 t 1 +
dt = 3 t + ln t + 1 + C
1+ t
t + 1
3 ( x + 1) 2
= 3
3 x + 1 + ln 3 x + 1 + 1 + C
n
Ch : Nu R ( x, 1 ax + b , 2 ax + b ,...) dx , ta t t = ax + b ,
n
vi n = BCNN(n1, n2,).
V d 15: Tnh I =
dx
x ( x + 1)
3
x = t 6
t t = x
dx = 6t 5 dt
6
I =
6t 5 dt
t 2 dt
1
=
6
= 6 1 2
dt = 6(t + arctgt ) + C
3 2
2
t (t + 1)
t +1
t + 1
= 6 6 x arctg 6 x + C
Dng 2:
dx
ax 2 + bx + c
Ax + B
ax 2 + bx + c
dx
1. I 1 =
2. I 2 =
3. I 3 =
dx
x + 2x + 5
2
dx
1 x x2
5x + 3
x 2 + 4 x + 10
dx
Gii:
1. I 1 =
dx
(x + 1)
+4
d ( x + 1)
(x + 1)
+2
= ln x + 1 + x 2 + 2 x + 5 + C
Trang 58
Ton cao cp
dx
2. I 2 =
3. I 3 =
5
4
5
2
(x +
1 2
2
(2 x + 4) 7
x 2 + 4 x + 10
=
=
d (x + 12 )
( )
5
2
(x +
1 2
2
= arcsin
x + 12
5
2
+ C = arcsin
2x + 1
5
+C
5 d ( x 2 + 4 x + 10)
d ( x + 2)
7
2
x 2 + 4 x + 10
( x + 2) 2 + ( 6 ) 2
= 5 x 2 + 4 x + 10 7 ln ( x + 2) + x 2 + 4 x + 10 + C
Dng 2: R( x, ax 2 + bx + c )dx .
dx
x + x2 x +1
t 2 1
x
=
2t 1
x2 x +1 = t x
2
dx = 2 t t + 1
(2t 1) 2
1
1
2(t 2 t + 1)
3 3t
=
I =
dt = 2 +
dt = 2
2
2
2
t (2t 1)
x + x x +1
t (2t 1)
t
dx
3
8
[4(2t 1)] 32
(2t 1) 2
dt
dt 3 d (2t 1) 2 3 d (2t 1)
3
3 1
= 2
+
= 2 ln t ln 2t 1
+C
2
2
4 (2t 1)
2
4 (2t 1)
t 8 (2t 1)
3
3
1
= 2 ln x + x 2 x + 1 ln 2 x + 2 x 2 x + 1 1
+C
2
2
4 2x + 2 x x + 1 1
b
b 2 4ac
Ta c ax + bx + c = a x +
2a
4a 2
t u = x +
b
;
2a
m2 =
b 2 4ac
b 2 4ac
2
.
;
n
=
4a 2
4a 2
Trang 59
Ton cao cp
m
; (2) u = m.sint; (3) u = n.tgt
sin t
x 2 a 2 dx =
x 2
a2
x a2
ln x + x 2 a 2 + C
2
2
a 2 x 2 dx =
x
a2
x
a2 x2 +
arcsin + C
2
2
a
BI TP
TCH PHN BT NH
Bi 1: Tnh cc tch phn bng phng php phn tch
2
1) ( x + 1)(x x + 1)dx . 2) x + 3 dx .
x
4) 2 .3 .5 dx .
e3x + 1
dx .
5) x
e +1
8)
2x
3x
x 3 dx
.
x8 2
14)
x4
dx
x2 +1
x 4 + x 4 + 2
dx .
x3
6)
9) (1 + x 2 ) x.dx .
1
2
3)
x x 3e x + x 2
dx .
x3
12)
dx
.
x(1 x)
15)
dx
.
a2
dx
1 + e2 x
1)
4)
sin 3 x
3
x2
dx
x 4 x
6) CMR:
7)
10)
dx .
2)
a 2 x 2 dx .
3) x
x
dx
2a x
5) ( x 2 + 1) 20 .x.dx
1
f ' ( x)
dx
f ( x)
sin 2 xdx
3 cos x
4
8)
(2 ln x + 3) 3
dx
x
11)
9)
xdx
+ 2x2 + 5
12)
dx
2x 9
sin x + cos x
dx
x . sin x
1) ln xdx
Trn Thin Khi
2) arctgx.dx .
3) x 2 arccos x.dx .
Trang 60
Ton cao cp
4)
x ln(x + 1 + x 2 )
1+ x
dx .
5)
a 2 x 2 dx
1)
3x + 1
x 2 + 2 x + 10dx .
2)
2 x 3 + 3x
dx .
x4 + x2 +1
3)
(x
4)
3x + 2
( x 2 + 2 x + 10) 2 dx
5)
x3 + 1
dx .
x3 5x 2 + 6 x
6)
x4
x 4 + 5x 2 + 4dx .
7)
dx
( x + 1)( x + 2) 2 ( x + 3)3 .
8)
dx
4
x +1
9)
dx
.
+ 1) 3
x 2 n 1
dx
xn +1
Bi 5: Tch phn cc hm v t
(2 x + 1)
1) I =
4)
dx
2
5x 3
2 x + 8x + 1
2
(2 x + 1)
5)
( x + 1)
dx
dx
2)
x ( a x)
3
, (a > 0)
3x + 2
x 2 + 3x + 2
3)
dx
3x + 4 x 1
2
dx
1)
2 sin x
2 + cos x dx .
4)
1 tgx dx .
1 + tgx)
2)
(sin x + sin 3 x)
dx .
cos 2 x
5) sin 4 xdx .
3)
cos 3 x + cos 5 x)
dx .
sin 2 x + sin 4 x
Tch phn xc nh
Bi: TCH PHN XC NH
2.1. nh ngha tch phn xc nh
2.1.1. Bi ton din tch hnh thang cong
hnh ch nht trn l: Sn = f (i ).x i (chnh l din tch hnh bc thang nh hnh
i =1
v H 3.1).
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 61
Ton cao cp
Nhn xt: Din tch ca hnh bc thang gn bng din tch ca hnh thang cong
ABCD khi n cng ln v cc on c chia cng nh. Do din tch S ca hnh
S n = lim
thang ABCD cho l: S = lim
n
max x 0
i
f ( )x
i
i =1
C
D
A
O a
xi-1 xi
H 3.1
2.1.2. nh ngha tch phn xc nh
i =1
1.
f ( x)dx
f (x)dx = f (x)dx
Trang 62
Ton cao cp
xt trn l: S = f ( x)dx .
a
2. kf ( x)dx = k f ( x)dx .
3.
Nu a < c1 < c2 < < cn < b v hm f(x) kh tch trn on [a; c1], [c1; c2],
.., [cn; b] th n kh tch trn [a; b] v:
b
c1
c2
c1
cn
f ( x )dx
f ( x)dx g ( x)dx .
f ( x ) dx .
Trang 63
Ton cao cp
x [ a;b] th:
6. Nu m f (x) M,
f (x)dx = f (c).(b a) .
a
Gi tr f (c) =
1
f ( x)dx c gi l gi tr trung bnh ca hm s f(x).
b a a
K hiu: f .
a
8). Nu f(x) l hm l th
f (x)dx = 0
f (x)dx = 2 f (x)dx
Cc v d:
1 9
1 9 12
1 32
13
f=
xdx = x dx = (x ) =
9 1 1
81
12
6
1
2) Tnh gi tr trung bnh ca cc hm s: f (x) =
cos 2 x
trn
[0;
].
sin 2 x+4cos 2 x
2
] c xc nh:
2
2
2
2
cos x
2 cos x
2
1
f= 2
dx =
dx =
dx
dx
2
2
2
0 sin x+4cos x
0 1+cos x
3 0
0 1+cos x
Trang 64
Ton cao cp
dx
2
1
1
tgx
2
cos
x
= arctg
dx =
Xt
=
2
2
2
2 0 4
0 1+cos x
0 4+tg x
2
Vy f =
2 1
=
3 2 4 6
2
sin x
3) c lng gi tr trung bnh ca tch phn I = e dx
2
dx esin x dx e dx
2
esin x dx e.
2 0
2
2
Gi s hm s f(x) kh tch trn on [a; b], khi f(x) cng kh tch trn
x
bin x.
x
f (x)dx = F(x)
a
b
a
= F(b) F(a) .
Nhn xt: Cng thc ny cho php tnh tch phn xc nh thng qua nguyn hm
ca hm f(x) m khng cn s dng nh ngha, v nguyn tc ta c th tch c
tch phn xc nh.
* o hm theo cn tch phn:
x
Trang 65
Ton cao cp
d x
F'(x) = f (u)du = f (x)
dx a
d (x)
2).
f (u)du = f[(x)]. '(x)
dx a
d (x)
3).
f (u)du = f[(x)]. '(x) f[(x)]. '(x)
dx ( x )
BI TP
TCH PHN XC NH
Bi 1: Bt ng thc trong tch phn xc nh
1
e x + 1dx .
b.) e dx e dx .
1 + x dx .
2
sin x
c.)
dx <
x
sin x
dx .
x
0
18
10
cos x
dx
1+ x4
Bi 2: o hm di du tch phn
1) Tnh cc o hm:
b
d
a.) sin x 2 dx .
dx a
d
d.)
dx
Trn Thin Khi
x2
1 + t dt .
2
d
b.) sin x 2 dx .
da a
d
c.) .
sin x 2 dx
db a
x3
d
dt
e.)
...
dx x 2 1 + t 4
Trang 66
Ton cao cp
2) Tm gii hn:
x
cos t dt
a.) lim
x 0
b.) lim
( e dt )
0
x
t2
2t 2
(arctgt )
. c) lim
dt
x +
dt
sin x
2
x2 +1
d) lim
0
x +0 tgx
tgt .dt
sin t .dt
dx
cos 2 x .
1) Tnh
dx
. (0 < < )
x
2
x
cos
+
1
1
2) 1 x dx .
3)
1)
ln 2 x
1 x dx .
2)
dx
( x + 1) x 2 + 1
5) x
0.75
a x dx
2
x. sin x
6)
dx
2
0 1 + cos x
3) r 2 x 2 dx .
4) sin 7 2 xdx
cos x
7)
dx
2
0 1 + sin x
8) x 1 + x 2 dx
0
Bi 5: Tnh tch phn xc nh bng phng php tch phn tng phn
1)
xe dx .
x
2)
xarctgxdx .
0
3)
x sin x
cos 2 x dx .
3
3
4) (1 ln x) 2 dx
0
ng dng tch phn tnh din tch hnh phng, di cung phng v th
tch vt th trn xoay.
3.1. Tnh din tch hnh phng
Trang 67
Ton cao cp
x = (t)
Nu ng cong cho bi phng trnh tham s
th cng thc
y = (t)
b
t2
t1
S = f (x) dx tr thnh
(t). '(t) dt
1
S = r 2 ( )d
2
Giao im ca cc ng y = x2 ( x 0 ) v y = 2 - x l nghim ca h
y = x 2 ( x 0)
x = 1
y = 1
y = 2 x
Vy din tch cn tm l:
Trang 68
Ton cao cp
1
x2 x3
7
S = (2 x) x dx = (2 x) x dx = 2x
= (vdt)
2 3 0 2
0
0
1
S = 4 a.b.sin 2 tdt = ab
0
y = a(1 cost)
S=
(1 co st) d t = a
2
2
2
(1 2 co st+ co s
t )d t = 3a 2
1
3
) = a 2
2
2
Trang 69
Ton cao cp
x = (t)
(a t b) , trong
Cung cho bi ng cong c phng trnh
y
=
(t)
l=
[ '(t)] + [ '(t)] dt
2
(vd).
x = a(t sin t)
V d 5: Tnh di cung ca ng cycloide
(0 t 2)
y = a(1 cost)
2
t
t t
t
= 8a (vd).
l = 2a sin dt = 4a sin d = 4a cos
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
2
3
y
=
asin
t
2
0
= 6a
Trang 70
Ton cao cp
V = S(x)dx .
a
Trang 71
Ton cao cp
Ta c ng y = 2x - x2 ct trc Ox ti x = 0 v x = 2 nn ta c:
4 x3
x5
1/ Vx = f ( x)dx = (2 x x ) dx = (4 x 4 x + x )dx =
x4 +
3
5
0
0
0
2 2
16
=
.
15
0
2
2 x 3 x 4 2 8
=
.
2/ Vy = 2 xf ( x)dx = 2 x(2 x x )dx = 2 (2 x x )dx = 2
3
3
4
0
0
0
0
x 2 y2 z2
V d 8: Hy tnh th tch ca lipxt vi cc bn trc a, b, c: 2 + 2 + 2 1
a
b c
Thit din ca elipxit vung gc vi trc Ox l mt hnh elp. Thit din
nm trn mt phng x = x0, x0 [- a; a], c gii hn bi elip c cc bn trc:
b 1
x o2
y2 z2
x
+ =1 2
c 1 , phng trnh l: b 2 c 2
a
a
x = x 0
x
,
a
2
0
2
2
0
2
x 02
Din tch thit din biu din di dng S(x 0 ) = bc 1 2
a
x3
x2
Vy: V = bc 1 2 dx =2bc 1 2
3a
a
a
4
= abc
3
0
V=
2 a
y dx =a
2
3
(1 cost)
0
dt =a
2
3
(1 3cost+3cos
t - cos 3 t)dt
3
1 2
2
x = x(t)
+ Cung AB cho bi phng trnh tham s:
,
y = y(t)
t 0 t t1
Trang 72
Ton cao cp
t1
Ch :
S = 2 x 1 + f ' (x) dx .
a
'
Khi quay quanh trc Ox: S = 2 y 1 + (y) dy .
a
'
Khi quay quanh trc Oy: S = 2 (y) 1 + (y) dy .
a
x = y2
V d 10: Tnh din tch mt to nn khi quay ng parabol
0 y 1
quanh trc Ox.
x' (y) = 2y
2
1 + x' (y) = 1 + 4y2
Ta c
y = x ( do y 0)
1
S = 2 y 1 + 4 y dy =
2
Vy din tch cn tm l:
(1 + 4 y 2 )
4
3
2
3
2
=
0
1 + 4 y 2 d (1 + 4 y 2 ) .
(5 5 1)
V d 11: ng cong cho bi phng trnh r = a(1 + cos ) quay quanh trc Ox
to ra mt mt trn xoay. Tnh din tch mt cong ny.
S = 4 a
(1 + cos )sin.cos 2 d
0
32 a 2
32
S = 16 a sin cos d =
cos5
= a2
2
2
5
2 5
0
2
Trang 73
Ton cao cp
BI TP
Bi 1: Tnh gi tr trung bnh ca cc hm sau y:
1) f ( x) =
sin x
, trn [0; ]
6
cos x
2) f ( x) =
1
trn [ln2 ; 2ln2]
e 1
x
a3
, y = 0.
a2 + x2
x2 y2
+
=1
a2 b2
Trang 74
Ton cao cp
4) V ca vt th c gii hn bi cc mt:
x2 y2
c
+ 2 = 1 v z = x
2
a
a
b
1) x =
2
3
2
3
2) 2y = x2 2 vi - 2 x 2
x = a (1 sin t )
, vi 0 t 2
y = a(1 cos t )
2
3
4) x + y = a (a>0)
3)
5) y = ln(cosx), 0 x
6) r = a(1+cos ), a>0
f (x)dx .
a
Vy:
f (x)dx
phn k.
Tch phn
f (x)dx
hi t khi
f (x)dx
a
f (x)dx
hi t.
Trang 75
Ton cao cp
2/ Tnh I1 =
xe
x2
dx .
3/ Xt s hi t ca tch phn I 2 =
dx
x
( a > 0, > 0 ) .
Gii
dx
l din tch cn tnh.
2
x
1
1/ S =
b
dx
dx
1
1
S = 2 = lim 2 = lim = lim 1 = 1
b +
b +
x 1 b+ b
1 x
1 x
2/ I1 = lim xe
b +
x2
1 x 2 b
1 b x2
2
1
1
2
dx = lim e d ( x ) = lim e = lim 1 e b = .
b +
b +
2
0 b+ 2
2
20
3/. Nu 1 th:
b
+ khi < 1
x1
dx
1
1
1
=
I 2 = lim = lim
lim (b a ) = a 1
.
b+
b
b
1
1
x
>
khi
a
1
b
Nu = 1 th:
I 2=
Vy I 2 =
b
dx
dx
= lim
= lim ln x
x b+ a x b+
dx
x
( a > 0, > 0 )
b
a
) = lim ( ln b ln a ) = + .
b +
f (x)dx
K hiu: f (x)dx
a
Vy f (x)dx = lim
0
Trn Thin Khi
f (x)dx .
Trang 76
Ton cao cp
b
f (x)dx
Nu lim
0
Nu lim
0
f (x)dx
(Tnh hi t v
a +
V d 2: 1/ Tnh I1 =
dx
1 x2
.
dx
.
0 1 x
2/ Xt s hi t ca tch phn I 2 =
dx
,
a (x a)
b
3/ Xt s hi t ca tch phn I =
(b > a) .
Gii
1/
1
dx
I1 = 2
1 x
2/ I 2 = lim
0
= 2 lim
0
dx
1 x
= 2 lim arcsin x 0
0
1 d (1 x)
dx
1
= lim
= lim ln(1 x) 0 = lim( ln ) = + .
0
1 x 0 0 1 x 0
dx
phn k.
1
x
Vy I 2 =
3/. = 1: Ta c
dx
= ln(b a) ln +
x
a
a +
b
1: Ta c
1
b
(b - a)1- , < 1
dx
1
dx
1-
1-
[(b - a) ] lim
=
= 1
0
1
a + (x a)
a + (x a)
+,
>1
b
dx
hi t nu < 1 v phn k nu 1.
a (x a)
b
Vy I =
Trang 77
Ton cao cp
g(x)dx
Nu
hi t th
f (x)dx
Nu
phn k th
g(x)dx
phn k.
V d 3: Xt s hi t ca I =
x2
dx
Vi x 1, ta c: e x e x v x2 x.
2
+
1
Ta c: lim e dx = e x dx hi t.
b
e
1
1
b
Do I =
x2
dx hi t.
k
(0
k
)
x +
g(x)
a
+
g(x)dx
nh l 3: Nu
f (x) dx hi t th
f (x)dx
hi t.
f (x)dx
hi t (f(x) 0 khi a x
c
, c l hng s
x
f (x)dx
hi t tuyt i.
Trang 78
Ton cao cp
1
, th
x
tch phn
f (x)dx
phn k.
V d 4: Xt s hi t ca tch phn I =
xdx
(1 + x)
, a>0
Ta c f (x) =
x
x
1
3 = 2
3
(1 + x)
x
x
M tch phn
dx
hi t nn tch phn cho hi t tuyt i.
x2
(x)dx
V d 5: Xt s hi t ca tch phn I =
sin x
dx , a > 0
x
sin x
1
+ Ta c: 0 < < , vi mi x > 0 v > 1 th
x
x
+ 0 < 1:
sin x
dx hi t tuyt i.
x
sin x
dx hi t.
x
nh ngha 3:
f (x)dx
c gi l hi t tuyt i nu
f (x) dx hi t.
+ a
Trang 79
Ton cao cp
1
, ta c:
y
1 dy 1/
f (x)dx = 1/ ba f (a + y ) y 2 =1/ ba (y)dy
a +
b
b
1/
+
1
1
(y)dy = (y)dy
Trong (y) = 2 f (a + ) . Suy ra: f (x)dx = lim
0
y
y
a
1/ b a
1/ b a
ng thc trn biu th mi lin h gia hai loi tch phn suy rng loi mt
v loi hai.
V d 6: Xt s hi t ca cc tch phn sau y:
a)
x 1: f(x) =
(1 + x) 3 (1 + x )
2
v <
1
x .x
1
cos 2 xdx
0 3 (1 x 2 ) , f(x) =
f(x) =
f(x) =
f(x) =
7
1
v = > 1
6
x
7
(1 + x) 3 (1 + x 2 )
b)
Suy ra:
1
0
(1 + x ) 3 (1 + x 2 )
phi hi t.
cos 2 x
khi x 1 0
(1 x 2 )
cos 2 x
l mt VCL khi x 1 0
(1 x 2 )
cos 2 x
cos 2 x
1
=
.
chng t
2
2
3
(1 x )
(1 x ) (1 x )
1
cos 2 x
1
l
VCL
ngang
cp
vi
(1 x )
(1 x 2 )
v =
1
<1.
3
cos 2 x
phi hi t.
(1 x 2 )
ln(1 + 3 x )
ln(1 + 3 x )
3) Xt sin x
> 0, x(0; 1] khi x +0
dx , f(x) =
esin x 1
e 1
0
1
ln(1 + x ) x ; e
1
3
sin x
1
x
ln(1 + 3 x )
1 sin x x lim sin x
= lim
= lim
= +
x +0
0
x +0
e 1
x
x
1
3
2
3
ln(1 + 3 x )
1
1
.
=
Khi x +0:
l mt VCL ngang cp vi
sin x
e 1
x
( x 0)
2
3
V =
2
3
2
< 1 th tch phn suy rng phi hi t.
3
Trang 80
Ton cao cp
4)
sin xdx
sin x 1
0 x 3 , x 1: x 3 x 3 v
nn theo nh l
dx
x
0
hi t,
+
sin x
sin xdx hi t tuyt i.
hi
t
tc
dx
3
x
x3
0
BI TP
Bi 1: Tnh cc tch phn suy rng
+
1) cos xdx
2)
5)
dx
0 x .
6)
dx
x 2 .
1
3)
dx
(2 x)
0
1 x
dx
1 + x 2 .
4)
x
2
dx
.
+ x2
dx
2)
.
1 + x10
1
1) sin( x )dx .
2
dx
4)
(b x) p
a
( a < b)
sin 2 xdx
5)
.
x
0
x 2 dx
3) 4 2 .
x x +1
0
+
xdx
(a>0)
3
a (1 + x )
6)
Trang 81
Ton cao cp
( x1 y1 ) 2 + ( x2 y2 ) 2 + .. + ( xn yn ) 2
Trang 82
Ton cao cp
(Hnh 1a)
(Hnh 1b)
A = {(x; y) : x2 + y2 < 4}
B ={(1;2), (1;0), (0;0)} v R2
Gii:
A = {(x; y) : x2 + y2 = 4} - ng trn tm O bn knh 2, A = {(x; y) : x2 +
y2 4} hnh trn k c bin.
A, R2 l cc tp lin thng, B khng lin thng (gm 3 im ri rc).
A, B l cc tp gii ni, R2 khng gii ni (c mt phng Oxy).
( x y 0 ) 2 + ( x y 0 ) 2 < r}
Trang 83
Ton cao cp
Trang 84
Ton cao cp
y
.
9 x y2 z2
2
3 < x < 3
2
2
9 x y 9 x
2
2
2
2
9 x y z 9 x y
Trang 85
Ton cao cp
D3
O
y=x
H.1.2b
(H1.2c)
P(x;y;z)Oxyz.
O
M D
y
Trang 86
Ton cao cp
2.) Hm Z = x 2 + y 2 c th l na trn mt
nn.
3.) Hm Z = xy c th l mt yn nga.
x2 y 2 z 2
+
+ = 1 c biu din hnh hc l Ellipsoid: (H1.3)
a2 b2 c2
6.) Hm Z = e x
y2
c th:
Trang 87
Ton cao cp
y
y0
M0
x0
Gi = M 0 M = (x x 0 )2 + (y y 0 )2
1.3.1. nh ngha gii hn
Khi ta vit:
x x0
y y0
1.3.2. Cc v d
1.) lim (x 2 y 2 ) = 3
x 1
y 2
1
= (VCL)
x 0 x 2 + y2
1 xy
=1
x 0 x2 + y2
2.) lim
y 1
1
= 0 (VCB)
x x 2 + y 2
3.) lim
4.) lim
y0
( x 2 + 2 y) = 3
5.) lim
x 1
y 1
1
= +
lim
6.) x 0 2
2
+
x
y
y 0
Trang 88
Ton cao cp
1.3.3. Ch
M M 0
x0
y 0
x0
y 0
1.4.2. nh ngha 2
x 0
y 0
Trang 89
Ton cao cp
V d 5: Hm f(x;y) =
2x y
lin tc ti mi im (xo;yo) khc (0;0).
x2 + y2
Tm cc o hm ring v vi phn.
Bi: O HM RING V VI PHN
2.1. o hm ring
2.1.1. nh ngha
Trang 90
Ton cao cp
f (x + x; y) f (x; y)
Z
y Z
= lim
= lim
x x 0 x x 0
x
Z
y Z
f (x; y + y) f (x; y)
= lim
= lim
Tng t
y y 0 y y 0
y
Trang 91
Ton cao cp
Z
Z
2x
2y
= 2
=
;
x x + y 2 y x 2 + y 2
Z
Z
= 2 x sin y ;
= x 2 cos y
x
y
3.) Cho hm u = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
Z
x
y
z
Z
Z
;
;
=
=
=
x
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 y
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 z
x2 + y2 + z2
Trang 92
Ton cao cp
(f + g)x = fx + gx
f
gf ' fg '
( ) 'x = x 2 x
g
g
Z Z
;
cc o hm
x y
ring ny c gi l cc o hm ring cp mt. Nu cc o hm ring ny cn
ph thuc bin x, y th cc o hm ring ca cc o hm trn c gi l o
2Z 2Z 2 Z 2 Z
;
;
;
hm ring cp hai ca hm Z theo bin x, y. K hiu:
.
x 2 y 2 xy yx
Ta c:
2 Z Z
2 Z Z
''
''
= ( ) = Fyy
= ( ) = Fxx (x, y);
( x, y ) ;
2
2
x x
y y
y
x
2x
Z
2x
Z
''
''
= ( ) = Fxy (x, y) ;
= ( ) = Fyx
( x, y )
xy x y
yx y x
Trang 93
Ton cao cp
Z Z
;
;
x y
2Z 2Z
2Z
2Z
;
=
, lin tc trong min D th trong min D,
, ngha l cc
xy yx
xy yx
2Z 2Z
khng phc thuc vo th t ca cc bin ly
o hm ring cp hai
;
xy yx
o hm lin tc trong min D. ng thi nh l Savxac ni trn cn c th
m rng i vi cc hm nhiu hn hai bin s v cc o hm ring cp cao.
V d 2: 1) u = f(x;y;z)
3u
3u
3u
=
=
nu cc o hm ring ny lin tc.
xyz xzy yxz
2). Z = x2y + y2 , c
Z
Z
= 2xy ;
= x 2 + 2y
x
y
2Z
2Z
2Z
2Z
2Z
2Z
=
2
y
;
;
=
2
=
2
x
=
2
x
=
= 2x
xy
yx
xy yx
x 2
y 2
3). u = Z2 ex + y
'
''
u'x = Z2e x + y ; u'xy
= 2yZ 2ex + y ; u'xyz
= 4 yZe x + y
2
'
'
u'y = 2 yZ2e x + y ; u'yx
= 4 yZe x + y ; u'yz
= 4 yZe x + y
2
''
'
u'z = 2 Ze x + y ; u'zx
= 2 Ze x + y ; u'zxy
= 4 yZe x + y
2
''
''
''
= u'yzx
= u'zxy
= 4 yZe x + y
Vy: u'xyz
(1)
Trang 94
Ton cao cp
dZ = A.x + B.y
Nu hm Z = f(x; y) kh vi ti mi im (x; y) D th ta ni rng hm Z =
f(x; y) kh vi trong min D.
Ch : Nu A 0 hoc B 0 dZ 0.
Ti cng mt im M(x; y) th Z v dZ ch sai khc nhau bi (x, y) l
mt v cng b cp cao hn khi 0. Ngha l ti M(x; y)Z = dZ hay ni
cch khc dZ l phn chnh bc nht ca Z.
2.2.2. iu kin kh vi
Z
Z
Z
Z
x +
y =
dx +
dy
x
y
x
y
u
u
u
dx1 +
dx 2 + ... +
dx n
x1
x 2
x n
V d 4:
Trang 95
Ton cao cp
1
x 2 + y2 + z2
, c du =
u
u
u
x + y + z
x
y
z
u
x
z
u
y
u
= 2
= 2
;
= 2
;
2
2
2
2
x (x + y + z ) y (x + y + z ) z (x + y 2 + z 2 )
3
2
du =
3
2
3
2
xx + yy + zz
(x 2 + y2 + z 2 )
3
2
Z
Z
dx +
dy v dZ c gi l vi phn
x
y
ton phn cp mt ca hm Z. Vi phn ton phn cp mt ni chung li l hm ca
Z theo bin x, y c lp nn c th ly vi phn ton phn na. Gi vi phn ca vi
phn ton phn cp mt l vi phn ton phn cp hai ca hm Z. K hiu:
Xt Z = f(x;y) gi s tn ti dZ =
2Z
2Z
2Z
Z
Z
2
dxdy + 2 dy
d Z = d (dZ) = d ( dx +
dy ) hay d Z = 2 dx + 2
xy
x
y
x
y
2
Z
Z
dx +
dy )2 Z
x
y
V d 5: cho Z = ex.siny
'
'
Z'x = ex sin y ; Z'xx
= ex sin y ; Z'xy
= ex cos y
'
'
Z'y = ex cos y ; Z'yy
= ex sin y ; Z'yx
= ex cos y
Trang 96
Ton cao cp
2Z
2Z
2Z
d Z= 2 +2
dxdy + 2
xy
x
y
2
(1)
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
dx +
dy ) = d ( dx ) +
d (dx ) + d ( dy ) +
dy
x
x
x
y
y
y
2Z 2
2Z
2 Z 2 Z 2
Z 2
+
+
+
+
dx
2
dxdy
dy
d
x
d y
xy
x
y
x 2
y 2
(2)
f (x 0 + x; y 0 + y) f (x 0 ; y 0 ) df (x 0 ; y 0 )
(1)
f (x 0 + x; y 0 + y) f (x 0 ; y 0 ) +
f (x 0 ; y 0 )
f (x 0 ; y 0 )
x +
y
x
y
Nu chn Z = ln(3 x + 4 y 1) , c
3
Z
1
=3 3 x
=
x
x + 4 y 1 33 x 2 (3 x + 4 y 1)
1
4 4 y3
Z
1
\
=3
=
y
x + 4 y 1 4 4 y3 (3 x + 4 y 1)
ln(3 1,03 + 4 0,98 1) = ln[3 x 0 + x + 4 y 0 + y 1]
ln[3 x 0 + 4 y 0 1] +
y
x
+
3(3 x 0 )(3 x 0 + 4 y 0 1) 4( 4 y30 )(3 x 0 + 4 y 0 1)
Chn x0 = 1 x = 0,03
y0 = 1 y = -0,02
Vy: ln(3 1,03 + 4 0,98 1) 0 +
Trn Thin Khi
0.03 0,02
Ton cao cp
1,05
1,05
1 + 0,05
. Ta vit arctg
= arctg
1 0,03
0,97
0,97
Xt hm s f ( x, y ) = arctg
R rng arctg
x
y
1,05
= f(xo+ x, yo+ y), trong xo= yo= 1, x = 0,05; y= - 0,03
0,97
M f x' ( x, y ) =
1
y
f ( x0 ; y0 )
f ( x0 ; y0 )
x +
y
x
y
f (1;1)
f (1;1)
(0,05) +
(0,03)
x
y
1
y
x 1
x
'
,
=
f
(
x
,
y
)
2 =
2
y
x
x
y 2 + x2
y2
y 2 + x2
1+ 2
1+ 2
y
y
1 1
1
f ( x0 + x; y0 + y ) arctg + (0,05) + (0,03) = + 0,04 = 0,825
1 2
2
4
3) Mt hnh tr bng kim loi c chiu cao h = 20 cm v bn knh y r = 4
cm. Khi nng ln h v r n thm cc on h = r = 0,1 cm. Hy tnh gn ng
th tch hnh tr khi nng ln.
Ta c: V = r2h, Vr = 2 rh, Vh = r2.
p dng cng thc gn ng, ta c: V(r + r, h + h) r2h + 2 r h + r2 h
.42.20 + 2 .4.20.0,1 + .42.0,1 .337,6 cm3.
Chng t sai s tuyt i khng qu 0,3 cm3 v sai s tng i khng qu
0,3
1
337 100
2.3. o hm ca hm hp
Z Z
; . Gi thit Z, u, v u l nhng hm kh vi.
x y
nh l: Cho u = f(x,y) vi x = x(s, t); y = y(s, t) tho mn: Cc bin trung gian
x(s, t), y(s, t) c cc o hm ring cp 1 ti (a, b), f(x, y) kh vi ti im (x0, y0) =
Trang 98
Ton cao cp
t
y
Kt lun:
*
u u x u y
= . + .
s x s y s
u u x u y
= . + .
t x t y t
Z u
Z u
= e .sinv;
= e .cosv
u
v
Ta c: *
*
u
u
= y;
= x.
x
y
v
v
= 1;
=1
x
y
Z
= eu.(sinv) y + eu.cosv.1 = eu.[y.sinv + cosv]
x
Z
= eu.x siny + eu.cosy = eu.[x.siny + cosy]
y
2) Tnh cc o hm ring: u = exlny, x = st, y = s2 t2.
C
1
2s
u
= e x ln y.t + e x 2s = e st [t. ln( s 2 t 2 ) + 2 2 ]
s
y
s t
1
2t
u
= e x ln y.s + e x (2t ) = e st [ s. ln(s 2 t 2 ) 2 2 ]
t
y
s t
1
3) Cho u = , r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 . Chng minh u = u x'' + u 'y' + u z''
r
2
Hm s u =
Trn Thin Khi
1
i xng vi x, y, z. Do ta ch cn tnh u x'' . Ta c:
r
2
Trang 99
Ton cao cp
u x' = u '.rx' =
x
1 x
,
.
=
r2 r
r3
u x'' =
2
1
1 x
1 3x 2
+
x
=
+
3
.
r3
r4 r
r3 r5
3 3( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
3 3
= 3 + 3 = 0.
=> u = 3 +
5
r
r
r r
Ch : Nu u = f(x,y), y = y(x), khi u l hm s hp ca hm mt bin x. Do
vy ngi ta a ra khi nim o hm tan phn v cng thc tnh s l:
du f f
=
+ .y '
dx x y
dZ Z x Z y Z Z dy
=
+ .
. + . =
dx x x y x x y dx
Vy:
dZ
dx
Z Z dy
.
+
x y dx
V d 8: Cho Z = x2 +
y vi y = sin2x th
dZ Z Z dy
1
dZ
sin 2 x
=
+ . = 2x +
.2 sin x cos x
= 2x +
dx x y dx
dx
2 sin x
2 y
2.4. o hm ca hm n
F
F
dx + dy = 0
x
y
F
dy
F
= x
0 th t ta c
Nu
F
dx
y
y
(3)
x2 y2
V d 9: 1) y l hm n ca bin x c xc nh 2 + 2 = 1
a
b
x2 y2
F(x; y) = 2 + 2 1 = 0
a
b
dy
2x b2 b2 x
F 2 x F 2 y
= 2;
= 2
= 2
=
x a y b
dx
2 y a2 y
a
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 100
Ton cao cp
Gi s Z l mt hm n ca hai bin s c lp x, y c xc nh bi h
thc F(x;y;z) = 0 (3). tnh o hm ring ca hm Z theo bin x, y
z z
; th ta
x y
F
y
dx
z
z
(4)
x Z
Z
y
= ;
=
Z y
x
Z
1+ e
y'
=0
1 + y2
1 + y2
y' =
=> y2y = 1 + y2.
2
y
Ly o hm tip, ta c: 2yy2 + y2y = 2yy y ' ' =
2 y ' (1 y ' )
2(1 + y 2 )
y' ' =
y
y5
Trang 101
Ton cao cp
Tm cc tr hm nhiu bin.
Bi: CC TR CA HM NHIU BIN
3.1. Cc tr t do
f (x 0 + x; y 0 + y) f (x 0 ; y 0 ) hay
f (x 0 + x; y 0 + y) f (x 0 ; y 0 ) vi mi x ; y phi kh b.
Gi tr cc i v gi tr cc tiu ca hm f(x; y) c gi l cc tr ca hm s.
Ti M0(x0; y0) m hm t c cc tr gi l im cc tr ca hm s.
Nhn xt: Tng t nh hm mt bin, khi nim cc tr ca hm nhiu bin s
m chng ta nh ngha trn mang tnh a phng, gi tr cc i (cc tiu)
ca hm ti im M0(x0, y0) l gi tr ln hn (nh hn) mi gi tr khc ca
hm trong ln cn im M0(x0, y0) m thi ch khng phi gi tr ln nht hay
gi tr nh nht trong ton b min xc nh.
3.2. Quy tc tm cc tr
nh l 1: (iu kin cn)
Trang 102
Ton cao cp
df (x 0 , y 0 ) =
f (x 0 , y 0 )
f (x 0 , y 0 )
dx +
dy = 0
x
y
2Z
C= 2 .
y
1. Nu B2 AC < 0 th Z = f(x;y) c cc tr ti M0(x0; y0) v hm Z =
f(x;y) c cc i nu A < 0.
2. Nu B2 AC > 0 th Z = f(x;y) khng c cc tr ti M0(x0; y0).
3. Nu B2 AC = 0: cha kt lun c cc tr ca hm Z = f(x;y) ti
M0(x0; y0).
V d 1: Tm cc tr ca cc hm s sau:
1.) Z = x3 + y3 3xy
Z'x = 3x 2 3y = 0
x 2 = y
y = x 2
x = 0 x = 1
'
2
4
y
0
=
=
=
Z
3
y
3
x
0
y = 1
y
x = x
y = x
Ta cc im dng l: M1(1; 1); M2(0; 0)
'
Z'xx
= 6 x A1 = 6.1 = 6 > 0; A 2 = 0
'
Z'xy
= 3 B1 = 3
B2 = 3
''
C2 = 0
Z yy = 6 y C1 = 6
Trang 103
Ton cao cp
2.) Z = x2 y2
Ta c:
Z'x = 2 xy 2 = 0
Z'y = 2 yx 2 = 0
Ta dng M(0; 0)
'
Z'xx
= 2y2 A = 0
'
Z'xy
= 4 xy B = 0
'
Z'yy
= 2x 2 C = 0
V B2 AC = 0 v Z = x2 y2 0; (x;y)
Chng t rng ti M(0; 0) th Z = 0 l gi tr nh nht ca hm Ti (0; 0)
hm t gi tr cc tiu minZ = 0.
3.3. Cc tr c iu kin
3.3.1. nh ngha
y
M0
3.3.2. Qui tc th
Thay y = a Z = 1 x 2 a2 Z'x =
x
2
1 x a
=0x=0
Trang 104
Ton cao cp
1 a2
1 a2
1 a2
Ti x = 0 tc ti (0, a) hm Z = 1 x 2 y2 t c cc tr tng i
max Z = Z(1, a) = 1 a2
3.3.3. Phng php nhn t ca Lagrange
(1)
df (x 0 , y 0 ) =
f (x 0 , y 0 )
f (x 0 , y 0 )
dx +
dy = 0
x
y
(2)
df (x 0 , y 0 ) =
(x 0 , y 0 )
(x 0 , y 0 )
dy = 0
dx +
x
y
(3)
f (x 0 , y 0 )
(x 0 , y 0 )
(x 0 , y 0 )
f (x 0 , y 0 )
]dx + [
+
]dy = 0
+
x
y
y
x
(4)
f y ( x0 , y 0 )
f (x 0 , y 0 )
f (x 0 , y 0 )
= 0 '= '
+
y ( x0 , y 0 )
y
y
Trang 105
Ton cao cp
T (4)
f (x 0 , y 0
f (x 0 , y 0 )
=0
+
x
x
f (x 0 , y 0 )
(x 0 , y 0 )
+
=0
x
x
(x 0 , y 0 )
f (x 0 , y 0 )
=0
+
y
y
Hay l cc im M0(x0; y0) cc o hm ring theo bin x, y ca:
F(x;y) = f(x;y) + (x;y) phi bng 0 v h ba phng trnh:
Fx (x;y) = fx (x;y) + x(x;y) = 0
Fy(x;y) = fy(x;y) + y(x;y) = 0
(x;y) = 0
Xc nh gi tr v ta x, y ca im m ti Z = f(x;y) t c cc
tr tng i vi (x;y) = 0; nhn t ca Lagrange (ch l iu kin cn) iu
kin c trc tip suy ra t nhng vn thc t. ng thi phng php
Lagrange cn c th m rng i vi hm nhiu hn hai bin s.
3.3.4. V d:
F(x;y;z) = xyz + (x + y + z a)
Fx(x;y;z) = yz + = 0
Fy(x;y;z) = xz + = 0
Fz(x;y;z) = xy + = 0
x+y+z=a
yz = xz
xz = xy
y=x
x+y+z=a
x=y=z=
y=z
x+y+z=a
a
3
a 3 a3
Do Max u = xyz = ( ) =
3
27
Trang 106
Ton cao cp
Zy = - 2y = 0
x=0
O(0; 0)
y=0
Zxx = 2 A = 2
Zxy = 2x B = 0
Zyy = - 2 C = -2
Ta c: B2 AC = 0 (-2)2 = 4 > 0
Z = f(x;y) = x2 y2 khng c cc tr
* Trn ng x2 y2 = 4 y2 = 4 x2
Z = x2 (4 x2) = 2(x2 2) Zx = 4x = 0 x = 0 y = 2
M1(0;2); M2(0;-2) Z(M1) = Z(M2) = -4
T phng trnh x2 + y2 = 4 x2 = 4 y2 Zy = -4y = 0 y = 0
x2 = 4 y 2 = 4 x = 2
Vy: Gi tr ln nht ca hm: m = -4 ti M1(0;2) v M2(0;-2)
Gi tr nh nht ca hm: M = 4 ti M3(-2;0) v M4(2;0)
Trang 107
Ton cao cp
BI TP
Bi 1: Tm min xc nh ca cc hm:
1) u = a 2 x 2 y 2 .
2) u = arcsin
x
.
y2
1) CMR i vi hm f(x, y) =
x y
; lim lim f ( x, y ) = 1 ; lim
lim f ( x, y ) = 1 .
y 0 x 0
x + y x 0 y 0
x2 y2
.
x 2 y 2 + ( x y)2
y 0
x 0
y 0
3) Tm cc gii hn kp sau y:
x+ y
.
x xy + y 2
y
a). lim
x
(x 2 + y
d) lim
x 0
2 2
2 x y
(x 2 + y 2 )e ( x+ y ) .
c) xlim
+
sin xy
.
x
y a
b) lim
x 0
y +
x2
1 x+ y
e) lim
1 + .
x
x
y a
y 0
f) lim
ln( x + e y )
x 1
y 0
x2 + y2
2xy
f ( x, y) = x 2 + y 2
0
nu x2 + y2 0
nu x2 + y2 = 0
nu x2 + y2 0
nu x2 + y2 = 0
x
tm fx(x, 1).
y
Trang 108
Ton cao cp
u
u
v
.
x
y
3) z = e x + y , tm
z z
, .
x y
1 z 1 z
z
+
= 2
x x y y y
Bi 5: Xt s kh vi ca hm:
1) Cho hm u = f(x,y) =
khng?
xy . Hm s c kh vi ti im O(0,0) hay
1
x2 + y 2
xy
f ( x, y) = x 2 + y 2
0
nu x2 + y2 0
khi x ngoi on [a, b]
nu x2 + y2 = 0
1) Tm du nu: a) u = arctg
x+ y
.
x y
b) u = x y z .
b) arcrg
1,02
.
0,95
1) Cho u = ylnx. Tm
2u 2u 2u
,
,
.
x 2 xy y 2
Bi 8: Tm cc tr ca hm nhiu bin:
1
x
y
xy + (47 x y)( + ).
2
3
4
a). u = x2 + xy + y2 3x 6y.
b) u =
y2 1
c) u = x + + +2.
4x y
d) u = 1 -
x2 + y 2 .
z
y
1
z
3) Tm cc tr ca hm f(x, y, z) = x + + + .
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 109
Ton cao cp
4) Tm cc tr ca hm f(x, y) = x + y vi iu kin:
x2 y2
+ = 1.
4
9
5) Tm cc tr ca hm f(x, y, z, u) = x + y + z + u vi iu kin:
g(x, y, z, u) = 16 xyzu = 0.
KQHT 5: Gii phng trnh vi phn cp mt, cp hai v ng dng
Tm hiu v phng trnh vi phn.
Bi: PHNG TRNH VI PHN TNG QUT V PTVP.
1.1. Cc bi ton thc t
1.1.1. Bi ton 1
d2x
d 2x b
v
= 2
Theo nh lut II Newton ta c: m. 2 = bx hay l: 2 + x = 0 ;
dt
dt
m
m
d2x
2 + 2 x = 0
dt
(1)
dx
dt
v = -a1.sint + a2 .cost.
ti t = 0 th v = v0, v0 = a2. a2 =
v0
v0
sint
1.1.2. Bi ton 2
Trang 110
Ton cao cp
y = -
y
x
(2)
c
, c l hng s ty tha mn (2).
x
c
c = 6.
2
6
.
x
d2x
V d 1: Phng trnh vi phn 2 + 2 x = 0 l phng trnh vi phn cp hai i
dt
vi x = x0.
y= -
y
l phng trnh vi phn cp mt i vi y = y(x).
x
y
x
Trang 111
c
x
Ton cao cp
y2 dx + xdy = 0.
y = -
y
x
Xt y = f(x;y)
Nu hm f(x;y) lin tc trong min no cha (x0, y0) th phng trnh vi
phn cp 1 cho s tn ti mt nghim y = y(x0); nghim ny nhn gi tr y0 =
y(x0).
f
cng lin tc trong min ni trn th y = y(x) l nghim
y
duy nht ca phng trnh vi phn cp mt cho.
Ngoi ra nu
y=
y
c
c y = l nghim tng qut;
x
x
6
l nghim ring khi c = 6.
x
Trang 112
Ton cao cp
M = M ( x )
l nhng hm ph thuc x, y (x l bin c lp; y l hm
N = N( y )
cn tm)
V d 3:
x
dx + (y + 1)dy = 0 ; (e2 + x + 1)dx + (siny + 2cosy)dy
x +1
2
M(x)dx + N(y)dy = C
Ch : Xt phng trnh vi phn cp mt M1(x) N1(y)dx + M2(x) N2(y)dy = 0
Nu M2(x), N1(y) 0 th chia hai v cho M2(x), N1(y)
(2)
N (y)
M1 ( x )
dx + 2 dy = 0 v do tch phn tng qut ca (2)
N1 ( y )
M 2 (x)
N (y)
M1 ( x )
dx + 2 dy = C
N1 ( y )
2 (x )
M (x ) = 0 khi x = a
Nu 2
th bng cch th trc tip:
N
(
x
)
=
0
khi
y
=
b
1
x = a (khi y b)
y = b (khi x a) th chng l nghim.
V d 4: Gii phng trnh x2(y + 1)dx + (x3 1)(y 1)dy = 0
(1)
Trang 113
Ton cao cp
x 3 1 0
x2
y 1
* Nu
th ( 3 )dx + (
)dy = 0
x
1
y
+
1
y
+
1
(2)
x2
y 1
Tch phn tng qut ca phng trnh ( 3 )dx + (
)dy = C
x 1
y +1
1
1 d (x 3 1)
2d (y + 1)
3
+
+ y = C ln x 3 1 + 2 ln y + 1 + y = C
3
3 x 1
y +1
x 3 = 1
x = 1
* Nu
y = 1
y + 1 = 0
x = 1
th (1) x2(y + 1)dx = 0
Th: Khi
y 1
1
x
y
1
y
y
) = ( )k f(x;y) f(x;y) = xk .f(1; ) = xk ( ).
x
x
x
x
Trang 114
Ton cao cp
y
2
(
)
2 xy
x
V d 6: y = 2
l phng trnh vi phn ng cp cp mt hay y =
y
x y2
1 ( )2
x
y
Cch gii: y = ( )
x
t
(1)
y
= u vi u l mt hm s no ca x y = u.x
x
dy
du
du
du
=u+x
u+x
= (x) x
= (u) u
dx
dx
dx
dx
ln
(2)
dx
du
=
do ly
x
( u) u
du
) + ln C = (u) + ln C
( u) u
x
x
( )
= (u) = e ( u ) x = C . e( u ) = C . e .
C
C
y
x
( yx )
y
dy y
y
dy dx
Nu (u) u = 0 ( ) = hay
=
=
x
x
dx x
y
x
ln y = ln x + ln C ln y = ln Cx
Nu (u) u = 0 ti mt s hu hn gi tr u = u0, u = u1=,..., u = un; y = u0x,
y = u1x, , y = unx
y
2
(
)
2 xy
y
x
y = 2
=
= ( ).
2
y
x y
x
1 ( )2
x
V d 7:
t u =
du
y
y = u . x y = u + x
dx
x
2 u u + u3
u + u3
du
2u
du
2u
x
u+x
=
=
-u=
=
dx 1 u2
dx 1 u2
1 u2
1 u2
du
u(1 + u2 )
dx (1 u2 )du
x
=
=
dx
(1 u2 )
x
u(1 + u2 )
(
dx
(1 u2 )du
1
2u
)=
+
ln
C
ln
x
ln
C
=
(
)du
x
u(1 + u2 )
u (1 + u2 )
Trang 115
Ton cao cp
ln
x
u
x
x
u
= ln u - ln 1 + u2 ln = = ln
=
C 1 + u2
C
C
1 + u2
y
1
C.y
x x=
x=
y = x2(x2 + y2).
2
2
y
(x + y )
C
1 + ( )2
x
2
x
x
C.
y
1+ ( )
x+y
x = ( y ).
=
* Gii: y =
x y 1 (y)
x
x
t u =
du
du 1 + u
y
y = u . x y = u + x
u+x
=
dx
dx 1 u
x
du 1 + u
1 + u u + u2
du (1 + u 2 )
x
=
-u=
=
x
dx 1 u
1 u
dx
(1 u 2 )
(1 u)
dx (1 u 2 )du
ln
x
+
ln
C
=
1 + u2 du
x
(1 + u 2 )
ln x.C =
du
1
1
ln 1 + u2 +
ln x.C = arctgu ln 1 + u2
2
1+ u
2
2
=e
arctg yx
x2 + y2 =
1 arctg
e
(*)
C
y
x
Sang h ta cc:
x = r cos
1
, (*) r = . e l h nhng ng xon c logarit.
e
y = r sin
2x
y = e x l phng trnh khng thun nht.
2
1 x
Trang 116
Ton cao cp
dy
= p( x ) y .
dx
Nu y 0
dy
dy
= p(x )dx
= p(x )dx + ln C
y
y
ln y = p(x )dx + ln C
ln
y
= p(x )dx
C
dy p ( x ) dx dC
=e
+ C[-p(x)] e p ( x ) dx thay vo (1):
dx
dx
e p ( x ) dx
dC
- Cp(x) e p ( x ) dx + p(x).C. e p ( x ) dx = q(x).
dx
dC = q(x). e p ( x ) dx .dx C =
q( x).e
p ( x ) dx
dx +
(4)
Ta thy (1) l phng trnh tuyn tnh khng thun nht cp mt. Trc ht ta
1
gii : y'+ y = C
x
dy
1
dy
dx
= y
=
ln y = ln x + ln C
dx
x
y
x
Trang 117
Ton cao cp
y =
1
C
; C l hng s ty l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh y'+ y = 0 .
x
x
Ta s coi C = C(x)
y=
C
C' x C
y =
x
x2
C
C' x C
C'
Thay vo (1),
+ x = 3x
= 3x C = 3x2+ C = x3 +
2
x
x
x
hay y = x2 + v yx = 1 = 1 nn 1 = 1 + = 0.
x
x
(2)
t Z = Z(x) = y 1 (*)
Z = (1 - ) . y .y y .y =
thay vo (2), ta c:
1
.Z
1
Z'
+ p(x). Z = q(x)
1
Z + (1 - ).p(x) Z = (1 - ) q(x)
(3)
Phng trnh (3) l phng trnh tuyn tnh cp mt khng thun nht i vi Z =
Z(x) l hm s phi tm.
Gii phng trnh (3) ta s nhn c nghim Z = Z(x) v sau thay Z vo
Z = y th ta c nghim tng qut ca phng trnh Becnoulli.
1
Nu y 0:
y' 2 x
= x3 y.y2 2x.y-1 = x3 Z = - y-2y
2
y y
: - Z + 2x.Z = x3
Z + 2xZ = - x3
(2)
Trang 118
Ton cao cp
dz
dz
= - 2xZ
= - 2x.dx
dx
z
Z
= - x2 Z = C. e x l nghim tng qut.
C
2
C = - x3 e x
C = - x 3e x dx = 2
1 2 x
1
1
x e d (x 2 ) = - [x2 e x - e x ] = e x (1 x2) +
2
2
2
2
1 x
1
e (1 x2) + ] e x = (1 x2) + e x
2
2
2
1
(1 x 2 ) + e x
2
nhn bit phng trnh (1) c phi l phng trnh vi phn ton phn hay
khng v tm cch gii n ta xt nh l sau:
Gi s cc hm P(x;y); Q(x;y) l nhng hm s lin tc cng vi cc o
hm ring cp mt ca chng trong min D th iu kin cn v cho P(x;y)dx
+ Q(x;y)dy l vi phn ton phn ca hm (x;y) no trong D l ti mi im
Q
P
(x;y)D;
=
x
y
Chng minh:
* iu kin cn (x;y)D:
du =
u
P Q
u
=
v P(x, y) = ; Q(x, y) =
x
x
y
y
u
u
dx +
dy = Pdx + Qdy
x
y
Trang 119
Ton cao cp
Q
2u
=
x yx
P
2u
=
;
y x.y
P Q
2u
2u
;
lin tc (x;y)D
;
cng lin tc trong D.
v
x
y
x.y yx
2u
2u
P Q
=
=
Theo nh l Svacx:
x
x.y yx
y
Vy: (x;y)D r rng nu P(x;y)dx + Q(x;y)dy l vi phn tng phn ca
hm u(x;y) trong min D.
Pdx + Qdy = du =
u
u
u
u
dx +
dy P =
;Q=
x
x
y
y
P
2 u Q
2u
2u
2u
P Q
=
;
=
=
x
y x.y x
yx
x.y yx
y
iu kin (x;y)D:
P Q
=
chng minh Pdx + Qdy = du
y
x
Q
P
=
l iu kin cn v
x
y
Pdx + Qdy khng ph thuc vo ng ly tch phn nn ta c th chn
Tht vy: Trc ht do iu kin (x;y)D:
AM
u(x;y) =
AL
+C
LM
Trn AL; y = y0 dy = 0;
Trn LM; x = x0 dx = 0
u(x;y) =
Pdx + Qdy
AL
x
x0
y0
Pdx + Qdy
+C
LM
(2)
y0
Trang 120
Ton cao cp
Pdx + Qdy +
u(x;y) =
AN
y0
x0
NM
y0
x0
u
= Q(x;y)
y
T (3):
u
= P(x;y)
x
du =
u
u
dx +
dy = P(x;y)dx + Q(x;y)dy (4)
x
y
Q
P
= 2x;
= 2x
x
y
P Q
=
= 2x (1) l PTVP ton phn.
x
y
x0
y0
x0
y0
e x (2 + 2x y2)dx 2y e x dy = 0 (2)
P = e x (2 + 2x y2) , Q = - 2y e x
Q
P
P Q
= - 2y e x ;
= -2y e x
=
= -2y ex (x;y)
x
x
y
y
Trang 121
Ton cao cp
x
x0
u(x;y) = 2 e (1 + x )dx - 2 e
x
x0
y0
ydy +
u(x;y) = 2x ex - ex y2 +
y0
2x ex - ex y2 =
y = 8ex y + y
y + 2y = 0 l nhng phng trnh vi phn cp hai.
Trang 122
Ton cao cp
y = f(x) (1)
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 123
Ton cao cp
T y = sin x (*)
y= f(x, y)
(2)
t y = p(x) y = p(x).
Thay vo (2): p(x) = f(x, p) th phng trnh vi phn cp mt i vi p =
p(x) l hm s phi tm. Gii phng trnh ta nhn c nghim tng qut ca
n l hm p = (x, C1) vi C1 l hng s ty . (x, C1) = y.
y = (x, C1 )dx + C2
V d 3: Gii phng trnh y = x -
y'
x
p=
p
1
1
p + = x p = x - p
x
x
x
x2
x 2 C1
x3
C
+ 1 hay y =
+ .y=
+ C1 ln x + C2
3
3
9
x
x
y = f(y, y)
(3)
t y = p(y) l hm ca y.
dp dy
dp
dp
=p
p
= f(y, p(y)) l phng trnh vi phn cp mt
dy dx
dy
dy
i vi p = p(y) l hm phi tm. P = (y, C1) hay y = (y, C1)
y =
Trang 124
Ton cao cp
dy
dy
dy
= (y, C1)
= dx
= x + C2
dx
(y, C1 )
(y, C1 )
t y= = p(y) y =
dp dy
dp
dp
=p
2.y.p
+ p2 = 0
dy dx
dy
dy
p = 0()
dp
2 y + p = 0()
dy
( ) 2 y
dp
dp
dy
1
= - p hay
= ln p = - ln y + ln C1 .
dy
p
2y
2
ln p = ln
C
C
dy
C1
p = 1 hay
= 1
dx
y
y
y
y dy = C1 dx
y3
= C1x + C2
3
2
ydy = C1 dx + C2
y = C1x + C2
3
y = 1x + 2 y = (1x + 2 )
3
x
y + exy = 0: PTVP tuyn tnh cp hai thun nht.
2
1 x
Trang 125
Ton cao cp
-x
ex
1
2e v e l hai hm phng trnh tuyn tnh v x = = const.
2e
2
x
Nhn xt:
y1
= k const y1 = k.y2 .
y2
Trang 126
Ton cao cp
b.) Qua nh l hai mun tm nghim tng qut ca (2) ta ch c hai nghim
ring c lp tuyn tnh ca n l ta c ngay nghim tng qut. nh l ba sau y
s cho ta bit cch tm nghim tng qut khi bit mt nghim ring ca phng
trnh .
nh l 3: Nu y1(x) l mt nghim ring ca phng trnh (2) th ta c th tm
c ring y2(x) ca phng trnh (2) c lp tuyn tnh vi y1(x) bng cch t
y2(x) = y1(x).u(x;y)
y1
= u(x) nghim tng qut l y = C1y1 + C2y2
y2
2x
2x
y = 0 bit
2
1 x
1 x2
2u + xu +
u.x + 2u
2x
2x
2 x 2 u'
x2
+
=
0
u.x
+
2u(1+
)=0
1 x2 1 x2 1 x2
1 x2
1
=0
1 x2
t u = p u = p
2x
2x
(u
+
xu)
.x.u = 0
1 x2
1 x2
px(1 x2) + 2p = 0
dp
. x(1 x2) = - 2p
dx
ln p = 2
u.x(1 x2) + 2u = 0
dx
+ ln C1
x(x 2 1)
dp
2dx
=
p
x(x 2 1)
ln p =2[
xdx
dx
-
+ ln C1
2
(x 1)
x
Trang 127
Ton cao cp
ln p =
d (x 2 1)
- 2 ln x + ln C1
(x 2 1)
ln p = ln x 2 1 - lnx2 + ln C1
(x 2 1)
1
p=
.C1 p = C1(1 - 2 )
2
x
x
Cho C1 = 1 u = 1 Cho C2 = 0 u = x +
1
x2
u = (1
1
1
)
dx
+
C
u
=
x
+
+ C2
2
x2
x
1
1
y2 = x(x + ) = x2 + 1
x
x
y = C1x + C2(x2 + 1)
nh l 1: Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (1) bng nghim tng qut
ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng (2) cng vi mt nghim ring ca no
ca phng trnh (1)
nh l 2: Xt phng trnh y + a1y + a2y = f1(x) + f2(x) (3)
Nu Y1 l mt nghim ring ca phng trnh y a1y + a2y = f1(x) (1)
Nu Y1 l mt nghim ring ca phng trnh y a1y + a2y = f2(x) (2) th
hm Y = Y1 + Y2 l nghim ring ca phng trnh (3)
* Phng php bin thin hng s ca Lagrng:
Xt phng trnh y + a1y + a2y = f(x) (1) trong a1 = a1(x); a2 = a2(x) cn f(x)
0.
Gi s ta tm c nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng
ca phng trnh (1) l hm y = C1y1 + C2y2 (2) (C1, C2 l hng s ty ). Hy
tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh khng thun nht (1) ta s tm c
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (1) di dng (2) C1 = C1(x); C2 = C2(x) .
T (2) ta c: y = C1y1 + C1y1 + C2y2 + C2y2 ta c th chn C1, C2 sao cho C1y1
+ C2y2 = 0 y = C1y1 + C2y2 y= C1y1 + C2y2+ C2y2+C1y1
Thay y, y, y vo phng trnh (1) ta s c: C1y1 + C2y2 = f(x)
iu ny chng t rng cho hm y = C1y1 + C2y2 l nghim ca phng
C1 ' y1 + C'2 y 2 = 0
trnh (1) th C1 v C2 phi tha mn h sau: ' '
(3)
'
+
=
C
y
C
'
y
f
(
x
)
1 1
2
2
Trang 128
Ton cao cp
y + 4y + 4y = 0.
y + 3y + 2y = exsinx.
3.4.2. Cch gii
''
'
Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (2): y + ay + by = 0 .
Xt phng trnh bc 2: k2 + ak + b = 0.
(c gi l phng trnh c trng ca (1) v (2)).
+ Nu phng trnh c trng c hai nghim phn bit k = k1, k = k2 th
nghim tng qut ca (2) l: y = C1e k x + C 2 e k x .
1
4b a 2
.
2
1/ y '' + 2 y ' 3 y = 0 .
2/ y '' 4 y ' + 4 y = 0 .
3/ y '' + y ' + y = 0 .
Gii
1/ Phng trnh c trng: k2 + 2k 3 = 0 k1 = 1, k2 = - 3
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh: y = C1e x + C 2 e 3 x .
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 129
Ton cao cp
3
2
x
3
3
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh: y = (C1 cos
x + C 2 sin
x )e 2 .
2
2
''
'
Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (1): y + ay + by = f ( x) .
x
* Trng hp 1: f ( x) = e .P ( x); R , P(x) l a thc:
1/ y '' 4 y ' + 4 y = xe 2 x .
2/ y '' 3 y ' + 2 y = (3 4 x )e x .
3/ y '' + 4 y ' + 5 y = (x + 2)e 2 x .
Gii
1/ Ta c f ( x) = xe 2 x .
V = 2 l nghim kp ca phng trnh c trng k2 4k + 4 = 0 nn
2 2x
2x
3
2
nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng: y = x e ( Ax + B) = e ( Ax + Bx ) .
[
[4 Ax
y ' = e 2 x 2 Ax 3 + (3 A + 2 B )x 2 + 2 Bx .
y '' = e 2 x
+ (12 A + 4 B )x 2 + (6 A + 8B) x + 2 B .
A =
Cn bng h s ca hai a thc ta c:
6
B = 0
x3 2x
e .
6
2/ Ta c f ( x) = (3 4 x)e x .
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 130
Ton cao cp
V = 1 l nghim n ca phng trnh c trng k2 3k + 2 = 0 nn
x
x
2
nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng: y = xe ( Ax + B) = e ( Ax + Bx) .
y ' = e x Ax 2 + (2 A + B )x + B .
y '' = e x Ax 2 + (4 A + B )x + 2 A + 2 B .
y '' = e 2 x (4 Ax + 4 A + 4 B ) .
A = 17
Cn bng h s ca hai a thc ta c:
B = 26
289
x
26 2 x
+
e .
17 289
x
* Trng hp 2: f ( x) = e .[M ( x) cos x + N ( x) sin x ]; , R v M(x), N(x)
l cc a thc:
=
th nghim ring ca (1) c dng:
=
+ Nu
y = xe x [M 1 ( x) cos x + N1 ( x) sin x] .
+ Nu
th nghim ring ca (1) c dng:
y = e x [M 1 ( x) cos x + N1 ( x) sin x] .
Trong M1(x), N1(x) l hai a thc cng bc vi hai a thc M(x), N(x).
V d 11: Tm nghim ring ca cc phng trnh sau:
1/ y '' + 4 y = cos 2 x .
Gii
1/ Ta c f ( x) = cos 2 x .
Trang 131
Ton cao cp
a
= 0 = 2
V
nn nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng:
2
4
b
a
= 2 =
y = x( A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x) .
x
Vy nghim ring ca phng trnh l: y = sin 2 x .
4
2/ Ta c f ( x) = 3e 2 x cos x .
V = 2
a
nn nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng:
2
A=
A + 3B = 3
10
+
=
3
0
A
B
B = 9
10
2x 3
Vy nghim ring ca phng trnh l: y = e cos x + sin x .
10
10
y = y* + y
V d 12: Gii phng trnh y '' 4 y ' + 4 y = xe 2 x .
x3
y = C1 + C 2 x + e 2 x
6
Trang 132
Ton cao cp
BI TP
Bi 1: Phng trnh vi phn cp 1 c bin phn ly:
2) (x + y)dx + (2x + 2y + 1) = 0.
3) (x + y - 1)dx + (x - y + 1)dy = 0.
4)
dy
2 xy
= 2
dx x y 2
1
y = 0.
x
Trang 133
Ton cao cp
1
x
1) y y = xy5
2) y
y
sin x 3
=y
2x
2x
3) x
dy
4y = x2 y
dx
y = sinx
y = x -
y'
x
y'
= x(x 1) bit y(2) = 1;
x 1
y(2) = - 1.
Bi 7: Phng trnh c dng F(y; y; y) = 0:
2yy + y2 = 0
1) y ' '
2
2
2x
2y
y '+ 2
= 0 ; 2) y ' ' y '+ 2 y = x 2 .
x
x
x +1
y +1
2
3) (1 x2).y 2xy + 2y = 0
4) y -
y'
=x
x
1) y 5y + 6y = 0.
4) y + y 2y = 0
2) y + 2y + y = 0.
5) y 4y + 4y = 0.
3) y + 4y = 0.
6) y + 2y + 5y = 0.
y( ) = 0.
6
Bi 10: Dng c bit ca v phi trong phng trnh vi phn cp 2 tuyn tnh c
h s hng:
1) y 2y + y = x + 1.
2) y 2y - 3y = e-x.
3) y 8y + 16y = e4x.
4) y + y - 2y = cosx 3sinx.
5) y + y = 4x.sinx.
6) y 4y + 3y = 10e-2x
7) y 7y + 6y = (1 x)ex
8) y y = e3x cosx
Trang 134
Ton cao cp
Trang 135
Ton cao cp
V d 1: Trong khng gian R4, cho cc vect X1 = (2, -4, 5, 0), X2 = (0, 2, 4, 3),
X3 = (4, -1, 0, 7) v t hp tuyn tnh X = (x1, x2, x3, x4) = 5X1 + 2X2 3X3.
k X
i =1
= th ki = 0, i = 1,.., m.
k X
i =1
= .
2k1 + k 3 = 0
3k1 + 6k 2 = 0
Ta c: k1X1 + k2X2 + k3X3 =
k 1 = k2 = k 3 = 0
2k
5k
0
+
=
2
3
4k1 + 5k 2 = 0
Vy h cho l c lp tuyn tnh.
2/ Trong khng gian R4 cho h vect {X1 , X 2 , X 3 } vi X1 = (2, -3, 0, 4),
X2 = (0, 6, -2, 5) v X3 = (4, -6, 0, 8).
H cho ph thuc tuyn tnh v ta c 2X1 + 0X2 X3 = 0.
Ch : Trong khng gian Rn, mt h vect c lp tuyn tnh c khng qu n
vect v mt h vect c nhiu hn n vect th ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Trang 136
Ton cao cp
K hiu: A =
(1)
Trong :
aij : l mt phn t ca ma trn dng th i v ct th j.
aij : c th l s thc, s phc hay hm s,...
i: ch s dng.
j: ch s ct.
m, n Z+ : l cc s nguyn dng.
mxn: gi l kch thc ca ma trn A.
Ta thng dng cc ch ci A, B, C,... , X, Y, Z k hiu cc ma trn.
(1) c vit di dng rt gn: A = (aij)mxn hoc A = [aij]mxn
1 2 1
Trang 137
Ton cao cp
Dng A =
a
a
...
a
n2
nn
n1
V d 2: A4 x 4
1 3 0 2
2 5 3 1
=
2 4 1 5
3 7 4 2
0 0 ... 0
0 0 0
V d 3: =
, 2 x 3 =
0 0 0
0 0 ... 0
a11
0
A=
3 1 2
a22 ... a2 n
, A = 0 2 5
0 0 4
0 ...
ann
a
A = 21
a
n1
0 ...
a 22
a n2
1 0 0
... 0
, B = 1 2 0
2 3 0
... a nn
Trang 138
Ton cao cp
0
a11 0 ...
3 0 0
a22 ... 0
0
A=
, A = 0 0 0
0 0 4
a
0
...
nn
1 0 0
0
1
...
0
0
I =
I
=
,
;
0
1
0
I
=
3
4
0
0 0 1
0 0 ... 1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1 0 3
.
V d 3: Cho A = 0 1 , ta c: AT =
2
1
2
3 2
Ma trn i xng:
Ma trn vung trn trng K c gi l i xng khi v ch khi AT = -A,
tc l cc phn t trn ng cho chnh i xng tng i mt:
aij = -aji ; i,j = 1,n .
hay A phn i xng th cc phn t trn ng cho chnh u bng 0:
a11 = a22 = ... = anxn = 0.
Ma trn con:
L ma trn c thnh lp t ma trn ban u bng cch b i mt s dng v
mt s ct.
Ma trn chia khi (ma trn khi):
Ma trn A c gi l ma trn chia khi nu ta dng cc ng k ngang
hay k dc chia A thnh nhiu ma trn nh.
a11 a12
a21 a22
=
A
V d 4:
a31 a32
a41 a42
a13
a23
a33
a43
a14
a24
a34 l ma trn chia khi
a44
Trang 139
Ton cao cp
a13 a14
l ma trn con.
a23 a24
v A =
Ma trn kh nghch:
Cho A l ma trn vung trn trng K, nu tn ti ma trn B sao cho: AxB
= In, (In: ma trn n v), khi A c gi l ma trn nghch o.
K hiu: B = A-1.
Ma trn trc giao:
Ma trn A vung, thc c gi l ma trn trc giao nu: ATA = AAT = In
tc l nu A kh nghch v A-1 = AT.
1.5. Cc php ton trn ma trn
1.5.1. S bng nhau ca hai ma trn
m = p
A = B n = q
a = b
lk
ij
V d 5: Cho A =
5 1
Tnh cht:
A+B = B+A.
(A+B)+ C = A+(B+ C).
O+A = A+O = A.
A+(-A) = (-A)+A = O.
Trong O l ma trn O cp mxn.
Trang 140
Ton cao cp
6 0
2 4
, ta c: 2. A =
.
V d 6: Cho A =
4 5 4 1
8 10 8 2
Ch :
.[A+B] = .A+.B
(+).A = .A+.A.
.(.A) = ().A.
1.A = A.
1.5.4. Nhn hai ma trn
, i = 1..m ; k = 1..p .
j=1
= cik
Dng i x x x
Ct k
Ma trn kt qu: V tr:
Trang 141
Ton cao cp
1 0 1
, B = 0 1 , tnh C = A.B
V d 7: Cho A =
0 1 1
1 1
2 1
C=
.
1
2
Tnh cht:
0 1
; B =
,
V d 8: Cho A =
3 4
6 7
1 2 0 1
12 13
0 11 2
3 4
=
v BA =
ta c: AB =
3 4 6 7 24 25
6 7 3 4 27 40
AB BA .
V d 9: A = 0 0 1 => A2 =
0 0 0
0 0 1
3
0 0 0 v A =
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
Trang 142
Ton cao cp
Trang 143
Ton cao cp
a11
a12
a21
a22
a
a31 a32 a33
31 a32 a 33
Trang 144
Ton cao cp
Ni chung phng php ny khng tin li trong tnh ton thc hnh khi n 4.
Nhn xt:
i) Nn chn mt dng hoc ct no ri nhn vi mt s khc 0, ri cng
vo cc dng hoc cc ct khc, lm xut hin nhiu s 0 v s 1, sau mi
tin hng khai trin.
ii) Gi tr mt nh thc l mt hng s hoc mt biu thc.
iii) Ma trn l mt bng s c kch thc.
2.1.2. Phng php tnh nh thc
i vi nh thc cp 2:
a
31 a32 a 33
a11
a12
a13
a21
a22
a23 = a11a22 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a13 a21a32 a13 a22 a31 a12 a21a33 a11a23 a32
a31
a32
a33
a12
a13
a11
a12
a13
a21
a22
a23
a21
a22
a23
a31
a32
a33
a31
a32
a33
Trang 145
Ton cao cp
Du (+)
V d 2: Tnh nh thc
Du ( - )
1 2 3
D = 2 3 1 = 1.3.2 + 2.1.3 + 3.2.1 3.3.3 2.2.2 1.1.1 = 18 36 = 18 .
3 1 2
ii) Cch 2: Dng phng php trin khai theo dng (hoc ct).
a11
a12
a13
a21
a22
a23 = (-1)
a31
a32
a33
1+1
a11
a 22 a 23
a 21 a 23
a 21 a 22
+ (1)1+ 2 a 12
+ (1)1+3 a 13
a 32 a 33
a 31 a 33
a 31 a 32
1 2 3
detA = |A| = 2 1 4
0 3 2
= (-1)3+1.0.
2
-1
3
-1 3
-1 2
+ (1)3+ 2 .(3).
+ (1)3+3 .2.
4
2 4
2 -1
a 21 a 22 ... a 2n
.............................
a
a
...
a
m
1
m
2
mn
a
a
... a
n1
n2
nn
dng i:
= (-1)i+1ai1|Ai1|+(-1)i+2ai2|Ai2|+ ... +(-1)i+jaij|Aij|+ ... +(-1)i+nain|Ai+n|.
Vi |Aij| l nh thc con cn li sau khi b i dng i v ct j.
Cc phng php ng dng tnh nh thc cp cao c th c:
i) Chn u tin cho nhng dng hoc ct c nhiu s 0 v s 1 tin hnh
khai trin gip ta gim bt cc bc trung gian.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 146
Ton cao cp
i) Tnh nh thc D =
2 3
1 -2
-5 - 7 - 3 9
1 - 2 -1 4
-2
3
2
1
0 5
1
1 -2
2+ 3
= (1) .1. 1
0 3
3
0 2
-2
2
1
5
3
2
-2
4
7
5
4
- 2 = 1.(1)1+1.1.
7
13
a
x
ii) Tnh nh thc cp 5: D5 = x
x
x
-2
= -1.[4.(-13)-(-2).7] = 38.
- 13
x
a
x
x
x
a
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
a
x
x
a
x
x
x
x
a
Trang 147
Ton cao cp
ax
0 0
a-x 0
0 a-x
0
D5 = 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 x
0 x
0 x
= (a-x)4.(a+4x).
a-x x
0 a + 4x
x
a
x
x
x
a
...
...
...
x
x
n-1
x = (a-x) .[a+(n-1)x].
x
x
x
x
x
x
...
...
x
a
Dng phng php tch thnh tch, phng php truy hi:
V d 6: Tch nh thc D = detA ca ma trn vung cp n:
1 + x1 y1 1 + x1 y2
1 + x2 y1 1 + x2 y2
A=
...
...
1 + xn y1 1 + xn y2
... 1 + x1 yn
... 1 + x2 yn
, n 2.
...
...
... 1 + xn yn
1
Ta thy: A =
...
0... 0 1
0... 0 y1
x
... ... ...
0... 0 0
x1
x2
...
xn
y2 ... yn
... ... ...
0 ... 0
1
...
Do :
1
D = detA =
x1
1 x2
... ...
0... 0 1
0... 0 y1
.
... ... ...
y2 ... yn
0... 0 0
xn
...
; x>2
=
... ... ...
(x 2 x 1).(y 2 y 1) ; x = 2
...
Ngoi cc phng php trn ta cn linh hot trong vic vn dng cc tnh cht
ca nh tnh cc gi tr ca nh thc.
2.2. Cc tnh cht ca nh thc
2.2.1. Tnh cht 1
3 1 4
2 1 7 .
1 0 1
Trang 148
Ton cao cp
a
A = 21
...
an1
... a1i
a1' i
... a2i
'
a2i
...
a ni'
a12
a22
... a1n
... a2 n
... ...
... ann
a12
... a1i
... a1n
a11
a12
...
a1' i
... a1n
a
= 21
...
a22
...
... a2i
... ...
... a2 n
... ...
a21
a22
...
a 2' i
... a2 n
...
...
...
an 2 ... ani
... ann
an1
an 2
...
...
... ...
... ann
an1
a ni'
1 2 3
V d 8: Cho A = 1 4 1
1 5 1
1 1+ 1
Khi : detA = |A| = -1 3+ 1
1 3+ 2
2
1 1
1 = -1 3
-1
1 3
2
1
1 + -1
-1
1
1
2
1
-1
1 2
, khi :
2 1
i) Cho A =
detA = |A| =
1
-2
2
2
=5=
1
1
1
1
hay detA = |A| =
2
-2
n1 an 2 ... ann
2
-2
=5=
1
1
1
2
a 11 a 12 ... a 1n
a 21 a 22 ... a 2n
.......................
a n1 a n2 ... a nn
Trang 149
Ton cao cp
a 21 a 22 ... a 2n
- a 11 a 12 ... a 1n
.......... .......... ...
a n 1 a n2 ... a nn
=
a 12 a 11 ... a 1n
a 22 a 21 ... a 2n
.......... .......... ...
a n 2 a n1 ... a nn
i dng 1 vi dng 2
i ct 1 vi ct 2
a 11 a 12 ... a1n
a 21 a 22 ... a 2n
.......................
a n1 a n2 ... a nn
D=
a 12
...
a 1n
a 11 + a 21 a 12 + a 22 ... a 1n + a 2n
...............................................................
a n1
a n2
...
a nn
1 -3
-2 5
ii) Cho: D =
2 -4
3 -7
0
3
-1
4
2
-1
5
2
Trang 150
Ton cao cp
Ta ly dng (1)x2 cng v dng (2); dng (1)x(-2) cng vo dng (3); dng
1
0
(1)x(-3) cng vo dng (4); ta c: D =
0
0
-3
-1
2
2
0
3
-1
4
2
3
.
1
-4
Ly dng (2)x2 cng vo dng (3); dng (2)x2 cng vo dng (4),
1
0
Ta c D =
0
0
-3
-1
0
0
0
2
3 3
5 7
10 2
-3
0
0
0
-1
0
0
3 3
5 7
0 - 12
Cho ma trn A vung c dng tam gic trn hay tam gic di th gi tr
nh thc ca ma trn s bng tch cc phn t trn ung cho chnh.
V d 12:
a11 0 ... 0
0
ii) Cho: A = 0
0
0
2
x 1 . C |A| =
0 0 2 2
0 0 0 1
0 1
3 0
0 1
4
i
i 0
0 3
0 0
0 0
0 0
1
0
1
0
0
4
i
x
-2
0
1
2
1
2
1
= i.3.1.(-2).1 = -6i
a21
V d 13: i) Cho A = ...
0
a
n1
a12
a22
...
0
an 2
... ... a2 n
... ... ... . Khi : detA = |A| = 0.
... ... 0
... ... ann
Trang 151
Ton cao cp
x y
ii) Cho: A =
2 -y
-1 -2
0 w
0 z
. Khi : detA = |A| = 0.
0 4x
0 -3
Mun chng minh ta tin hnh trin khai hng hay ct cha ton 0.
Nhn xt: S khc nhau gia ma trn v nh thc
Ma trn
nh thc
1
3
0
2
1 2
=6.
3 4
4
2
3
1
3
2
4
1
Trang 152
Ton cao cp
Dng th hai bng dng hai cng vi (-2) ln dng th nht; dng th ba
bng dng ba cng vi (-3) ln dng th nht; dng th t bng dng t cng vi
1 2
0 5
(-4) ln dng th nht, ta c: D =
0 1
0 7
0
3
1
2
3
4
.
13
11
0
3
1
2
3
5 3 4 5 3 4
4
1+1
= (1) 1 1 13 = 1 1 13
13
7 2 11 7 2 11
11
1 1 13
1 1 13
2 61
= (160 305) = 145
= 5 3 4 = 0 2 61 = 1.(1)1+1
5 80
7 2 11
0 5 80
1
a
1
1
1
1
a
1
1
1
1
a
Trang 153
Ton cao cp
1 2 3 4
V d 1: Cho ma trn sau A = 2 1 0 1
1 1 2 4
3 x 4
detA2 = |A2| =
2
= -3 0.
1
1 2 3
detA3 = |A3| = 2 1 0 = -15 0.
1 -1 2
Vy rankA = 3.
2.4. Cc phng php tm hng ca ma trn
2.4.1. Dng nh ngha
3 x 4
Ta c:
Gi tr cc nh thc cp 3 c th c:
1 -3
det A = | A | = 2 1
-1 - 2
/
3
det A
///
3
/
3
4
= |A | = 2
-1
///
3
4
-3
//
//
1 = 0; det A 3 = | A 3 | = 1
1
-2
4 2
1 4 = 0.
1 -2
4 2
1 -3 2
////
////
1 4 = 0; det A 3 = | A 3 | = 2 1 4 = 0.
1 -2
-1 - 2 - 2
Cc gi tr ca nh thc cp 2:
det A 2/ = | A 2/ | =
Trn Thin Khi
2
2
4
1
= 0; det A 2// = | A 2// | =
1
2
-3
= 7 0.
1
Trang 154
Ton cao cp
Vy: rankA = 2.
2.4.2. Phng php dng php bin i s cp
a) i vi ma trn vung:
1
Cho ma trn A =
1
3 1
2 3
2 2
2 1
1
. Tm rankA.
1
0 4 x 4
Ta c:
1
1
- i ch dng(1) v dng(3): A
2
2 2
2 3
3 1
2 1
1
0
0 4 x 4
0 4 1 2
0 4 5 3 4 x 4
1
1 2 2
0 0 21 10
A
0 1 5
2
0 0 15 11 4 x 4
1
1 2 2
0 1 5
2
- i ch dng(2) v dng(3): A
0 0 21 10
0 0 15 114 x 4
1
1 2 2
0 1 5
2
0 0 0 181/ 21 4 x 4
Vy: rankA = 4.
b) i vi ma trn ch nht:
Trang 155
Ton cao cp
Dng php bin i s cp, thc hin bin i trn cc dng v hng ca ma
trn l s dng khc 0 ca ma trn dng bc thang chnh tc.
Ma trn dng bc thang chnh tc l ma trn c cc phn t v tr (a11,
a22, ..., arr) 0, bt u ca cc dng v mi dng sau cch dng trc mt phn t
theo ct.
Tc l A c dng
a11
0
0
A = ...
0
0
0
a12
a22
0
...
0
0
0
a13
a23
a33
...
0
0
0
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
a1n
a2 n
a3n
... r dng
arr
0
(m-r) dng
0
1 2 3 1
V d 4: Cho A = 1 2 1 0 . Tm rankA ?
2 0 1 0
Ta c:
- Ly dng(1) cng vo dng(2):; ly dng(1) nhn vi (-2) ri cng vo
dng(3):
1 2 3 1
A 0 0 4 1
0 4 5 5
1 2 3 1
- i ch dng (2) v dng(3): A 0 4 5 5 .
0 0 4 1
Vy rankA = 3.
Tnh cht:
i) Hai ma trn c cng hng nu v ch nu chng tng ng vi nhau.
ii) Hai ma trn c gi l tng ng vi nhau trn trng K nu v ch
nu ma trn ny nhn c t ma trn kia bng cch qua mt s hu hn bc
bin i s cp. Hay ni khc i, hng ca mt ma trn khng thay i qua php
bin i s cp.
Nhn xt:
T phng php tm hng ca ma trn bng phng php bin i s cp.
Ta c:
i) Hng ca mt ma trn bc thang bng s dng khc 0 ca n.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 156
Ton cao cp
Radio cassete
u my
video
Qut
my
i l 1
120
150
80
210
i l 2
140
180
120
250
Gi
Hoa hng
Trang 157
Ton cao cp
Tivi
3.150 ngn
150 ngn
Radio cassette
750 ngn
70 ngn
u my video
3.400 ngn
170 ngn
Qut my
420 ngn
50 ngn
......
am1 x1
= b1
+ a22 x 2 + ..... + a2 n xn
= b2
........
am 2 x2
.....
.....
.....
amn xn
... ....
= bn
(I)
Trang 158
Ton cao cp
2 x1
x1
x
1
+ x2
+ x2
x2
+ x3
+ x3
2 x3
= 1
= 4
= 3
(1)
a 21
A=
....
a
m1
a12
a 22
....
am2
..... a1n
..... a 2 n
,
..... ....
..... a mn
X=
x1
x2
,
...
x n
b1
b2
B=
...
b
n
Ta gi A l ma trn h s, X l ct cc n v B ct cc h s t do ca h (I)
K hiu:
a11
a21
~
A = (A |B) = ...
a
m1
a12
a22
...
am 2
... a1n b1
... a2 n b2
... ... ...
... amn bm
V d 3:
2 1 1 1
1 4
1 1
1 1 2 3
b) Dng vct:
a1 j
a2 j
t: a ij =
: (j = 1,n) ma trn h s ca n s, bij = B =
amj
b1
b2
...
b
n
Trang 159
Ton cao cp
n
Cho f: Kn Kn
b1
b
x = [aij Vi:
][ xij ] f ( x ) = b voi b = 2
...
bm
Dj
D
; i = 1,n (D 0)
vi D l nh thc ca ma trn h s ca n s.
Dj l nh thc nhn c t D bng cch thay ct th j bng cc h s t do
bj (j = 1,n).
4.2. iu kin mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh c nghim
nh l (Kronecker Capeli)
1
2
3
2 - 1
Xt detA = |A| = 1 - 3
2 - 4
-1
V detA = -3
-4
/
1
v B = 1 M =
2
2 - 1
1 - 3
2 - 4
1
2
3
-1
- 1
2
1
2 = -1 0 rankA =3.
3
1 1
2 - 1 = 2 0 rankM =3.
3 2
Trang 160
Ton cao cp
2x y + z = 1
Xt A 2/ =
0
2
2 - 1
M = 0 - 3
2 - 4
1
2
2 . Xt detA = |A| = 0
3
2
-1
-3
1
2 = 0.
-4
-3
= 6 0. rankA = 2.
-4
1
-1
- 1
2
2
3
-1
Ta c rankM = 3, v detA = 2 0, vi:| M |= -3
/
-4
1
1
2 - 1 = 2 0.
3
x 1 + ax 2 + x 3 = 1 .
x + x + ax = 1
2
3
1
a 1 1
Ta c ma trn h s: A = 1 a 1 v ma trn b sung: M =
1 1 a
Ta c:
a
detA = |A| = 1
1
1
a
a
a 1 1
1 a 1
1 1 a
1
1
1
1
3
2
1 = a -3a+2 = (a-2) (a+2)
a
Nu detA 0 a 1 v a -2.
V ma trn b sung M cha A nn M cha mt nh thc con cp 3 chnh l
|A|. Do trong trng hp ny rankM = 3.
Vy vi a 1 v a -2 th h c nghim.
Xt trng hp a = 1:
1 1 1
Ta suy ra A = 1 1 1 rankA = 1.
1 1 1
Trang 161
Ton cao cp
1 1 1
V M = 1 1 1
1 1 1
1
1 rankM = 1.
1
rankA = rankM = 1.
Vy vi a = 1 th h cng c nghim.
Xt trng hp a = -2:
2 1 1
-2 1
=-50.
Ta suy ra : A = 1 2 1 rankA = 2, v
1 -2
1 1 2
2 1 1
M = 1 2 1
1 1 2
1
1 1 1
1 rankM = 3, v tn ti: -2 1 1 = 9 0.
1 -2 1
1
x - 3y + 4z = 2
1 3 4
1 -3
Ta c: A = 2 1 1 rankA = 2 v tn ti: |A2| =
= 7 0.
2 1
1 2 1
1 3 4
V M = 2 1 1
1 2 1
2
4 2
4 rankM = 2 v tn ti |M2| =
= 14 0.
1 4
2
Trang 162
Ton cao cp
x - 3y + 4z = 2
x - 3y = 2 - 4z
2x + y + z = 4
2x + y = 4 - z
x - 3y = 2 - 4z
7y = 7z
x - 3y = 2 - 4z
; vi z t do thuc R
y = z
x = 2 - z
; z R.
y = z = 1
Chn z = 1 = y x = 2 1 = 1.
Vy h (I) c v s nghim vi mt bc t do hay h (I) c tp nghim l:
X=(1,1,1)*t vi t R.
V d 6:
2x y + z = 1
2 1 1
2 -1 1
Ta c: 1 3 2 rankA = 3 v |A| = -1 3 2 = -1 0.
2 4 3
2 -4 3
2 1 1
M = 1 3 2
2 4 3
1
-1 1 1
x =
y =
z =
Dx
D
= x =
| A|
D
1 -1 1
-1 - 3 2
2 -4 3
1
2 1
Dy
D
Dy
| A|
Dz
D
= z =
D
| A|
= 2
1 -1 2
2 2 3
1
2 -1 1
1 - 3 -1
2 -4 2
1
=9
= 14
Trang 163
Ton cao cp
V d 7:
x + 2y + 3z = 1
1 2 3
Ta c M = [A|B] = 2 3 1
3 1 2
1
3
2
1
1 : ly dng(2) nhn vi (-5) ri cng vo dng (3):
1
1 2 3
0 1 5
0 0 18
1
1
6
x + 2y + 3z = 1
x = 2 / 3
- y - 5z = 1 y = 2 / 3
z = -1/ 3
18z = -6
2x + y + z + 2t = 5
x + 2y + z + 2t = 4
3x + 5y + 4z + 6t = 15
2
1
Ta c M = [A|B] =
1
3
1
2
1
5
4
i ch dng (1) v (2):
5
15
4
5
; ly dng(1) nhn (-2) ri cng vo dng (2);
5
15
dng(1) nhn (-1) ri cng vo dng(3); dng(1) nhn (-3) ri cng vo dng(4):
1 2
1 2
0 - 3 - 1 - 2
0 - 1
1 0
1 0
0 - 1
4
3
; ly dng(3) nhn vi (-1) ri cng vo dng(4):
1
Trang 164
Ton cao cp
1 2
1 2
0 - 3 - 1 - 2
0 - 1
1 0
0 0
0 0
4
1 2 1
3
rankA = 3 v tn ti |D| = 0 - 3 1 = -2 0.
1
0 -1 1
Mt khc, ta c: rankM = 4 v tn ti D:
1
-1 - 2 - 3 -2 - 1 - 3
0 -1 - 2 -3
1+1
D =
= (-1)
1 0 1 = 0
1
1 = 4 0.
0
1 0 1
0 0 2
0
0
2
0
0 0 2
x + 2y - 2z + t + 3u = 5
2x - y + 2z - t + 2u = 4
1 3
1 2 - 2
2 - 1
2 -1 2
Ta c M = [A|B] =
3 1
1 2 -1
4 3 - 1 3 2
5
4
6
11
0 - 5
7 1 - 10 9
7 1 - 10 9
0 - 5
0 - 5
7 1 - 10
0 0
0
0 0
5
6
.
9
0 - 5 6 - 3 - 4 6 (1)
0 0
1
2 - 6 3
1 2 -2
Ta c rankA = 3 v tn ti: |D| = 0 - 5 6 = -5 0. V rankM = 3 v tn ti:
0 0 1
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 165
Ton cao cp
1 2 5
|D| = 0 - 5 - 6 = 15 0.
0
0 -3
- 5y + 6z - 3t - 4u = - 6
z + 2t - 6u = - 3
x + 2y - 2z = 5 - t - 3u
- 5y + 6z = -6 + 3t + 4u
z = -3 - 2t + 6u
(2) vi t,u R.
A = 0 5 - 6 vung v detA = 0 5 - 6 = 5 0.
0 0
0
0 0
1
z = -3 - 2 + 6
t = ( R)
u = ( R)
Dng cho nhng h phng trnh c ma trn h s vung khng suy bin.
Ta c AX = B X = A-1B.
* Phng php:
B: ma trn ca h s t do.
V d 10:
2x + y = 1
x 2y = 2
2 1
Ta c: A =
vung v detA = 1 - 2 = -5 0.
1 - 2
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 166
Ton cao cp
Do tn ti A-1: A-1 =
4
x = 5
hay
y = 3
V d 11:
1 -2 - 1
Vy: X =
2
5 -1
x 1 2 - 1 1 1 4
y = 5 - 1 2 2 = 5 3
l nghim ca h.
x + 3y + 3z = 2
1 3 3
1 3 3
Ta c: A = 1 4 3 vung v detA = 1 4 3 = 1 0.
1 3 4
1 3 4
1 3 3
Do tn ti A : [A | I3] = 1 4 3
1 3 4
-1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
7 -3 -3
1 1 0 nn:
1 0 1
2
x 7 - 3 - 3 2
X = y = 1 1 0 1 = 1
3
z 1 0 1 3
Trang 167
Ton cao cp
ax + by = c
Gii h phng trnh: cy + az = b , trong (a,b,c) R\{0}.
cx + bz = a
V d 12:
a b 0
Ta c:A = 0 c a l ma trn vung v:
c 0 b
a b 0
detA = 0 c a = 2abc 0 v (a,b,c) R\{0}.
c 0 b
Ta li c:
c b 0
Dx = a c a = b(c2+a2-b2) 0;
b 0 b
a c 0
Dy = 0 b a = a(b2+c2-a2) 0.
c a b
a b c
Dz = 0 c b = c(a2+b2-c2) 0.
c 0 a
Vy nghim ca h l:
x=
D
D
Dx
a2 b2 + c2
a 2 + b 2 + c 2
a2 + b2 c2
=
;y = y =
;z= y =
D
2ac
2ac
2ac
D
D
Nhn xt:
Khi h phng trnh cho c ma trn h s ca n s l vung v khng
suy bin, ta p dng phng php ma trn nghch o v phng php Gramer, rt
tin li cho nhng h phng trnh t n s, nhng rt phc tp cho nhng h
phng trnh c nhiu n s (tc ma trn n s A c cp cao), v phng php tm
ma trn nghch o v phng php tnh nh thc qu phc tp, mt nhiu thi
gian, d nhm ln trong tnh ton.
Do ta nn dng phng php tng qut nht l kh dn n s Gause,
a ma trn h s ca n s v dng tam gic hoc ma trn bc thang chnh tc
suy ra nghim ca h.
V d 13: Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh:
Trang 168
Ton cao cp
x 1 + x 2 + 2x 4 = 5
2x + 4x - x + 5x = -1
2
3
4
1
x 1 + 3x 2 + 5x 4 = - 3
3x + 7x - 3x + 9x = -14
2
3
4
1
2x 1 + 8x 2 - 4x 3 + 2x 4 = - 22
Ta c:
1
2
M = [A|B] = 1
3
2
0 1
4 -1 5
3
0 5
7 -3 9
8 -4 2
5
1
- 3
- 14
- 22
0
0
2 -1
4 -3
6 -4 -2
5
11
-8
- 29
- 32
0
0
2 -1
0 -1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0 -1 -5
0
2 -1
0 -3
2 -1
5
11
3 . Ly dng(3) cng ln lt vo dng (4) v dng(5):
- 7
1
5
11
3 . Ly dng(4) cng vo dng(5):
-4
4
5
11
3 . Suy ra:
- 4
0
2x 4 = 5
x 1 + x 2 +
2x - x + x = -11
2
3
4
x 3 + 2x 4 = 3
3x 4 = -4
29
x 1 = 3
x 2 = -2
17
x 3 = 3
x = - 4
4
3
Vy nghim ca h l X = (1/3)*(29;-6;17;-4).
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 169
Ton cao cp
2n n
(II) 21 1 22 2
........................................
a m1x 1 + a m2 x 2 + ... + a mn x n = 0
0
0
l nghim tm thng v gi l h nghim tm thng.
0
a
a 2n
a
a
a 2n
0
= rank 21 22
rankA = rank 21 22
= rankM.
.............................
.............................
a m1 a m2 a mn
a m1 a m2 a mn 0
Trang 170
Ton cao cp
2
3
Ta c: (1) 1
2x + 3x = -x
2 1
2 1
A=
vung v detA = 2 3 = 4 0.
2 3
Suy ra (1) l h Gramer.
Vy: x1 =
x3
-x 3
1
3
detA
4x 3
= x 3 ; x2 =
4
2 x3
2 - x3
detA
4x 3
= x 3
4
Chn x3 = t vi t R\{0}.
1
Vy h (1) c v s nghim vi mt bc t do t. X = -1.t
1
V d 2:
5x 1 + 2x 2 + x 3 = 0
5
Ta c: A = -1
9
2 1
5 2 1
3 3 vung v detA = -1 3 3 = 0.
7 5
9 7 5
Do A b suy bin.
Suy ra h (1) c nghim khc tm thng, hay c v s nghim vi mt bc
t do.
Ta thy D2 =
5 2
= 17 0. Do gii h (1) tng ng vi vic gii h
-1 3
Trang 171
Ton cao cp
- x3 2
x = -3x 3 3 = 3 x
3
5x
+
2x
=
-x
1
1
17
2
3
17
5 - x3
-x 1 + 3x 2 = -3x 3
-1 - 3x 3
16
= x3
x 2 =
17
17
3
+ Suy ra h nghim ca h l: X = -16.t
17
vi tR\{0}.
a 1x 1 + b 1x 2 + c 1x 3 = 0
a1 b1 c1
t: detA = a 2 b 2 c 2 = 3
a3 b3 c3
Nu:
+ detA = 3 0 h c nghim tm thng l 0.
+ detA = 3 = 0 h c v s nghim.
Nu tn ti 2 0 h c v s nghim vi mt bc t do.
Nu tt c cc 2 = 0 h c v s nghim vi hai bc t do.
(vi 2 l nh thc cp 2 c thnh lp t 3).
* Tng qut cho h phng trnh 4 n s:
a1x 1 + b1x 2 + c1x 3 + d1x 4 = 0
a x + b x + c x + d x = 0
2 1
2 2
2 3
2 4
a 3 x 1 + b 3 x 2 + c 3 x 3 + d3 x 4 = 0
a 4 x 1 + b 4 x 2 + c 4 x 3 + d4 x 4 = 0
a1
a
Nu: detA = detD = |A4| = 2
a3
a4
b1
b2
b3
b4
c1
c2
c3
c4
d1
d2
0
d3
d4
Trang 172
Ton cao cp
Suy ra h nghim l X = .t
1
Nu tt c cc D3 = 0 Xt nh thc cp 2:
+ Nu rankA = 2 Tn ti 2 0.
'
'
.t + . v
Khi (*) c v s nghim vi hai bc t do. H nghim l: X =
1
0
0
1
x 1 - 3x 2 + 4x 3 + 2x 4 = 0
2x + x + x + 4x = 0
3
4
V d 4: Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh: 1 2
- x 1 - 2x 2 + x 3 - 2x 4 = 0
-2x 1 - 4x 2 + 2x 3 - 4x 4 = 0
1 -3
2
1
Ta c: M = [A|B] =
-1 - 2
-2 - 4
1 -2
2
0
0
0
-1
-3
-2
0
1 -2
0
0
0
0
-3
7 -7
-5
0
0
0
-3
7 -7
0
0 , suy ra h phng trnh trn tng ng
0
vi:
x1 - 3x 2 + 4x 3 + 2x 4 = 0
x = -x 3 - 2x 4
1
7x 2 - 7x 3 = 0
x 2 = x 3
Trang 173
Ton cao cp
x = 1
x = -1
x = 0
x = -2
chn: 3
1
x 4 = 0
x 2 = 1
chn: 3
1
x 4 = 1
x 2 = 0
1
2
1
0
Vy h nghim ca h phng trnh l: X = .t1 + .t 2 vi t1 , t2 R
1
0
0
1
Qd2 = 80 + p1 - 10p2.
+ Tm im cn bng th trng.
+ Nu c mt n v thi gian ngi ta xut i 10 dn v hng th nht, 15
n v hng th ba v nhp v 8 n v hng th hai. Hy tm im cn bng mi.
Gii:
Ta c: p1 + 22 p2 p3 = 93 Suy ra h thng gi cn tm l
p 2 p + 17 p = 99
2
3
1
p1 = 10
p2 = 5
p = 7
3
Trang 174
Ton cao cp
19 p1 2 p 2 p3 = 183
p1 = 10.62
p1 + 22 p2 p3 = 101 p 2 = 5.44
p 2 p + 17 p = 114 p = 7.97
2
3
3
1
10
352
10
19 23 55
2 3 8
55 11 11 35 73,4
10
Nn X = B D =
14 54 22 45 = 92,3
352
19 23 55 15 71,7
1
Trang 175
Ton cao cp
Trang 176