TOAN CAO CAP 90 Tiet

Ton cao cp
TI LIU HNG DN MN HC
CHNG TRNH KHNG CHUYN
STT
1
Ton cao cp
2
3
4
5
TN MN HC
MN HC
GHI CH
TON CAO CP
M S
THI LNG
S tn ch: 06 (01 tn ch ng vi 15 tit)
CHNG
TRNH
L thuyt: 90 tit
Thc hnh: 0 tit
Tng cng: 90 tit
IU KIN
TIN
QUYT
Ton ph thng
M T MN
HC
Ton cao cp c thit k trong nhm kin thc c

bn. Cung cp kin thc i cng v tp hp, quan h
v logic suy lun.
Trang b cho sinh vin cc kt qu c bn v Gii tch
ton hc thc s cn thit cho vic tip cn cc mn
chuyn ngnh: Hm s; Gii hn; lin tc; Php tnh vi,
tch phn ca hm mt bin; ng dng ma trn, nh
thc. H phng trnh tuyn tnh, phng trnh vi phn.
Sinh vin tip cn nhng kin thc trn thng qua vic
kt hp bi ging trn lp, t hc v tm hiu thm trong
cc ti liu.
Trang b kin thc ton hc bc u gip sinh vin
lm quen vi mt vi ng dng ton hc trong cuc
sng.
IM T
Trn Thin Khi
- Hin din trn lp: 10% im (Danh sch cc bui tho

lun v bi tp nhm).
Trang 1
Ton cao cp
Vng ba bui (12 tit) khng c cng im ny.

- Kim tra KQHT: 20% im (2 bi kim tra gia v cui
mn hc: C ba thang im: 2.0 (hai chn); 1.0 (mt trn);
0,0: (khng chn).
- Kim tra ht mn: 70% im (Bi thi ht mn)
Lu : Danh sch cc bui tho lun v hai bi kim
tra c hy khi danh sch bng im thi ht mn c
cng b.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 2
Ton cao cp
CU TRC MN HC
CU TRC
MN
HC
KQHT 1: Xc nh cc kin thc c bn v gii hn dy s

v dy hm mt bin s.
KQHT 2: Kho st hm s, tnh gn ng gi tr ca mt biu
thc bng ng dng vi phn, bng khai trin Taylor Maclaurin.
KQHT 3: Tnh tch phn i bin, tng phn v ng dng
tnh din tch hnh phng, di cung phng v th tch vt
th trn xoay. Xt cc tch tch phn suy rng.
KQHT 4: Gii bi ton ng dng vi phn hm nhiu bin.
KQHT 5: Gii bi ton phng trnh vi phn cp I v cp II.
KQHT 6: Gii bi ton ng dng ma trn v h phng trnh
tuyn tnh
* Thc hnh: Lm bi tp trn lp+ Hot ng theo nhm+
Tho lun
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 3
Ton cao cp
K HOCH NH GI MN HC
Hnh thc nh gi
Kt qu
hc tp
Thi
lng
ging
dy
1.
15
Gii c bi tp
2.
12
Gii c bi tp
3.
18
Gii c bi tp
4.
15
Gii c bi tp
5.
15
Gii c bi tp
6.
15
Gii c bi tp
Mc yu cu t
c
Vit
Thao
tc
Bi
tp
v
nh
Thc
tp
thc
t
ti
NH GI CUI MN HC
HNH THC
Thi (t lun) .
THI GIAN
120 pht.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 4
T
hc
Ton cao cp
NI DUNG
NH
GI
Trng tm:
- Cc bi ton tnh gii hn; Xt tnh lin tc; gin on
ca dy s v dy hm mt bin s.
- Cc bi ton v kho st hm s; tip tuyn; vi phn
ton phn v ng dng vi phn tnh gn ng.
- Cc khai trin TayLor v Maclaurance.
- Cc bi ton v tch phn c bit: tch phn dng
phng php i bin s v tch phn tng phn.
- Cc bi tp v din tch hnh phng; di cung
phng v th tch vt th trn xoay.
- Xt s hi t v phn k ca tch phn suy rng loi I
v loi II.
- Cc bi ton cc tr hm nhiu bin s.
- Gii cc phng trnh vi phn cp mt v cp hai.
- Bi ton ng dng matrn. Tm mc sn lng ca cc
ngnh kinh t.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 5
Ton cao cp
MC LC
TN MN HC ................................................................................................... 1
CU TRC MN HC ............................................................................................ 3
K HOCH NH GI MN HC ..................................................................... 4
NH GI CUI MN HC.................................................................................. 4
MC LC ................................................................................................................. 6
KQHT 1: Xc nh cc kin thc c bn v gii hn dy s v dy hm mt bin
s ............................................................................................................................. 12
Trnh by cc kin thc v cc trng s ........................................................... 12
Bi: CC TRNG S ................................................................................. 12
1.1. Tp cc s ............................................................................................. 12
1.2. S phc ................................................................................................. 13
1.3. Khong Ln cn ................................................................................. 15
Trnh by cc nh ngha v gii hn dy s. ..................................................... 15
Bi: HM S V GII HN ........................................................................ 15
2.1. Hm s .................................................................................................. 15
2.1.1. nh ngha 1................................................................................... 15
2.1.2. nh ngha 2................................................................................... 16
2.1.3. Cc tnh cht................................................................................... 16
2.2. Gii hn ca dy s .............................................................................. 19
2.2.1. Cc nh ngha ............................................................................... 19
2.2.2. Cc tnh cht................................................................................... 21
Trnh by cc vn v gii hn hm ................................................................ 21
Bi: GII HN CA HM S ..................................................................... 21
3.1. Cc nh ngha ...................................................................................... 21
3.2. Cc tnh cht ......................................................................................... 23
3.3. Cc gii hn c bn .............................................................................. 24
Trnh by cc khi nim v v cc v s lin tc ca hm s............................ 26
Bi: V CNG B V V CNG LN ...................................................... 26
4.1. Cc nh ngha ...................................................................................... 26
4.2. Cc tnh cht ......................................................................................... 27
Bi: HM S LIN TC............................................................................... 28
4.3. Cc nh ngha ...................................................................................... 28
4.4. Tnh lin tc ca hm s s cp............................................................ 29
4.5. Cc php tnh v hm lin tc ti cng mt im. ............................... 29
BI TP ................................................................................................................. 30
KQHT 2: Kho st hm s v tnh gn ng gi tr ca hm mt bin s bng ng
dng vi phn, bng khai trin Taylor Maclaurin. ................................................ 33
Trnh by php tnh o hm hm mt bin ....................................................... 33
Bi: O HM .............................................................................................. 33
1.1. Cc nh ngha ...................................................................................... 33
1.2. Cc nh l ............................................................................................ 34
1.3. ngha ca o hm ............................................................................ 34
1.3.1. ngha hnh hc ............................................................................ 34
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 6
Ton cao cp
1.3.2. ngha vt l................................................................................. 34

1.4. Qui tc tnh o hm............................................................................. 34
1.5. o hm cp cao................................................................................... 36
Bi: VI PHN ................................................................................................. 37
1.6. nh ngha vi phn................................................................................ 37
1.7. Mi lin h gia vi phn v o hm ................................................... 37
1.8. Cc nh l c bn ca php tnh vi phn............................................. 38
Trnh by mt s ng dng ca php tnh vi phn.............................................. 42
Bi: MT S NG DNG CA PHP TNH VI PHN............................ 42
2.1. Kho st tnh n iu ca hm s....................................................... 42
2.2. Bi ton tm gi tr nh nht, ln nht ca hm s f(x) lin tc trn
on [a; b]. ................................................................................................... 43
2.3. Kho st v v th hm s................................................................ 45
BI TP ................................................................................................................. 45
KQHT 3: Tnh tch phn i bin, tng phn, din tch hnh phng, di cung
phng v th tch vt th trn xoay. Xt cc tch phn suy rng. ........................... 48
Tch phn bt nh............................................................................................... 48
Bi: TCH PHN BT NH ........................................................................ 48
1.1. Nguyn hm v tch phn bt nh ....................................................... 48
1.2. Cc phng php tnh tch phn ........................................................... 50
1.2.1. Phng php i bin s................................................................ 50
1.2.2. Phng php tch phn tng phn: ................................................ 51
1.3. Tch phn ca cc hm s n gin...................................................... 52
1.3.1. Tch phn ca hm s hu t ......................................................... 52
1.3.2. Tch phn ca hm s lng gic .................................................. 56
3.3.3. Tch phn ca hm s v t ........................................................... 58
BI TP ................................................................................................................. 60
Tch phn xc nh .............................................................................................. 61
Bi: TCH PHN XC NH........................................................................ 61
2.1. nh ngha tch phn xc nh.............................................................. 61
2.1.1. Bi ton din tch hnh thang cong ................................................ 61
2.1.2. nh ngha tch phn xc nh ....................................................... 62
2.2. Tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh .......................................................... 63
2.3. Cng thc c bn ca tch phn xc nh............................................. 65
BI TP ................................................................................................................. 66
ng dng tch phn tnh din tch hnh phng, di cung phng v th tch
vt th trn xoay.................................................................................................. 67
3.1. Tnh din tch hnh phng ..................................................................... 67
3.2. Tnh di ng cong phng ............................................................. 69
3.3. Tnh th tch vt th .............................................................................. 71
3.4. Tnh din tch mt trn xoay................................................................. 72
BI TP ................................................................................................................. 74
Xt s hi t, phn k ca cc tch phn suy rng loi mt v loi hai. ............ 75
Bi: TCH PHN SUY RNG....................................................................... 75
4.1. Tch phn suy rng loi mt ................................................................. 75
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 7
Ton cao cp
4.2. Tch phn suy rng loi hai .................................................................. 76

4.3. iu kin hi t ca tch phn suy rng ............................................... 78
4.3.1. Tch phn suy rng loi mt .......................................................... 78
4.3.2. Tch phn suy rng loi hai............................................................ 79
BI TP ................................................................................................................. 81
KQHT 4: Gii cc bi ton ng dng vi phn hm nhiu bin. ............................. 82
Trnh by cc nh ngha v gii hn dy s. ..................................................... 82
Bi: KHI NIM C BN V HM NHIU BIN ................................... 82
1.1. Khi nim c bn v hm nhiu bin ................................................... 82
1.1.1. Rn v cc tp con............................................................................ 82
1.1.2. nh ngha hm nhiu bin ............................................................ 84
1.1.3. Cc v d: ....................................................................................... 85
1.2. Biu din hnh hc ca hm hai bin s ............................................... 86
1.3. Gii hn ca hm nhiu bin s: Z = f(x; y) ........................................ 88
1.3.1. nh ngha gii hn........................................................................ 88
1.3.2. Cc v d ........................................................................................ 88
1.3.3. Ch .............................................................................................. 89
1.4. S lin tc ca hm s Z = f(x; y) ........................................................ 89
1.4.1. nh ngha 1................................................................................... 89
1.4.2. nh ngha 2................................................................................... 89
Tm cc o hm ring v vi phn. ..................................................................... 90
Bi: O HM RING V VI PHN ......................................................... 90
2.1. o hm ring....................................................................................... 90
2.1.1. nh ngha...................................................................................... 90
2.1.2. o hm ring cp cao................................................................... 93
2.2. Vi phn ton phn ................................................................................. 94
2.2.1. nh ngha...................................................................................... 94
2.2.2. iu kin kh vi ............................................................................. 95
2.2.3. Vi phn cp cao.............................................................................. 96
2.2.4. ng dng tnh gn ng............................................................ 97
2.3. o hm ca hm hp .......................................................................... 98
2.4. o hm ca hm n........................................................................... 100
Tm cc tr hm nhiu bin. .............................................................................. 102
Bi: CC TR CA HM NHIU BIN.................................................... 102
3.1. Cc tr t do ........................................................................................ 102
3.2. Quy tc tm cc tr .............................................................................. 102
3.3. Cc tr c iu kin............................................................................. 104
3.3.1. nh ngha.................................................................................... 104
3.3.2. Qui tc th .................................................................................... 104
3.3.3. Phng php nhn t ca Lagrange ............................................ 105
3.3.4. V d:............................................................................................ 106
3.4. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht trong min ng ................... 107
BI TP ............................................................................................................... 108
KQHT 5: Gii phng trnh vi phn cp mt, cp hai v ng dng .................... 110
Tm hiu v phng trnh vi phn..................................................................... 110
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 8
Ton cao cp
Bi: PHNG TRNH VI PHN TNG QUT V PTVP.................... 110

1.1. Cc bi ton thc t ............................................................................ 110
1.1.1. Bi ton 1 ..................................................................................... 110
1.1.2. Bi ton 2 ..................................................................................... 110
1.2. nh ngha phng trnh vi phn........................................................ 111
Gii cc phng trnh vi phn cp mt. ............................................................ 112
Bi: PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP I ..................................................... 112
2.1. Tng qut v phng trnh vi phn cp I ........................................... 112
2.1.1. nh ngha.................................................................................... 112
2.1.2. nh l v tn ti v duy nht nghim......................................... 112
2.1.3. Nghim tng qut v nghim ring ca phng trnh vi phn cp
mt.......................................................................................................... 112
2.2. Phng trnh vi phn c bin phn ly................................................. 113
2.2.1. nh ngha.................................................................................... 113
2.2.2. Cch gii ...................................................................................... 113
2.3. Phng trnh vi phn ng cp ........................................................... 114
2.4. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp I ................................................ 116
2.4.1. nh ngha.................................................................................... 116
2.4.2. Cch gii ...................................................................................... 117
2.5. Phng trnh BECNOULLI................................................................ 118
2.5.1. nh ngha.................................................................................... 118
2.5.2. Cch gii ...................................................................................... 118
2.6. Phng trinh vi phn ton phn.......................................................... 119
2.6.1. nh ngha.................................................................................... 119
2.6.2. Cch gii ...................................................................................... 119
Gii cc phng trnh vi phn cp hai. ............................................................. 122
BI 3: PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP II ............................................... 122
3.1. Tng qut v phng trnh vi phn cp II .......................................... 122
3.1.1. nh ngha.................................................................................... 122
3.1.2. nh l v s tn ti v duy nht ca phng trnh vi phn cp hai
................................................................................................................ 123
3.1.3. Nghim tng qut v nghim ring ca phng trnh vi phn cp
hai........................................................................................................... 123
3.2. Cc phng trnh vi phn cp hai gim cp c .............................. 123
3.2.1. Loi 1: V phi ca phng trnh khng cha y v y ................ 123
3.2.2. Loi 2: Khi v phi ca phng trnh khng cha y ................... 124
3.2.3. Loi 3: V phi khng cha x...................................................... 124
3.3. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp II............................................... 125
3.3.1. nh ngha.................................................................................... 125
3.3.2. Phng trnh thun nht............................................................... 125
3.3.3. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp II khng thun nht ........... 128
3.4. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai vi h s l hng s............ 129
3.4.1. nh ngha.................................................................................... 129
3.4.2. Cch gii ...................................................................................... 129
BI TP ............................................................................................................... 133
KQHT 6: Gii bi ton ng dng ma trn v h phng trnh tuyn tnh. .......... 135
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 9
Ton cao cp
L thuyt s cp v Ma trn.............................................................................. 135

Bi: KHNG GIAN VECT Rn................................................................... 135
1.1. Khng gian vect Rn ........................................................................... 135
1.2. T hp tuyn tnh................................................................................ 135
1.3. H vect ph thuc tuyn tnh v c lp tuyn tnh ........................ 136
Bi: L THUYT S CP V MA TRN ................................................ 137
1.4. Khi nim v ma trn.......................................................................... 137
1.4.1. nh ngha.................................................................................... 137
1.4.2. Cc dng ma trn thng gp ...................................................... 137
1.5. Cc php ton trn ma trn ................................................................. 140
1.5.1. S bng nhau ca hai ma trn ...................................................... 140
1.5.2. Php cng cc ma trn ................................................................. 140
1.5.3. Nhn mt s khc khng vi mt ma trn................................... 141
1.5.4. Nhn hai ma trn .......................................................................... 141
1.5.5. Ly tha bc n ca ma trn.......................................................... 142
1.5.6. Php chuyn v ............................................................................. 142
1.5.7. Cc php bin i s cp ............................................................. 143
Tnh nh thc ca ma trn v tm hng ca ma trn........................................ 144
Bi: NH THC ......................................................................................... 144
2.1. nh thc ca ma trn vung.............................................................. 144
2.1.1. Cc nh ngha ............................................................................. 144
2.1.2. Phng php tnh nh thc......................................................... 145
2.2. Cc tnh cht ca nh thc ................................................................ 148
2.2.1. Tnh cht 1 ................................................................................... 148
2.2.2. Tnh cht 2 ................................................................................... 149
2.2.3. Tnh cht 3 ................................................................................... 149
2.2.4. Tnh cht 4 ................................................................................... 150
2.2.5. Tnh cht 5 ................................................................................... 150
2.2.6. Tnh cht 6 ................................................................................... 151
2.2.7. Tnh cht 7 ................................................................................... 151
Bi: HNG CA MA TRN ....................................................................... 153
2.3. nh ngha........................................................................................... 153
2.4. Cc phng php tm hng ca ma trn ............................................. 154
2.4.1. Dng nh ngha........................................................................... 154
2.4.2. Phng php dng php bin i s cp ..................................... 155
Gii c bi ton ng dng ma trn............................................................... 157
H phng trnh tuyn tnh khng thun nht. ................................................. 158
Bi: H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH KHNG THUN NHT....... 158
4.1. nh ngha........................................................................................... 158
4.2. iu kin mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh c nghim................... 160
4.3. Cc phng php gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh ............................. 162
4.3.1. Phng php a v h Gramer .................................................. 162
4.3.2. Phng php kh dn n s ca Gause ....................................... 163
4.3.3. Phng php dng ma trn nghch o ....................................... 166
4.3.4. Phng php Gramer ................................................................... 167
H phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht. ............................................................ 170
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 10
Ton cao cp
Bi: H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH THUN NHT ...................... 170

5.1. nh ngha........................................................................................... 170
5.2. Cc v d ............................................................................................. 171
Gii bi ton ng dng h phng trnh tuyn tnh. ......................................... 174
Bi: TM IM CN BNG TH TRNG ............................................. 174
TI LIU THAM KHO....................................................................................... 176
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 11
Ton cao cp
NI DUNG CHI TIT MN HC

KQHT 1: Xc nh cc kin thc c bn v gii hn dy s v dy hm mt
bin s
Trnh by cc kin thc v cc trng s
Bi: CC TRNG S
1.1. Tp cc s
Tp s t nhin: N = {1 ; 2 ;... }
Tp s nguyn: Z = {0; 1; 2;...}
p
q
Tp s hu t: Q = x sao cho x = ; p, q Z , q 0
Mt s hu t bao gi cng vit c di dng mt s thp phn hu hn

hay s thp phn v hn tun hon.
V d 1:
1
= 0,25 ;
4
3
= 0,75.
4
7
7
= 1,1666... ta c th vit
= 1,1(6)
6
6
15
15
= 1,363636... hay
= 1, (36)
11
11
Ngc li, cho mt s thp phn hu hn hay v hn tun hon th n s

biu din mt s hu t no .
S thp phn hu hn a0,a1a2an s biu th s hu t
a
a
p
= a 0 + 1 + 22 +
q
10 10
an
10 n
S thp phn v hn tun hon a0,a1,a2an (b1b2bm) s biu th s hu

a
a
p
t = a0 + 1 + 22 +
q
10 10
an
10 m n b1 b2
+ n + m
+
( +
10
10 1 10 10 2
bm
)
10 m
Nhn xt:
Mt s thp phn hu hn cng c th c xem l s thp phn v hn
tun hon, chng hn:
1
= 0,25000... hay
4
1
= 0,25(0)
4
Nh vy c s ng nht gia tp s hu t v tp cc s thp phn v hn

tun hon.
nh ngha 1: Mt s biu din c di dng mt s thp phn v hn khng
tun hon c gi l s v t. Tp cc s v t k hiu l: I
V d 2:
2 = 1,414213562...
; Tp s thc R = Q I
= 3,141592653...
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 12
Ton cao cp
ng thng thc (trc s): Trn ng thng , ly im O lm gc v

chn vect n v OE = e . S x l s thc khi v ch khi tn ti duy nht mt im
M thuc ng thng sao cho OE = xe . Khi im M c gi l im biu
din hnh hc ca s thc x trn ng thng v ng thng c gi l
ng thng thc hay trc s.
0
O E
Hnh 1.1
1.2. S phc
S phc l s c dng: z = a + ib. Trong a, b R, i l n v o vi i2 = -1.
Ta k hiu: a = Rez gi l phn thc; b = Imz gi l phn o. C l tp hp tt
c cc s phc.
S phc z = a + ib c th biu din hnh hc l mt im M(a;b) trn mt
phng Oxy.
S phc z = a ib oc gi l s phc lin hp ca s phc z = a + ib, hai s
phc lin hp i xng nhau qua Ox.
y
b
Php ton:
M(a; b)
z = a + ib
Cho 2 s phc z1 = a1 + ib1; z2 = a2 + ib2,
khi ta c:
z1 z 2 = (a1 + a 2 ) + i (b1 + b2 )
r
a
z1 .z 2 = (a1 a 2 b1b2 ) + i (a1b2 + a 2 b1 )

z1 a1 a 2 + b1b2
b a a1b2
;
=
+ i 1 22
2
2
z2
a 2 + b2
a 2 + b22
(z 2 0)
Re z1 = Re z 2
z1 = z 2
Im z1 = Im z 2
-b
z = a ib
H 1.2
Ch : Ta thc hin cc php ton theo quy tc chung thun tin hn.
V d 3: (1 3i) + (- 2 + 7i) = - 1 + 4i
(1 i)(2 + i) = 2 + i 2i i2 = 3 i
1
4i
4i
=
=
4 + i (4 + i )(4 i ) 17
Dng lng gic ca s phc:

Ta biu din s phc z = a + ib bi vect OM , gi r = OM = a 2 + b 2 l
moun ca s phc z, k hiu: z .
Gc = Ox, OM c xc nh sai khc nhau 2k ; k Z gi l argumen,

Trn Thin Khi
Trang 13
Ton cao cp
b
a
K hiu: Argz. Ta c tg = .
T ngha hnh hc, ta c a = r cos ; b = r sin z = r (cos + i sin ) .
V d 4: Biu din s phc z = 1 + i di dng lng gic.
Ta c: r = 12 + 12 = 2 , tg = 1 =
z = 2 cos + i sin .
4
4
4
Cho cc s phc z = r (cos + i sin ); z1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 ); z 2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 ) .

z1 .z 2 = r1 .z 2 [cos(1 + 2 ) + i sin (1 + 2 )] z1 .z 2 = z1 z 2 ; Arg (z1 .z 2 ) = Argz1 + Argz 2 + 2k
z1 r1
= [cos(1 2 ) + i sin (1 2 )]
z 2 r2
z1
z
z1
; Arg 1 = Argz1 Argz 2 + 2k
=
z2
z2
z2
z n = r n [cos n + i sin n ] z n = z ; Arg (z n ) = nArgz + 2k

n
z = u un = z
Biu din u di dng u = (cos + i sin ) .

Ta c:
u n = z n (cos n + i sin n ) = r (cos + i sin )
= n r
n = r
+ k 2
; k = 0; n 1
n = + k 2
=
n
+ k 2
+ k 2
u = n r cos
+ i sin
; k = 0; n 1
n
n
V d 5:
Tnh 1/ A = (1 + i )20 .
2/ u = 4 1 + i
Gii
1/ Ta c: A = 2 cos + i sin A = 210 (cos 5 + i sin 5 ) = 210 .
2/ z 2 = 4 2 cos
+ k 2
+ i sin
4
+ k 2
4
8
=
+ k 8
+ k 8
2 cos
+ i sin
16
16
; k = 0; 3
u = 4 1 + i c 4 gi tr:
u 0 = 8 2 cos + i sin
16
16
17
17
+ i sin
u 2 = 8 2 cos
16
16
Trn Thin Khi
9
9
+ i sin
u1 = 8 2 cos
16
16
25
25
+ i sin
u 3 = 8 2 cos
16
16
Trang 14
Ton cao cp
1.3. Khong Ln cn
nh ngha 2: Khong l tp hp cc s thc (hay cc im) nm gia hai s thc
(hay hai im) no .
Phn loi khong:
Khong hu hn:
Khong ng: [a, b] = {x R \ a x b}
Khong m: (a, b ) = {x R \ a < x < b}
Khong na ng, na m: (a, b] = {x R \ a < x b}
[a, b ) = {x R \ a x < b}
Khong v hn:
( , a ) = {x R \ x < a}; ( , a] = {x R \ x a}
(b, + ) = {x R \ x > b}; [b, + ) = {x R \ x b}
nh ngha 3: Gi s a l mt s thc, khong m (a - , a + ) (vi > 0) c
gi l ln cn bn knh ca a.
(
a -
)
a
a +
Hnh 1.3
Trnh by cc nh ngha v gii hn dy s.

Bi: HM S V GII HN
2.1. Hm s
2.1.1. nh ngha 1
Cho X R, mt hm s f xc nh trn X l mt quy tc sao cho ng vi
mi gi tr ca bin x thuc X c duy nht mt gi tr thc ca bin y.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 15
Ton cao cp
K hiu y = f(x)
x c gi l bin c lp, y c gi l bin ph thuc.
X c gi l min xc nh ca hm s, k hiu l Df .
Tp Y = {y R \ y = f ( x), x D f } c gi l min gi tr ca hm s, k
hiu Rf
V d 1: Khi nui mt con b, quan st qu trnh tng trng ca b ta c mi lin
h gia thi gian nui t (ngy) v trng lng m (kg) ca con b l mt hm s m
= m(t).
2.1.2. nh ngha 2
th ca hm s y = f(x) l tp hp cc im M(x, f(x)) trong h ta
Descartes, G = {M ( x, f ( x), x D}
2.1.3. Cc tnh cht
a. Hm s n iu
nh ngha 3:
Hm s y = f(x) c gi l tng (hay tng nghim ngt) trn tp E Df ,
nu vi mi x1, x2 E , x1 < x2 th f(x1) f(x2) (hay f(x1) < f(x2)).
Hm s y = f(x) c gi l gim (hay gim nghim ngt) trn tp E Df ,
nu vi mi x1, x2 E , x1 < x2 th f(x1) f(x2) (hay f(x1) > f(x2)).
Hm s y = f(x) c gi l hm s n iu (hay n iu nghim ngt)
trn E Df nu n tng hoc gim (hay tng nghim ngt hoc gim nghim ngt)
trn E.
Nu ta s dng thut ng trn m khng nhc n tp E th coi nh E = Df .
V d 2: Hm s y = f(x) = x2 gim nghim ngt trn (- , 0] v tng nghim ngt
trn [0, + ).
Tht vy, gi s x1, x2 [0, + ) v x1 < x2. Khi ta c:
f(x1) f(x2) = x12 x22 = ( x1 x2 )( x1 + x2 ) < 0 f(x1) < f(x2)
Vy hm s y = x2 tng nghim ngt trn [0, + ).
Chng minh tng t ta c hm s y = x2 gim nghim ngt trn (- , 0] .
b. Hm s chn v hm s l.
nh ngha 4: Tp X c gi l tp i xng qua gc ta O nu vi bt k
x X th x X. Ngi ta thng gi tt l tp i xng.
nh ngha 5: Cho hm s y = f(x) xc nh trn tp i xng X, khi ta c:
Hm s y = f(x) l hm s chn nu vi mi x thuc X th f(-x) = f(x).
Hm s y = f(x) l hm s l nu vi mi x thuc X th f(-x) = - f(x).
V d 3:
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 16
Ton cao cp
1. Hm s f(x) = x2 l hm s chn trn R.

2. Hm s g(x) = x3 l hm s l trn R.
Tht vy, vi mi x R , ta c:
f(-x) = (- x)2 = x2 = f(x)
g(-x) = (- x)3 = - x3 = - f(x)
Ch : th ca hm s chn i xng qua trc tung, th ca hm s l i
xng qua gc ta O.
c. Hm s b chn.
nh ngha 6:
Hm s y = f(x) c gi l b chn di trn tp X Df nu tn ti s a R
sao cho f(x) a, x X.
Hm s y = f(x) c gi l b chn trn trn tp X Df nu tn ti s b R sao
cho f(x) b, x X.
Hm s y = f(x) c gi l b chn trn tp X Df nu n va b chn trn
va b chn di, tc l tn ti hai s a, b R sao cho a f(x) b, x X.
Ch : th ca hm s b chn s nm gia hai ng thng y = a v y = b.
V d 4: Hm s f(x) =
4
b chn trn tp X= [1, + ).
x
Tht vy, vi mi x X ta lun c: f(x) =

Vy hm s f(x) =
4
4
> 0 v f(x) = < 4
x
x
4
b chn trn tp X= [1, + ).
x
d. Hm s tun hon.
nh ngha 7: Hm s y = f(x) c gi l hm s tun hon nu tn ti s t 0
sao cho vi mi x Df ta lun c x t Df v f(x + t) = f(x).
S dng T nh nht (nu c) trong cc s t ni trn c gi l chu k ca
hm s tun hon.
V d 5:
1. Cc hm s y = sinx v y = cosx tun hon vi chu k T = 2 .
2. Cc hm s y = tgx v y = cotgx tun hon vi chu k T = .
3. Cc hm s y = sin(ax+b) v y = cos(ax+b) tun hon vi chu k T =
Tht vy, xt hm s f(x) = sin(ax + b).
Gi tn ti s t 0 sao cho f( x + t) = f(x) x R
sin[a(x + t) + b] = sin(ax + b) x R
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 17
2
.
a
Ton cao cp
sin[a(x + t) + b] - sin(ax + b) = 0 x R
2cos(ax +
sin
at
at
+ b)sin = 0 x R
2
2
at
at
2k
=0
= k , k Z\{0} t =
, k Z\{0}
2
2
a
S T dng nh nht ng vi k = 1 (hoc k = -1), do ta c T =
2
l chu
a
k ca hm s f(x) = sin(ax + b).

Cc hm s cn li chng minh tng t (coi nh bi tp).
e. Hm s hp v hm s ngc.
nh ngha 8: Cho hai hm s f(x) v g(x) tho Rf Dg, khi hm s hp ca
f(x) v g(x) l hm s h(x) c xc nh h(x) = g[f(x)] vi mi x Df .
K hiu h = g f.
V d 6: Cho hai hm s f(x) = x2 v g(x) = 2x. Hy xc nh hm s g f v f g.
g f = g[f(x)] = g(x2) = 2
x2
f g = f[g(x)] = f(2x) = (2x)2 = 22x

nh ngha 9: Cho hm s y = f(x) tha: vi mi x1, x2 Df v x1 x2, ta lun c
f(x1) f(x2). Khi hm s ngc ca hm s f, k hiu f 1 c xc inh bi: x =
f -1(y), vi y = f(x).
V d 7: Hm s y = x3 c hm ngc l
y=3 x.
Ch :
1. Nu g l hm ngc ca hm f th Dg = Rf v Rg = Df .
2. th ca hai hm s ngc nhau i xng qua ng thng y = x.
3. iu kin hm s y = f(x) c hm ngc l hm f phi tn ti trong
min xc nh ca n.
f. Hm s s cp.
nh ngha 10: Cc hm s s cp c bn l cc hm s:
Hm s lu tha: y = x ( R).
Hm s m: y = ax (0 < a 1)
Hm s logarithm: y = logax (0 < a 1)
Cc hm s lng gic: y = sinx, y = cosx, y = tgx, y = cotgx
Cc hm lng gic ngc: y = arcsinx, y = arccosx, y = arctgx, y = arccotgx
i. y = arcsinx:
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 18
Ton cao cp
Hm s y = sinx l hm tng nghim ngt trn [

; ] nn n c hm
2 2
ngc: x = arcsiny.
Hm ngc ca y = sinx (
vi th ca hm y = sinx (
x ) l y = arcsinx, th ca n i xng
2
2
x ) qua ng thng y = x.
2
2
ii. y = arccosx:
Hm s y = cosx l hm gim nghim ngt trn [0; ] nn n c hm ngc
x = arccosy.
Hm ngc ca hm y = cosx (0 x ) l y = arccosx, th ca n i
xng vi th ca hm s y = cosx (0 x ) qua ng thng y = x.
iii. y = arctgx:
Hm s y = tgx l hm tng nghim ngt trn (

; ) nn n c hm ngc:
2 2
x = arctgy.
Hm ngc ca hm y = tgx (
xng vi th ca hm y = tgx (
< x < ) l y = arctgx, th ca n i

2
2
x ) qua ng thng y = x.
2
2
iv. y = arccotgx:
Hm s y = cotgx gim nghim ngt trn (0,) nn n c hm ngc x =
arccotgy.
Hm ngc ca hm y = cotgx (0 < x < ) l y = arccotgx, th ca n i
xng vi th ca y = cotgx (0 < x < ) qua ng thng y = x.
nh ngha 11: Hm s s cp l nhng hm s c to thnh bi mt s hu
hn cc php ton i s thng thng (cng, tr, nhn, chia vi mu khc khng)
v php ly hm hp t nhng hm s s cp c bn v cc hng s.
V d 8: Cc hm s s cp:
y = cos 4 x + sin( x + ) + 3
4
x
4
y =2 +x +2
y = 5 x 2 lg 3 x + 1
2.2. Gii hn ca dy s
2.2.1. Cc nh ngha
nh ngha 1: Cho hm s f xc nh trn tp N = {1, 2, 3., n}, khi cc gi
tr ca hm f ng vi n = 1, 2, 3, lp thnh mt dy s: f(1), f(2), f(3),, f(n).
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 19
Ton cao cp
Nu ta t xn = f(n), n = 1, 2, 3,... th dy s ni trn c vit thnh: x1, x2,

x3, , xn hay vit gn {xn}. Mi x1, x2, x3, c gi l s hng ca dy s {xn},
xn gi l s hng tng qut.
V d 1:
a. {xn}, vi xn = a n: a, a, a.
b. {xn}, vi xn = (-1)n : -1, 1, -1, 1, , (-1)n
nh ngha 2: S a c gi l gii hn ca dy s {xn} nu > 0 cho trc (b
ty ), tn ti s t nhin N sao cho: n > N th xn a < .
K hiu: lim x n = a hay xn a khi n .
n
nh ngha 3:
- Nu dy {xn} c gii hn l mt s hu hn a th ta ni dy s {xn} hi t
hay hi t v a.
- Nu dy {xn} khng hi t th ta ni dy s{xn} phn k.
n
=1
n
+
1
n
V d 2: Chng minh rng lim x n = lim

n
n
1
1
Vi mi > 0, ta xt x 1 =
1 =
< n > 1
n
n +1
n +1
1
n
Vy > 0 (b ty ), N = [ -1]sao cho n > N
1 <
n +1
n
=1
n
+
1
n
Vy lim xn = lim
n
nh ngha 4: Dy s {xn} c gi l dy s dn ti khi n nu M > 0,

ln ty , Nsao cho n > N th x n > M .
K hiu: lim x n = hay xn khi n .
n
V d 3: Chng minh rng lim x n = lim 5n =
n
n
Xt x
= 5n = 5n > M n > log M

5
M > 0 , ln ty : N = [log M ] : n > N 5n > M

5
Vy: lim 5 n =
n
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 20
Ton cao cp
2.2.2. Cc tnh cht

1. Nu dy s {xn} c gii hn th gii hn l duy nht.
x = a v a > p (hay a < q) th tn ti s dng N

2. Nu dy s {xn} c nlim
n
sao cho n > N x n > p (hay xn < q).
3. Nu dy {xn} c gii hn th n b chn, tc l tn ti s M > 0 sao cho
x n M, n .
4. Gi s {xn}, {yn} l nhng dy s c gii hn th:
- Nu xn = yn th lim x n = lim y n
n
- Nu xn yn th lim x n lim y n
n
5. Cho ba dy s {xn}, {yn}, {zn} tha xn yn zn n.

Khi , nu lim x n = lim z n = a th lim y n = a .
n
n
n
6. Gi s {xn}, {yn} l cc dy s hi t, khi ta c:
Dy s {xn yn} cng hi t v lim (x n y n ) = lim x n lim y n .
n
n
n
Dy s {xn . yn} cng hi t v lim x n .y n = nlim
x . lim y .
n n n
n
Dy s {xn . yn} cng hi t v lim x n .y n = lim x n . lim y n .

n
n
n
x .
Dy s {k.xn} cng hi t v lim kx n = k nlim
n
n
Dy s
x
n
y n
lim x
yn 0 )
cng hi t v lim x n = n n ( lim
n
n
yn
lim y n
Trnh by cc vn v gii hn hm
Bi: GII HN CA HM S
3.1. Cc nh ngha
Trong phn ny ta lun gi s f(x) l hm s c xc nh trong ln cn
im x0, khng nht thit phi xc nh ti x0.
nh ngha 1: Ta ni hm s f(x) c gii hn l L nu vi mi dy s {xn} trong
ln cn ca x0 tha: x n x 0 n v lim x n = x 0 th lim f(x n ) = L .
n
n
K hiu: lim f(x) = L hay f(x) L khi x x0.
xx
nh ngha 2: S L c gi l gii hn ca hm s f(x) khi x x0 nu vi mi

> 0 cho trc (b ty ) tn ti s dng sao cho vi mi x tha:
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 21
Ton cao cp
0< xx
< ta c f(x) L < .
nh ngha 3: S L c gi l gii hn phi (tri) ca hm s f(x) khi x x0

nu vi mi > 0 cho trc (b ty ) tn ti s dng sao cho vi mi x tha
x < x < x + ( x < x < x ) ta c f(x) L < .
0
0
0
0
K hiu: lim f(x) = L ( lim f(x) = L ).

xx
+
0
xx
nh ngha 4: S L c gi l gii hn ca hm s f(x) khi x nu vi mi

> 0 (b ty ) tn ti s M > 0 (ln ty ) sao cho vi mi x tha x > M ta c
f(x) L < .
K hiu: lim f(x) = L hay f(x) L khi x .

x
V d 1:
1. Chng minh: lim sin x = 0 .

x0
2
2. Chng minh: lim x 9 = 6 .
x3
3. Chng minh: lim
x 3
x x
= 0.
Gii:
1. V x 0 ta c th ch rt: x <
sinx < x < > 0, b ty :

2
= > 0 : 0 < x 0 = x < sinx 0 = sinx x <

Vy lim sin x = 0
x0
2. Khi x 3 x 3 0 ta c:
x2 9
x 3
> 0, > : 0 < x 3 <
6 = (x + 3) 6 = x 3 <
x2 9
x 3
6 < .
x2 9
=6
x
3
x3
Vy: lim
3. Xt: 1 0 = 1 = 1 < x > 1 , vi mi > 0 (b ty ),
x
x x
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 22
Ton cao cp
1
1
M = > 0 : x > M 0 < .
x
1
=0
Vy xlim
x
3.2. Cc tnh cht
Da vo gii hn ca dy s, nh ngha gii hn ca hm s, ta suy ra cc

tnh cht sau:
1. Nu f(x) c gii hn th gii hn l duy nht.
2. Nu hm s f(x) c gii hn l L khi x x0 v L > a (hay L < a) th
trong mt ln cn no ca x0 (khng k x0) ta c f(x) > a (hay f(x) < a).
3. Nu f(x) g(x) trong mt ln cn no ca im x0 v
lim f(x) = a , lim g(x) = b th b a.
xx
xx
4. Nu f(x) = C (vi C l hng s) th lim f(x) = lim f(x) = C .

xx
5. Nu f(x) l mt hm s s cp xc nh ti im x0 v trong ln cn x0
th lim f(x) = f(x 0 ) .
xx
6. Gi s f(x), g(x) v h(x) l nhng hm s c xc nh trong mt ln cn

no ca im x0, khng nht thit xc nh ti x0. Khi , nu cc hm s f(x),
g(x) v h(x) tha mn iu kin: g(x) f(x) h(x) v
lim g(x) = lim h(x) = L th lim f(x) = L .

xx
xx
xx
7. Gi s hm s f(x) xc nh ti mi x dng ln ty , khi nu hm f(x)

l hm s n iu tng v b chn trn th f(x) c gii hn khi x +
8. Gi s hm s f(x) xc nh ti mi x m ln tu v gi tr tuyt i, khi
nu hm f(x) l hm s n iu gim v b chn di th f(x) c gii hn khi x
-.
f ( x) = L lim f(x) = L = lim f(x) = L .

9. xlim
x
0
xx
+
0
xx
10. Nu cc hm s f(x) v g(x) c gii hn khi xx0 th cc hm [f(x)

f(x)
g(x)], f(x).g(x),
cng c gii hn v ta c:
g(x)
lim [f(x) g(x)] = lim f(x) lim g(x).
lim [f(x).g(x)] = lim f(x).lim g(x).
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 23
Ton cao cp
lim
f(x) limf(x)
=
; lim g ( x) 0
g(x) limg(x) x x
0
11. Xt hm hp f(u) v u = u(x), khi ta c:
u ( x) = u 0 , f(u) xc nh trong mt ln cn ca u0 v lim f (u ) = L

Nu xlim
x
u u
0
f [u ( x)] = L .
th xlim
x
0
2 x (x 2 + 3x 5)
V d 2: Tnh: lim
x2
t f (u ) = u ; u(x) = 2x(x2 + 3x 5), ta c

lim u ( x) = lim 2 x ( x 2 + 3x 5) = 20
x2
x2
lim f (u ) = lim
u 20
Vy lim
u = 20 = 2 5
u 20
2 x (x 2 + 3x 5) = 2 5
x2
3.3. Cc gii hn c bn
lim
x 0
sin x
=1.
x
ln(1 + x)
= 1.
x0
x
lim
ax 1
ex 1 .
lim
= ln a . t bit lim
=1
x 0
x 0
x
x
(1 + x) 1
= 1.
x 0
x
lim
1
1
lim (1 + x) x = e hay lim (1 + ) x = e .
x
x 0
x
Ch : Khi tnh gii hn ca hm s chng ta thng gp cc dng v nh
0
nh : , , , 1 . sau y l mt vi v d minh ha.
0
V du 3:
2
1. Tnh: lim 1 + x + x 1 .
x 0
x 2 7x + 6
.
x1 2
x 3x + 2
2. Tnh: lim
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 24
Ton cao cp
3. Tnh: lim
x 0
tgx
.
x
4. Tnh: lim
x 0
1 cos x
.
x2
5. Tnh: lim x + x .
x+
x +1
6. Tnh: lim ( x + x x ) .
x+
7. Tnh: lim (1 + sin x) 2 x .

x0
Gii:
2
2
2
1) lim 1 + x + x 1 = lim ( 1 + x + x 1)( 1 + x + x + 1)
x 0
x 0
x
x( 1 + x + x 2 + 1)
x2 + x
1+ x
1
= lim
=
x 0
x
0
x( 1 + x + x 2 + 1)
1 + x + x2 + 1 2
= lim
(x 1)(x 6)
x6
x 2 7x + 6
2) lim
= lim
= lim
=5
x1 2
x1 (x 1)(x 2) x1 x 2
x 3x + 2
3) lim
x0
4) lim
x 0
tgx
sin x
sin x
1
= lim
= lim
. lim
= 1 .1 = 1
x 0 x. cos x
x0
x
x x 0 cos x
1 cos x
= lim
x 0
x2
5) lim
x+
x
x
sin
2 = lim (
2 ) 2 . 1 = 1.
x 0
x
2
x2
2
2 sin 2
x+ x
= lim
x + 1 x+
1
x
= 1.
1
1+
x
1+
6) lim ( x + x x ) = lim
x+
x+
x
x+ x + x
1
7) lim (1 + sin x ) 2 x = lim [(1 + sin x ) sin x ]

x0
Trn Thin Khi
x0
= lim
x+
sin x
2x
1
1
= .
1
2
1+
+1
x
= e2 = e .
Trang 25
Ton cao cp
Trnh by cc khi nim v v cc v s lin tc ca hm s.

Bi: V CNG B V V CNG LN
4.1. Cc nh ngha
nh ngha 1: Hm f(x) c gi l v cng b (hay v cng ln) khi x x0 nu
lim f ( x ) = 0 ( hay lim f ( x ) = + ) , y x0 c th hu hn hoc v hn.
x x0
x x0
V d 1:
1) Khi x 0 th sinx l VCB v lim

sin x = 0 .
x0
2) Khi x th
1
1
l VCB v lim = 0 .
x
x
x
3) Khi x 0 th
1
1
= + .
l VCL v lim
x 0 x
x
Nhn xt:
Nu hm f(x) l mt VCB khi x x0 v khc 0 th

x x0 . Nu f(x) l mt VCL khi x x0 th
1
l mt VCL khi
f (x)
1
l mt VCB khi x x0 .
f (x)
Mt hng s c gi tr tuyt i b n u th cng khng c coi l hm

VCB, mt hng s d c gi tr tuyt i ln n u th n cng ch l mt s ln
ch khng phi l VCL.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 26
Ton cao cp
nh ngha 2: Gi s f(x), g(x) l hai VCB khi x x0 . Ta ni chng l cc VCB

f ( x)
= c , khi :
(VCL) so snh c nu tn ti gii hn xlim
x g ( x)
0
i. Nu c 0, c th ta ni rng f(x) v g(x) l nhng VCB(VCL) cng

cp.
ii. Nu c = 0 th ta ni rng f(x) mt VCB cp cao hn (VCL cp thp hn)
so vi g(x).
iii. Nu tn ti r > 0 sao cho f(x) cng cp vi [g(x)]r th ta ni rng f(x) l
VCB (VCL) cp r i vi g(x).
V d 2: Khi x 0 th 1 cos x v x2 l hai VCB cng cp vi nhau.
V lim
x 0
1 cos x
= lim
x 0
x2
2. sin 2
x2
x
x
sin
2 = lim( 2 ) 2 . 1 = 1
.
x 0
x
2 2
2
Quy tc ngt b VCB cp cao: Gi s f(x), g(x) l hai VCB khi x x0 ,
ng thi f(x), g(x) u l tng ca nhiu VCB th gii hn ca t s
f ( x)
bng
g ( x)
gii hn ca t s gia hai VCB c cp thp nht t s v mu s.

x + sin 2 x + tg 3 x
x 1
V du 3: lim
= lim
=
3
7
x0
x 0
3x + 4 x + 5x
3x 3
nh ngha 3: Gi s f(x), g(x) l hai VCB khi x x0 . Ta bo chng l cc VCB

f ( x)
= 1 . K hiu: f(x) g(x).
tng ng khi x x0 . nu xlim
x g ( x)
0
V d 4: Khi x 0 th sinx x ; ex 1 x; ln(1 + x) x.

Ch : Nu trong qu trnh no : 1(x) 2(x) cn 1(x) 2(x) th trong qu
( x)
( x)
= lim 2
trnh y: lim 1
.
1 ( x)
2 ( x)
V d 5:
1) lim
x 0
sin 5x
5x 5
= lim
=
x 0
sin 3x
3x 3
2) lim
x0
ln(1 + 2x)
2x 2
= lim
=
3x
x0
e 1
3x 3
4.2. Cc tnh cht
1) Tng ca hai VCB l mt VCB (khi x x0 ).

2) Tch ca mt VCB vi mt i lng b chn l mt VCB (khi x x0).
f ( x ) = L (hu hn) khi v ch khi f(x) L = (x) l VCB khi x x0.

3) xlim
x
0
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 27
Ton cao cp
Bi: HM S LIN TC
4.3. Cc nh ngha
nh ngha 1: Cho hm s f(x) xc nh ti x0 v trong ln cn x0, khi hm
f(x) c gi l lin tc ti x0 nu lim f (x ) = f (x 0 ) .
x x 0
nh ngha 2: Cho hm s f(x) xc nh ti x0 v trong ln cn x0, khi hm

f(x) c gi l lin tc ti x0 nu lim f = 0.
x 0
Vi x = x x0 gi l s gia ca i s x.
f = f(x) f(x0) = f(x0+ x) f(x0), gi l s gia ca hm f(x) ng vi x ti
x0.
nh ngha 3: Hm f(x) c gi l lin tc tri (phi) ti im x0 nu:
Hm f(x) xc nh ti im x0 v trong ln cn tri (phi) im x0.
lim f ( x) = f ( x0 ) ( lim+ f ( x) = f ( x0 ) ).
x x0
x x0
nh ngha 4
- Hm f(x) c gi l lin tc trong khong (a; b) nu f(x) lin tc ti mi x

thuc khong (a; b).
- Hm f(x) c gi l lin tc trn [a; b] nu f(x) lin tc trong khong (a;
b) v lin tc phi ti x = a v lin tc tri ti x = b.
nh ngha 5: Hm s f(x) c gi l gin on ti x0 nu n khng lin tc ti
x0 v x0 c gi l im gin on ca hm f(x).
Ngi ta chia cc im gin on ca f(x) lm hai loi:

+ Nu x0 l im gin on ca hm s v gii hn tri, phi ca hm s
f(x) khi x dn ti x0 u l hu hn th x0 gi l im gin on loi mt ca hm
s f(x), cn = lim f ( x) lim f ( x) c gi l bc nhy ca f(x) ti x0.
x x0+
Trn Thin Khi
x x0
Trang 28
Ton cao cp
c bit: Nu lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) c gi l im gin on b c.

x x0+
x x0
+ Cc im gin on khng phi l im gin on loi mt th gi l im

gin on loi hai.
x 2
V d 1: Xt s lin tc tri, phi ca hm s f ( x) =
khi x 1
3 x + 1 khi x < 1
ti im x = 1.
* lim+ f ( x) = lim+ x = 1 = f (1) f (x ) lin tc phi ti x = 1 .

2
x 1
x 1
* lim f ( x) = lim 3 x + 1 = 4 f (1) f (x ) khng lin tc tri ti x = 1.

x 1
x 1
Ch : iu kin cn v cho hm f(x) lin tc ti x0 l hm f(x) phi lin tc

tri v lin tc phi ti x0.
4.4. Tnh lin tc ca hm s s cp
- Mi hm s s cp f(x) nu xc nh x0 v trong ln cn ti x0 th f(x) lin tc

ti x0.
- Mi hm s cp f(x) lin tc ti mi im trong min xc nh ca n.
V d 2:
1) f(x) = xn ( x N ) lin tc ti x.
2) f (x ) =
1
lin tc ti x 1.
x 1
3) f (x ) = x 2 1 lin tc ti mi x 1 x 1 x 1 .
4.5. Cc php tnh v hm lin tc ti cng mt im.
1) Nu f1(x), f2(x) l nhng hm s lin tc ti im x0 th tng, hiu

(f1(x) f2(x)); tch f1(x).f2(x); thng
f1 (x )
(f2(x) 0) cng l nhng hm s lin
f2 (x )
tc ti im x0.
2) Nu u = u(x) l hm s lin tc ti x = x0, cn hm f(u) lin tc ti u = u0
th hm f[u(x)] cng l lin tc ti x0.
ngha hnh hc ca khi nim lin tc:
Nu hm s y = f(x) lin tc trn [a; b] th th ca n l mt ng cong

lin khng b ngt qung ni hai im A(a, f(a)); B(b, f(b)).
Nhng tnh cht quan trng ca hm f(x) lin tc trn [a; b]:
i. Nu hm f(x) lin tc trn [a; b] th n b chn trn [a; b].

ii. Nu hm f(x) lin tc trn [a; b] th c gi tr nh nht v gi tr ln
nht.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 29
Ton cao cp
BI TP
1. DY S V GII HN
Bi 1: Chng minh rng khi n dy:
1
1
1
1
, 2 + , 2 + , 2 + , c gii hn bng 2.
2
3
4
n
3, 2 +
Bi 2: Chng minh rng lim x n = 0 vi:

n
a) xn =
(1) n +1
.
n
b) xn =
2n
.
n +1
c) xn = (-1)n.0,999n.
Bi 4: Dng ngn ng ( ) chng minh rng:
a). lim x = 4.
x2
b) lim e
1
x 1
x 1+
= +.
c) lim e
x 1
1
x 1
= 0.
2. TM CC GII HN
Bi 1: Tm cc gii hn:
x2 + 2
a) lim 2
.
x2 x 1
Bi 2: Tm cc gii hn:
a) lim
n
(n 1)(n 2)(n 3)
.
3n 3
d) lim
n
(n + 1)!
.
(n + 1)! n!
b) lim
n
( n + 1 + 2n ) .
2
n6 + 2
n 1
1
2
3
+ 2 + 2 + ... + 2 .
2
n
n
n
n
e) lim
n
1
.
g) lim + + ... +
n 1.2
2.3
(n 1)n
e) lim
1
n
x2
x +1
c) lim
.
x 2 x 1
x
b) lim
.
x2 2 x
h) lim
n
2 n +1 + 3n + 2
.
n 2 n + 3n +1
1 1
1
1 + + + ... + n
2 .
f) lim 2 4
n
1 1
1
1 + + + ... + n
3 9
3
c) lim
1 2 + 3 4 + ... 2n
n2 + 1
1
1
1
1 2 ...1 2 .
2
2 3 n
Bi 3: Tm cc gii hn:
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 30
Ton cao cp
4x2 + x +1
.
n x 3 + 7 x + 5
a) lim
x 3 + 3x 2 + 2 x
.
x 2
x2 x 6
d) lim
9 + 2x 5
.
3
x 2
g) lim
x 8
x+ x+ x
.
x +1
b) lim
n
c) lim ( x 2 + 2x x 2 2x )
n
e) lim
x 1
1
3
.
3
1 x 1 x
h) lim
x 0 3
f) lim
x a + xa
x2 a2
xa
1 + x 1
1 + x 1
Bi 4: Tm gii hn:
a). lim
x 0
1 + x 1
x
b) lim
x 1 n
Bi 5: Tm gii hn:
x 1
x 1
b) lim 3 x 3 + 3x 2 x 2 2 x .
a). lim x 2 + 2 x 2 x 2 + x + x .
x +
(1 x )(1 3 x )..(1 n x )
(1 x ) n 1
c) lim
x 1
x +
Bi 6: Tm cc gii hn:
cos(a + x) cos(a x)
.
x
sin x sin ax
d) lim
.
xa
xa
2 arcsin x
g) lim
.
x 0
3x
2 1 + cos x
.
x2
ln(cos x )
e) lim
x 0
x2
1
h) lim(
cot gx )
x 0 sin x
a) lim
x 0
sin 5 x sin 3x
sin x
cot gx cot ga
f) lim
.
xa
xa
b) lim
c) lim
x 0
x 0
Bi 7: Tm cc gii hn:
x
x2 2x +1
.
a) lim 2
x x 4 x + 2
1 + tgx sin x
d) lim
.
x 0 1 + sin x
b) lim(cos x) .
x 0
c) lim(1 + x 2 ) cot g x .
x 0
x2
x + 2
x 3
e) xlim
3x + 4
Bi 8: Tm gii hn:
a). lim
x 0
ln(a + x) ln a
.
x
b) lim
x e
ln x 1
.
xe
c) lim
x x 1
.
x ln x
c) lim
x 0
ln(1 + 3 x sin x)
.
tgx 2
x 1
Bi 9: Tm cc gii hn:
3x + sin 2 x
.
x 0 sin 2 x x 2
a). lim
d) lim
x 0
1 + 2x 1
.
tg 3x
1 cos 2 x + tg 2 x
.
x 0
x sin x
b) lim
e) lim
x 0
sin 2 x
e
x
sin x
arcsin
f) lim
x 0
1 x2 .
ln(1 + x)
Bi 10: Tm cc gii hn:
a) lim x 3 + x
x 0
b) lim ( x 1) 2
x 1
c) lim
x 0 +
1 cos x
1 cos x
3. TNH LIN TC CA HM S
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 31
Ton cao cp
Bi 1: Dng ngn ng ( ) chng minh tnh lin tc ca cc hm s
a) y = x2.
b) 3 x .
c) y = arctgx.
Bi 2: Xt s lin tc ti x0 = 0 ca cc hm s:
sin x
,x 0
a) y = x
0, x = 0
sin x
,x 0
b) y = x
1, x = 0
1
sin , x 0
.
x
a, x = 0
x sin , x 0
d) y =
x
c). y =
0, x = 0
1
,x 1
1
Bi 3: Xt s lin tc ti x0 = 1 ca hm s: y = f(x) = 1 + e x 1
a , x = 1
Bi 4: Xt s lin tc ti x0 = 1 v x0 = -1 ca hm s:
cos , x 1
2
x 1, x > 1
sin x
,x 1
Bi 5: Cho hm s: f(x) = x 1
. Chng t hm f lin tc trn R.
, x = 1
Bi 6: Tm cc tham s cc hm s sau lin tc x R.

e x , x < 0
a) f(x) =
a + x , x 0
x 2 , x 2
b) f(x) =
a x 2 , x > 2
x a , x < 3
1 ax, x 3
c) f(x) =
Bi 7: Xt s lin tc v tnh cht cc im gin on ca cc hm s sau y:

x
cos , x 1
2
b) f(x) =
x 1, x > 1
x 2 ,0 x 1
a). f(x) =
.
2 x 2 ,1 < x 2
Bi 8: ng dng s lin tc chng minh phng trnh f(x) = 0 C mt nghim

trong khong (a, b)
a) Phng trnh x3 -15x +1 = 0 c nghim thuc [-4;4]

b)
Phng trnh
a3
a1
a2
+
+
= 0 vi a1, a2, a3>0, k1<k2<k3
x k1 x k 2 x k 3
c 2 nghim thuc (k1;k2), (k2;k3)
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 32
Ton cao cp
KQHT 2: Kho st hm s v tnh gn ng gi tr ca hm mt bin s bng

ng dng vi phn, bng khai trin Taylor Maclaurin.
Trnh by php tnh o hm hm mt bin
Bi: O HM
1.1. Cc nh ngha
nh ngha 1: Gi s y = f(x) l hm s xc nh ti im x0 v trong ln cn ca
f ( x 0 + x) f ( x0 )
y
= lim
tn ti hu hn th gii hn
x 0 x
x 0
x
im x0. Nu gii hn lim
c gi l o hm ca hm s f(x) ti im x0. K hiu: f(x0) .

Ch :
Ta c th k hiu o hm ca hm s di cc dng sau: y;
dy df ( x)
;
; f (x).
dx
dx
Gi tr o hm ca hm s ti im x0 c biu din nh sau:
f(x0) ; y '
x = x0
dy
dx
;
x = x0
df ( x)
dx
.
x = x0
nh ngha 2: Gi s hm s y = f(x) xc nh ti x0 v ti x > x0 (hay x < x0).
Nu gii hn lim
x 0
f ( x0 + x) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 + x) f ( x0 )
= f +' ( x0 ) (hay lim
= f ' ( x0 ) )
0
x
x
tn ti hu hn th gii hn c gi l o hm phi (hay o hm tri) ca hm

f(x) ti im x0.
nh ngha 3:
Hm s f(x) c o hm trn khong (a;b) nu n c o hm ti mi im

thuc khong .
Hm s f(x) c o hm trn on [a;b] nu n c o hm trn khong (a;b)
v c o hm phi ti a, c o hm tri ti b.
V d 1: Dng nh ngha, tnh o hm ca hm s y = f(x) = ax + b.
Ta c f ' ( x) = lim
x 0
[a( x + x) + b] (ax + b ) = lim ax = a .

f ( x + x) f ( x)
= lim
x 0
x 0 x
x
x
t bit: Nu f(x) = C th f(x) = 0.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 33
Ton cao cp
1.2. Cc nh l
nh l 1: iu kin cn v hm s y = f(x) c o hm ti x l hm s f(x)
c o hm tri v o hm phi bng nhau.
nh l 2: Gi s hm s f(x) xc nh ti x0 v trong ln cn ca n. Khi nu
hm f(x) c o hm ti x0 th n lin tc ti x0.
Ch : Nu hm s f(x) lin tc ti x th cha th suy ra n c o hm ti x.
V d 2: Hm s f(x) = x lin tc ti x = 0 nhng khng c o hm ti im .
1.3. ngha ca o hm
1.3.1. ngha hnh hc
Cho hm s y = f(x) c th (C), trn (C) ly hai im M0(x0, y0), M(x, y).
V tr gii hn nu c ca cc tuyn M0M khi M M0 dc theo th (C) c gi
l tip tuyn ca (C) ti im M0.
y
l h s gc ca cc tuyn M0M.
x
y
Khi M M0 th x 0 v gii hn nu c ca
l h s gc ca tip tuyn.
x
Theo nh ngha ca o hm th f(x0) l h s gc ca tip tuyn vi th hm
s ti im M0(x0, y0).
Vi x = x x0 ; y = y y0 ta c t s
y
M
(C)
M0
O
x
Hnh 2.1
1.3.2. ngha vt l
Xt mt cht im M chuyn ng trn trc Ox sao cho ti thi im t th

S(t) l khong cch i s OM . Sau khong thi gian t tc l ti thi im t + t
,
cht im v tr M vi khong cch i s OM = S(t + t), khi qung ng
i ca cht im trong khong thi gian t l S(t + t) S(t). Do vn tc trung
bnh ca cht im trong khong thi gian t l t s
S (t + t ) S (t )
. By gi gi
t
S (t + t ) S (t )
l vn tc tc thi ca cht im ti thi im t.
t 0
t
tr S ' (t ) = lim
1.4. Qui tc tnh o hm

nh l 1: Gi s f(x), g(x) l cc hm s c o hm ti x, khi cc hm tng,
hiu, tch, thng ca chng cng c o hm ti x v:
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 34
Ton cao cp
1.
2.
[ f ( x) g ( x) ] = f ' ( x) g ' ( x)
'
[ f ( x).g ( x)] = f ' ( x).g ( x) + f ( x).g ' ( x)
'
'
f ( x)
f ' ( x).g ( x) f ( x).g ' ( x)
3.
=
g 2 ( x)
g ( x)
( g ( x) 0)
nh l 2: Nu hm s u = u(x) c o hm ti x0, hm f(u) xc nh trong khong

cha im u0 = u(x0) v hm f(u) c o hm ti im u0 th hm hp h(x) =
f[u(x)] c o hm ti im x0 v h(x0) = h(u0).u(x0).
nh l 3: Gi s hm y = f(x) c hm ngc l f 1(x). Nu hm f(x) c o hm
ti x0 v f ' ( x0 ) 0 th f 1(x) c o hm ti y0 = f(x0) v ( f 1 ) ( y 0 ) =

'
1
.
f ( x0 )
'
BNG O HM CA CC HM S S CP
f(x)
f ' ( x)
x ; u
n-1
x 1 ; nu u
a x ln a ; u a lna.
e x lne = e ; u e lne = u e
ax ; a
ex ; e
log a x ; lnx; logau
u'
1
1
( 1 a > 0);
( 1 u > 0); ;(x > 0)
x ln a
u log u
x
sinx; sinu
cosx; ucosu
cosx; cosu
- sinx; -ucosu
tgx; tgu
1
u'
;
cos 2 x cos 2 x
cotgx; cotgu
1
u'
; 2
sin 2 x
sin x
arcsinx; arcsinu
1
1 x2
arccosx; arccosu
arctgx; arctgu
Trn Thin Khi
1
1 x2
u'
1 u2
u'
1 u2
1
u'
;
1+ x2 1+ u2
Trang 35
Ton cao cp
arccotgx; arccotgu
1
u'
;
1+ x2
1+ u2
1.5. o hm cp cao
nh ngha: Gi s hm s y = f(x) c o hm y = f(x) trong khong (a; b), ta
gi f(x) l o hm cp mt ca hm f(x). Bn thn f(x) cng l hm s nn n c
th c o hm, nu hm f(x) c o hm ti x thuc khong (a; b) th ta gi o
hm ca hm f(x) l o hm cp 2 ca hm f(x) v k hiu:
y ' ' = f ' ' ( x) =
d 2 ( y) d 2 f
=
.
dx 2
dx 2
Tng qut: o hm cp n ca hm f(x) l o hm ca o hm cp (n 1) ca

n.
K hiu: y
Trn Thin Khi
(n)
= f
(n)
d n ( y) d n f
=
.
( x) =
dx n
dx n
Trang 36
Ton cao cp
Bi: VI PHN
1.6. nh ngha vi phn
nh ngha 1: Cho hm s f(x) xc nh ti x0 v trong ln cn ca n. Cho x mt
s gia x tu , nu ti x0 s gia ca hm s y = f(x0 + x) f(x0) vit c di
dng:
y = A x + (x)
trong A l i lng khng ph thuc vo x v (x) l v cng b bc cao

hn x (ngha l (x) 0 khi x 0 ) th ta ni hm s f(x) kh vi ti im x0
v i lng A x c gi l vi phn ca hm s ti im x0.
K hiu: dy = A. x.
Nhn xt: T nh ngha ta suy ra y = dy + (x) hay y dy = (x) . Vy nu
f(x) kh vi th s gia ca hm s sai khc vi phn mt lng v cng b khng
ng k. Do ta c: y dy khi x 0 .
Vi phn cp hai ca hm f(x) l vi phn ca vi phn cp mt, k hiu: d2f(x).

Vi phn cp n ca hm f(x) l vi phn ca vi phn cp n - 1 ca hm f(x),
K hiu: dnf(x). Ta c: dnf(x) = f(n)(x).dxn.
1.7. Mi lin h gia vi phn v o hm
nh l 1: iu kin cn v hm s y = f(x) kh vi ti im x0 l f(x) c o
hm hu hn ti im x0.
'
Ch : Vi phn ca hm f(x) thng c vit di dng df = f ( x0 ) x
* QUI TC TNH VI PHN.

nh l 2:
1. Gi s f(x), g(x) l cc hm s kh vi, khi ta c:

d(f g) = df dg
d(fg) = gdf + fdg
f gdf fdg
d =
g2
g
( g 0)
2. Gi s y =f(u) v u = u(x) l nhng hm s kh vi, khi ta c:

df[u(x)] = f[u(x)] = f(u).u(x).dx = f(u).du
* CNG THC TNH XP X.
'
Theo nhn xt: Nu f(x) kh vi ti im x0 v f ( x0 ) 0 th
y f ' ( x0 ) x hay f ( x0 + x) f ( x0 ) + f ' ( x0 )x

Trn Thin Khi
Trang 37
Ton cao cp
V d 1: Tnh gn ng 3 28
Ta c 3 28 = 3 271 +
Xt hm s f(x) =
1
1
= 33 1+
27
27
x f ' ( x) =
, Chn x0 = 1 v x =
33 x2
cng thc tnh gn ng ta c: f ( x0 + x) f ( x0 ) + f ' ( x0 )x
f (1 +
1
1
) f (1) + f ' (1).
27
27
3 1+
1
. Khi p dng
27
1
1 1
1+ .
27
3 27
1 1
1
3,04
= 3+
3 27
27
Vy 3 28 31 + .
1.8. Cc nh l c bn ca php tnh vi phn

nh ngha 2: Hm s f(x) t cc i (hay cc tiu) ti im x0 (a; b) Df nu
tn ti mt ln cn ca im x0 sao cho vi mi x thuc ln cn ta c:
f ( x) f ( x0 ) ( hay f ( x) f ( x0 ) )
im x0 gi l im cc i (hay cc tiu) ca hm s, im cc i hay

cc tiu gi chung l im cc tr. Gi tr hm s ti im cc i (hay cc tiu)
gi l gi tr cc i (hay cc tiu) v gi chung l gi tr cc tr.
nh l 3: (Fermat)
Nu hm s f(x) xc nh trong khong (a; b), t cc i hay cc tiu ti

im x0 (a; b) v tn ti f ' ( x0 ) th f ' ( x0 ) = 0.
nh l 4: (Rolle)
Nu hm s f(x) lin tc trn on [a; b] v kh vi trn khong (a; b) v f(a)

= f(b) th tn ti t nht mt im c (a; b) sao cho f(c) = 0.
nh l 5: (Lagrange)
Nu hm s f(x) lin tc trn on [a; b] v kh vi trong khong (a; b) th

tn ti t nht mt im c (a; b) sao cho f ' (c) =
f (b) f (a)
.
ba
nh l 6: (Cauchy)
Nu cc hm s f(x), g(x) lin tc trn on [a; b], kh vi trn khong (a; b)

v g ( x) 0 x (a, b) th tn ti t nht mt im c (a; b) sao cho
'
f ' (c) f (b) f (a)

=
.
g ' (c) g (b) g (a)
nh l 7: (Taylor)
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 38
Ton cao cp
Nu hm s f(x) kh vi n cp (n +1) trong ln cn ca im x0 th

x , x x 0 tn ti s c nm trong khong gia x v x0 sao cho
f ( x) = f ( x0 ) +
f ' ( x0 )
f '' ( x 0 )
f ( n ) ( x0 )
( x x0 ) +
( x x0 ) 2 + +
( x x 0 ) n + Rn ( x )
2!
n!
1!
Trong sai s Rn(x) gi l phn d Lagrange xc nh bi:

f ( n +1) (c)
Rn ( x) =
( x x 0 ) n +1 (vi c nm gia x v x0).
(n + 1) !
n
Khi cng thc trn c vit li f ( x) =

k =0
(k )
( x0 )
( x x0 ) k + Rn ( x).
k!
Cng thc ny gi l cng thc Taylor.

n
a thc Pn ( x) =
k =0
(k )
( x0 )
( x x 0 ) k gi l a thc Taylor.
k!
n
Khi x0 = 0 th cng thc Taylor c dng f ( x) =
k =0
(By gi phn d l: Rn ( x) =
(k )
(0) k
x + Rn ( x )
k!
f ( n +1) (c) n +1
x ), gi l cng thc Maclaurin.
(n + 1) !
* Mt s cng thc khai trin Maclaurin.
1. f(x) = ax.
ax = 1+
ln
ln 2 a 2
ln n a n
x+
x ++
x + Rn ( x ) ,
1!
2!
n!
vi Rn ( x) =
a c ln n +1 a n +1
x (c nm gia 0 v x).
(n + 1)!
2. f(x) = ex.
ex = 1+ x +
n +1
x2
xn
++
+ Rn ( x) , vi Rn ( x) = x
e c (c nm gia 0 v x).
2!
n!
(n + 1)!
3. f(x) = sinx.
x3 x5
x 2 n 1
n 1
sin x = x
+
+ (1)
+ R2 n 1 ( x)
3! 5!
(2n 1) !
sin[c + (2n + 1) ]
2 x 2 n +1 (c nm gia 0 v x).
Vi R2 n 1 ( x) =
(2n + 1)!
4. f(x) = cosx.
2n
x2 x4
n x
cos x = 1
+
+ (1)
+ R2 n ( x )
2! 4!
2n !
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 39
Ton cao cp
Vi R2 n ( x) =
cos[c + (n + 1) ] 2 n + 2
x
(2n + 2)!
(c nm gia 0 v x).
5. f(x) = ln(x + 1).

ln( x + 1) = x
x2 x3 x4
xn
+
+ + ( 1) ( n 1)
+ Rn ( x )
2
3
4
n
x n +1
(n + 1)(1 + c) n +1
Vi Rn ( x) =
(c nm gia 0 v x).
6. f(x) = (1 + x) .
(1 + x) = 1 + x +
Vi Rn ( x) =
( 1)
2!
x2 ++
( 1) ( n)
(n + 1) !
( 1)( 2) ( n + 1)
n!
(1 + c) ( n +1) x n +1
x n + Rn ( x )
(c nm gia 0 v x).
V d 2: 1) Dng khai trin Maclaurin ca hm ex tnh gn ng gi tr s e vi

sai s nh hn10 3.
2) Dng khai trin Maclaurin ca hm sinx tnh gn ng gi tr sin10 vi

sai s nh hn 10 5.
Gii
1) p dng cng thc khai trin Maclaurin ca hm f(x) = ex vi x = 1, ta c:
e 1+1+
c
1
1
+ + , vi sai s = Rn ( x) = e
; c (0,1)
2!
n!
(n + 1) !
ec
3
M =
c (0,1)
(n + 1) ! (n + 1) !
< 10 3 th ta ch cn ly n = 6, khi e 1 + 1 +
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
2! 3! 4! 5! 6!
2) p dng cng thc khai trin Maclaurin ca hm f(x) = sinx vi x= 10, ta

c:
0 2 n 1
(10 ) 3 (10 ) 5
n 1 (1 )
sin 1 1
+
+ (1)
3!
5!
(2n 1)!
0
sin[c + (2n + 1) ]
2 x 2 n +1 ; c (0, )
Vi sai s = R2 n 1 ( x) =
(2n + 1) !
180
2 n +1
sin[c + (2n + 1) ]
x
2 n +1
2
M =
x
c (0,
)
(2n + 1) !
(2n + 1) !
180
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 40
Ton cao cp
2 n +1
180
Vi x =
th = R2 n 1 ( )
180
180
(2n + 1) !
< 10
th ta ch cn ly n = 1, khi sin 1
(
)3
180 3!(180)3
nh l 8: (Qui tc LHospital th nht)
Gi s:
1. f(x) v g(x) l cc hm s kh vi trong ln cn ca im x0 .
2.
lim f ( x) = lim g ( x) = 0 .
x x
x x0
3. g ' ( x) 0 trong ln cn ca x0.

f ( x)
f ' ( x)
= A (hu hn hay v hn). Khi lim
= A.
4. xlim
'
x0 g ( x )
x x0 g ( x )
nh l 9: (Qui tc LHospital th hai)
Gi s:
1. f(x) v g(x) l cc hm s kh vi trong ln cn ca im x0 .
f ( x) = lim g ( x) = .
2. xlim
x
x x
0
3. g ' ( x) 0 trong ln cn ca x0.

f ( x)
f ' ( x)
= A (hu hn hay v hn). Khi lim
= A.
4. xlim
'
x0 g ( x )
x x0 g ( x )
2
x

3
2
2
x
3x
3x
2
= lim
= lim
= 6 lim = 6
V d 3: Tnh: 1) lim
x 0 x sin x
x 0 1 cos x
x 0
x 0
x
x
sin 2
2 sin 2
2
2
2) xlim
+
Trn Thin Khi
xn
n x n1
n (n 1) x n2
n!
=
lim
=
lim
= = lim x = 0
x
x
x
x + e
x +
x + e
e
e
Trang 41
Ton cao cp
Trnh by mt s ng dng ca php tnh vi phn.

Bi: MT S NG DNG CA PHP TNH VI PHN
2.1. Kho st tnh n iu ca hm s
nh l 1: Gi s hm s f(x) kh vi trn (a; b), iu kin cn v f(x) tng
(hay gim) trn khong (a; b) l f ' ( x) 0 ( hay f ' ( x) 0 ) vi mi x (a; b).
* Cc tr ca hm s.
nh l 2: (iu kin cn)
Nu hm s f(x) t cc tr ti x0 v kh vi ti x0 th f ' ( x) = 0 .
nh ngha 1: im x0 Df c gi l im ti hn ca hm s f(x) nu f(x)
khng kh vi ti x0 hoc f ' ( x) = 0 . im ti hn loi f ' ( x) = 0 cn gi l im dng
ca hm s.
nh l 3: (iu kin th nht ca cc tr)
Gi s hm s y = f(x) lin tc trong ln cn ca im x0, c o hm trong

ln cn (c th tr im x0). Nu x0 l im ti hn ca hm s v f ' ( x) i du
t dng sang m (t m sang dng) khi i qua x0 th x0 l im cc i (cc
tiu).
nh l 4: (iu kin th hai ca cc tr)
Gi s hm s y = f(x) c o hm lin tc n cp hai trong ln cn ca

im x0 v f ' ( x) = 0 . Khi nu f '' (x0) <0 ( f '' (x0) >0) th x0 l im cc i (cc
tiu).
V d 1: Tm cc tr ca hm s f ( x) = x 1 x 2
Min xc nh Df = [-1,1]
f ' ( x) =
1 2x 2
1 x2
2
2
=0 x=
Bng xt du f
x
f ' ( x)
2
2
2
2
+ 0
f(x)
C
CT
Vy hm s t cc tiu ti x =
fC = f(
2
2
2
1
, t cc i ti x =
; fCT = f(
)= ,
2
2
2
2
2
1
)= .
2
2
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 42
Ton cao cp
2.2. Bi ton tm gi tr nh nht, ln nht ca hm s f(x) lin tc trn on

[a; b].
tm gi tr nh nht, ln nht ca hm s f(x) lin tc trn on [a; b] ta

thc hin cc bc sau:
1. Tm cc im ti hn ca hm s f(x) trong khong (a; b).
2. Tnh gi tr ca hm s ti cc im trn v tnh f(a), f(b).
3. Gi tr ln nht, nh nht trong cc gi tr trn l gi tr ln nht, nh
nht ca hm s f(x) lin tc trn on [a; b].
V d 2: Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s f(x) = x3 3x + 4 trn [-3, 2].
Ta c f ' ( x) = 3x 2 3 = 0 x = 1
f(1) = 2 ; f(-1) = 6 ; f(-3) = -14 ; f(2) = 6
Gi tr ln nht ca hm s l 6 t ti x = -1; x = 2 (fmax = 6) v gi tr nh
nht ca hm s l -14 t ti x = -3 (fmin = -14).
V d 3: Ngi ta mun thit k mt ci lon hnh tr ng c din tch ton phn
l S. Hy xc nh kch thc ca lon sao cho th tch ca n ln nht.
Gii:
Gi x, y (x, y > 0) ln lt l bn knh y v chiu cao ca lon. Ta c:
Din tch ton phn ca lon l: S = S2 y + Sxq = 2 x 2 + 2 x y y =
S 2 x 2
2 x
Th tch ca lon l: V = x 2 y = x 2
Bi ton tr thnh tm x sao cho V(x) =

Ta c V ' ( x) =
S 2 x 2
2 x
S
= x x 3
2
S
x x 3 t gi tr ln nht.
2
S
S
3 x 2 = 0 x =
.
2
6
Bng bin thin:

x
S
6
V ' ( x)
V(x)
Vy V t gi tr ln nht khi x =
Trn Thin Khi
S
6
0
+
C
S
y=2
6
S
6
Trang 43
Ton cao cp
V d 4: Ngi ta mun thit k mt ci thng hnh ch nht (vi hai y l hnh

vung) vi th tch cn t c l V. Hi kch thuc cnh y v chiu cao bng
bao nhiu th tit kim nguyn liu nht.
Gi x, y (x, y > 0) ln lt l kch thuc cnh y v chiu cao ca thng. Ta c:

Th tch ca thng l: V = x2y y =
V
x2
Din tch ton phn ca thng l: S = S2 y + Sxq = 2x2 + 4xy = 2x2 +

Bi ton tr thnh tm x sao cho S(x) = 2x2 +
Ta c S ' ( x) = 4 x
4V
x
4V
t gi tr nh nht.
x
4V
=0 x=3V
2
x
Bng bin thin:

x
S ' ( x)
S(x)
CT
Vy V t gi tr nh nht khi x = 3 V y = 3 V
V d 5: Gi s AB l mt on thng trn b bin v L l mt o nh ngoi
khi (AL vung gc vi AB), ngi ta mun mc mt ng dy cp t L n B.
Hy xc nh v tr ca im C trn on AB sao cho tng gi tin cp (tnh trn
n v ngn ng) l nh nht? Bit rng: Phn cp di nc gi 500 ngn
ng/km, phn cp trn b gi 300 ngn ng/km, AL = 5 km, AB = 10 km.
Gii: Gi AC = x km ( 0 x 10 ) CB = 10 - x
V AL vung gc AB nn LC =
x 2 + 52
Tng tin cp: 500 x 2 + 5 2 + 300(10 - x)

'
Xt hm s t(x) = 500 x 2 + 5 2 + 300(10 - x) t ( x) =
Cho t(x) = 0 x =
500 x
x +5
2
300
15
4
15
= 5000; t (0 ) = 5500; t (10) = 2500 5 .
4
Ta c: t
Vy t(x) t gi tr nh nht (t(x)min = 5000) khi x =
15
, tc l ta cn chn
4
im C cch A l 3,75 km .
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 44
Ton cao cp
2.3. Kho st v v th hm s.
kho st v v th hm s ta thc hin cc bc sau:

1. Tm min xc nh ca hm s, tnh o hm cp 1 t suy ra tnh n
iu, cc tr ca hm s.
2. Tnh o hm cp 2 kho st tnh li lm, im un ca th.
th hm s y = f(x) gi l lm (hay li) nu f ' ' ( x ) > 0 (hay f ' ' ( x) < 0) .
im (x0, f(x0)) gi l im un ca th hm s y = f(x) nu:
i. th ca hm s y = f(x) c mt tip tuyn ti x0.
ii. Tnh li, lm ca hm s tri ngc nhau hai pha ca x0.
3. Tm cc ng tim cn ca th hm s thng qua cc gii hn c bit.
f ( x) = th x = a l ng tim cn ng.
Nu lim
xa
[ f ( x ) (a x + b)] = 0 th y = ax + b l ng tim cn ngang (a =

Nu xlim

0) hoc ng tim cn xin (a 0) ca hm s.

4. Tm cc im t bit: cc im cc tr, im un, im giao ca th vi
cc trc ta .
5. Lp bng bin thin.
6. V th hm s.
BI TP
1. O HM CA HM S
Bi 1: Tm f(1), f(2), f(3), nu f(x) = (x 1)(x 2)2(x 3)3
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 45
Ton cao cp
Bi 2: Kho st s c o hm ca hm:
sin 2 x
,x 1
a). f(x) = (x 1) ( x 1) 2 ti im x0 = 1. b). f(x) = x 1
ti im x0 = 1.
0, x = 1
x. sin , x 0
c). f(x) =
ti im x0 = 0.
x
0, x = 0
x2
x +
,x 0
Bi 3: Cho hm s f(x) =
. Kho st s lin tc v c o hm ca f
x
1, x = 0
ti x0 = 0.
Bi 4: Dng nh ngha tm o hm ca cc hm s sau:
a) y =
b) y = 3 x .
x.
1
x
e +1
c) y =
d) y = 2 x
Bi 5: Gi s y = (x) l hm s lin tc ti x0 = a v (a) 0. Chng minh rng

hm s: y = f(x) = x a . (x) khng c o hm ti x0 = a.
Bi 6: Dng cc cng thc v quy tc tnh o hm, tm o hm ca cc hm sau
y:
a). y = 2x3 5x2 + 7x + 4.

d) y = (3 + 2x2)4.
b) y = x2 ex.
e) y = ln(arcsin5x).
2x2
g) y = arcsin
, x < 1.
1+ x4
h) y =
arcsin x
.
x
c) y =
f) y = cos{cos(cosx)}.
sin x
1 + sin x
+
ln
cos 2 x
cos x
Bi 7: Tnh o hm ca cc hm sau y:
a). y = (sinx)x .
b) y = x x .
d). y = x3. e x .sin2x
e) y =
c) y = (ln x) 2 x +1 .
( x 2) 2 .3 x + 1
.
( x 5) 3
Bi 8: Tnh o hm ca cc hm sau y:
a). y = ( x 1) 2 ( x + 1)3
b) y = sin 3 x .
khi - < x < 1

1 x
c.) y = (1 x)(2 x) khi 1 x 2

x 2
khi 2< x < +
2. VI PHN CA HM S
(x a)2 (x b)2 , a x b
d.)y =
0 khi x ngoi on [a, b]
Bi 1: Tm vi phn ca hm s sau:
a). y = arctgx.
Trn Thin Khi
t
b) y = e . c) y = ln x + x 2 + a .
d) y = arctg
u
.
v
Trang 46
Ton cao cp
Bi 2: Tnh gn ng nh vi phn:
b). sin290
a). 3 1,02 .
3. O HM V VI PHN CP CAO
Bi 1: Tm o hm ring v vi phn cp cao:
a.) y = x5 +2x4 3x3 - x2 -
1
x + 6, tm y, y, y
2
b.) y = x 1 + x 2 . Tm y.
c.) y = x2ex. Tm y(20)(0).
Bi 2:
a.) y = (2x-3)3 . Tm dy, d2y, d3y.

b.) y = 1 + x 2 . Tm d2y.
c.) y = u2. Tm d10y, nu u l hm ca x, kh vi n 10 ln.
d.) y = xcos2x. Tm d10y.
Bi 3: Chng minh cc bt ng thc:
a.) sin x sin y x y x, y R.

b.) ln(1 + x) < x, x > 0.
c.)
a b
a a b
< ln <
nu 0 < b < a.
a
b
b
Bi 4: Gi s hm f(x) xc nh, lin tc, dng trn [a, b] v kh vi trn (a, b).
f '( c )
(b a )
f (b)
f (c )
=e
.
Chng minh rng tn ti c (a, b), sao cho
f (a)
Bi 5: Chng minh rng phng trnh x + ln(x2 1) = 0 c mt nghim duy nht

thuc (1, +).
Bi 6: Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm trn D.
a.) f(x) = x4 4x3 + 3 trn on [-1, 4].

b.) f(x) = x2 3 ( x 1) 2 trn on [-1, 1].
1
2
c.) f(x) = cosx + cos2x trn on [0, ].

Bi 7: a) Biu din f(x) =
x di dng a thc bc 5 i vi x 1.
b) Biu din f(x) = ax di dng a thc bc 3 i vi x.

c) Tnh
e chnh xc n 0,0001.
Bi 8: Kh dng v nh nh quy tc L.Hospital
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 47
Ton cao cp
x 2 1 + ln x
a) lim
.
x 1
ex e
x sin x
b) lim
.
x 0
x3
1
1
(sin x) x .
e) lim x
. f) lim
0
x
x 0 x
(e 1)
xn
c) xlim
.
+ e x
x.e 2
d) lim
.
x x + e x
(tgx ) 2 cos x .
g) xlim
(1 + x) ln x
h) lim
x 0
KQHT 3: Tnh tch phn i bin, tng phn, din tch hnh phng, di
cung phng v th tch vt th trn xoay. Xt cc tch phn suy rng.
Tch phn bt nh
Bi: TCH PHN BT NH
1.1. Nguyn hm v tch phn bt nh
nh ngha 1: Hm F(x) c gi l nguyn hm ca hm f(x) trn khong (a; b)
nu F' (x) = f (x) x (a,b) .
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 48
Ton cao cp
V d 1: Hm F(x) =
x3
l nguyn hm ca hm f(x) = x2 vi mi x v
3
F ' ( x) = f ( x) , x .
nh l 1: Nu hm F(x) l nguyn hm ca hm f(x) trn khong (a; b) th (F(x)

+ C) cng l nguyn hm ca hm f(x). Ngc li, mi nguyn hm ca hm f(x)
trn khong (a; b) u c th biu din di dng (F(x) + C).
nh ngha 2: Tp hp tt c cc nguyn hm ca hm f(x) trn khong (a; b)
c gi l tch phn bt nh ca hm f(x). K hiu: f (x)dx .
Theo nh l 1 nu hm f(x) c nguyn hm l F(x) th f (x)dx = F(x) + C .
Trong :
l du tch phn,
f(x) l hm di du tch phn,

f(x)dx l biu thc di du tch phn,
x l bin tch phn,
C l hng s tch phn.
x3
+C
V d 2: x dx =
3
2
nh l 2: Cho f(x) v g(x) l cc hm s c nguyn hm trn khong (a,b), khi

:
1. f ( x)dx ' = f ( x) .
2. d f (x)dx = f (x)dx .
3. f (x)dx = f (x) + C
'
hay df (x) = f (x) + C .
4. f (x)dx = f (x)dx
( 0) .
5. [f (x) + g(x)]dx = f (x)dx + g(x)dx
nh l 3: Mi hm s lin tc trn mt on u c nguyn hm trn on .
2
1
2
dx = x dx + 2
dx = x x + 4 x + C .
V d 3: x +
3
x
x
s inx - cos x dx = s inxdx cos x dx = cosx - tgx + C

2
Vic tm nguyn hm ca hm s cn gi l php ly tch phn ca hm s .

Bng cc tch phn:
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 49
Ton cao cp
adx = ax + C
; 0dx = C ;
x dx =
1
x +1
+ C ( 1) ; dx = ln x + C ;
x
+1
x + 1 = ln x + 1 + C.
x
a dx =
ax
+C
ln a
eu
+ C.
u'
; e x dx = e x + C ;
cos xdx = sin x + C

dx
sin
dx
1
xa
=
+ C.
ln
2
x a
2a x + a
sin xdx = cos x + C
= cot gx + C ;
u
e dx =
dx
dx
= ln x + x 2 + k + C.
x +k
2
dx
1
a+x
=
+ C.
ln
2
a x
2a a x
2
dx
1 2
a2
2
2
2
=
tgx
+
C
;
x
a
dx
=
x
ln x x 2 a 2 + C.
cos 2 x
2
2
dx
1+ x
;
= arctgx + C ;
dx
x
= ln tg + C ;
sin x
2
dx
1 x2
= arcsin x + C
dx
cosx = ln tg ( 2 + 4 ) + C;
1.2. Cc phng php tnh tch phn

1.2.1. Phng php i bin s
nh l 3: Nu f (x)dx = F(x) + C th f [ (t) ] ' (t)dt = F[ (t) ] + C vi (t) l
hm s c o hm lin tc.
Dng 1: Gi s F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca hm f(x), nu hm s hp f[u(x)] vi
u(x) l hm kh vi th f [ u(x) ] u ' (x)dx = f (u)du = F(u) + C = F[u(x)] + C .
V du 3:
1. sin 3 x. cos xdx = sin 3 x.(sin x )' dx = sin 3 xd (sin x) =
sin 4 x
+C .
4
2. sin 3 xdx = sin 2 x.sin xdx = (cos2 x 1)( sin x)dx = (cos2 x 1)d (cos x)
cos 3 x
= cos xd (cos x) d (cos x) =
cos x + C .
3
2
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 50
Ton cao cp
1 1
1
1 dx
dx
dx
dx =
2a x a x + a
2a x a
x + a
a
3.
1 d ( x a)
d ( x + a) 1
[ln x a ln x + a + C ] = 1 ln x a + C
2a x a
2a x + a
x + a 2a
x
d
dx
dx
1
1
x
x
a
1
= 2 = arctg + C1 = arctg + C
4. 2 2 =
2
a
a
a
x +a
x
a x
a
a 2 + 1
+1
a
a
5.
dx
a2 x2
6. I =
t t =
I=
1
a
dx
x
1
a
x
d
a
x
1
a
= arcsin
x
+C
a
xdx
3
x2 + a2
x 2 + a 2 t3 = x2 + a2 3t2dt = 2xdx
3 t 2dt 3
3
3
= tdt = t 2 + C = 3 (x 2 + a 2 ) 2 + C
2 t
2
4
4
Dng 2: Cho f (x)dx , gi s x = x(t) kh vi v c hm ngc.

'
Nu f [x(t )].x (t ) c nguyn hm l hm F(t) th
f ( x)dx = f [x(t )]x (t )dt = F (t ) + C = F [t ( x)] + C .

'
V d 4: Tnh I =
a 2 x 2 dx
t x = asint vi t , , ta c:
2 2
I = a 2 x 2 dx = a 2 a 2 sin 2 t ( a cos t ) dt = a 2 cos t 1 sin 2 t dt = a 2 cos 2 tdt
a2
a 2 sin 2t
a2
a2
(1 + cos 2t )dt =
t + sin t cos t + C
=
t +
+C =
2
2
2
2
2
=
a2
x 1
arcsin + x a 2 x 2 + C
2
2 2
1.2.2. Phng php tch phn tng phn:

'
nh l 4: Cho cc hm u(x), v(x) kh vi v u ( x).v( x) c nguyn hm. Khi
u ( x).v ' ( x) cng c nguyn hm v u ( x ).v ' ( x )dx = u ( x).v( x ) u ' ( x).v( x )dx .
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 51
Ton cao cp
'
'
Ch : V du = u ( x ) dx v dv = v ( x )dx nn cng thc trn thng c vit
di dng:
udv = uv vdu
V d 5: 1) Tnh I = x 3 ln xdx
Ta c:
I=
1
4 ) = 1 x 4lnx - x 4d(lnx) = 1 x 4lnx - x3dx = 1 x 4lnx - x + C
lnxd(x
4
4
4
4
4
2) Tnh I = x.arctgxdx
1
x2
t u = arctgx, c du =
dx ; dv = xdx, c v = .
1 + x2
2
x2
1 x2
x2
1
1
1
1 + x2
x
I = .arctgx -
dx = .arctgx - dx +
dx =
.arctgx - + C
2
2
2
2 1+ x
2
2
2 1+ x
2
2
1.3. Tch phn ca cc hm s n gin
1.3.1. Tch phn ca hm s hu t
Dng 1:
dx
(ax + b)
trong a, b l cc hng s v n = 1, 2, 3,...
V d 5: Tnh cc tch phn sau:
1. I 1 =
dx
(ax + b)
2. I 2 =
1. I 1 =
dx
(ax + b) n
(n 1)
dx
1 d (ax + b) 1
1
=
= (ln ax + b + C1 ) = ln ax + b + C
(ax + b) a (ax + b)
a
a
1 (ax + b)1 n
dx
1
1 (ax + b)1 n
n
2. I 2 =
+C
(ax + b) d (ax + b) =
+ C1 =
=
a 1 n
(ax + b) n a
a 1 n
Dng 2:
dx
trong a, b l cc hng s v n = 1, 2, 3.
+ ax + b
1. I 1 =
dx
x + x +1
2. I 2 =
dx
x + 4x + 4
3. I 3 =
dx
3x 2 x 1
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 52
Ton cao cp
Gii:
1
dx+
dx
2
1. I1 =
=
2
2
2
1 3
3
1
x+ +
x+ +
2 4
2 2
2
arctg
3
dx
( x + 2)1 2
1
dx
+C =
+C
=
=
2
2
1 2
x+2
( x + 2)
x + 4x + 4
2. I 2 =
3. I3 =
1
2 + C = 2 arctg 2 x + 1 + C
3
3
3
2
x+
1
dx
3 x2 2 x 1
3
3
1 2
1
dx
13
1 3(x 1)
3 3
I3 =
ln
+ C1 = ln
+ C1
2
2 =
3
4
3x + 1
1 2 3 4 x 1+ 2
x
3 3
3 3
1
1
x 1 ln 3
x 1
+C
ln
+
+ C1 = ln
4 3x + 1
4
4 3x + 1
Cch khc:
Ta c
1
1
A
B
=
=
+
3x 2 x 1 ( x 1)(3x + 1) x 1 3x + 1
2
A=
3 A + B = 0
4
1 = A(3x + 1) + B( x 1) = (3 A + B) x + A B
=
1
A
B
B = 3
4
34
1
1
3
1 dx
dx
dx =
dx =
3
I 3 = 4 +
4 x 1
3x + 1
x 1 3x + 1
4( x 1) 4(3x + 1)
=
Dng 3:
1
(ln x 1 ln 3x + 1 ) + C = 1 ln x 1 + C
4
4 3x + 1
Ax + B
2
dx trong A, B, a, b l cc hng s, n = 1, 2, v a 4b < 0.
x + ax + b
2
V d 7: Tnh I =
x 1
dx
x + x +1
2
Ta c:
2
dx
dx
1
2x + 1
1 2x + 1 3
1 d ( x + x + 1) 3
dx 3 2
2
I = 2
dx = 2
= 2
2 x + x +1
2 x + x +1
2 x + x +1
x + x + 1 2
x + x +1
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 53
Ton cao cp
1
3
dx
1
2x + 1
= ln x 2 + x + 1
+ C = ln x 2 + x + 1 3arctg
+C
2
2
2
2
2
3
1 3
x + +
2
2

Ax 2 + Bx + C
(ax 2 + bx + c)(dx + e)dx trong A, B, C, a, b, c, d, e l cc hng s, n = 1,
e
2, 3 v b2 4ac < 0, x = khng l nghim ca phng trnh Ax2 + Bx + C = 0.
d
Dng 4:
1. I 1 =
dx
x( x 2 + 1)
x2 x +1
2. I 2 =
dx
( x + 1)( x 2 + x + 1)
Gii:
1. Ta c
1
x( x + 1)
2
A Bx + C
1 = A( x 2 + 1) + x( Bx + C ) = ( A + B) x 2 + Cx + A
+ 2
x
x +1
A + B = 0 A = 1
C = 0
B = 1
A = 1
C = 0
Vy:
1 d ( x 2 + 1)
dx
x
dx
xdx
1
=
dx
=
=
x
+C
ln
x x2 + 1
x( x 2 + 1) x x 2 + 1
2 x2 + 1
1
= ln x ln x 2 + 1 + C
2
I1 =
2. Ta c
x2 x +1
A
Bx + C
=
+ 2
2
( x + 1)( x + x + 1) x + 1 x + x + 1
x 2 x + 1 = A( x 2 + x + 1) + ( x + 1)( Bx + C )
x 2 x + 1 = ( A + B) x 2 + ( A + B + C ) x + A + C
A + B = 1
A = 3
A + B + C = 1 B = 2
A + C = 1
C = 2
Vy I 2 =
x2 x +1
2x + 2
2x + 1 + 1
dx
3
dx =
dx
2
2
dx = 3
2
x +1 x + x +1
( x + 1)( x + x + 1)
x + 1 x + x + 1
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 54
Ton cao cp
(2 x + 1)dx
dx
2
+C
2
x + x +1
x + x +1
d ( x 2 + x + 1)
dx
= 3 ln x + 1 2
+C
2
2
x + x +1
1 3
x + +
2 2
= 3 ln x + 1
= 3 ln x + 1 ln( x 2 + x + 1)
Dng 5:
2
3
arctg
2x + 1
3
+C
dx
trong m l hng s v n = 1, 2,.
(x + m2 )n
2
V d 9: Tnh I =
Ta c I =
=
Tnh
dx
(x + m2 )2
2
dx
1
= 2
2
2 2
m
(x + m )
1
m2
x2 + m2 x2
x2
1 x2 + m2
dx
dx
dx
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
(x 2 + m2 )2
m (x + m )
(x + m )
dx
x 2 dx
2
2
(x2 + m2 )2
x +m
1 xd ( x 2 + m 2 )
x 2 dx
=
(x 2 + m2 )2 2 (x 2 + m2 )2
t u = x du = dx
dv =
d (x 2 + m2 )
1
v= 2
2
2 2
x + m2
(x + m )
1
x 2 dx
x
dx
( x 2 + m 2 ) 2 = 2( x 2 + m 2 ) + 2 x 2 + m 2
Vy I =
=
1
m2
dx
x 2 dx
2
2
(x 2 + m2 )2
x +m
1
dx
1
x
dx
= 2 2
2
+ 2
2
2
2 x +m
x + m2
m x +m
1
x
dx
1
1
x
x
+ 2
=
+ arctg + C
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
m
m
2m x + m
x + m 2m x + m
P(x)
P(x)
l hm hu t, P(x) v Q(x) l
dx , trong
Q(x)
Q(x)
cc hm a thc vi h s thc. Gi s bc ca P(x) nh hn bc ca Q(x). Nu
bc ca P(x) ln hn bc ca Q(x) th chia P(x) cho Q(x), ta c:
Dng 5: (Tng qut) I =
P(x)
R(x)
, trong R(x) nh hn bc ca Q(x). Vic ly tch phn
= S(x) +
Q(x)
Q(x)
hm S(x) n gin. Vn cn li l ly tch phn ca hm hu t c bc ca t
nh hn bc ca mu.
nh l 5: Gi s P(x) v Q(x) l cc hm a thc vi h s thc v bc ca P(x)
nh hn bc ca Q(x), th:
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 55
Ton cao cp
a) Q(x) c th c phn tch thnh tch ca mt hng s k, cc tha s l cc

nh thc bc nht v cc tam thc bc hai khng c nghim thc. Tc l:
Q(x) = k(x a 1 ) (x a 2 ) ...(x 2 + p1x + q1 ) (x 2 + p 2 x + q 2 ) ,
bc ca Q(x) l + + ... + + .
b) Hm hu t
P(x)
c th phn tch thnh tng ca cc phn thc n gin:
Q(x)
i) Tng ng mi nh thc bc nht (x a) ca Q(x), s phn tch cha

mt tng cc phn thc c dng:
A1
A2
A
+
+ ... +
2
(x a) (x a)
(x a)
ii) Tng ng mi tam thc bc hai (x 2 + px + q) ca Q(x), s phn tch

cha mt tng phn thc c dng:
M x + N
M1x + N1
M2x + N2
...
+
+
+
x 2 + px + q (x 2 + px + q) 2
(x 2 + px + q)
Cc hng s A1, A2, , M1, M2, , N1, N2, c xc nh bng phng
php h s bt nh.
1.3.2. Tch phn ca hm s lng gic
Dng 1: R(sin x, cos x)dx trong R(sinx, cosx) l hm hu t theo sinx, cosx.
x
2
Ta s hu t ho tch phn bng cch t t = tg , khi

sin x =
2t
1 t2
2dt
=
x
=
dx
;
cos
;
1+ t2
1+ t2
1+ t2
R(sin x, cos x)dx
V d 10: Tnh I =
s tr thnh tch phn hm hu t.
dx
3 + 5 cos x
2t
1 t
2dt
x
; cos x =
; dx =
t t = tg sin x =
2
2
1+ t
1+ t
1+ t2
2
2 dt
2
dt
1 t+2
1 tg 2x + 2
=
ln
+
=
ln
+C
I = 1+t 1t 2 =
C
4 t 2
4 t2
4 tg 2x 2
3 + 5 1+t 2
2
Dng 2: R (sin x, cos x)dx , ta xt cc trng hp sau.

Trng hp 1: Nu R(sinx, cosx) = R(- sinx, - cosx) th ta t t = tgx.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 56
Ton cao cp
1/ I 1 =
dx
sin x 3 cos 2 x
2/ I 2 =
dx
sin x cos 2 x + sin 2 x
Gii:
1/
t2
dt
1
2
; sin x =
; dx =
t t = tgx cos x =
2
2
1+ t
1+ t
1+ t2
2
I1 =
dt
1+ t 2
3 1+1t 2
t
1+ t 2
2/ Ta c I 2 =
dt
dt
=
t 3
t2 3
( )
1
2 3
ln
t 3
1
tgx 3
+C =
ln
+ C.
t+ 3
2 3 tgx + 3
dx
sin x cos x + 2 sin x cos x
2
1
t2
dt
t
1
2
; sin x =
; dx =
; sin x =
; cosx =
t t = tgx cos x =
2
2
2
1+ t
1+ t
1+ t
1+ t 2
1+ t 2
2
I1 =
=
dt
1+ t 2
2
t
1+t 2
1
2 2
1+1t 2 + 1+2tt2
ln
tgx + 1 2
dt
dt
=
t + 2t 1
(t + 1) 2
2
( 2)
1
2 2
ln
(t + 1) 2
+C
(t + 1) + 2
+C
tgx + 1 + 2
Trng hp 2: Nu R(sinx, cosx) = -R(- sinx, cosx) th ta t t = cosx.

V d 12: Tnh I =
sin 3 x
dx
1 + cos 2 x
t t = cosx dt = - sinxdx
sin 2 x
1 t2
t2 +1 2
2
I =
( sin xdx) =
dt = 2
dt = 1 2
dt = t 2arctgt + C
2
2
1 + cos x
1+ t
t +1
t +1
= cos x 2arctg (cos x) + C

Trng hp 3: Nu R(sinx, cosx) = -R(sinx, - cosx) th ta t t = sinx.
V d 13: Tnh I =
dx
sin x cos x
2
t t = sinx dt = cosxdx
I =
cos dx
dt
t 2 + (1 t 2 )
dt
dt
dt =
+ 2
=
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
sin x cos x
t (1 t )
t (1 t )
1 t
t
dt
dt
1
1 sin x 1
1 t 1 1
+C
+ C = ln
+ 2 = ln
2 sin x + 1 sin x
2 t +1 t
t 1
t
2
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 57
Ton cao cp
3.3.3. Tch phn ca hm s v t
R ( x,
Dng 1:
ax + b )dx , ta t t = n ax + +b .
V d 14: Tnh I =
dx
1+ 3 x +1
x = t 3 1
dx = 3t 2 dt
t t = 3 x + 1
I =
t2
3t 2 dt
1
= 3 t 1 +
dt = 3 t + ln t + 1 + C
1+ t
t + 1
3 ( x + 1) 2
= 3
3 x + 1 + ln 3 x + 1 + 1 + C
n
Ch : Nu R ( x, 1 ax + b , 2 ax + b ,...) dx , ta t t = ax + b ,
n
vi n = BCNN(n1, n2,).
V d 15: Tnh I =
dx
x ( x + 1)
3
x = t 6
t t = x
dx = 6t 5 dt
6
I =
6t 5 dt
t 2 dt
1
=
6
= 6 1 2
dt = 6(t + arctgt ) + C
3 2
2
t (t + 1)
t +1
t + 1
= 6 6 x arctg 6 x + C
Dng 2:
dx
ax 2 + bx + c
Ax + B
ax 2 + bx + c
dx
1. I 1 =
2. I 2 =
3. I 3 =
dx
x + 2x + 5
2
dx
1 x x2
5x + 3
x 2 + 4 x + 10
dx
Gii:
1. I 1 =
dx
(x + 1)
Trn Thin Khi
+4
d ( x + 1)
(x + 1)
+2
= ln x + 1 + x 2 + 2 x + 5 + C
Trang 58
Ton cao cp
dx
2. I 2 =
3. I 3 =
5
4
5
2
(x +
1 2
2
(2 x + 4) 7
x 2 + 4 x + 10
=
=
d (x + 12 )
( )
5
2
(x +
1 2
2
= arcsin
x + 12
5
2
+ C = arcsin
2x + 1
5
+C
5 d ( x 2 + 4 x + 10)
d ( x + 2)
7
2
x 2 + 4 x + 10
( x + 2) 2 + ( 6 ) 2
= 5 x 2 + 4 x + 10 7 ln ( x + 2) + x 2 + 4 x + 10 + C
Dng 2: R( x, ax 2 + bx + c )dx .
Ta dng php th Euler

(i ) Nu a > 0, t ax 2 + bx + c = t a x ( hoc ax 2 + bx + c = t + a x ).
(ii ) Nu c > 0, t ax 2 + bx + c = xt + c ( hoc ax 2 + bx + c = xt c ).
(iii ) Nu phng trnh ax2 + bx + c = 0 c hai nghim thc x1, x2 th
ax2 + bx + c = a(x x1)(x x2), khi ta t ax 2 + bx + c = t ( x x1 )
V d 17: Tnh I =
dx
x + x2 x +1
t 2 1
x
=
2t 1
x2 x +1 = t x
2
dx = 2 t t + 1
(2t 1) 2
1
1
2(t 2 t + 1)
3 3t
=
I =
dt = 2 +
dt = 2
2
2
2
t (2t 1)
x + x x +1
t (2t 1)
t
dx
3
8
[4(2t 1)] 32
(2t 1) 2
dt
dt 3 d (2t 1) 2 3 d (2t 1)
3
3 1
= 2
+
= 2 ln t ln 2t 1
+C
2
2
4 (2t 1)
2
4 (2t 1)
t 8 (2t 1)
3
3
1
= 2 ln x + x 2 x + 1 ln 2 x + 2 x 2 x + 1 1
+C
2
2
4 2x + 2 x x + 1 1
Ch : tnh R( x, ax 2 + bx + c )dx ta c th dng php i bin s lng gic.

2
b
b 2 4ac
Ta c ax + bx + c = a x +
2a
4a 2
t u = x +
b
;
2a
m2 =
b 2 4ac
b 2 4ac
2
.
;
n
=
4a 2
4a 2
Khi tch phn trn c a v cc dng:

(1) R( x, u 2 m 2 )dt (khi b2 4ac 0 v a > 0).
(2) R( x, m 2 u 2 )dt (khi b2 4ac 0 v a < 0).
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 59
Ton cao cp
(3) R( x, u 2 + n 2 )dt (khi b2 4ac < 0 v a > 0).

i vi cc tch phn ny ta c th dng php i bin s bng cc t:
(1) u =
m
; (2) u = m.sint; (3) u = n.tgt
sin t
Ch : Bng phng php tch phn tng phn ta tnh c:
x 2 a 2 dx =
x 2
a2
x a2
ln x + x 2 a 2 + C
2
2
a 2 x 2 dx =
x
a2
x
a2 x2 +
arcsin + C
2
2
a
BI TP
TCH PHN BT NH
Bi 1: Tnh cc tch phn bng phng php phn tch
2
1) ( x + 1)(x x + 1)dx . 2) x + 3 dx .
x
4) 2 .3 .5 dx .
e3x + 1
dx .
5) x
e +1
7) (tgx + cot gx) 2dx .
8)
2x
3x
x 3 dx
.
x8 2
14)
x4
dx
x2 +1
x 4 + x 4 + 2
dx .
x3
6)
9) (1 + x 2 ) x.dx .
1
2
10) ( x 2 3x + 1)10 (2 x 3).dx . 11) e3cos x sin xdx

13)
3)
x x 3e x + x 2
dx .
x3
12)
dx
.
x(1 x)
15)
dx
.
a2
dx
1 + e2 x
Bi 2: Tnh cc tch phn bng phng php i bin s
1)
4)
sin 3 x
3
x2
dx
x 4 x
6) CMR:
7)
10)
dx .
2)
a 2 x 2 dx .
3) x
x
dx
2a x
5) ( x 2 + 1) 20 .x.dx
1
f (ax + b)dx = a F (ax + b) + C . Trong F l nguyn hm ca f.
f ' ( x)
dx
f ( x)
sin 2 xdx
3 cos x
4
8)
(2 ln x + 3) 3
dx
x
11)
9)
xdx
+ 2x2 + 5
12)
dx
2x 9
sin x + cos x
dx
x . sin x
Bi 3: Phng php tnh tch phn tng phn
1) ln xdx
Trn Thin Khi
2) arctgx.dx .
3) x 2 arccos x.dx .
Trang 60
Ton cao cp
4)
x ln(x + 1 + x 2 )
1+ x
dx .
5)
a 2 x 2 dx
6) I1 = sin(ln x)dx ; I2 = cos(ln x)dx ;

7) I1 = eax cos bxdx ; I2 = eax sin bxdx
Bi 4: Ly tch phn cc phn thc hu t
1)
3x + 1
x 2 + 2 x + 10dx .
2)
2 x 3 + 3x
dx .
x4 + x2 +1
3)
(x
4)
3x + 2
( x 2 + 2 x + 10) 2 dx
5)
x3 + 1
dx .
x3 5x 2 + 6 x
6)
x4
x 4 + 5x 2 + 4dx .
7)
dx
( x + 1)( x + 2) 2 ( x + 3)3 .
8)
dx
4
x +1
9)
dx
.
+ 1) 3
x 2 n 1
dx
xn +1
Bi 5: Tch phn cc hm v t
(2 x + 1)
1) I =
4)
dx
2
5x 3
2 x + 8x + 1
2
(2 x + 1)
5)
( x + 1)
dx
dx
2)
x ( a x)
3
, (a > 0)
3x + 2
x 2 + 3x + 2
3)
dx
3x + 4 x 1
2
dx
Bi 6: Tch phn cc hm lng gic
1)
2 sin x
2 + cos x dx .
4)
1 tgx dx .
1 + tgx)
2)
(sin x + sin 3 x)
dx .
cos 2 x
5) sin 4 xdx .
3)
cos 3 x + cos 5 x)
dx .
sin 2 x + sin 4 x
6) sin x. cos 2 x. cos 3xdx .
Tch phn xc nh
Bi: TCH PHN XC NH
2.1. nh ngha tch phn xc nh
2.1.1. Bi ton din tch hnh thang cong
Cho hm s y = f(x) lin tc, n iu v khng m trn on [a; b]. Xt

hnh thang ABCD c gii hn bi cc ng thng x = a, x = b, trc Ox v
ng cong y = f(x).
Ta chia on [a; b] mt cch ty thnh n on nh bi cc im chia
a = x 0 < x1 < x 2 < < x k < x k +1 < < x n = b
Trn mi on nh c chia [xi-1, xi] ta dng mt hnh ch nht vi chiu

rng l xi = xi xi 1 v chiu cao l f (i ) ( vi i (xi1 ,xi ) ). Tng din tch ca n
n
hnh ch nht trn l: Sn = f (i ).x i (chnh l din tch hnh bc thang nh hnh
i =1
v H 3.1).
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 61
Ton cao cp
Nhn xt: Din tch ca hnh bc thang gn bng din tch ca hnh thang cong
ABCD khi n cng ln v cc on c chia cng nh. Do din tch S ca hnh
S n = lim
thang ABCD cho l: S = lim
n
max x 0
i
f ( )x
i
i =1
C
D
A
O a
xi-1 xi
H 3.1
2.1.2. nh ngha tch phn xc nh
Cho f(x) l hm s xc nh trn on [a; b], chia on [a; b] mt cch tu

thnh n on nh bi cc im chia
a = x 0 < x1 < x 2 < < x k < x k +1 < < x n = b .
t d = max {x i } (vi x i = x i x i 1 ), i = 1,.., n.
n
Trn mi on [xi-1, xi] ly im i (i = 1,, n) tu , lp tng: I n = f (i ).x i v

i =1
gi l tng tch phn ca hm f(x) trn [a; b].

Tng im chia ln v hn ( n ) sao cho d 0 , nu trong qu trnh
I n I (hu hn) m khng ph thuc vo cch chia on [a; b] v cch ly im
i th I c gi l tch phn xc nh ca hm f(x) trn [a; b].
b
K hiu: I = f ( x)dx = lim f ( i )xi

d 0
i =1
Khi ta ni hm f(x) kh tch trn [a; b].

Nhn xt:
b
1.
f ( x)dx
nu c th ch ph thuc vo hm f(x) v hai cn a, b khng ph
thuc vo bin s, tc l f (x)dx = f (t)dt .

2. Khi nh ngha tch phn xc nh ta coi a < b. Nu a > b th
b
f (x)dx = f (x)dx
Trn Thin Khi
v khi a = b th f (x)dx = f (x)dx = 0 .
Trang 62
Ton cao cp
3. Theo nh ngha tch phn xc nh th din tch hnh thang cong m ta

b
xt trn l: S = f ( x)dx .
a
4. T nh ngha trn ngi ta chng minh c cc nh l sau:

nh l 1: Mi hm s f(x) lin tc trn [a; b] u kh tch trn on .
nh l 2: Nu trn on [a; b], hm s f(x) b chn v ch c mt s im gin
on th n kh tch trn on .
nh l 3: Nu hm s f(x) n iu v b chn trn on [a; b] th n kh tch
trn on .
nh l 4: (Cc tnh cht ca hm kh tch)
1. Nu hm s f(x) kh tch trn on [a; b] th cc hm f (x) v k.f(x)

cng kh tch trn on [a; b].
2. Nu hai hm s f(x) v g(x) kh tch trn on [a; b] th tng, hiu v tch
ca chng cng kh tch trn on [a; b].
3. Nu hm s f(x) kh tch trn on [a; b] th n kh tch trn mi on
[ , ] [a, b] . Ngc li, nu ta chia on [a; b] thnh cc on nh v f(x) kh
tch trn tng on nh th f(x) kh tch trn on [a; b].
2.2. Tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh
Gi s f(x) v g(x) l cc hm kh tch trn on [a; b], khi :

1.
[ f ( x) g ( x)]dx = f ( x)dx g ( x)dx .

b
2. kf ( x)dx = k f ( x)dx .
3.
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx .
Nu a < c1 < c2 < < cn < b v hm f(x) kh tch trn on [a; c1], [c1; c2],
.., [cn; b] th n kh tch trn [a; b] v:
b
c1
c2
c1
cn
f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx + .. + f (x)dx

4. Nu f (x) g(x), x [ a;b ] th
5.
f ( x )dx
Trn Thin Khi
f ( x)dx g ( x)dx .
f ( x ) dx .
Trang 63
Ton cao cp
x [ a;b] th:
6. Nu m f (x) M,
m.(b a) f (x)dx M.(b a) .

a
7. (nh l gi tr trung bnh ca hm s)

Nu hm s f(x) kh tch trn on [a; b] v m f (x) M, x [ a;b] th
b
tn ti s [m, M ] sao cho f (x)dx = .(b a) .

a
c bit: Nu hm s f(x) lin tc trn on [a; b] th tn ti s c [ a;b ] sao cho:

b
f (x)dx = f (c).(b a) .
a
Gi tr f (c) =
1
f ( x)dx c gi l gi tr trung bnh ca hm s f(x).
b a a
K hiu: f .
a
8). Nu f(x) l hm l th
f (x)dx = 0
9). Nu f(x) l hm chn th
f (x)dx = 2 f (x)dx
Cc v d:
1) Tnh gi tr trung bnh ca cc hm s: f (x) = x trn [1; 9].

Gi tr trung bnh ca cc hm s f (x) = x trn [1; 9] l:
9
1 9
1 9 12
1 32
13
f=
xdx = x dx = (x ) =
9 1 1
81
12
6
1
2) Tnh gi tr trung bnh ca cc hm s: f (x) =
cos 2 x
trn
[0;
].
sin 2 x+4cos 2 x
2
Do f(x) l hm lin tc nn kh tch trn on .

Gi tr trung bnh ca hm s trn on [0;
] c xc nh:
2
2
2
2
cos x
2 cos x
2
1
f= 2
dx =
dx =
dx
dx
2
2
2
0 sin x+4cos x
0 1+cos x
3 0
0 1+cos x
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 64
Ton cao cp
dx
2
1
1
tgx
2
cos
x
= arctg
dx =
Xt
=
2
2
2
2 0 4
0 1+cos x
0 4+tg x
2
Vy f =
2 1
=
3 2 4 6
2
sin x
3) c lng gi tr trung bnh ca tch phn I = e dx
2
Ta c: f(x) = esin x l hm tng vi mi x.

Mt khc, 0 sinx 1 0 sin 2 x 1, x
Do , e 0 esin x e1 , x 1 esin x e
2
dx esin x dx e dx
2
esin x dx e.
2 0
2
2
2.3. Cng thc c bn ca tch phn xc nh
Gi s hm s f(x) kh tch trn on [a; b], khi f(x) cng kh tch trn
x
on [a; x] [a; b]. Ngha l tn ti tch phn f (t)dt v n l mt hm s theo

a
bin x.
x
K hiu: F(x) = f (t)dt . Khi hm F(x) c cc tnh cht sau:

a
1/ Nu hm f(x) kh tch trn on [a; b] th F(x) lin tc trn on .

2/ Nu hm f(x) lin tc ti x th hm F(x) c o hm ti x v F' (x) = f (x) .
nh l 5: (Cng thc Newton-Leibniz)
Nu hm s f(x) lin tc trn [a; b] v F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca n th

b
f (x)dx = F(x)
a
b
a
= F(b) F(a) .
Nhn xt: Cng thc ny cho php tnh tch phn xc nh thng qua nguyn hm
ca hm f(x) m khng cn s dng nh ngha, v nguyn tc ta c th tch c
tch phn xc nh.
* o hm theo cn tch phn:
x
1). F(x) = f (u)du l nguyn hm ca hm s f lin tc trn [a; b] nn:

a
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 65
Ton cao cp
d x
F'(x) = f (u)du = f (x)
dx a
d (x)
2).
f (u)du = f[(x)]. '(x)
dx a
d (x)
3).
f (u)du = f[(x)]. '(x) f[(x)]. '(x)
dx ( x )
BI TP
TCH PHN XC NH
Bi 1: Bt ng thc trong tch phn xc nh
1
1) Xt xem (khng cn tnh) tch phn no ln hn: e dx hay

x
e x + 1dx .
2) Chng minh rng:

1
a.) xdx <

0
b.) e dx e dx .
1 + x dx .
2
sin x
c.)
dx <
x
sin x
dx .
x
0
3) c lng tch phn
18
10
cos x
dx
1+ x4
Bi 2: o hm di du tch phn
1) Tnh cc o hm:
b
d
a.) sin x 2 dx .
dx a
d
d.)
dx
Trn Thin Khi
x2
1 + t dt .
2
d
b.) sin x 2 dx .
da a
d
c.) .
sin x 2 dx
db a
x3
d
dt
e.)
...
dx x 2 1 + t 4
Trang 66
Ton cao cp
2) Tm gii hn:
x
cos t dt
a.) lim
x 0
b.) lim
( e dt )
0
x
t2
2t 2
(arctgt )
. c) lim
dt
x +
dt
sin x
2
x2 +1
d) lim
0
x +0 tgx
tgt .dt
sin t .dt
Bi 3: Tnh tch phn xc nh nh tch phn bt nh
dx
cos 2 x .
1) Tnh
dx
. (0 < < )
x
2
x
cos
+
1
1
2) 1 x dx .
3)
Bi 4: Tnh tch phn xc nh bng phng php i bin s
1)
ln 2 x
1 x dx .
2)
dx
( x + 1) x 2 + 1
5) x
0.75
a x dx
2
x. sin x
6)
dx
2
0 1 + cos x
3) r 2 x 2 dx .
4) sin 7 2 xdx
cos x
7)
dx
2
0 1 + sin x
8) x 1 + x 2 dx
0
Bi 5: Tnh tch phn xc nh bng phng php tch phn tng phn
1)
xe dx .
x
2)
xarctgxdx .
0
3)
x sin x
cos 2 x dx .
3
3
4) (1 ln x) 2 dx
0
ng dng tch phn tnh din tch hnh phng, di cung phng v th
tch vt th trn xoay.
3.1. Tnh din tch hnh phng
Nu hm s f(x) lin tc trn on [a; b] th din tch hnh phng gii hn bi

th ca hm s y = f(x) v cc ng thng x = a; x = b; y = 0 c tnh theo
cng thc:
b
b
a f (x)dx khi f (x) 0
.
S = f (x) dx = b
a
f (x)dx khi f (x) 0
a
Nu cc hm s f(x) v g(x) lin tc trn on [a; b] th din tch hnh phng
gii hn bi th ca cc hm s y = f(x); y = g(x) v cc ng thng x = a; x =
b
b c tnh theo cng thc: S = f (x) g(x) dx .

a
Nu phng trnh ng cong cho di dng x = (y) , (y) lin tc trn

on [a; b] th din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng x = (y) ; y = a; y = b
b
v x = 0 c tnh theo cng thc: S = (y) dy .

a
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 67
Ton cao cp
x = (t)
Nu ng cong cho bi phng trnh tham s
th cng thc
y = (t)
b
t2
t1
S = f (x) dx tr thnh
(t). '(t) dt
trong t1, t2 ln lt l nghim ca cc
phng trnh a = (t) , b = (t) v (t) , (t) , '(t) l cc hm s lin tc trn on

[t1; t2].
Gi s min phng D gii hn bi cc ng: x = a, x = b (a b), y = f1(x),
y = f2(x) trong f1, f2 lin tc tng khc trn [a,b]. Gi din tch ca min phng
D l S. Theo ngha hnh hc ca tch phn xc nh, nhn c cng thc tnh S
b
nh sau: S = f1 (x) f 2 (x)dx

a
Tng t min phng D gii hn bi cc ng: y = c, y = d (c d), x =

g1(y), x = g2(y) trong g1, g2 lin tc tng khc trn [c; d]. Gi din tch ca
d
min phng D l S. Ta c: S = g1 (y) g 2 (y) dy

c
Nu min phng D gii hn bi ng cong c phng trnh cho di dng

to cc. r = r(),
x = r( ).cos
Lin h gia to Descartes v to cc l:
. Khi :
y
r(
).sin
=
1
S = r 2 ( )d
2
V d 1: Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng y = x2 ( x 0 ), y = 2

x
Giao im ca cc ng y = x2 ( x 0 ) v y = 2 - x l nghim ca h
y = x 2 ( x 0)
x = 1
y = 1
y = 2 x
Vy din tch cn tm l:
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 68
Ton cao cp
1
x2 x3
7
S = (2 x) x dx = (2 x) x dx = 2x
= (vdt)
2 3 0 2
0
0
1
V d 2: Tnh din tch ca hnh elp c cc bn trc a,b.

x 2 y2
Gii: Hnh lip gii hn bi lp c phng trnh: 2 + 2 = 1
a
b
Do tnh cht i xng ca lip qua cc trc ta v do phng trnh tham
s ca lip: x = a.cost; y = b.sint, 0 t 2, nn ta c:
S = 4 a.b.sin 2 tdt = ab
0
V d 3: Hy tnh din tch ca hnh gii hn bi trc honh v mt nhp ca

ng Cycloid, cho bi phng trnh tham s:
x = a(t sin t)
, 0 t 2
y = a(1 cost)
S=
(1 co st) d t = a
2
2
2
(1 2 co st+ co s
t )d t = 3a 2
V d 4: Tnh din tch ca hnh tri tim gii hn bi ng Cardioid

(ng tri tim), trong h ta cc cho bi phng trnh: r = a(1 + cos )
Gii: Do tnh i xng ca hnh qua trc Ox, vy:
S = a 2 (1 + cos) 2 d = a 2 (1 + 2cos +cos 2 )d = a 2 ( +
1
3
) = a 2
2
2
3.2. Tnh di ng cong phng
Cung cho bi ng cong c phng trnh y = f(x), trong f(x) l hm s

n tr v c o hm lin tc trn on [a; b]. di cung AB, vi A(a, f(a)) v
b
B(b, f(b)) c tnh theo cng thc: l = 1 + [ f '(x) ] dx .

2
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 69
Ton cao cp
x = (t)
(a t b) , trong
Cung cho bi ng cong c phng trnh
y
=
(t)
(t) v (t) l cc hm s c o hm lin tc trn on [a; b]. di cung AB,

vi A((a), (a)) v B((b), (b)) c tnh theo cng thc:
b
l=
[ '(t)] + [ '(t)] dt
2
(vd).
Phng trnh cho trong dng to cc: r = r(),
l = r() 2 + r '2 ()d
x = a(t sin t)
V d 5: Tnh di cung ca ng cycloide
(0 t 2)
y = a(1 cost)
x ' (t) = a(1 cos t)

Ta c '
y (t) = a sin t
2
x ' (t) + y ' (t) = a 2 (2 2cos t) = 4a 2 sin 2 2t = 2a sin 2t

Vy di cung cn tm l :
2
2
t
t t
t
= 8a (vd).
l = 2a sin dt = 4a sin d = 4a cos
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
2
V d 6: Hy tnh di ca Astroid, phng trnh tham s c dng:

x = acos 3 t
(a > 0; 0 t 2 )
3
y
=
asin
t
hoc trong h to Descartes c dng: x 3 + y 3 = a 3
l = 6a sin 2 tdt = 3acos2t

0
Trn Thin Khi
2
0
= 6a
Trang 70
Ton cao cp
3.3. Tnh th tch vt th
Vt th bt k: L vt th c gii hn bi mt mt cong kn vi hai mt

phng x = a; x = b vung gc vi Ox. Gi s S(x) l din tch thit din gia vt
th v mt phng vung gc vi Ox ti x ( x [ a;b ] ) v S(x) l hm s lin tc trn
on [a; b]. Khi th tch ca vt th c tnh theo cng thc:
b
V = S(x)dx .
a
Vt th trn xoay: L vt th c to ra khi quay hnh thang cong gii hn

bi ng y = f(x), x = a, x = b v y = 0 quanh trc Ox. Khi th tch vt th trn
b
xoay c tnh theo cng thc: Vx = f 2 (x)dx .

a
Ch : Vt th trn xoay c to ra khi quay hnh thang cong gii hn bi

ng y = f(x), x = a, x = b v y = 0 quanh trc Oy. Khi th tch vt th trn
b
xoay c tnh theo cng thc: Vy = 2 xf (x)dx .

a
V d 7: Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay do hnh phng gii hn bi ng y = 2x x2 v y = 0 khi:
1/ Xoay quanh trc Ox.

2/ Xoay quanh trc Oy.
Gii
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 71
Ton cao cp
Ta c ng y = 2x - x2 ct trc Ox ti x = 0 v x = 2 nn ta c:
4 x3
x5
1/ Vx = f ( x)dx = (2 x x ) dx = (4 x 4 x + x )dx =
x4 +
3
5
0
0
0
2 2
16
=
.
15
0
2
2 x 3 x 4 2 8
=
.
2/ Vy = 2 xf ( x)dx = 2 x(2 x x )dx = 2 (2 x x )dx = 2
3
3
4
0
0
0
0
x 2 y2 z2
V d 8: Hy tnh th tch ca lipxt vi cc bn trc a, b, c: 2 + 2 + 2 1
a
b c
Thit din ca elipxit vung gc vi trc Ox l mt hnh elp. Thit din
nm trn mt phng x = x0, x0 [- a; a], c gii hn bi elip c cc bn trc:
b 1
x o2
y2 z2
x
+ =1 2
c 1 , phng trnh l: b 2 c 2
a
a
x = x 0
x
,
a
2
0
2
2
0
2
x 02
Din tch thit din biu din di dng S(x 0 ) = bc 1 2
a
x3
x2
Vy: V = bc 1 2 dx =2bc 1 2
3a
a
a
4
= abc
3
0
V d 9: Tnh th tch vt th do mt nhp Cycloid quay xung quanh trc Ox to

x = a(t sin t)
( t +)
ra. Bit Cycloid cho bi phng trnh tham s l.
y
a(1
cost)
=
V=
2 a
y dx =a
2
3
(1 cost)
0
dt =a
2
3
(1 3cost+3cos
t - cos 3 t)dt
3
1 2
2
= a 2 3sin t 0 + (1 + cos2t)dt (cos3t + 3cost)dt = 5 2 a 3

20
40
3.4. Tnh din tch mt trn xoay
Mt trn xoay l mt mt cong sinh ra do ta quay quanh trc Ox mt cung

ng cong phng AB c phng trnh y = f(x), x [ a;b ] , vi f(x) l hm s n
tr v c o hm lin tc trn on [a; b], A(a, f(a)), B(b, f(b)).
Din tch mt trn xoay c tnh theo cng thc:
b
S = 2 f (x) 1 + f ' (x) dx .

a
x = x(t)
+ Cung AB cho bi phng trnh tham s:
,
y = y(t)
Trn Thin Khi
t 0 t t1
Trang 72
Ton cao cp
t1
S = 2 y(t) x '2 (t) + y '2 (t)dt

t0
+ Cung AB cho bi phng trnh trong h tc cc: r = r(),
S = 2 r()sin r 2 () + r '2 ()d
Ch :
1/ Nu quay ng cong phng quanh trc Oy th:

b
S = 2 x 1 + f ' (x) dx .
a
2/ Nu ng cong phng cho bi phng trnh x = (y) , x [ a;b ] (vi

hm s (y) l hm s n tr v c o hm lin tc trn [a; b]). Khi ta c:
b
'
Khi quay quanh trc Ox: S = 2 y 1 + (y) dy .
a
'
Khi quay quanh trc Oy: S = 2 (y) 1 + (y) dy .
a
x = y2
V d 10: Tnh din tch mt to nn khi quay ng parabol
0 y 1
quanh trc Ox.
x' (y) = 2y
2
1 + x' (y) = 1 + 4y2
Ta c
y = x ( do y 0)
1
S = 2 y 1 + 4 y dy =
2
Vy din tch cn tm l:
(1 + 4 y 2 )
4
3
2
3
2
=
0
1 + 4 y 2 d (1 + 4 y 2 ) .
(5 5 1)
V d 11: ng cong cho bi phng trnh r = a(1 + cos ) quay quanh trc Ox
to ra mt mt trn xoay. Tnh din tch mt cong ny.
S = 4 a
(1 + cos )sin.cos 2 d
0
Trn Thin Khi
32 a 2
32
S = 16 a sin cos d =
cos5
= a2
2
2
5
2 5
0
2
Trang 73
Ton cao cp
BI TP
Bi 1: Tnh gi tr trung bnh ca cc hm sau y:
1) f ( x) =
sin x
, trn [0; ]
6
cos x
2) f ( x) =
1
trn [ln2 ; 2ln2]
e 1
x
Bi 2: Tnh din tch hnh phng S:
1) S c gii hn bi parabn y = 4x x2 v trc Ox.

2) S c gii hn bi cc ng x + y = 0; y = 2x x2 .
3) S c gii hn bi cc ng y =
a3
, y = 0.
a2 + x2
4) S c gii hn bi mt cung Xicloit x = 2(t sint), y = 2(1 cost) v

trc Ox.
5) S c gii hn bi Lemnixcat = 2cos2 .
6) S c gii hn bi cc ng y = x2 - 2x v y = 6x x2.
7) S c gii hn bi cc ng x2 +y2 = a2 v
x2 y2
+
=1
a2 b2
8) S c gii hn bi x3 +y3 = 3axy (a>0) (ng l ecac)

Bi 3: Tnh th tch vt th V:
1) V c gii hn bi cc mt tr x2 = 2py, z2 = 2px v cc mt phng y =

0, z = 0, x = a.
2) V c to ra khi quay hnh gii hn bi ng cong y2 = (x 1)3 v
ng thng x = 2 quay quanh trc Ox.
3) V ca hnh cu, bn knh R
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 74
Ton cao cp
4) V ca vt th c gii hn bi cc mt:
x2 y2
c
+ 2 = 1 v z = x
2
a
a
b
5) Tnh din tch mt trn xoay: x2 + 4y2 = 1 quanh Ox

Bi 4: Tm di cung:
y2 1
ln y
4 2
1) x =
2
3
2
3
2) 2y = x2 2 vi - 2 x 2
x = a (1 sin t )
, vi 0 t 2
y = a(1 cos t )
2
3
4) x + y = a (a>0)
3)
5) y = ln(cosx), 0 x
6) r = a(1+cos ), a>0
Xt s hi t, phn k ca cc tch phn suy rng loi mt v loi hai.

Bi: TCH PHN SUY RNG
4.1. Tch phn suy rng loi mt
nh ngha 1:
Gi s hm f(x) xc nh trn [ a,+ ) v kh tch trn mi on [a; b]. Gii

b
hn (nu c) ca tch phn f (x)dx khi b + gi l tch phn suy rng ca

a
hm f(x) trn [ a,+ ) , k hiu:
f (x)dx .
a
Vy:
f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx .

b +
Nu lim f (x)dx hu hn th f (x)dx hi t v hm f(x) kh tch trn [ a,+ )

b +
Nu lim f (x)dx v hn hoc khng tn ti th

b +
a
f (x)dx
phn k.
Tng t, f (x)dx = blim

f (x)dx (Tnh hi t v phn k cng tng t).

f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx .

+
Tch phn
f (x)dx
Trn Thin Khi
hi t khi
f (x)dx
a
f (x)dx
hi t.
Trang 75
Ton cao cp
V d 1: 1/ Tm din tch ca min phng gii hn bi cc ng x = 1, trc Ox v

1
ng cong y = 2 .
x
2/ Tnh I1 =
xe
x2
dx .
3/ Xt s hi t ca tch phn I 2 =
dx
x
( a > 0, > 0 ) .
Gii
dx
l din tch cn tnh.
2
x
1
1/ S =
b
dx
dx
1
1
S = 2 = lim 2 = lim = lim 1 = 1
b +
b +
x 1 b+ b
1 x
1 x
2/ I1 = lim xe
b +
x2
1 x 2 b
1 b x2
2
1
1
2
dx = lim e d ( x ) = lim e = lim 1 e b = .
b +
b +
2
0 b+ 2
2
20
3/. Nu 1 th:
b
+ khi < 1
x1
dx
1
1
1
=
I 2 = lim = lim
lim (b a ) = a 1
.
b+
b
b
1
1
x
>
khi
a
1
b
Nu = 1 th:
I 2=
Vy I 2 =
b
dx
dx
= lim
= lim ln x
x b+ a x b+
dx
x
( a > 0, > 0 )
b
a
) = lim ( ln b ln a ) = + .
b +
hi t khi 0 < 1 v phn k khi > 1 .
4.2. Tch phn suy rng loi hai

nh ngha 2:
Gi s f(x) l hm b chn v kh tch trn mi on [ a,b ] ( > 0, b tu

) nhng khng b chn trn on [ b ;b ] . Gii hn (nu c) ca tch phn
b
f (x)dx
khi 0 gi l tch phn suy rng ca hm f(x) trn on [a; b].
K hiu: f (x)dx
a
Vy f (x)dx = lim
0
Trn Thin Khi
f (x)dx .
Trang 76
Ton cao cp
b
hu hn th f (x)dx hi t v hm f(x) kh tch trn [ a;b ]
f (x)dx
Nu lim
0
Nu lim
0
f (x)dx v hn hoc khng tn ti th f (x)dx phn k.

a
Tng t, nu f(x) l hm kh tch v b chn trn mi on [ a + ;b ] nhng

b
khng b chn trn on [ a;a + ] th f (x)dx = lim

0
a
f (x)dx
(Tnh hi t v
a +
phn k cng tng t).

b
f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx (nu f(x) khng b chn ti c [ a;b ] ).

b
Tch phn f (x)dx hi t khi f (x)dx v f (x)dx hi t.

1
V d 2: 1/ Tnh I1 =
dx
1 x2
.
dx
.
0 1 x
2/ Xt s hi t ca tch phn I 2 =
dx
,
a (x a)
b
3/ Xt s hi t ca tch phn I =
(b > a) .
Gii
1/
1
dx
I1 = 2
1 x
2/ I 2 = lim
0
= 2 lim
0
dx
1 x
= 2 lim arcsin x 0
0
) = 2 lim arcsin(1 ) = 2 arcsin1 =

0
1 d (1 x)
dx
1
= lim
= lim ln(1 x) 0 = lim( ln ) = + .
0
1 x 0 0 1 x 0
dx
phn k.
1
x
Vy I 2 =
3/. = 1: Ta c
dx
= ln(b a) ln +
x
a
a +
b
1: Ta c
1
b
(b - a)1- , < 1
dx
1
dx
1-
1-
[(b - a) ] lim
=
= 1
0
1
a + (x a)
a + (x a)
+,
>1
b
dx
hi t nu < 1 v phn k nu 1.
a (x a)
b
Vy I =
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 77
Ton cao cp
4.3. iu kin hi t ca tch phn suy rng

4.3.1. Tch phn suy rng loi mt
nh l 1:
Gi s f(x) v g(x) l cc hm kh tch trn mi on hu hn [a; b] v

0 f (x) g(x), x a , khi ta c:
+
g(x)dx
Nu
f (x)dx hi t v f (x)dx g(x)dx .
hi t th
f (x)dx
Nu
phn k th
g(x)dx
phn k.
V d 3: Xt s hi t ca I =
x2
dx
Vi x 1, ta c: e x e x v x2 x.
2
+
1
Ta c: lim e dx = e x dx hi t.
b
e
1
1
b
Do I =
x2
dx hi t.
nh l 2: Gi s f(x) v g(x) l cc hm khng m v kh tch trn mi on hu

+
f (x)
hn [a; b]. Khi , nu lim
th cc tch phn f (x)dx v
=
<
<
+
k
(0
k
)
x +
g(x)
a
+
g(x)dx
cng hi t hoc cng phn k.
nh l 3: Nu
f (x) dx hi t th
f (x)dx
hi t.
nh l 4: iu kin cn v tch phn I =
f (x)dx
hi t (f(x) 0 khi a x
< + ) l f (x)dx , ( A > a) b chn. Ngha l f (x)dx C (vi C l hng s).

nh l 5: Cho hm s y = f(x) kh tch trn mi on [a; b] (0 < a < b).
i). Nu tn ti s > 0 v nu vi x ln, ta c f (x) <
c
, c l hng s
x
dng th tch phn
f (x)dx
hi t tuyt i.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 78
Ton cao cp
ii). Nu tn ti s tha 0 < 1 v nu vi x ln, ta c f (x) >
1
, th
x
tch phn
f (x)dx
phn k.
V d 4: Xt s hi t ca tch phn I =
xdx
(1 + x)
, a>0
Ta c f (x) =
x
x
1
3 = 2
3
(1 + x)
x
x
M tch phn
dx
hi t nn tch phn cho hi t tuyt i.
x2
nh l 6: Cho > 0, a > 0 v hm s (x) lin tc vi mi x a. Nu tn ti

b
hng s C > 0 sao cho vi mi b > a, ta c:
(x)dx
< C th tch phn hi t.
V d 5: Xt s hi t ca tch phn I =
sin x
dx , a > 0
x
sin x
1
+ Ta c: 0 < < , vi mi x > 0 v > 1 th
x
x
+ 0 < 1:
sin x
dx hi t tuyt i.
x
sin udu = cosx - cosa 2, (a < x < +) nn
sin x
dx hi t.
x
nh ngha 3:
f (x)dx
c gi l hi t tuyt i nu
f (x) dx hi t.
f (x)dx c gi l hi t tuyt i nu f (x)dx hi t v f (x) dx phn k
4.3.2. Tch phn suy rng loi hai

nh l 7:
Gi s f(x) v g(x) tha 0 f (x) g(x), a x b . Khi ta c:

b
Nu g(x)dx hi t th f (x)dx hi t v f (x)dx g(x)dx .

b
Nu f (x)dx phn k th g(x)dx phn k.

nh l 8: Gi s hm s f kh tch trn mi on [a+ ;b] vi 0 < < b a v
b
khng b chn ti ln cn im x = a. Khi :
f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx

a
Trn Thin Khi
+ a
Trang 79
Ton cao cp
1
, ta c:
y
Thc hin php bin i x = a +

1/
1 dy 1/
f (x)dx = 1/ ba f (a + y ) y 2 =1/ ba (y)dy
a +
b
b
1/
+
1
1
(y)dy = (y)dy
Trong (y) = 2 f (a + ) . Suy ra: f (x)dx = lim
0
y
y
a
1/ b a
1/ b a
ng thc trn biu th mi lin h gia hai loi tch phn suy rng loi mt
v loi hai.
V d 6: Xt s hi t ca cc tch phn sau y:
a)
x 1: f(x) =
(1 + x) 3 (1 + x )
2
v <
1
x .x
1
cos 2 xdx
0 3 (1 x 2 ) , f(x) =
f(x) =
f(x) =
f(x) =
7
1
v = > 1
6
x
7
(1 + x) 3 (1 + x 2 )
b)
Suy ra:
1
0
(1 + x ) 3 (1 + x 2 )
phi hi t.
cos 2 x
khi x 1 0
(1 x 2 )
cos 2 x
l mt VCL khi x 1 0
(1 x 2 )
cos 2 x
cos 2 x
1
=
.
chng t
2
2
3
(1 x )
(1 x ) (1 x )
1
cos 2 x
1
l
VCL
ngang
cp
vi
(1 x )
(1 x 2 )
v =
1
<1.
3
cos 2 x
phi hi t.
(1 x 2 )
ln(1 + 3 x )
ln(1 + 3 x )
3) Xt sin x
> 0, x(0; 1] khi x +0
dx , f(x) =
esin x 1
e 1
0
1
ln(1 + x ) x ; e
1
3
sin x
1
x
ln(1 + 3 x )
1 sin x x lim sin x
= lim
= lim
= +
x +0
0
x +0
e 1
x
x
1
3
2
3
ln(1 + 3 x )
1
1
.
=
Khi x +0:
l mt VCL ngang cp vi
sin x
e 1
x
( x 0)
2
3
V =
2
3
2
< 1 th tch phn suy rng phi hi t.
3
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 80
Ton cao cp
4)
sin xdx
sin x 1
0 x 3 , x 1: x 3 x 3 v
nn theo nh l
dx
x
0
hi t,
+
sin x
sin xdx hi t tuyt i.
hi
t
tc
dx
3
x
x3
0
BI TP
Bi 1: Tnh cc tch phn suy rng
+
1) cos xdx
2)
5)
dx
0 x .
6)
dx
x 2 .
1
3)
dx
(2 x)
0
1 x
dx
1 + x 2 .
4)
x
2
dx
.
+ x2
Bi 2: Kho st tnh hi t ca tch phn suy rng

+
dx
2)
.
1 + x10
1
1) sin( x )dx .
2
dx
4)
(b x) p
a
Trn Thin Khi
( a < b)
sin 2 xdx
5)
.
x
0
x 2 dx
3) 4 2 .
x x +1
0
+
xdx
(a>0)
3
a (1 + x )
6)
Trang 81
Ton cao cp
KQHT 4: Gii cc bi ton ng dng vi phn hm nhiu bin.

Trnh by cc nh ngha v gii hn dy s.
Bi: KHI NIM C BN V HM NHIU BIN
1.1. Khi nim c bn v hm nhiu bin
1.1.1. Rn v cc tp con
Vi n l mt s nguyn dng, k hiu Rn c dng ch tp hp tt c

cc b n s thc (x1, x2, , xn) v ta thng gi Rn l khng gian (thc) n chiu.
Khi b s thc (x1, x2, , xn) c t tn l P th ta vit l: P(x1, x2, , xn) v gi
n l mt im trong khng gian Rn.
Cho 2 im P(x1, x2, , xn) v Q(y1, y2, , yn) trong Rn, khong cch gia
hai im P v Q, k hiu l d(P, Q) c nh ngha bi:
d(P, Q) =
( x1 y1 ) 2 + ( x2 y2 ) 2 + .. + ( xn yn ) 2
Khong cch ny tha bt ng thc tam gic sau y:

d(P, Q) d(P, R) + d(R, Q), vi 3 im P, Q, R ty .
im P(x1, x2, , xn) cn c vit gn di dng x = (x1, x2, , xn) vi x
= (x1, x2, , xn) v y = (y1, y2, , yn), khong cch gia x v y cn c vit bi:
| x y |= ( x1 y1 ) 2 + ( x2 y2 ) 2 + .. + ( xn yn ) 2
Cho P Rn v r l s thc dng, tp hp B(P, r) = {Q Rn| d(P, Q) < r}
c gi l hnh cu m tm P bn knh r, hay l ln cn bn knh r ca P.
Tp hp E trong Rn c gi l b chn nu c r > 0 sao cho E B(O,r) vi
O l im O(0, 0, , 0).
* Cho Mo Rn v > 0. Tp (Mo) = {M Rn: d(M,Mo)< } gi l - ln
cn hoc ln cn bn knh ca Mo hoc hnh cu m tm Mo bn knh (H.1a).
* Cho E Rn. im M E gi l im trong ca E nu c (M) E ( >
0). im N Rn gi l im bin ca E nu bt k (M) u cha nhng im
thuc E v im khng thuc E( > 0). Tp E gi l m nu mi im ca n
u l im trong, gi l ng nu n cha mi im bin ca n. Tp cc im
bin ca E k hiu E. Bao ng ca E hay tp E ng k hiu E v c E = E
E (H.1a).
* Tp E gi l b chn hay gii ni nu nh tn ti s N sao cho E N(0).
* Tp E gi l lin thng nu mi cp im M1, M2 trong E u c ni
vi nhau bi mt ng cong lin tc no nm trn trong E. Tp lin thng E
gi l n lin nu n b gii hn bi mt mt kn (mt ng cong kn trong R2;
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 82
Ton cao cp
mt mt cong kn trong R3) (H.1a). Tp lin thng E gi l a lin nu n b gii

hn bi t hai mt kn tr ln ri nhau tng i mt (H.1b).
(Hnh 1a)
(Hnh 1b)
V d 1: Xt cc tp sau trong R2.
A = {(x; y) : x2 + y2 < 4}
B ={(1;2), (1;0), (0;0)} v R2
Gii:
A = {(x; y) : x2 + y2 = 4} - ng trn tm O bn knh 2, A = {(x; y) : x2 +
y2 4} hnh trn k c bin.
A, R2 l cc tp lin thng, B khng lin thng (gm 3 im ri rc).
A, B l cc tp gii ni, R2 khng gii ni (c mt phng Oxy).
C th cho R2: Hnh trn m tm M0(x0,y0), bn knh r > 0

B(M0,r) = {M(x;y) R2: d(M,M0) < r} = {(x;y) R2:
( x y 0 ) 2 + ( x y 0 ) 2 < r}
Hnh trn m ny cng gi l mt r-ln cn ca M0 v mi tp con ca R2

cha mt r-ln cn no ca M0 gi l mt ln cn ca M0.
Xt mt im M0 R2 v mt tp A R2. C th xy ra ba trng hp loi
tr nhau sau y:
- C mt ln cn ca M0 nm trn trong A, ngha l ch cha nhng im
ca A. Khi M0 c gi l im trong ca tp A.
- C mt ln cn ca M0 nm trn ngoi A, ngha l hon ton khng cha
im no ca A. Khi M0 l mt im trong ca phn b ca A.
- Bt k ln cn no ca M0 cng c c nhng im ca A v nhng im
khng thuc A. Khi M0 l mt im bin ca A.
Ch . 1) im trong ca A l mt im thuc A.
2) im bin ca A c th thuc hoc khng thuc A.

+ Mt tp hp c gi l m nu mi im thuc n u l im trong ca
n.
+ Mt tp hp c gi l ng nu mi im khng thuc n u l im
trong ca phn b ca n.
+ Mt tp hp l ng nu phn b ca n l m.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 83
Ton cao cp
+ Mt tp hp l m nu n khng cha im bin no ca n.

+ Mt tp hp l ng nu n cha tt c cc im bin ca n.
+ im M0 c gi l im t ca A, nu mi ln cn ca M0 u cha v
s im ca A.
+ im M0 l im t ca tp A, nu mi ln cn ca n c cha t nht mt
im ca A khc vi M0.
Ch .
1) im t c th thuc A, c th khng thuc A.

2) C nhng tp hp khng l tp ng, cng khng l tp m.
V d 2: Xt tp hp cc im trong mt phng. Cho tp hp A
A = {(x;y) R2: x2 + y2 < 1}

Tt c cc im trong ca A: {(x;y) R2: x2 + y2 < 1}
Tt c cc im bin ca A: {(x;y) R2: x2 + y2 = 1}
Tt c cc im t ca A: {(x;y) R2: x2 + y2 1}
Tp A l tp m.
V d 3: Xt tp hp cc im trong mt phng. Cho A l tp hp cc im nm
trong hnh trn n v m ta cc im l cc s hu t.
A = {(x;y) Q2: x2 + y2 < 1}

A khng c im trong.
Tp im bin v im t bng nhau: {(x;y) R2: x2 + y2 1}
A khng ng, khng m.
1.1.2. nh ngha hm nhiu bin
V d 4: 1) Nhit T ti mt im trn b mt tri t ti mt thi im t cho
trc ph thuc vo kinh x v v y ca im ny. Chng ta c th coi T l
mt hm theo hai bin x v y, k hiu: T = T(x,y)
2) Th tch V ca mt bnh hnh tr ph thuc vo bn knh y r v chiu

cao h. Thc t ta bit V = r2h. Khi V l mt hm hai bin theo r v h: V = r2h.
Mt nh x f t tp D ca cc cp s thc (x; y) vo tp R ca cc s thc
c gi l hm ca hai bin s c lp x, y.
K hiu: f = f(x; y) hay Z = f(x; y)
Ngha l mi mt cp s thc (x; y)D c tng ng vi mt s thc xc
nh f = f(x; y). Tp D c gi l min xc nh ca hm hai bin s f = f(x; y).
Tng t nh vy, nu vi mi mt b ca n bin s c lp (x1; x2; ; xn)
c tng ng vi mt s thc u th u c gi l hm ca n bin s c lp x1;
x2; ; xn.
K hiu: u = f(x1; x2; ; xn)
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 84
Ton cao cp
(x;y) th M(x; y) Oxy v ngc li.

Nu vi mi M(x;y)D c tng ng vi mt s thc xc nh f th f c
coi l hm ca im M(x;y): f = f(M) = f(x;y)
* Ch 1: Cch gi v k hiu nh trn rt gn v tin li cho ta hnh dung mt
cch trc quan v mi lin h gia bin s v hm s.
- Min xc nh D ca hm f = f(M) = f(x;y) c th l mt tp hp im ca

phn mt phng Oxy c gii hn bi mt ng cong kn no .
- ng cong kn c gi l bin ca min.
- Nu cc im trn bin ca min D cng thuc min xc nh ca hm th
min xc nh ca hm mt min ng (kn).
- Nu cc im trn bin ca min D khng thuc min xc nh ca hm
th min xc nh ca hm l mt min m (h).
* Ch 2: Min xc nh ca hm c th l ton b mt phng Oxy.
Min gi tr ca f: E = {a R: (x;y) D: a = f(x;y)}

1.1.3. Cc v d:
1.) Z = x2 + y2 . Min xc nh D1 ca hm l c mt phng Oxy.

2.) Z = 1 x 2 y 2
D2 l (x; y): 1 x2 y2 0 x2 + y2 1 D2 l mt ng trn c bn
knh bng 1 D2 ng (kn). (H.1.2a)
3.) Z = ln(x + y).
D3 l (x; y): x + y > 0 x > y y > - x.
D3 l na mt phng nm v pha trn ca ng phn gic ca gc phn t
th II, D3 m. (H.1.2b)
4.) u =
y
.
9 x y2 z2
2
Min xc nh l tp (x;y;z) R3 tha x2 + y2 + z2 < 9. l hnh cu tm O,

bn knh bng 3. (H1.3c). Hnh cu m ny m t bi h bt phng trnh:
3 < x < 3
2
2
9 x y 9 x
2
2
2
2
9 x y z 9 x y
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 85
Ton cao cp
D3
O
y=x
H.1.2b
(H1.2c)
1.2. Biu din hnh hc ca hm hai bin s
Gi Z = f(x;y) = f(M) l hm s c xc nh trong min D. Ta v h

trc ta Decac Oxyz trong khng gian. T im M ta k ng thng vung
gc (Oxy) v trn ng thng ly im P sao cho MP = Z = f (x; y)
z
P(x;y;z)Oxyz.
O
M D
y
- Khi im M bin thin khp min D th khng gian Oxyz im P tng

ng v nn mt mt cong no m hnh chiu ca n trn mt phng (Oxy) l
min xc nh ca hm.
- Vy biu din hnh hc ca hm Z = f(x; y) l mt mt cong S no trong
khng gian Oxyz m hnh chiu ca n trn mt phng (Oxy) l min xc nh D.
Ch : Phng trnh tng qut ca mt bc hai trong h ta Descartes 0xyz l
Ax2 + By2 + Cz2 + 2Dxy + 2Exz + 2Fyz + Gx + Hy + Kz + L = 0

T y, v mt bc hai:
1) a dng ton phng (mu ) v dng chnh tc bng bin i trc giao
2) Tm php bin i, xc nh trc ta mi.
3) V hnh.
V d 5:
1.) Z = x2 + y2 c biu din hnh hc l mt parabolit trn xoay.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 86
Ton cao cp
2.) Hm Z = x 2 + y 2 c th l na trn mt
nn.
3.) Hm Z = xy c th l mt yn nga.
4.) Z = 1 x 2 y 2 c biu din hnh hc l na trn mt cu tm O, bn

knh 1.
5.)
x2 y 2 z 2
+
+ = 1 c biu din hnh hc l Ellipsoid: (H1.3)
a2 b2 c2
6.) Hm Z = e x
y2
c th:
Ch : i vi hm c t ba bin s tr ln th khng c biu din hnh hc bng

nhng hnh nh hnh hc thng thng khng c biu din hnh hc ca nhng
hm nh vy.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 87
Ton cao cp
1.3. Gii hn ca hm nhiu bin s: Z = f(x; y)
Gi s Z = f(x; y) = f(M) l hm s c xc nh trong min D, M0(x0;

y0), M(x; y) l hai im ca min D.y
y
y0
M0
x0
Gi = M 0 M = (x x 0 )2 + (y y 0 )2
1.3.1. nh ngha gii hn
Cho hm n bin z = f(x1, x2, , xn) xc nh trn mt ln cn bn knh r ca

mt im P Rn v c th khng xc nh ti P. Ta ni z = f(x1, x2, , xn) tin v
a R (hay c gii hn l a). Khi M(x1, x2, , xn) dn n P nu vi mi > 0 cho
trc, tn ti > 0 sao cho:
0 < d (P, M) < => |f(M) a| < .
lim
f (M ) = a
M P
Khi ta vit:
Trong trng hp hm 2 bin z = f (x;y) th gii hn c th c nh ngha l:

S a c gi l gii hn ca hm: Z = f(x;y) = f(M). Khi M M0 (x x0;
y y0) (mt cch c lp vi nhau) khi y 0.
Ta lun c f ( x; y ) a 0 ngha l s a c gi l gii hn ca hm Z =
f(x;y) = f(M) khi M M0, nu > 0 b ty , > 0 sao cho = M 0 M <
f ( x; y ) a < ; a = lim f ( M ) = lim f ( x; y )
M M 0
x x0
y y0
1.3.2. Cc v d
1.) lim (x 2 y 2 ) = 3
x 1
y 2
1
= (VCL)
x 0 x 2 + y2
1 xy
=1
x 0 x2 + y2
2.) lim
y 1
1
= 0 (VCB)
x x 2 + y 2
3.) lim
4.) lim
y0
( x 2 + 2 y) = 3
5.) lim
x 1
y 1
Trn Thin Khi
1
= +
lim
6.) x 0 2
2
+
x
y
y 0
Trang 88
Ton cao cp
1.3.3. Ch
1) Tt c cc khi nim gii hn v hn hoc cc nh l v gii hn: tng,

tch, thng u ging nh hm s mt bin s.
2) T nh ngha ta nhn thy: Gii hn ca hm s f (x,y) khi M Mo
khng ph thuc ng i ca M tin n Mo , v th nu ch ra hai ng i ca
M tin n Mo m f(M) tin n hai gi tr khc nhau th hm s khng c gii hn
ti Mo.
1.4. S lin tc ca hm s Z = f(x; y)
Gi s Z = f(x;y) = f(M) l hm s xc nh trong min D v M0(x0;y0) l

im thuc
1.4.1. nh ngha 1
Hm f(x;y) = f(M) c gi l lin tc ti M0D nu n xc nh ti M0 v

tn ti gii hn lim f ( x; y ) = lim f ( M ) = f ( M 0 ) = f ( x0 ; y0 ) .
x x0
y y0
M M 0
T suy ra nu hm Z = f(x; y) lin tc ti mi im (x;y)D th ta ni

rng hm Z = f(x; y) lin tc trong min D.
Nu ta t x = x x0; y = y y0 l cc s gia ca cc bin c lp x, y
th: Z = f(x; y) f(x0; y0)
Gi l s gia trn phn tng ng cho hm. Khi ta c: x = x0 + x; y = y0
+ y v
Z = f(x; y) f(x0; y0) = f(x0 + x; y0 + y) - f(x0; y0) v
lim f ( x; y ) = f ( x0 ; y0 ) lim[ f ( x0 + x; y0 + y ) f ( x0 ; y0 ) = 0 = lim z = 0

x x0
y y0
x0
y 0
x0
y 0
1.4.2. nh ngha 2
Hm Z = f(x;y) lin tc ti M0(x0; y0) nu n xc nh ti M0 v c

lim z = 0 .
x 0
y 0
- Hm Z = f(x; y) gin on ti M0(x0; y0) nu n khng lin tc ti M0.

Z = f(x; y) gin on ti M0 khi n ri vo mt trong ba trng hp sau:
* Hoc l Z = f(x; y) khng xc nh ti M0(x0; y0).

* Hoc l n xc nh ti M0 nhng khng c gii hn: lim f (x; y) .
x x 0
yy 0
* Hoc l hm Z = f(x;y) xc nh ti M0 v c gii hn lim f (x; y)

x x 0
yy 0
nhng lim f (x; y) f(x0; y0).

x x 0
yy 0
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 89
Ton cao cp
V d 5: Hm f(x;y) =
2x y
lin tc ti mi im (xo;yo) khc (0;0).
x2 + y2
Ly : + Cc hm sau y c gi l hm s cp c bn: Hm hng, hm m,

hm ly tha, hm lng gic, hm lng gic ngc, hm logarit.
+ Hm thu c t cc hm s cp c bn bng hu hn cc php ton:

cng, tr, nhn, chia, khai cn c gi l hm s cp.
+ Hm s cp lin tc ti nhng im m n xc nh.
Tm cc o hm ring v vi phn.
Bi: O HM RING V VI PHN
2.1. o hm ring
2.1.1. nh ngha
Gi s Z = f(x;y) l hm s xc nh v lin tc trong min D, nu gi y

khng i, cho x mt s gia x 0 v kh b th hm Z = f(x;y) c mt s gia
tng ng gi l s gia ring theo bin x ca hm ti M(x; y).
x = f(x+ x; y) - f(x; y).
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 90
Ton cao cp
Tng t, gi x khng i cho y mt s gia y 0 kh b th Z = f(x; y) c

mt s gia tng ng l mt s gia ring theo bin y ca hm ti M(x; y) y = f(x;
y + y) - f(x; y).
x Z y Z
Nu khi x (y) 0 m
(
) 1 gii hn xc nh th gii hn
x y
Z Z
c gi l o hm ring theo bin x(y) ca hm ti im M. ( ) hay Z(x)
x y
= fx(x; y) (Zy = fy(x; y))
f (x + x; y) f (x; y)
Z
y Z
= lim
= lim
x x 0 x x 0
x
Z
y Z
f (x; y + y) f (x; y)
= lim
= lim
Tng t
y y 0 y y 0
y
Nh vy: Mun tnh o hm ring theo mt bin s no ta ch vic xem

hm s ch phc thuc vo bin cn cc bin khc xem nh khng i v p
dng qui tc i vi hm mt bin tnh o hm ring.
Biu din hnh hc:
Trong : f(x,y) biu din bi mt S (mu xanh)

Gi s f(a,b) = c, nn im P(a,b,c) S. C nh y = b. ng cong C1 l giao
ca S v mt phng y = b.
Phng trnh ca ng cong C1 l g(x) = f(x, b). H s gc ca tip tuyn T1
vi ng cong C1 l: g(a) = fx(a;b).
o hm ring theo x ca f = f(x,y) l h s gc ca tip tuyn T1 vi ng
cong C1 ti P(a,b,c).
Tng t, o hm ring theo y ca f = f(x,y) l h s gc ca tip tuyn T2 vi
ng cong C2 ti P(a,b,c).
V d 1:
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 91
Ton cao cp
1.) Cho hm Z = ln(x2 + y2)

2.) Cho hm Z = x2.siny
Z
Z
2x
2y
= 2
=
;
x x + y 2 y x 2 + y 2
Z
Z
= 2 x sin y ;
= x 2 cos y
x
y
3.) Cho hm u = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
Z
x
y
z
Z
Z
;
;
=
=
=
x
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 y
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 z
x2 + y2 + z2
4) Cho hm f(x;y) = 4 x2 2y2. Tm fx(1;1) v biu din hnh hc ca o

hm ring ny?
C fx(x;y) = - 2x => fx(1;1) = - 2.
Mt phng y = 1 ct ngang c ng cong C1.
Tip tuyn vi C1 ti (1,1,1) l ng thng mu hng.
H s gc ca tip tuyn vi C1 ti (1,1,1) l o hm ring cn tm.
Biu din hnh hc:

Tm fy(1;1) v biu din hnh hc ca o hm ring ny?
C fy(x;y) = - 4y => fy(1;1) = - 4.
Mt bc hai f = f(x,y) mu xanh.
Mt phng x = 1 ct ngang c ng cong C2.
Tip tuyn vi C2 ti (1,1,1) l ng thng mu hng.
H s gc ca tip tuyn vi C2 ti (1,1,1) l o hm ring cn tm.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 92
Ton cao cp
Biu din hnh hc ca fy(1;1):

Tnh cht ca o hm ring
V o hm ring l o hm ca hm mt bin nn tnh cht ca o hm

ring cng l tnh cht ca o hm ca hm mt bin.
(af)x = afx
(f + g)x = fx + gx
(f.g)x = fx.g + f.gx
f
gf ' fg '
( ) 'x = x 2 x
g
g
Hm mt bin: hm lin tc ti x0 khi v ch khi hm c o hm cp 1 ti x0.

Hm nhiu bin: Tn ti hm c cc o hm ring cp 1 ti (x0,y0) nhng
khng lin tc ti im ny.
2.1.2. o hm ring cp cao
Z Z
;
cc o hm
x y
ring ny c gi l cc o hm ring cp mt. Nu cc o hm ring ny cn
ph thuc bin x, y th cc o hm ring ca cc o hm trn c gi l o
2Z 2Z 2 Z 2 Z
;
;
;
hm ring cp hai ca hm Z theo bin x, y. K hiu:
.
x 2 y 2 xy yx
Gi s Z = f(x;y) c cc o hm ring theo bin x, y;
Ta c:
2 Z Z
2 Z Z
''
''
= ( ) = Fyy
= ( ) = Fxx (x, y);
( x, y ) ;
2
2
x x
y y
y
x
2x
Z
2x
Z
''
''
= ( ) = Fxy (x, y) ;
= ( ) = Fyx
( x, y )
xy x y
yx y x
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 93
Ton cao cp
nh l Svacx: Nu hm Z = f(x;y) v cc o hm ring ca n:
Z Z
;
;
x y
2Z 2Z
2Z
2Z
;
=
, lin tc trong min D th trong min D,
, ngha l cc
xy yx
xy yx
2Z 2Z
khng phc thuc vo th t ca cc bin ly
o hm ring cp hai
;
xy yx
o hm lin tc trong min D. ng thi nh l Savxac ni trn cn c th
m rng i vi cc hm nhiu hn hai bin s v cc o hm ring cp cao.
V d 2: 1) u = f(x;y;z)
3u
3u
3u
=
=
nu cc o hm ring ny lin tc.
xyz xzy yxz
2). Z = x2y + y2 , c
Z
Z
= 2xy ;
= x 2 + 2y
x
y
2Z
2Z
2Z
2Z
2Z
2Z
=
2
y
;
;
=
2
=
2
x
=
2
x
=
= 2x
xy
yx
xy yx
x 2
y 2
3). u = Z2 ex + y
'
''
u'x = Z2e x + y ; u'xy
= 2yZ 2ex + y ; u'xyz
= 4 yZe x + y
2
'
'
u'y = 2 yZ2e x + y ; u'yx
= 4 yZe x + y ; u'yz
= 4 yZe x + y
2
''
'
u'z = 2 Ze x + y ; u'zx
= 2 Ze x + y ; u'zxy
= 4 yZe x + y
2
''
''
''
= u'yzx
= u'zxy
= 4 yZe x + y
Vy: u'xyz
2.2. Vi phn ton phn

2.2.1. nh ngha
Xt hm Z = f(x; y), nu ta cho x mt s gia x, cho y mt s gia y th

hm f(x; y) = Z c mt s gia tng ng Z = f(x; y) = f(x +x; y +y) gi l s
gia ton phn ca hm Z = f(x; y) ti M(x; y). Nu ti im
M(x; y) Z = A.x + B.y + (x; y)
(1)
Trong A; B l nhng i lng khng ph thuc vo x; y. Cn (x;

y) l mt v cng b cp cao hn = 2 x + 2 y khi 0 . Khi ta ni rng
hm s Z = f(x; y) kh vi ti M(x; y).
Biu thc A.x + B.y c gi l vi phn ton phn ca Z = f(x; y) ti

im M(x; y).
K hiu: dZ hay df(x; y)
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 94
Ton cao cp
dZ = A.x + B.y
Nu hm Z = f(x; y) kh vi ti mi im (x; y) D th ta ni rng hm Z =
f(x; y) kh vi trong min D.
Ch : Nu A 0 hoc B 0 dZ 0.
Ti cng mt im M(x; y) th Z v dZ ch sai khc nhau bi (x, y) l
mt v cng b cp cao hn khi 0. Ngha l ti M(x; y)Z = dZ hay ni
cch khc dZ l phn chnh bc nht ca Z.
2.2.2. iu kin kh vi
nh l 1: Nu hm Z = f(x; y) kh vi ti M(x; y) th ti M(x; y) hm Z = f(x;

y) c cc o hm ring theo bin x, bin y.
Z
Z
Z
Z
= A;
= B dZ =
x +
y
x
y
x
y
V x v y l cc bin s c lp nn x = dx; y = dy u l nhng hng s

nn
dZ =
Z
Z
Z
Z
x +
y =
dx +
dy
x
y
x
y
nh l 2: Nu ti M(x; y) hm Z = f(x; y) c cc o hm ring lin tc theo

bin x, y th hm s Z = f(x; y) kh vi ti M(x;y).
* Nhn xt:
1). nh l 1 v nh l 2 ni trn l iu kin cn v hm Z = f(x;y)

kh vi. C th: nh l 1 l iu kin cn; nh l 2 l iu kin .
nh l 2: Cn ch n iu kin lin tc ca hm s. Nu b qua iu kin
th nh l 2 s khng cn ng na.
2). Biu thc: f(x; y) Z = f(x; y) dx = dxZ gi l vi phn ring i vi x ca
Z = f(x; y).
3). Suy ra quy tc vi phn ton phn ca u = f(x1, x2, , xn) l
du =
u
u
u
dx1 +
dx 2 + ... +
dx n
x1
x 2
x n
V d 4:
1). Tm Z v dZ ca Z = xy ti M(2, 3) vi x = 0,1; y = 0,2.

Z = (2 + 0,1) (3 + 0,2) (2 x 3) = 0,72
dZ = y.Z + x.y = 3 x 0,2 2 x 0,2 = 0,7

Ti cng im M(2, 3) th Z = dZ = 0,72 0,70 = 0,02.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 95
Ton cao cp
2). Tnh du ti M(x;y;z) nu u =
1
x 2 + y2 + z2
, c du =
u
u
u
x + y + z
x
y
z
u
x
z
u
y
u
= 2
= 2
;
= 2
;
2
2
2
2
x (x + y + z ) y (x + y + z ) z (x + y 2 + z 2 )
3
2
du =
3
2
3
2
xx + yy + zz
(x 2 + y2 + z 2 )
3
2
2.2.3. Vi phn cp cao
Z
Z
dx +
dy v dZ c gi l vi phn
x
y
ton phn cp mt ca hm Z. Vi phn ton phn cp mt ni chung li l hm ca
Z theo bin x, y c lp nn c th ly vi phn ton phn na. Gi vi phn ca vi
phn ton phn cp mt l vi phn ton phn cp hai ca hm Z. K hiu:
Xt Z = f(x;y) gi s tn ti dZ =
2Z
2Z
2Z
Z
Z
2
dxdy + 2 dy
d Z = d (dZ) = d ( dx +
dy ) hay d Z = 2 dx + 2
xy
x
y
x
y
2
ngi ta dng k hiu ly tha d 2 Z = (
Z
Z
dx +
dy )2 Z
x
y
Tng t nh vy: Vi phn ca vi phn ton phn cp 2 l vi phn ton

phn cp 3. K hiu: d3(Z) = d(d2Z); d4(Z) = d(d3Z).
Vi phn (ton phn) ca vi phn ton phn cp (n 1) l vi phn ton phn
Z
Z
cp n. K hiu: dnZ = d(dn 1Z) = ( dx +
dy )n Z
y
x
3Z
3Z
3Z
3Z
Z
Z
3
Chng hn: d Z = ( dx +
dy ) Z = 3 + 3 2 + 33 2 + 3
x
y
x
x y
y x y
3
V d 5: cho Z = ex.siny
'
'
Z'x = ex sin y ; Z'xx
= ex sin y ; Z'xy
= ex cos y
'
'
Z'y = ex cos y ; Z'yy
= ex sin y ; Z'yx
= ex cos y
dZ = Z'x dx + Z'y dy = e x (sin ydx + cos ydy )

d 2 Z = ( Z'x dx + Z'ydy )2 Z
'
'
'
d 2 Z = Z'xx
dx 2 + 2 Z'xy
dxdy + Z'yy
dy 2 = exsinydx2 + 2excosydxdy - exsinydy2
= ex [sinydx2 + 2cosydxdy sinydy2]

* Ch : Nu x v y l cc bin s c lp th do x = dx; y = dy l hng s nn
ta c cng thc (1) tnh d2Z.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 96
Ton cao cp
2Z
2Z
2Z
d Z= 2 +2
dxdy + 2
xy
x
y
2
(1)
Cn nu x v y l cc hm ca cc hm s khc l s v t th: Z = f(x;y); x =

x(s;t); y = y(s;t) nn dx, dy khng cn l hng s na nn (1) khng cn ng na
m trong trng hp ny vi phn d2Z.
d 2 Z = d (dZ) = d (
d2Z =
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
dx +
dy ) = d ( dx ) +
d (dx ) + d ( dy ) +
dy
x
x
x
y
y
y
2Z 2
2Z
2 Z 2 Z 2
Z 2
+
+
+
+
dx
2
dxdy
dy
d
x
d y
xy
x
y
x 2
y 2
(2)
T (2) nu x, y c lp th d2x = 0; d2y = 0 khi (2) tr v (1).

2.2.4. ng dng tnh gn ng
Ti cng mt im M0(x0; y0) th Z; dZ ca Z = f(x; y), v Z = dZ. V vy

ta c th p dng tnh gn ng gi tr ca s gia ton phn Z cng nh gi tr
ca hm ti mt im k cn no .
f (x 0 + x; y 0 + y) f (x 0 ; y 0 ) df (x 0 ; y 0 )
(1)
f (x 0 + x; y 0 + y) f (x 0 ; y 0 ) +
f (x 0 ; y 0 )
f (x 0 ; y 0 )
x +
y
x
y
Php tnh ny cng ng bao nhiu khi x ; y cng nh by nhiu.

V d 6: 1) Tnh gn ng gi tr ln(3 1,03 + 4 0,98 1)
Nu chn Z = ln(3 x + 4 y 1) , c
3
Z
1
=3 3 x
=
x
x + 4 y 1 33 x 2 (3 x + 4 y 1)
1
4 4 y3
Z
1
\
=3
=
y
x + 4 y 1 4 4 y3 (3 x + 4 y 1)
ln(3 1,03 + 4 0,98 1) = ln[3 x 0 + x + 4 y 0 + y 1]
ln[3 x 0 + 4 y 0 1] +
y
x
+
3(3 x 0 )(3 x 0 + 4 y 0 1) 4( 4 y30 )(3 x 0 + 4 y 0 1)
Chn x0 = 1 x = 0,03
y0 = 1 y = -0,02
Vy: ln(3 1,03 + 4 0,98 1) 0 +
Trn Thin Khi
0.03 0,02
0,01 0,005 = 0,005

3.1.1 4.1.1
Trang 97
Ton cao cp
Do : ln(3 1,03 + 4 0,98 1) 0,005

2) Tnh gn ng: arctg
1,05
1,05
1 + 0,05
. Ta vit arctg
= arctg
1 0,03
0,97
0,97
Xt hm s f ( x, y ) = arctg
R rng arctg
x
y
1,05
= f(xo+ x, yo+ y), trong xo= yo= 1, x = 0,05; y= - 0,03
0,97
p dng cng thc xp x, ta c:

f ( x0 + x; y0 + y ) f ( x0 ; y0 ) +
f ( x0 + x; y0 + y ) f (1;1) +
M f x' ( x, y ) =
1
y
f ( x0 ; y0 )
f ( x0 ; y0 )
x +
y
x
y
f (1;1)
f (1;1)
(0,05) +
(0,03)
x
y
1
y
x 1
x
'
,
=
f
(
x
,
y
)
2 =
2
y
x
x
y 2 + x2
y2
y 2 + x2
1+ 2
1+ 2
y
y
1 1
1
f ( x0 + x; y0 + y ) arctg + (0,05) + (0,03) = + 0,04 = 0,825
1 2
2
4
3) Mt hnh tr bng kim loi c chiu cao h = 20 cm v bn knh y r = 4
cm. Khi nng ln h v r n thm cc on h = r = 0,1 cm. Hy tnh gn ng
th tch hnh tr khi nng ln.
Ta c: V = r2h, Vr = 2 rh, Vh = r2.
p dng cng thc gn ng, ta c: V(r + r, h + h) r2h + 2 r h + r2 h
.42.20 + 2 .4.20.0,1 + .42.0,1 .337,6 cm3.
Chng t sai s tuyt i khng qu 0,3 cm3 v sai s tng i khng qu
0,3
1
337 100
2.3. o hm ca hm hp
Gi s Z = f(u; v) vi u = u(x;y); v = (x; y). Trong Z l hm hp ca hai

hm u, v.
Z = f[u(x;y); v(x;y)]. Tnh
Z Z
; . Gi thit Z, u, v u l nhng hm kh vi.
x y
nh l: Cho u = f(x,y) vi x = x(s, t); y = y(s, t) tho mn: Cc bin trung gian
x(s, t), y(s, t) c cc o hm ring cp 1 ti (a, b), f(x, y) kh vi ti im (x0, y0) =
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 98
Ton cao cp
(x(a, b), y(a, b)). Khi hm hp u = u(s, t) c o hm ring cp 1 ti (a, b) tnh

x x
D( x, y ) s t
=
theo cng thc:
D( s, t ) y y
s t
c gi l ma trn Jacobi ca x, y i vi t, s; cn nh thc ca ma trn ny gi

l nh thc Jacobi ca x, y i vi t, s hay Jacobian ca x, y i vi t, s v k
x x
hiu: J = s t
y y
s t
x
u u u u s
Vit dng ma trn:

=
s t x y y
s
t
y
Kt lun:
*
u u x u y
= . + .
s x s y s
u u x u y
= . + .
t x t y t
V d 7: 1) Cho Z = eu sinv. cho u = xy; v = x + y
Z u
Z u
= e .sinv;
= e .cosv
u
v
Ta c: *
*
u
u
= y;
= x.
x
y
v
v
= 1;
=1
x
y
Z
= eu.(sinv) y + eu.cosv.1 = eu.[y.sinv + cosv]
x
Z
= eu.x siny + eu.cosy = eu.[x.siny + cosy]
y
2) Tnh cc o hm ring: u = exlny, x = st, y = s2 t2.
C
1
2s
u
= e x ln y.t + e x 2s = e st [t. ln( s 2 t 2 ) + 2 2 ]
s
y
s t
1
2t
u
= e x ln y.s + e x (2t ) = e st [ s. ln(s 2 t 2 ) 2 2 ]
t
y
s t
1
3) Cho u = , r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 . Chng minh u = u x'' + u 'y' + u z''
r
2
Hm s u =
Trn Thin Khi
1
i xng vi x, y, z. Do ta ch cn tnh u x'' . Ta c:
r
2
Trang 99
Ton cao cp
u x' = u '.rx' =
x
1 x
,
.
=
r2 r
r3
u x'' =
2
1
1 x
1 3x 2
+
x
=
+
3
.
r3
r4 r
r3 r5
3 3( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
3 3
= 3 + 3 = 0.
=> u = 3 +
5
r
r
r r
Ch : Nu u = f(x,y), y = y(x), khi u l hm s hp ca hm mt bin x. Do
vy ngi ta a ra khi nim o hm tan phn v cng thc tnh s l:
du f f
=
+ .y '
dx x y
Trng hp c bit ta c o hm ton phn nh sau:

Z = f(x; y); y = (x). V vy: Z = f(x; (x))
Nh vy: o hm ca hm Z c gi l o hm ton phn theo bin x. K
dZ
hiu:
dx
*
dZ Z x Z y Z Z dy
=
+ .
. + . =
dx x x y x x y dx
Vy:
dZ
dx
Z Z dy
.
+
x y dx
V d 8: Cho Z = x2 +
y vi y = sin2x th
dZ Z Z dy
1
dZ
sin 2 x
=
+ . = 2x +
.2 sin x cos x
= 2x +
dx x y dx
dx
2 sin x
2 y
2.4. o hm ca hm n
Gi s y l hm n ca bin x, x xc nh bi h thc F(x;y) = 0 (a)

T (a) ly vi phn ton phn ca hai v:
F
F
dx + dy = 0
x
y
F
dy
F
= x
0 th t ta c
Nu
F
dx
y
y
(3)
x2 y2
V d 9: 1) y l hm n ca bin x c xc nh 2 + 2 = 1
a
b
x2 y2
F(x; y) = 2 + 2 1 = 0
a
b
dy
2x b2 b2 x
F 2 x F 2 y
= 2;
= 2
= 2
=
x a y b
dx
2 y a2 y
a
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 100
Ton cao cp
Gi s Z l mt hm n ca hai bin s c lp x, y c xc nh bi h
thc F(x;y;z) = 0 (3). tnh o hm ring ca hm Z theo bin x, y
z z
; th ta
x y
ln lt coi x, ri y l hng s ri tr v trng hp o hm ca hm n mt bin

theo (2)
F
F
z
dz
= x ;
= y
F
F
y
dx
z
z
(4)
2) Gi s Z l mt hm n ca hai bin c lp x, y c xc nh bi h thc:

F(x;y;z) = x2 + y2 + z2 R2 = 0
F
F
F
z
2 x z
y
= 2x ;
;
=
= 2y ;
= 2z
=
z
z
x
2 z y
x
y
hoc t x2 + y2 + z2 R2 = 0 z2 = R2 x2 y2 Z = R 2 x 2 y2
x Z
Z
y
= ;
=
Z y
x
Z
3) Tnh y(1), bit xy exsiny =

Ly o hm tan phn (hay vi phn) v coi y l hm ca x hai v ca
phng trnh cho c: y + xy exsiny excosy.y = 0.
Thay x = 1 vo phng trnh hm n, nhn c y(1) - = e.siny(1).
Dng phng php th gii phng trnh ny, nhn c nghim y(1) = .
Vy + y(1) e.sin - e.cos .y(1) = 0 y ' (1) =
1+ e
4) Tnh y, y, bit x y + arctgy = 0

Ly o hm tan phn hai v, coi y = y(x). Ta c: 1 y '+
y'
=0
1 + y2
1 + y2
y' =
=> y2y = 1 + y2.
2
y
Ly o hm tip, ta c: 2yy2 + y2y = 2yy y ' ' =
Trn Thin Khi
2 y ' (1 y ' )
2(1 + y 2 )
y' ' =
y
y5
Trang 101
Ton cao cp
Tm cc tr hm nhiu bin.
Bi: CC TR CA HM NHIU BIN
3.1. Cc tr t do
Gi s Z = f(x; y) l mt hm xc nh v lin tc trong min D, M0(x0;

y0). Ta ni rng hm f(x; y) t c gi tr cc i (cc tiu) ti M0(x0; y0) nu ti
mi im (x; y) thuc mt ln cn no ca M0(x0; y0) th:
f (x 0 + x; y 0 + y) f (x 0 ; y 0 ) hay
f (x 0 + x; y 0 + y) f (x 0 ; y 0 ) vi mi x ; y phi kh b.
Gi tr cc i v gi tr cc tiu ca hm f(x; y) c gi l cc tr ca hm s.
Ti M0(x0; y0) m hm t c cc tr gi l im cc tr ca hm s.
Nhn xt: Tng t nh hm mt bin, khi nim cc tr ca hm nhiu bin s
m chng ta nh ngha trn mang tnh a phng, gi tr cc i (cc tiu)
ca hm ti im M0(x0, y0) l gi tr ln hn (nh hn) mi gi tr khc ca
hm trong ln cn im M0(x0, y0) m thi ch khng phi gi tr ln nht hay
gi tr nh nht trong ton b min xc nh.
3.2. Quy tc tm cc tr
nh l 1: (iu kin cn)
Nu hm Z = f(x; y) t c cc tr ti M0(x0; y0)D v ti y hm s c

cc o hm ring (lin tc) hu hn, fx(x0; y0) th cc o hm ring phi trit
tiu.
fx(x0; y0) = 0; fy(x0; y0) = 0
ng thi nh l 1 cn c th pht biu theo mt dng khc:
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 102
Ton cao cp
* Nu hm kh vi Z = f(x;y) c cc tr ti M0(x0; y0)D th ti y vi phn

ton phn ca hm Z = f(x;y) phi bng 0.
df (x 0 , y 0 ) =
f (x 0 , y 0 )
f (x 0 , y 0 )
dx +
dy = 0
x
y
Nhn xt: nh l 1 ch l iu kin cn cha phi l iu kin v cc tr ca

hm s. Bi v theo nh l 1 nu Z = f(x; y) t cc tr ti M0(x0, y0) th ti y c
cc o hm ring cp 1 th cc o hm ring phi bng 0 v iu ngc li
cha chc ng. Khi o hm ring cp 1 ca n bng 0 cha chc n c cc tr ti
y v ngoi ra hm s c th c cc tr ti nhng im hm s khng c o hm.
Ta cng gi nhng im c o hm ring cp 1 bng 0 hoc khng c o

hm l nhng im nghi ng cc tr.
nh l 2: Gi s M0(x0; y0) l im nghi ng cc tr ca hm Z = f(x;y) v ti y
2Z
2 Z
;
hm Z = f(x;y) c cc o hm ring cp 2 lin tc v ta gi A = 2 ; B =
xy
x
2Z
C= 2 .
y
1. Nu B2 AC < 0 th Z = f(x;y) c cc tr ti M0(x0; y0) v hm Z =
f(x;y) c cc i nu A < 0.
2. Nu B2 AC > 0 th Z = f(x;y) khng c cc tr ti M0(x0; y0).
3. Nu B2 AC = 0: cha kt lun c cc tr ca hm Z = f(x;y) ti
M0(x0; y0).
V d 1: Tm cc tr ca cc hm s sau:
1.) Z = x3 + y3 3xy
Z'x = 3x 2 3y = 0
x 2 = y
y = x 2
x = 0 x = 1
'
2
4
y
0
=
=
=
Z
3
y
3
x
0
y = 1
y
x = x
y = x
Ta cc im dng l: M1(1; 1); M2(0; 0)
'
Z'xx
= 6 x A1 = 6.1 = 6 > 0; A 2 = 0
'
Z'xy
= 3 B1 = 3
B2 = 3
''
C2 = 0
Z yy = 6 y C1 = 6
Ta c: B12 A1C1 = 9 36 = 27 < 0 hm s t cc tiu ti M1(1; 1)

min Z = Z(M1) = - 1
B22 A 2C2 = 9 0 = 9 > 0 hm s khng c cc tr ti M2

Trn Thin Khi
Trang 103
Ton cao cp
2.) Z = x2 y2
Ta c:
Z'x = 2 xy 2 = 0
Z'y = 2 yx 2 = 0
Ta dng M(0; 0)
'
Z'xx
= 2y2 A = 0
'
Z'xy
= 4 xy B = 0
'
Z'yy
= 2x 2 C = 0
V B2 AC = 0 v Z = x2 y2 0; (x;y)
Chng t rng ti M(0; 0) th Z = 0 l gi tr nh nht ca hm Ti (0; 0)
hm t gi tr cc tiu minZ = 0.
3.3. Cc tr c iu kin
3.3.1. nh ngha
Cc tr ca hm Z = f(x;y) c xc nh trong min D cha M0(x0;y0) l

gi tr ca hm Z = f(x;y) ti M0(x0;y0) s ln hn hay nh hn mi gi tr khc
ca hm ti nhng im M(x;y) trong ln cn ca im M0(x0;y0) theo mi
phng: cc tr c gi l cc tr t do hay cc tr i.
Ta xt cc tr ca hm Z = f(x;y) vi iu kin rng buc ca x, y: (x;y) =
0 hay phng trnh y = (x) th cc tr ca hm Z = f(x;y) ti im M0(x0;y0) trong
tng trng hp c gi l cc tr c iu kin hoc cc tr tng i.
z
y
M0
3.3.2. Qui tc th
T iu kin rng buc gia x, y: (x;y) = 0 Z = f(x;y) = f(x,(x)). Ta s

tm cc tr iu kin bng cch s dng phng php cc tr ca hm mt bin s.
V d 2: Tm cc tr ca Z = 1 x 2 y 2 vi iu kin y = a (0<a< 1)
Thay y = a Z = 1 x 2 a2 Z'x =
x
2
1 x a
=0x=0
Lp bng bin thin:

Trn Thin Khi
Trang 104
Ton cao cp
1 a2
1 a2
1 a2
Ti x = 0 tc ti (0, a) hm Z = 1 x 2 y2 t c cc tr tng i
max Z = Z(1, a) = 1 a2
3.3.3. Phng php nhn t ca Lagrange
Phng php tm cc tr c iu kin trn c th c trng hp khng gii

quyt c bi v khng phi bao gi t iu kin (x;y) = 0 ta d dng rt ra
c y = y(x) khi ngi ta dng phng php sau gi l phng php nhn t
Lagrange tm cc tr c iu kin.
Gi s L = f(x;y) vi y l hm n ca bin x c xc nh bi phng trnh
(x;y) = 0.
Z vn l hm ph thuc vo bin. Ta ly o hm ton phn ca Z i vi x.

dZ Z Z dy
+
=
dx x y dx
(1)
Nu ti M0(x0; y0) hm Z = f(x;y) c cc tr th ti y ta c:

f (x 0 , y 0 ) f (x 0 , y 0 ) dy
+
x
= 0 hay l vi phn ton phn ca f(x0,y0).
dx
x
y
df (x 0 , y 0 ) =
f (x 0 , y 0 )
f (x 0 , y 0 )
dx +
dy = 0
x
y
(2)
T iu kin (2), (x;y) = 0 ta ly vi phn ton phn ti M0(x0; y0):
df (x 0 , y 0 ) =
(x 0 , y 0 )
(x 0 , y 0 )
dy = 0
dx +
x
y
(3)
Nhn hai v ca (3) vi mt s bt k no ri em cng vo (2)
f (x 0 , y 0 )
(x 0 , y 0 )
(x 0 , y 0 )
f (x 0 , y 0 )
]dx + [
+
]dy = 0
+
x
y
y
x
(4)
Cho nn ta c th chn con s no sao cho

'
f y ( x0 , y 0 )
f (x 0 , y 0 )
f (x 0 , y 0 )
= 0 '= '
+
y ( x0 , y 0 )
y
y
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 105
Ton cao cp
T (4)
f (x 0 , y 0
f (x 0 , y 0 )
=0
+
x
x
T ta rt ra c iu kin cn v cc tr c iu kin ca Z = f(x;y) vi

(x;y) =0
f (x 0 , y 0 )
(x 0 , y 0 )
+
=0
x
x
(x 0 , y 0 )
f (x 0 , y 0 )
=0
+
y
y
Hay l cc im M0(x0; y0) cc o hm ring theo bin x, y ca:
F(x;y) = f(x;y) + (x;y) phi bng 0 v h ba phng trnh:
Fx (x;y) = fx (x;y) + x(x;y) = 0
Fy(x;y) = fy(x;y) + y(x;y) = 0
(x;y) = 0
Xc nh gi tr v ta x, y ca im m ti Z = f(x;y) t c cc
tr tng i vi (x;y) = 0; nhn t ca Lagrange (ch l iu kin cn) iu
kin c trc tip suy ra t nhng vn thc t. ng thi phng php
Lagrange cn c th m rng i vi hm nhiu hn hai bin s.
3.3.4. V d:
Phn tch mt s dng a thnh tng ca ba s dng x, y, z sao cho tch

ca chng u = xyz t c gi tr ln nht.
u = xyz, x + y + z = a (x, y, z > 0)
Lp hm ph:
F(x;y;z) = xyz + (x + y + z a)
Fx(x;y;z) = yz + = 0
Fy(x;y;z) = xz + = 0
Fz(x;y;z) = xy + = 0
x+y+z=a
yz = xz
xz = xy
y=x
x+y+z=a
x=y=z=
y=z
x+y+z=a
a
3
a 3 a3
Do Max u = xyz = ( ) =
3
27
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 106
Ton cao cp
3.4. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht trong min ng
Ging nh hm mt bin s, hm nhiu bin s Z = f(x;y) lin tc trn

min ng D th t ra n t c mt ln gi tr ln nht k hiu M v mt ln gi
tr nh nht k hiu m trong min ng D. Cc tr ca hm c tnh cht a phng
nn nu Z = f(x;y) t c gi tr ln nht hay gi tr nh nht ca hm ti mt
im trong M0(x0;y0)D th M0 phi l im cc tr ca hm. Ngoi ra gi tr ln
nht hay gi tr nh nht ca hm cn c th t c ngay trn bin ca min D.
Cch tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm trong min ng .

Trc ht tm im cc tr ca hm trong min D ri sau , so snh vi
gi tr ca hm trn bin ca min D xc nh gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh
nht.
V d 2: Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm Z = x2 y2 trong hnh
trn ng: x2 + y2 4.
Tm cc tr ca hm s Z = x2 y2 ti nhng im trong ca min: x2 + y2 < 4

Zx = 2x = 0
Zy = - 2y = 0
x=0
O(0; 0)
y=0
Zxx = 2 A = 2
Zxy = 2x B = 0
Zyy = - 2 C = -2
Ta c: B2 AC = 0 (-2)2 = 4 > 0
Z = f(x;y) = x2 y2 khng c cc tr
* Trn ng x2 y2 = 4 y2 = 4 x2
Z = x2 (4 x2) = 2(x2 2) Zx = 4x = 0 x = 0 y = 2
M1(0;2); M2(0;-2) Z(M1) = Z(M2) = -4
T phng trnh x2 + y2 = 4 x2 = 4 y2 Zy = -4y = 0 y = 0
x2 = 4 y 2 = 4 x = 2
Vy: Gi tr ln nht ca hm: m = -4 ti M1(0;2) v M2(0;-2)
Gi tr nh nht ca hm: M = 4 ti M3(-2;0) v M4(2;0)
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 107
Ton cao cp
BI TP
Bi 1: Tm min xc nh ca cc hm:
1) u = a 2 x 2 y 2 .
2) u = arcsin
x
.
y2
3) u = ln(2z2 6x2 3y2 6)
Bi 2: Gii hn ca hm nhiu bin:
1) CMR i vi hm f(x, y) =
x y
; lim lim f ( x, y ) = 1 ; lim
lim f ( x, y ) = 1 .
y 0 x 0
x + y x 0 y 0
Trong khi lim f ( x, y ) khng tn ti.

x 0
y 0
2). CMR i vi hm f(x, y) =
x2 y2
.
x 2 y 2 + ( x y)2
lim f ( x, y ) = 0. Nhng khng tn ti lim f ( x, y ) .

C lim lim f ( x, y ) = lim
y 0 x 0
x 0
y 0
x 0
y 0
3) Tm cc gii hn kp sau y:
x+ y
.
x xy + y 2
y
a). lim
x
(x 2 + y
d) lim
x 0
2 2
2 x y
(x 2 + y 2 )e ( x+ y ) .
c) xlim
+
sin xy
.
x
y a
b) lim
x 0
y +
x2
1 x+ y
e) lim
1 + .
x
x
y a
y 0
f) lim
ln( x + e y )
x 1
y 0
x2 + y2
Bi 3: Xt s lin tc ca hm nhiu bin
1) Chng minh rng hm s:

Lin tc theo mi bin x v y ring bit
(vi gi tr c nh ca bin kia), nhng khng
lin tc ng thi theo c hai bin .
2) Chng minh rng hm s: x2 y
2
2
Lin tc ti im (0, 0).
x + y
0
2xy
f ( x, y) = x 2 + y 2
0
nu x2 + y2 0
nu x2 + y2 = 0
nu x2 + y2 0
nu x2 + y2 = 0
Bi 4: o hm ring ca hm nhiu bin:
1) Cho hm s: f(x, y) = x + (y 1)arcsin
Trn Thin Khi
x
tm fx(x, 1).
y
Trang 108
Ton cao cp
u
u
v
.
x
y
2) Cho u = x2 3xy 4y2 x + 2y + 1. Tm

2
3) z = e x + y , tm
z z
, .
x y
4) CMR hm z = yln(x2 y2), tho mn phng trnh:
1 z 1 z
z
+
= 2
x x y y y
Bi 5: Xt s kh vi ca hm:
1) Cho hm u = f(x,y) =
khng?
xy . Hm s c kh vi ti im O(0,0) hay
2) Kho st tnh kh vi ca hm f(x, y) = e

ti im O(0, 0).
1
x2 + y 2
khi x2 + y2 > 0 v f(0, 0) = 0
3) Chng minh rng f(x, y) = xy lin tc ti O(0, 0), c c hai o hm

ring fx(0, 0), fy(0, 0) ti im , tuy nhin hm ny khng kh vi ti O(0, 0).
4) Cho hm
xy
f ( x, y) = x 2 + y 2
0
nu x2 + y2 0
khi x ngoi on [a, b]
nu x2 + y2 = 0
CMR trong ln cn ca im (0;0), hm lin tc v c cc o hm ring

fx(x, y), fy(x, y) gii ni. Tuy nhin hm khng kh vi ti im O(0;0).
Bi 6: Tm vi phn ca hm:
1) Tm du nu: a) u = arctg
x+ y
.
x y
b) u = x y z .
2) Bng cch thay s gia ca hm bi vi phn, hy tnh gn ng:

a.) sin 2 1.55 + 8.e 0,015 .
b) arcrg
1,02
.
0,95
Bi 7: o hm ring v vi phn cp cao:
1) Cho u = ylnx. Tm
2u 2u 2u
,
,
.
x 2 xy y 2
2) Cho u = sinx.siny. Tm d2u.
3) Cho u = x2y. Tm d3u.
Bi 8: Tm cc tr ca hm nhiu bin:
1
x
y
xy + (47 x y)( + ).
2
3
4
a). u = x2 + xy + y2 3x 6y.
b) u =
y2 1
c) u = x + + +2.
4x y
d) u = 1 -
x2 + y 2 .
2) Tm cc tr c iu kin ca hm: u = xy vi iu kin x2 + y2 = 2a2.

y
x
z
y
1
z
3) Tm cc tr ca hm f(x, y, z) = x + + + .
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 109
Ton cao cp
4) Tm cc tr ca hm f(x, y) = x + y vi iu kin:
x2 y2
+ = 1.
4
9
5) Tm cc tr ca hm f(x, y, z, u) = x + y + z + u vi iu kin:
g(x, y, z, u) = 16 xyzu = 0.
KQHT 5: Gii phng trnh vi phn cp mt, cp hai v ng dng
Tm hiu v phng trnh vi phn.
Bi: PHNG TRNH VI PHN TNG QUT V PTVP.
1.1. Cc bi ton thc t
1.1.1. Bi ton 1
Mt cht im c khi lng m chuyn ng dc theo trc Ox di tc

dng ca mt lc bng bx (b > 0) hng v gc ta . Hy tm qui lut chuyn
ng ca cht im bit rng lc t = 0 th cht im v tr x = x0 v c vn tc v =
v0.
Gi s hm x = x(t) biu din qui lut chuyn ng ca cht im cho nn x l
honh ca cht im ti thi gian t.
d2x
d 2x b
v
= 2
Theo nh lut II Newton ta c: m. 2 = bx hay l: 2 + x = 0 ;
dt
dt
m
m
d2x
2 + 2 x = 0
dt
(1)
d dng thy rng mi hm x = x(t) = a1 cos t + a2 sin t; a1, a2 l hng s tu

tha mn (1).
Ti t = 0 th x = x0; x0 = a1 ; v =
dx
dt
v = -a1.sint + a2 .cost.
ti t = 0 th v = v0, v0 = a2. a2 =
v0
Do qui lut chuyn ng ca cht im l: x = x(t) = x0 cost +
v0
sint
1.1.2. Bi ton 2
Vit phng trnh ca ng cong i qua im c ta (2, 3) tha mn

tnh cht l mi tip tuyn ca ng cong nm gia hai trc ta lun lun b
tip im chia ra lm hai phn bng nhau.
Gi s y = y(x) l phng trnh ca ng cong cn tm. M(x;y) l im
nm trn ng cong .
H s tip tuyn vi ng cong y = y(x) ti M(x;y) l y(x).

Trn Thin Khi
Trang 110
Ton cao cp
V M(x;y) l im nm gia ca AB nn P l im gia OA nn PA = OP =

y
x tg = x
V tg = y(x) nn:
y = -
D thy rng mi hm: y =
y
x
(2)
c
, c l hng s ty tha mn (2).
x
V ng cong i qua (2, 3) nn: 3 = -
c
c = 6.
2
Vy phng trnh ng cong cn tm l y =
6
.
x
1.2. nh ngha phng trnh vi phn
Phng trnh vi phn l mt phng trnh lin h mt bin s c lp (hay

cc bin s c lp) vi hm s phi tm v cc o hm ca chng.
Nu hm s phi tm l hm ca mt bin s c lp th phng trnh vi
phn tng ng cn c gi l phng trnh vi phn thng. Nu hm s phi
tm l hm ca nhiu bin s c lp th phng trnh vi phn cn c gi l
phng trnh o hm ring.
Cp mt ca mt phng trnh vi phn l cp cao nht ca o hm (hay vi
phn) ca hm phi tm c mt trong phng trnh vi phn .
d2x
V d 1: Phng trnh vi phn 2 + 2 x = 0 l phng trnh vi phn cp hai i
dt
vi x = x0.
y= -
y
l phng trnh vi phn cp mt i vi y = y(x).
x
Nghim ca mt phng trnh vi phn l mi hm s tha mn phng trnh

vi phn y.
V d 2: x = x(t) = c1cost + c2sint tha mn xt + 2x nn n l nghim y =
l nghim ca phng trnh y = -
Trn Thin Khi
y
x
Trang 111
c
x
Ton cao cp
Gii cc phng trnh vi phn cp mt.

Bi: PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP I
2.1. Tng qut v phng trnh vi phn cp I
2.1.1. nh ngha
Phng trnh vi phn cp 1 l phng trnh c dng F(x, y, y) = 0 (1) trong

: x l bin s c lp; y l hm phi tm; y l o hm cp mt ca y. Hay y =
dy
f(x;y) hay
= f(x;y) (2)
dx
V d 1: Phng trnh vi phn l 3yy + 3x2 = 0.
y2 dx + xdy = 0.
y = -
y
x
2.1.2. nh l v tn ti v duy nht nghim
Xt y = f(x;y)
Nu hm f(x;y) lin tc trong min no cha (x0, y0) th phng trnh vi
phn cp 1 cho s tn ti mt nghim y = y(x0); nghim ny nhn gi tr y0 =
y(x0).
f
cng lin tc trong min ni trn th y = y(x) l nghim
y
duy nht ca phng trnh vi phn cp mt cho.
Ngoi ra nu
iu kin hm y = y(x) nhn gi tr y0 ti x = x0 c gi l s kin hay

iu kin u ca phng trnh vi phn cp mt ca mt thng c k hiu:
f
y x = x = y 0 . Nh vy v phng din hnh hc m ni th: nu hm f(x;y) v
y
lin tc trong min no c cha (x0, y0) s tn ti v duy nht mt nghim:
0
y = y(x) m th ca n lun lun i qua mt im (x0, y0).

2.1.3. Nghim tng qut v nghim ring ca phng trnh vi phn cp mt
Ta gi nghim tng qut ca mt phng trnh vi phn cp mt l mi hng

s c dng y = (x, c) trong c l hng s ty tha mn phng trnh y.
Ta gi nghim ring ca mt phng trnh vi phn cp mt l mi mt
nghim y = (x,c0) c c t nghim tng qut khi ta cho c = c0 mt gi tr c
th.
V d 2: Phng trnh vi phn y = -
y=
Trn Thin Khi
y
c
c y = l nghim tng qut;
x
x
6
l nghim ring khi c = 6.
x
Trang 112
Ton cao cp
Nhiu khi gii mt phng trnh vi phn cp mt ta tm c nghim tng

qut ca phng trnh vi phn khng phi di dng tng m di dng n:
(x,y,c) = 0 trong c l hng s ty , h thc trn l lin h gia bin c lp x

v nghim tng qut phng trnh vi phn cp mt gi l tch phn tng qut ca
phng trnh vi phn cp mt. Ri t tch phn tng qut nu cho c = c0 th gi tr
c th th (x,y,c) = 0 gi l mt tch phn ring ca phng trnh vi phn cp mt.
V phng din hnh hc th tch phn tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn
cp mt xc nh cho ta mt h cc ng cong trong mt phng, h ny ph
thuc vo mt hng s tu c v mi mt ng cong trong h c gi l mt
ng cong tch phn ring.
2.2. Phng trnh vi phn c bin phn ly
2.2.1. nh ngha
Phng trnh vi phn c bin phn ly l phng trnh c dng:

M(x)dx + N(y)dy = 0 (1)
Trong :
M = M ( x )
l nhng hm ph thuc x, y (x l bin c lp; y l hm
N = N( y )
cn tm)
V d 3:
x
dx + (y + 1)dy = 0 ; (e2 + x + 1)dx + (siny + 2cosy)dy
x +1
2
2.2.2. Cch gii
T (1) ta c: M(x)dx = -N(y)dy. Ly tch phn hai v:
M(x )dx = N(y)dy + C v do tch phn tng qut ca (1)
M(x)dx + N(y)dy = C
Ch : Xt phng trnh vi phn cp mt M1(x) N1(y)dx + M2(x) N2(y)dy = 0
Nu M2(x), N1(y) 0 th chia hai v cho M2(x), N1(y)
(2)
N (y)
M1 ( x )
dx + 2 dy = 0 v do tch phn tng qut ca (2)
N1 ( y )
M 2 (x)
N (y)
M1 ( x )
dx + 2 dy = C
N1 ( y )
2 (x )
M (x ) = 0 khi x = a
Nu 2
th bng cch th trc tip:
N
(
x
)
=
0
khi
y
=
b
1
x = a (khi y b)
y = b (khi x a) th chng l nghim.
V d 4: Gii phng trnh x2(y + 1)dx + (x3 1)(y 1)dy = 0
(1)
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 113
Ton cao cp
x 3 1 0
x2
y 1
* Nu
th ( 3 )dx + (
)dy = 0
x
1
y
+
1
y
+
1
(2)
x2
y 1
Tch phn tng qut ca phng trnh ( 3 )dx + (
)dy = C
x 1
y +1
1
1 d (x 3 1)
2d (y + 1)
3
+
+ y = C ln x 3 1 + 2 ln y + 1 + y = C
3
3 x 1
y +1
x 3 = 1
x = 1
* Nu
y = 1
y + 1 = 0
x = 1
th (1) x2(y + 1)dx = 0
Th: Khi
y 1
Hm f(x;y) c gi l hm ng cp k i vi x, y nu f(x, y)= k.f(x;y);

0. Khi , nu k = 0: f(x,y) = f(x;y). Ta ni rng f(x;y) l hm ng cp cp
0 hay l ng cp i vi x, y. Nu f(x;y) l hm ng cp k i vi x, y th n
y
lun lun c biu din vi dng: f(x;y) = xk ( ).
x
Chng minh: 0 nn ta c th chn =
V f(x, y) = k.f(x;y) f(1;
1
x
y
1
y
y
) = ( )k f(x;y) f(x;y) = xk .f(1; ) = xk ( ).
x
x
x
x
Nu f(x;y) l mt hm ng cp i vi x, y th n lun lun c biu din

y
f(x;y) = ( ).
x
y
2
(
)
2 xy
y
x
V d 5: f(x;y) = 2
=
=( ).
2
x y 1 ( y )2
x
x
y
1+ ( )
x
x+y
y
y
1 ( )
x = ( x ).
f(x;y) = x y =
2.3. Phng trnh vi phn ng cp
nh ngha: Phng trnh vi phn ng cp cp mt l phng trnh y =
y
f(x;y) trong f(x;y) l mt hm ng cp i vi x, y ngha l f(x;y) = ( ) v
x
y
do y = ( ) (1)
x
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 114
Ton cao cp
y
2
(
)
2 xy
x
V d 6: y = 2
l phng trnh vi phn ng cp cp mt hay y =
y
x y2
1 ( )2
x
y
Cch gii: y = ( )
x
t
(1)
y
= u vi u l mt hm s no ca x y = u.x
x
dy
du
du
du
=u+x
u+x
= (x) x
= (u) u
dx
dx
dx
dx
Nu (u) u 0 (lun lun khc 0) th t (2) ta c

tch phn hai v ln x = (
ln
(2)
dx
du
=
do ly
x
( u) u
du
) + ln C = (u) + ln C
( u) u
x
x
( )
= (u) = e ( u ) x = C . e( u ) = C . e .
C
C
y
x
Tch phn tng qut ca (1) l x = C. e
( yx )
y
dy y
y
dy dx
Nu (u) u = 0 ( ) = hay
=
=
x
x
dx x
y
x
ln y = ln x + ln C ln y = ln Cx
Nu (u) u = 0 ti mt s hu hn gi tr u = u0, u = u1=,..., u = un; y = u0x,
y = u1x, , y = unx
y
2
(
)
2 xy
y
x
y = 2
=
= ( ).
2
y
x y
x
1 ( )2
x
V d 7:
t u =
du
y
y = u . x y = u + x
dx
x
2 u u + u3
u + u3
du
2u
du
2u
x
u+x
=
=
-u=
=
dx 1 u2
dx 1 u2
1 u2
1 u2
du
u(1 + u2 )
dx (1 u2 )du
x
=
=
dx
(1 u2 )
x
u(1 + u2 )
(
dx
(1 u2 )du
1
2u
)=
+
ln
C
ln
x
ln
C
=
(
)du
x
u(1 + u2 )
u (1 + u2 )
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 115
Ton cao cp
ln
x
u
x
x
u
= ln u - ln 1 + u2 ln = = ln
=
C 1 + u2
C
C
1 + u2
y
1
C.y
x x=
x=
y = x2(x2 + y2).
2
2
y
(x + y )
C
1 + ( )2
x
2
x
x
C.
y
1+ ( )
x+y
x = ( y ).
=
* Gii: y =
x y 1 (y)
x
x
t u =
du
du 1 + u
y
y = u . x y = u + x
u+x
=
dx
dx 1 u
x
du 1 + u
1 + u u + u2
du (1 + u 2 )
x
=
-u=
=
x
dx 1 u
1 u
dx
(1 u 2 )
(1 u)
dx (1 u 2 )du
ln
x
+
ln
C
=
1 + u2 du
x
(1 + u 2 )
ln x.C =
du
1
1
ln 1 + u2 +
ln x.C = arctgu ln 1 + u2
2
1+ u
2
2
ln x.C + ln 1 + u2 = arctgu x . C 1 + u2 = earctgu

y
x . C 1+ 2
x
=e
arctg yx
x2 + y2 =
1 arctg
e
(*)
C
y
x
Sang h ta cc:
x = r cos
1
, (*) r = . e l h nhng ng xon c logarit.
e
y = r sin
2.4. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp I

2.4.1. nh ngha
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp mt l phng trnh c dng:

y + p(x)y = q(x) (1). Trong : p(x), q(x) l nhng hm s lin tc ca bin x.
Nu q(x) = 0 th (1): y + p(x)y = 0 (2) gi l phng trnh thun nht.
Nu q(x) 0 th (1) gi l phng trnh khng thun nht.
V d 8: y + 3x2 y = 0 l phng trnh thun nht.
y' +
2x
y = e x l phng trnh khng thun nht.
2
1 x
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 116
Ton cao cp
2.4.2. Cch gii
tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (1) th trc ht ta tm nghim

tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng: y + p(x)y = C (2).
T (2),
dy
= p( x ) y .
dx
Nu y 0
dy
dy
= p(x )dx
= p(x )dx + ln C
y
y
ln y = p(x )dx + ln C
ln
y
= p(x )dx
C
y = Ce p ( x ) dx (3) l nghim tng qut ca (1)

Nu y = 0 th n cng l nghim v l nghim ring ca phng trnh (1) ng
vi C = 0.
Ta s tm nghim tng qut ca (1) di dng (3) ta s coi C l hng s ca
bin x:
C = C(x) (3) l nghim ca (1).

T (3) c:
dy p ( x ) dx dC
=e
+ C[-p(x)] e p ( x ) dx thay vo (1):
dx
dx
e p ( x ) dx
dC
- Cp(x) e p ( x ) dx + p(x).C. e p ( x ) dx = q(x).
dx
dC = q(x). e p ( x ) dx .dx C =
q( x).e
p ( x ) dx
dx +
(4)
th (3) l nghim ca (1)

Vy nghim tng qut ca (1) s l:
y = [ q ( x).e p ( x ) dx dx + ] e p ( x ) dx hay y = e p ( x ) dx + q( x).e p ( x ) dx dx . e p ( x ) dx (5)
Vy nghim tng qut ca phng trnh khng thun nht (1) lun lun bng
nghim cng vi mt nghim ring no ca phng trnh khng thun nht (1).
1
V d 9: Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh: y'+ y = 3x (1) v tm mt
x
nghim ring tha mn iu kin y(1) = 1.
Ta thy (1) l phng trnh tuyn tnh khng thun nht cp mt. Trc ht ta
1
gii : y'+ y = C
x
dy
1
dy
dx
= y
=
ln y = ln x + ln C
dx
x
y
x
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 117
Ton cao cp
y =
1
C
; C l hng s ty l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh y'+ y = 0 .
x
x
Ta s coi C = C(x)
y=
C
C' x C
y =
x
x2
C
C' x C
C'
Thay vo (1),
+ x = 3x
= 3x C = 3x2+ C = x3 +
2
x
x
x
Vy: nghim tng qut ca phng trnh cho:

y = (x3 + ).
hay y = x2 + v yx = 1 = 1 nn 1 = 1 + = 0.
x
x
y = x2 l mt nghim ring ca phng trnh (1) tha mn yx = 1 = 1

2.5. Phng trnh BECNOULLI
2.5.1. nh ngha
Phng trnh Becnoulli l phng trnh c dng:

y + p(x).y = q(x). y , trong p(x), q(x) l nhng hm s lin tc ca x
cn l mt s thc bt k, {0, 1}
2.5.2. Cch gii
Vi gi thit y 0 chia c hai v (1) cho y , y. y + p(x). y 1 = q(x)
(2)
t Z = Z(x) = y 1 (*)
Z = (1 - ) . y .y y .y =
thay vo (2), ta c:
1
.Z
1
Z'
+ p(x). Z = q(x)
1
Z + (1 - ).p(x) Z = (1 - ) q(x)
(3)
Phng trnh (3) l phng trnh tuyn tnh cp mt khng thun nht i vi Z =
Z(x) l hm s phi tm.
Gii phng trnh (3) ta s nhn c nghim Z = Z(x) v sau thay Z vo
Z = y th ta c nghim tng qut ca phng trnh Becnoulli.
1
V d 10: phng trnh y 2x.y = x3.y2 (1); ( = 2).
Nu y 0:
y' 2 x
= x3 y.y2 2x.y-1 = x3 Z = - y-2y
2
y y
: - Z + 2x.Z = x3
Trn Thin Khi
Z + 2xZ = - x3
(2)
Trang 118
Ton cao cp
Gii phng trnh: Z + 2xZ = 0 (*)

ln z = - 2 xdx + ln C ln
dz
dz
= - 2xZ
= - 2x.dx
dx
z
Z
= - x2 Z = C. e x l nghim tng qut.
C
2
Ta coi C = C(x): Z = C. e x Z = e x .C + C (- 2x) e x

2
Z = e x .(C 2Cx) e x (C 2Cx) + 2xC. e x = - x3 C. e x = - x3

2
C = - x3 e x
C = - x 3e x dx = 2
1 2 x
1
1
x e d (x 2 ) = - [x2 e x - e x ] = e x (1 x2) +
2
2
2
2
do nghim tng qut ca (2) l: Z = [
1 x
1
e (1 x2) + ] e x = (1 x2) + e x
2
2
2
Thay Z vo (2) nghim tng qut ca (1) l: Z = y- 1

y = Z-1 =
1
(1 x 2 ) + e x
2
2.6. Phng trinh vi phn ton phn

2.6.1. nh ngha
Phng trnh P(x;y)dx + Q(x;y)dy = 0 (1) c gi l phng trnh vi phn

ton phn nu v tri (1) l vi phn ton phn ca mt hm u(x;y) no trong D
u
u
ngha l trong D: P(x, y) = ; Q(x, y) =
x
y
2.6.2. Cch gii
nhn bit phng trnh (1) c phi l phng trnh vi phn ton phn hay
khng v tm cch gii n ta xt nh l sau:
Gi s cc hm P(x;y); Q(x;y) l nhng hm s lin tc cng vi cc o
hm ring cp mt ca chng trong min D th iu kin cn v cho P(x;y)dx
+ Q(x;y)dy l vi phn ton phn ca hm (x;y) no trong D l ti mi im
Q
P
(x;y)D;
=
x
y
Chng minh:
* iu kin cn (x;y)D:
du =
Trn Thin Khi
u
P Q
u
=
v P(x, y) = ; Q(x, y) =
x
x
y
y
u
u
dx +
dy = Pdx + Qdy
x
y
Trang 119
Ton cao cp
Q
2u
=
x yx
P
2u
=
;
y x.y
P Q
2u
2u
;
lin tc (x;y)D
;
cng lin tc trong D.
v
x
y
x.y yx
2u
2u
P Q
=
=
Theo nh l Svacx:
x
x.y yx
y
Vy: (x;y)D r rng nu P(x;y)dx + Q(x;y)dy l vi phn tng phn ca
hm u(x;y) trong min D.
Pdx + Qdy = du =
u
u
u
u
dx +
dy P =
;Q=
x
x
y
y
P
2 u Q
2u
2u
2u
P Q
=
;
=
=
x
y x.y x
yx
x.y yx
y
iu kin (x;y)D:
P Q
=
chng minh Pdx + Qdy = du
y
x
Vi u(x;y) trong min D u(M) = u(x;y) = Pdx + Qdy + C vi A(x0, y0) l

im c nh ty trong min D. M(x;y) l im chy ty nm trong min D, C
l hng s ty .
Q
P
=
l iu kin cn v
x
y
Pdx + Qdy khng ph thuc vo ng ly tch phn nn ta c th chn
Tht vy: Trc ht do iu kin (x;y)D:
AM
ng ly tch phn l ng gp khc ALM hay ANM c cc cnh song song vi

cc trc ta . Chng hn ta chn ng ly tch phn l ng gp khc ALM:
Pdx + Qdy + Pdx + Qdy
u(x;y) =
AL
+C
LM
Trn AL; y = y0 dy = 0;
Trn LM; x = x0 dx = 0
u(x;y) =
Pdx + Qdy
AL
x
x0
y0
Pdx + Qdy
+C
LM
u(x;y) = Pdx + Qdy + C

x
u(x;y) = P(x, y 0 )dx + Q(x 0 , y)dy + C

x0
(2)
y0
Tng t nh vy nu ta chn ng ly tch phn l ANM th:
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 120
Ton cao cp
Pdx + Qdy +
u(x;y) =
AN
y0
x0
Pdx + Qdy + C = Qdy + Pdx + C
NM
y0
x0
u(x;y) = Q(x 0 , y)dy + P(x, y 0 )dx + C (3)

T (2):
u
= Q(x;y)
y
T (3):
u
= P(x;y)
x
du =
u
u
dx +
dy = P(x;y)dx + Q(x;y)dy (4)
x
y
P(x;y)dx + Q(x;y)dy l vi phn tng phn ca mt hm u(x;y) m u(x;y)

c xc nh bi (2) hoc (3).
Phng trnh P(x;y)dx + Q(x;y)dy = 0
nghim tng qut ca (1) l u(x;y) = c xc nh bi (2) hoc (3)

Tht vy: (1) du = 0 u = u(x;y) =
V d 11: 1). Gii phng trnh 2x.y dx + x2dy = 0 (1)
Ta c: P = 2x.y, Q = x2 lin tc cng vi cc o hm rin ca trong R2
Q
P
= 2x;
= 2x
x
y
P Q
=
= 2x (1) l PTVP ton phn.
x
y
nghim tng qut ca (1) l: u(x;y) = C trong u xc nh bi (2) hoc (3)

x
x0
y0
u(x;y) = Pdx + Qdy +

cho x0 = 0; y0 = 0
x
x0
y0
u(x;y) = 2 xy 0 dx + x 2 dy + = x2y + x2y + = x2y + x2y =

2). Gii phng trnh:
e x (2 + 2x y2)dx 2y e x dy = 0 (2)
P = e x (2 + 2x y2) , Q = - 2y e x
Q
P
P Q
= - 2y e x ;
= -2y e x
=
= -2y ex (x;y)
x
x
y
y
(2) l phng trnh vi phn ton phn.

nghim tng qut ca (1) l: u = (x;y) = C trong (x;y) c xc nh bi:
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 121
Ton cao cp
x
u(x;y) = Pdx + Q(x 0 , y)dy +

x0
Gi x0 = 0; y0 = 0 u(x;y) = e (2 + 2 x 0)dx + (2 ye x )dy +

x
x0
u(x;y) = 2 e (1 + x )dx - 2 e
x
x0
y0
ydy +
u(x;y) = 2x ex - ex y2 +
y0
2x ex - ex y2 =
Gii cc phng trnh vi phn cp hai.

BI 3: PHNG TRNH VI PHN CP II
3.1. Tng qut v phng trnh vi phn cp II
3.1.1. nh ngha
Phng trnh vi phn cp hai l nhng phng trnh c dng F(x,y,y,y) =

0 (1) hay y = f(x,y,y) (2).
V d 1: Phng trnh: x3y + 2xy + exy + 3x = 0
y = 8ex y + y
y + 2y = 0 l nhng phng trnh vi phn cp hai.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 122
Ton cao cp
3.1.2. nh l v s tn ti v duy nht ca phng trnh vi phn cp hai
Xt phng trnh y = f(x, y, y)

Nu f(x, y, y) l mt hm lin tc trong min no c cha im (x0, y, y0)
th phng trnh vi phn cp hai cho tn ti mt nghim y = y0(x) tha mn
f
f
iu kin: y(x0) = y0; y(x0) = y0. Ngoi ra nu
v
cng lin tc trong
y
y'
min ni trn th nghim y = y(x) l nghim duy nht.
iu kin y(x0) = y0; y(x0) = y0 c gi l cc s kin (iu kin u)
ca mt phng trnh vi phn cp hai: y x = x = y0; y' x = x = y0
0
V phng din hnh hc th nh l trn khng nh c rng nu f(x, y, y)

f
f
v
v
lin tc trong min c cha im (x0, y0, y) s tn ti v c mt
y
y'
nghim y = y(x) m th ca n lun lun i qua im c ta (x0; y0) v ti
y tip tuyn ca ng cong y = y(x) c h s gc l y0.
3.1.3. Nghim tng qut v nghim ring ca phng trnh vi phn cp hai
Gi nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn cp hai l mi hm s y =

(x, C10 , C20 ) vi C1, C2 l nhng hng s tu tha mn phng trnh vi phn cp
hai y.
Gi nghim ring ca mt phng trnh vi phn cp hai l mi nghim y =
(x, C , C20 ) c c t nghim tng qut khi ta cho C1 = C10 , C2 = C20
0
1
iu ny chng t rng nghim ring ca phng trnh vi phn cp hai ni

chung l nghim tng qut c c bng cch cho C1, C2 nhng gi tr c th.
H thc (x, y, C1, C2) = 0 (*) lin h gia hai bin s c lp x i vi
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn cp hai c tch phn tng qut ca
phng trnh vi phn cp hai.
H thc (x; y; C10 ; C20 ) = 0 c c t (*) bng cch cho C1 = C10 ; C2 = C20
nhng gi tr c th c gi l mt tch phn ring ca phng trnh vi phn cp
hai.
V phng din hnh hc th tch phn tng qut ca mt phng trnh vi
phn cp hai s xc nh cho ta mt h cc ng cong trong mt phng ta
ph thuc vo hai tham s C1, C2. Mi ng cong trong h c gi l mt ng
cong tch phn ring.
3.2. Cc phng trnh vi phn cp hai gim cp c
Xt y = f(x, y, y) c th gim cp c a v phng trnh vi phn

cp mt gii.
3.2.1. Loi 1: V phi ca phng trnh khng cha y v y
y = f(x) (1)
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 123
Ton cao cp
Do y = (y) y = f (x )dx + C1 ly tch phn ln na ta s nhn c

nghim tng qut ca (1): y = [ f (x )dx + C1 ] + C2
y = [ f (x )dx ]dx + C1x + C2

V d 2: Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh: y = sinx. Tm mt nghim
ring tha mn s kin y x = 0 = 0; y' x =0 = 1.
T y = sin x (*)
y = sin xdx + C1 = -cos x + C1

y = - cos xdx + C1x + C2 = - sin x + C1x + C2
nghim tng qut ca (*) l: y = - sin x + C1x + C2
* Tm nghim ring:
V y' x =0 = 0 - sin 0 + C1 0 + C2 = 0. C2 = 0.
V y' x = 0 = 1 - cos 0 + C1 = 1 C1 = 2.
Vy nghim ring tha s kin: y = -sin x + 2x
3.2.2. Loi 2: Khi v phi ca phng trnh khng cha y
y= f(x, y)
(2)
t y = p(x) y = p(x).
Thay vo (2): p(x) = f(x, p) th phng trnh vi phn cp mt i vi p =
p(x) l hm s phi tm. Gii phng trnh ta nhn c nghim tng qut ca
n l hm p = (x, C1) vi C1 l hng s ty . (x, C1) = y.
y = (x, C1 )dx + C2
V d 3: Gii phng trnh y = x -
y'
x
t y = p(x). y = p(x) p(x) = x -
p=
p
1
1
p + = x p = x - p
x
x
x
x2
x 2 C1
x3
C
+ 1 hay y =
+ .y=
+ C1 ln x + C2
3
3
9
x
x
3.2.3. Loi 3: V phi khng cha x
y = f(y, y)
(3)
t y = p(y) l hm ca y.
dp dy
dp
dp
=p
p
= f(y, p(y)) l phng trnh vi phn cp mt
dy dx
dy
dy
i vi p = p(y) l hm phi tm. P = (y, C1) hay y = (y, C1)
y =
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 124
Ton cao cp
dy
dy
dy
= (y, C1)
= dx
= x + C2
dx
(y, C1 )
(y, C1 )
V d 4: Gii phng trnh: 2yy + y2 = 0
t y= = p(y) y =
dp dy
dp
dp
=p
2.y.p
+ p2 = 0
dy dx
dy
dy
p = 0()
dp
2 y + p = 0()
dy
( ) 2 y
dp
dp
dy
1
= - p hay
= ln p = - ln y + ln C1 .
dy
p
2y
2
ln p = ln
C
C
dy
C1
p = 1 hay
= 1
dx
y
y
y
y dy = C1 dx
y3
= C1x + C2
3
2
ydy = C1 dx + C2
y = C1x + C2
3
y = 1x + 2 y = (1x + 2 )
3
3.3. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp II

3.3.1. nh ngha
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai l phng trnh c dng:

y + a1y + a2y = f(x) (1)
trong a1, a2 l nhng hng s ca bin x.
Nu f(x) = 0 th (1) cn c gi l phng trnh thun nht.

Nu f(x) 0 th (1) cn c gi l phng trnh khng thun nht. V c
bit khi a1, a2 l nhng hng s th (1) cn c gi l phng trnh vi phn tuyn
tnh cp hai vi h s l hng s.
V d 5: y +
x
y + exy = 0: PTVP tuyn tnh cp hai thun nht.
2
1 x
y + cos y + (sinx) y = ex tgx

y + 3y + 2y = exsinx
3.3.2. Phng trnh thun nht
Xt phng trnh y + a1y + a2y = 0 (2) trong a1 = a1 (x); a2 = a2(x).
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 125
Ton cao cp
nh l 1: Nu y1 = y1(x); y2 = y2(x) l hai nghim ca (2) th y = C1y1 + C2y2

trong C1, C2 l nhng hng s ty l nghim ca (2)
y1 ' '+ a1y1 '+a2 y1 = 0

(*)
Chng minh: V y1, y2 l hai nghim ca (2) nn ta c: ''
'
y 2 + a1y 2 + a2 y 2 = 0
thay y = C1y1 + C2y2 vo (2): y + a1y + a2y = (C1y1 + C2y2) + a1(C1y1 + C2y2)
+ a2(C1y1 + C2y2) = C1y1 + C2y2 + a1C1y1 + a1C2y2 + a2C1y1 + a2C2y2 = C1(y1
+ a1y1 + a2y1) + C2(y2 + a1y2 + a2 y2)
theo (*) : C1(y1 + a1y1 + a2y1) + C2(y2 + a1y2 + a2 y2) = 0
Vy: y = C1y1 + C2y2 trong C1, C2 l nhng hng s l nghim ca hai.
Nhn xt: Qua nh l 1, nu y1(x), y2(x) l hai nghim ca phng trnh (2) th
phng trnh (2) s c v s nghim s y = C1y1 + C2y2 l nghim tng qut ca
(2) hay cha vn cha xc nh c. Nu ra khi nim v c lp tuyn tnh ca
hai hm y1(x) v y2(x). Hm y1(x) v y2(x) c gi l c lp tuyn tnh khi t s
y (x)
gia chng khc vi hng s 1
khc hng cn ngc li gi l ph thuc tuyn
y 2 (x)
tnh.
T suy ra nu y1 v y2 c lp tuyn tnh ta khng th biu din hm ny

qua hm kia c cn trong trng hp c lp tuyn tnh th ta c th biu din
hm ny qua hm kia c.
e2 x
V d 16: e v e l hai hm c lp tuyn tnh v x = e3 x const.
e
2x
-x
ex
1
2e v e l hai hm phng trnh tuyn tnh v x = = const.
2e
2
x
nh l 2: Nu y1(x) v y2(x)l hai nghim ring c lp tuyn tnh ca (2) th

hm y = C1y1 + C2y2 trong C1, C2 l nhng hng s ty l nghim tng qut
ca phng trnh (2).
Chng minh: Trc ht theo nh l 1 th hm = C1y1 + C2y2 trong C1, C2 l

nhng hng s l nghim ca (2).
y1 (x)
K.const
Cho nn y = = C1y1 +
y 2 (x)
C2y2 tht s c hai hng s ty cho nn n phi l nghim tng qut.
V y1(x), y2(x) l c lp tuyn tnh.
Nhn xt:
a.) Trong nh l hai phi ht sc ch n iu kin c lp tuyn tnh ca

y1 v y2 bi v nu b qua iu kin ny nh l hai khng cn ng na.
Tht vy: gi s y1, y2 phng trnh tuyn tnh:
y1
= k const y1 = k.y2 .
y2
y = C1y1 + C2y2 = C1.k.y2 + C2 y2 = (C1k + C2)y2

Trn Thin Khi
Trang 126
Ton cao cp
b.) Qua nh l hai mun tm nghim tng qut ca (2) ta ch c hai nghim
ring c lp tuyn tnh ca n l ta c ngay nghim tng qut. nh l ba sau y
s cho ta bit cch tm nghim tng qut khi bit mt nghim ring ca phng
trnh .
nh l 3: Nu y1(x) l mt nghim ring ca phng trnh (2) th ta c th tm
c ring y2(x) ca phng trnh (2) c lp tuyn tnh vi y1(x) bng cch t
y2(x) = y1(x).u(x;y)
Chng minh: Theo gi thit y1 tha mn phng trnh (2) tc l:

y + a1y1 + a2y1 = 0.
t y2 = y1.u ta cn xc nh hm u y2 tha mn tc l: y2 + a1y2 + a2y = 0
v y2 = y1 u y2 = yu + uy1 y2 = y1u + uy1 + uy1 + y1u
y = y1u + 2uy1 + uy1

thay vo (2) y1u + 2uy1 + uy1 + a1(y1u + y1u) + a2y1u = 0
uy1 + (2y1 + a1y1)u = 0 l phng trnh vi phn cp hai gim cp c i

vi u loi v phi khng c cha bin u. Gii phng trnh ta s nhn c u
= u(x)
y1
= u(x) nghim tng qut l y = C1y1 + C2y2
y2
V d 7: Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh y +
mt nghim ring ca n l y1(x) = x
2x
2x
y = 0 bit
2
1 x
1 x2
t y2 = y1u(x) = x.u(x) y2 = u+x.u y2 = u+ u + xu = 2u + xu

thay y2 vo phng trnh:
2u + xu +
2u + xu +
u.x + 2u
2x
2x
2 x 2 u'
x2
+
=
0
u.x
+
2u(1+
)=0
1 x2 1 x2 1 x2
1 x2
1
=0
1 x2
t u = p u = p
2x
2x
(u
+
xu)
.x.u = 0
1 x2
1 x2
px(1 x2) + 2p = 0
dp
. x(1 x2) = - 2p
dx
ln p = 2
Trn Thin Khi
u.x(1 x2) + 2u = 0
dx
+ ln C1
x(x 2 1)
dp
2dx
=
p
x(x 2 1)
ln p =2[
xdx
dx
-
+ ln C1
2
(x 1)
x
Trang 127
Ton cao cp
ln p =
d (x 2 1)
- 2 ln x + ln C1
(x 2 1)
ln p = ln x 2 1 - lnx2 + ln C1
(x 2 1)
1
p=
.C1 p = C1(1 - 2 )
2
x
x
Cho C1 = 1 u = 1 Cho C2 = 0 u = x +
1
x2
u = (1
1
1
)
dx
+
C
u
=
x
+
+ C2
2
x2
x
1
1
y2 = x(x + ) = x2 + 1
x
x
y = C1x + C2(x2 + 1)
* Ch : Ta c th tm nghim ring y2 c lp tuyn tnh vi y1

3.3.3. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp II khng thun nht
Xt phng trnh y a1y + a2y = f(x) (1) trong a1 = a1(x); a2 = a2(x)

cn f(x) 0.
Phng trnh y a1y + a2y = 0 (2) gi l phng trnh thun nht tng ng
ca (1)
nh l 1: Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (1) bng nghim tng qut
ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng (2) cng vi mt nghim ring ca no
ca phng trnh (1)
nh l 2: Xt phng trnh y + a1y + a2y = f1(x) + f2(x) (3)
Nu Y1 l mt nghim ring ca phng trnh y a1y + a2y = f1(x) (1)
Nu Y1 l mt nghim ring ca phng trnh y a1y + a2y = f2(x) (2) th
hm Y = Y1 + Y2 l nghim ring ca phng trnh (3)
* Phng php bin thin hng s ca Lagrng:
Xt phng trnh y + a1y + a2y = f(x) (1) trong a1 = a1(x); a2 = a2(x) cn f(x)
0.
Gi s ta tm c nghim tng qut ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng
ca phng trnh (1) l hm y = C1y1 + C2y2 (2) (C1, C2 l hng s ty ). Hy
tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh khng thun nht (1) ta s tm c
nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (1) di dng (2) C1 = C1(x); C2 = C2(x) .
T (2) ta c: y = C1y1 + C1y1 + C2y2 + C2y2 ta c th chn C1, C2 sao cho C1y1
+ C2y2 = 0 y = C1y1 + C2y2 y= C1y1 + C2y2+ C2y2+C1y1
Thay y, y, y vo phng trnh (1) ta s c: C1y1 + C2y2 = f(x)
iu ny chng t rng cho hm y = C1y1 + C2y2 l nghim ca phng
C1 ' y1 + C'2 y 2 = 0
trnh (1) th C1 v C2 phi tha mn h sau: ' '
(3)
'
+
=
C
y
C
'
y
f
(
x
)
1 1
2
2
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 128
Ton cao cp
Ngi ta chng minh rng nu y1 v y2 l nghim ring c lp tuyn tnh

ca phng trnh thun nht tng ng ca phng trnh (1) th vi mi x
y1 y 2
0 gii h (3) ta s c C1 ; C2
y1' y'2
3.4. Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai vi h s l hng s
3.4.1. nh ngha
Phng trnh vi phn cp hai l nhng phng trnh c dng:

y '' + ay ' + by = f ( x) (1) trong a1, a2 l nhng hng s .
Khi f(x) = 0, ta c: y '' + ay ' + by = 0 (2) c gi l phng trnh tuyn tnh

cp hai thun nht.
Khi f(x) 0: phng trnh (1) c gi l phng trnh tuyn tnh cp hai
khng thun nht.
V d 8: Cc phng trnh sau l nhng phng trnh vi phn cp hai.
y + 4y + 4y = 0.
y + 3y + 2y = exsinx.
3.4.2. Cch gii
''
'
Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (2): y + ay + by = 0 .
Xt phng trnh bc 2: k2 + ak + b = 0.
(c gi l phng trnh c trng ca (1) v (2)).
+ Nu phng trnh c trng c hai nghim phn bit k = k1, k = k2 th
nghim tng qut ca (2) l: y = C1e k x + C 2 e k x .
1
+ Nu phng trnh c trng c nghim kp k = k0 th nghim tng qut

ca (2) l: y = (C1 + C 2 x)e k x .
0
+ Nu phng trnh c trng khng c nghim thc th nghim tng qut

a
2
ca (2) l: y = (C1 cos x + C 2 sin x)e x vi = ; =
4b a 2
.
2
V d 9: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1/ y '' + 2 y ' 3 y = 0 .
2/ y '' 4 y ' + 4 y = 0 .
3/ y '' + y ' + y = 0 .
Gii
1/ Phng trnh c trng: k2 + 2k 3 = 0 k1 = 1, k2 = - 3
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh: y = C1e x + C 2 e 3 x .
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 129
Ton cao cp
2/ Phng trnh c trng: k2 - 4k + 4 = 0 k = 2

Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh: y = (C1 + C 2 x)e 2 x .
1
2
3/ Phng trnh c trng: k2 + k + 1 = 0 khng c nghim thc, = ; =
3
2
x
3
3
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh: y = (C1 cos
x + C 2 sin
x )e 2 .
2
2
''
'
Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (1): y + ay + by = f ( x) .
x
* Trng hp 1: f ( x) = e .P ( x); R , P(x) l a thc:
+ Nu l nghim kp ca phng trnh c trng th nghim ring ca (1)

2 x
c dng: y = x e .Q( x) .
+ Nu l nghim n ca phng trnh c trng th nghim ring ca (1)
x
c dng: y = xe .Q( x) .
+ Nu khng l nghim ca phng trnh c trng th nghim ring ca
x
(1) c dng: y = e .Q( x) .
Trong Q(x) l a thc cng bc vi a thc P(x).
V d 10: Tm nghim ring ca cc phng trnh sau:
1/ y '' 4 y ' + 4 y = xe 2 x .
2/ y '' 3 y ' + 2 y = (3 4 x )e x .
3/ y '' + 4 y ' + 5 y = (x + 2)e 2 x .
Gii
1/ Ta c f ( x) = xe 2 x .
V = 2 l nghim kp ca phng trnh c trng k2 4k + 4 = 0 nn
2 2x
2x
3
2
nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng: y = x e ( Ax + B) = e ( Ax + Bx ) .
[
[4 Ax
y ' = e 2 x 2 Ax 3 + (3 A + 2 B )x 2 + 2 Bx .
y '' = e 2 x
+ (12 A + 4 B )x 2 + (6 A + 8B) x + 2 B .
Thay vo phng trnh vi phn ta c: e 2 x (6 Ax + 2 B ) = xe 2 x

1
A =
Cn bng h s ca hai a thc ta c:
6
B = 0
Vy nghim ring ca phng trnh l: y =
x3 2x
e .
6
2/ Ta c f ( x) = (3 4 x)e x .
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 130
Ton cao cp
V = 1 l nghim n ca phng trnh c trng k2 3k + 2 = 0 nn
x
x
2
nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng: y = xe ( Ax + B) = e ( Ax + Bx) .
y ' = e x Ax 2 + (2 A + B )x + B .
y '' = e x Ax 2 + (4 A + B )x + 2 A + 2 B .
Thay vo phng trnh vi phn ta c: e x ( 2 Ax + 2 A B ) = (3 4 x)e x

A = 2
B = 1
Vy nghim ring ca phng trnh l: y = (2 x 2 + x )e x .

3/ Ta c f ( x) = ( x + 2)e 2 x .
V = 2 khng l nghim ca phng trnh c trng k2 + 4k + 5 = 0 nn
2x
nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng: y = e ( Ax + B) .
y ' = e 2 x (2 Ax + A + 2 B ) .
y '' = e 2 x (4 Ax + 4 A + 4 B ) .
Thay vo phng trnh vi phn ta c: e 2 x (17 Ax + 8 A + 17 B ) = ( x + 2)e 2 x

1
A = 17
B = 26
289
x
26 2 x
+
e .
17 289
Vy nghim ring ca phng trnh l: y =
x
* Trng hp 2: f ( x) = e .[M ( x) cos x + N ( x) sin x ]; , R v M(x), N(x)
l cc a thc:
=
th nghim ring ca (1) c dng:
=
+ Nu
y = xe x [M 1 ( x) cos x + N1 ( x) sin x] .

+ Nu
th nghim ring ca (1) c dng:

y = e x [M 1 ( x) cos x + N1 ( x) sin x] .
Trong M1(x), N1(x) l hai a thc cng bc vi hai a thc M(x), N(x).
V d 11: Tm nghim ring ca cc phng trnh sau:
1/ y '' + 4 y = cos 2 x .
2/ y '' y ' = 3e 2 x cos x .
Gii
1/ Ta c f ( x) = cos 2 x .
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 131
Ton cao cp
a
= 0 = 2
V
nn nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng:
2
4
b
a
= 2 =
y = x( A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x) .
y ' = ( A cos 2 x + B sin 2 x) + x(2 A cos 2 x + 2 B sin 2 x) .

y '' = (4 A sin 2 x + 4 B cos 2 x) x(4 A cos 2 x + 2 B sin 2 x) .
Thay vo phng trnh vi phn ta c: 4 A sin 2 x + 4 B cos 2 x = cos 2 x .
A = 0
1
B = 4
x
Vy nghim ring ca phng trnh l: y = sin 2 x .
4
2/ Ta c f ( x) = 3e 2 x cos x .
V = 2
a
nn nghim ring ca phng trnh c dng:
2
y = e 2 x ( A cos x + B sin x) y ' = e 2 x [(2 A + B) cos x + ( A + 2 B) sin x)] .
y '' = e 2 x [(3 A + 4 B) cos x + (4 A + 3B) sin x] .

Thay vo phng trnh ta c: ( A + 3B) cos x + (3 A + B) sin x = 3 cos x .
3
A=
A + 3B = 3
10
+
=
3
0
A
B
B = 9
10
2x 3
Vy nghim ring ca phng trnh l: y = e cos x + sin x .
10
10
nh l: Nu y* l nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (2) v y l nghim ring

ca phng trnh (1) th nghim tng qut ca phng trnh (1) l:
y = y* + y
V d 12: Gii phng trnh y '' 4 y ' + 4 y = xe 2 x .
T kt qu cc v d trn ta c nghim tng qut ca phng trnh l:
x3
y = C1 + C 2 x + e 2 x
6
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 132
Ton cao cp
nh l: Nu phng trnh y '' + ay ' + by = f1 ( x) c nghim ring l y1(x) v phng

trnh y '' + ay ' + by = f 2 ( x) c nghim ring l y2(x) th phng trnh
y '' + ay ' + by = f1 ( x) + f 2 ( x) c nghim ring l y(x) = y1(x) + y2(x).
BI TP
Bi 1: Phng trnh vi phn cp 1 c bin phn ly:
1) Gii phng trnh: x(1 + y2)dx y(1 + x2)dy = 0.

2) Gii phng trnh: x 1 y 2 dx + y 1 x 2 dy = 0
3) Tm nghim ring ca phng trnh: (1 + x2)dy = xydx bit rng y(1) = 2.
Bi 2: Gii mt s phng trnh a v dng c bin phn ly:
1) (x2 + 2xy)dx + xydy = 0.
2) (x + y)dx + (2x + 2y + 1) = 0.
3) (x + y - 1)dx + (x - y + 1)dy = 0.
4)
dy
2 xy
= 2
dx x y 2
Bi 3: Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp 1:
1) Gii phng trnh: y +
1
y = 0.
x
2) Tm nghim ca phng trnh y + ycotgx = 5.ecosx bit: y( ) = - 4.

2
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 133
Ton cao cp
1
x
3) Tm nghim tng qut ca phng trnh y+ y = 3x v tm nghim ring

tha mn iu kin ban u y(1) = 1.
4) Mt thng cha 200 lt nc, trong ha tan 40gam mui. Trong mi
pht c 5 lt nc bin m mi lt cha 2 gam mui ho tan chy vo thng. Tnh
ng mui y(t) trong thng ti thi im t bt k.
Bi 4: Phng trnh Bernoulli:
1) y y = xy5
2) y
y
sin x 3
=y
2x
2x
3) x
dy
4y = x2 y
dx
Bi 5: Phng trnh c dng y = f(x):
1) Gii cc phng trnh: y = x.e-x
y = sinx
2) Tm nghim ring ca phng trnh sau y: y = sinx bit y(0) = 0 v

y(0) = 1.
Bi 6: Phng trnh c dng F(x; y; y) = 0:
1) Gii cc phng trnh: 2y (y)2 + 4 = 0;

2) Tm nghim ring ca phng trnh y ' '
y = x -
y'
x
y'
= x(x 1) bit y(2) = 1;
x 1
y(2) = - 1.
Bi 7: Phng trnh c dng F(y; y; y) = 0:
Gii cc phng trnh: y = y + (y)3;
2yy + y2 = 0
Bi 8: Gii cc phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh cp hai sau:
1) y ' '
2
2
2x
2y
y '+ 2
= 0 ; 2) y ' ' y '+ 2 y = x 2 .
x
x
x +1
y +1
2
3) (1 x2).y 2xy + 2y = 0
4) y -
y'
=x
x
Bi 9: Phng trnh vi phn cp 2 tuyn tnh c h s hng:
1) y 5y + 6y = 0.
4) y + y 2y = 0
2) y + 2y + y = 0.
5) y 4y + 4y = 0.
3) y + 4y = 0.
6) y + 2y + 5y = 0.
7) Tm nghim ring ca phng trnh: y + y = tgx bit rng y(0) = 0;
y( ) = 0.
6
Bi 10: Dng c bit ca v phi trong phng trnh vi phn cp 2 tuyn tnh c
h s hng:
1) y 2y + y = x + 1.
2) y 2y - 3y = e-x.
3) y 8y + 16y = e4x.
4) y + y - 2y = cosx 3sinx.
5) y + y = 4x.sinx.
6) y 4y + 3y = 10e-2x
7) y 7y + 6y = (1 x)ex
8) y y = e3x cosx
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 134
Ton cao cp
KQHT 6: Gii bi ton ng dng ma trn v h phng trnh tuyn tnh.

L thuyt s cp v Ma trn
Bi: KHNG GIAN VECT Rn
1.1. Khng gian vect Rn
Mi vect trong khng gian Rn l mt b n s thc c th t X = (x1, x2, ,

xn), xj R, j = 1..n.
Hai vec t bng nhau nu cc thnh phn tng ng bng nhau:
X = (xj), Y = (xj) Rn. Khi : X = Y xj = xj , j = 1,.., n.
Xt tch Descartes Rn = R x R x R xx R = {X= (xj)n, xj R, j = 1,.., n} vi
hai php ton (cng vect v nhn v hng) l khng gian vect n chiu.
1.2. T hp tuyn tnh
Cho cc vect X1, X2,, Xm Rn v cc s thc k1, k2,, km R. Khi

m
vect X = k i X i R n c gi l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc vect cho.

i =1
Hn na, nu X = (x1, x2,,xn) v Xi = (xi1, xi2,,xin), i = 1,..,m th

m
x j = k i x ij , j = 1,..,n l cc biu thc ta tng ng vi t hp tuyn tnh trn.

i =1
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 135
Ton cao cp
V d 1: Trong khng gian R4, cho cc vect X1 = (2, -4, 5, 0), X2 = (0, 2, 4, 3),
X3 = (4, -1, 0, 7) v t hp tuyn tnh X = (x1, x2, x3, x4) = 5X1 + 2X2 3X3.
Khi : X = (-2, -13, 33, -15)

1.3. H vect ph thuc tuyn tnh v c lp tuyn tnh
H vect {X1 ,X 2 ,...,X m } trong khng gian Rn c gi l h c lp tuyn

tnh nu
k X
i =1
= th ki = 0, i = 1,.., m.
Nu h vect {X1 ,X 2 ,...,X m } khng c lp tuyn tnh th gi l ph thuc

tuyn tnh. Tc l tn ti t nht ki 0 sao cho
k X
i =1
= .
V d 2: 1/ Trong khng gian R4 cho h vect {X1 ,X 2 ,X 3 } vi X1 = (2, -3, 0, 4),

X2 = (0, 6, -2, 5) v X3 = (1, 0, 5, 0).
2k1 + k 3 = 0
3k1 + 6k 2 = 0
Ta c: k1X1 + k2X2 + k3X3 =
k 1 = k2 = k 3 = 0
2k
5k
0
+
=
2
3
4k1 + 5k 2 = 0
Vy h cho l c lp tuyn tnh.
2/ Trong khng gian R4 cho h vect {X1 , X 2 , X 3 } vi X1 = (2, -3, 0, 4),
X2 = (0, 6, -2, 5) v X3 = (4, -6, 0, 8).
H cho ph thuc tuyn tnh v ta c 2X1 + 0X2 X3 = 0.
Ch : Trong khng gian Rn, mt h vect c lp tuyn tnh c khng qu n
vect v mt h vect c nhiu hn n vect th ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 136
Ton cao cp
Bi: L THUYT S CP V MA TRN

1.4. Khi nim v ma trn
1.4.1. nh ngha
Ma trn trn trng K l mt bng lit k cc s nh: s thc, s phc hay

mt hm s,... c sp xp theo mt trt t nht nh gm c m dng v n ct (m,
n Z+).
a11 a12 ... a1n
a21 a22 ... a2 n
K hiu: A =
(1)
am1 am 2 ... amn mxn
Trong :
aij : l mt phn t ca ma trn dng th i v ct th j.
aij : c th l s thc, s phc hay hm s,...
i: ch s dng.
j: ch s ct.
m, n Z+ : l cc s nguyn dng.
mxn: gi l kch thc ca ma trn A.
Ta thng dng cc ch ci A, B, C,... , X, Y, Z k hiu cc ma trn.
(1) c vit di dng rt gn: A = (aij)mxn hoc A = [aij]mxn
1 2 1
l ma trn cp 2x3, trong a11 = 1; a12 = - 2; a13

V d 1: Ma trn A =
1 1 0
= 1; a21 = 1; a22 = - 1; a23 = 0.
1.4.2. Cc dng ma trn thng gp
+ Nu m n: ta c ma trn ch nht A = (aij)mxn.

+ Nu m = n: ta c ma trn vung A = (aij)nxn.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 137
Ton cao cp
a11 a12 ... a1n
a21 a22 ... a2 n
Dng A =
a
a
...
a
n2
nn
n1
V d 2: A4 x 4
1 3 0 2
2 5 3 1
=
2 4 1 5
3 7 4 2
+ Nu m=1: ta c ma trn ct (n dng, 1 ct) C = (aij)1xn.

+ Nu n=1: ta c ma trn dng (1 ct, n dng) B = (aij)mx1.
+ Ma trn khng: K hiu l Omxn: gm ton s 0.
0 0 ... 0
0 0 ... 0
0 0 0
V d 3: =
, 2 x 3 =
0 0 0
0 0 ... 0
Trong ma trn vung cc phn t:
a11, a22, ..., ann thuc ng cho chnh.

a1n, a2(n-1), ..., an1 thuc ng cho ph.
Ma trn vung m cc phn t pha:
+ Di ng cho u bng 0 (tc aij = 0 khi i > j) c gi l ma trn tam
gic trn.
a11
0
A=
a12 ... a1n
3 1 2
a22 ... a2 n
, A = 0 2 5
0 0 4
0 ...
ann
+ Trn ng cho u bng 0 (tc aij = 0 khi i < j) c gi l ma trn tam

gic di.
a11
a
A = 21
a
n1
0 ...
a 22
a n2
1 0 0
... 0
, B = 1 2 0
2 3 0
... a nn
Mt ma trn vung cp n va l tam gic trn va l tam gic di c

gi l ma trn ng cho.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 138
Ton cao cp
0
a11 0 ...
3 0 0
a22 ... 0
0
A=
, A = 0 0 0
0 0 4
a
0
...
nn
Khi nu cc phn t trn ng cho u bng 1 gi l ma trn n v cp n.

K hiu: In hoc I.
1 0 ... 0
1
1 0 0
0
1
...
0
0
I =
I
=
,
;
0
1
0
I
=
3
4
0
0 0 1
0 0 ... 1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
Ma trn chuyn v: K hiu AT.

L ma trn c thnh lp t ma trn ban u bng cch chuyn dng thnh
ct v ngc li:
A = (aij)nxm AT = (aij)mxn
1 2
1 0 3
.
V d 3: Cho A = 0 1 , ta c: AT =
2
1
2
3 2
Ma trn i xng:
Ma trn vung trn trng K c gi l i xng khi v ch khi AT = -A,
tc l cc phn t trn ng cho chnh i xng tng i mt:
aij = -aji ; i,j = 1,n .
hay A phn i xng th cc phn t trn ng cho chnh u bng 0:
a11 = a22 = ... = anxn = 0.
Ma trn con:
L ma trn c thnh lp t ma trn ban u bng cch b i mt s dng v
mt s ct.
Ma trn chia khi (ma trn khi):
Ma trn A c gi l ma trn chia khi nu ta dng cc ng k ngang
hay k dc chia A thnh nhiu ma trn nh.
a11 a12
a21 a22
=
A
V d 4:
a31 a32
a41 a42
Trn Thin Khi
a13
a23
a33
a43
a14
a24
a34 l ma trn chia khi
a44
Trang 139
Ton cao cp
a13 a14
l ma trn con.
a23 a24
v A =
Ma trn kh nghch:
Cho A l ma trn vung trn trng K, nu tn ti ma trn B sao cho: AxB
= In, (In: ma trn n v), khi A c gi l ma trn nghch o.
K hiu: B = A-1.
Ma trn trc giao:
Ma trn A vung, thc c gi l ma trn trc giao nu: ATA = AAT = In
tc l nu A kh nghch v A-1 = AT.
1.5. Cc php ton trn ma trn
1.5.1. S bng nhau ca hai ma trn
L hai ma trn c cc phn t tng ng bng nhau tng i mt v c cng

kch thc. Ngha l:
Cho A = (aij)mxn v B = (blk)pxq trn trng K. Trong : p, q, m, n Z+
Khi :
m = p
A = B n = q
a = b
lk
ij
1.5.2. Php cng cc ma trn
Cho hai ma trn A = (aij)mxn v B = (bij)mxn l hai ma trn cng cp mxn .

Tng ca hai ma trn A v B l mt ma trn cp mxn, ta vit:
C = A + B = (cij)mxn vi cij = aij + bij , i = 1..m; j = 1..n.
2 3 1 4
1 1 2 2
;
,
B =
3 2
1 4 1 3
3 0 1 2
.
Ta c: C = A + B =
4 5 4 1
V d 5: Cho A =
5 1
Tnh cht:
A+B = B+A.
(A+B)+ C = A+(B+ C).
O+A = A+O = A.
A+(-A) = (-A)+A = O.
Trong O l ma trn O cp mxn.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 140
Ton cao cp
1.5.3. Nhn mt s khc khng vi mt ma trn
Cho s thc k v ma trn A = (aij)mxn. Tch ca s thc k vi ma trn A l

mt ma trn cp mxn trong cc phn t ca ma trn mi bng tch ca s thc k
vi phn t tng ng ca ma trn A, tc l kA = (kaij)mxn.
3 0 1 2
6 0
2 4
, ta c: 2. A =
.
V d 6: Cho A =
4 5 4 1
8 10 8 2
Ch :
Nu = -1 suy ra (-1).A = (-1).(aij)mxn = -A. Lc (-A) c gi l ma trn

i ca ca ma trn A.
Cc tnh cht:
.[A+B] = .A+.B
(+).A = .A+.A.
.(.A) = ().A.
1.A = A.
1.5.4. Nhn hai ma trn
Cho ma trn A = (aij)mxn c cp mxn v ma trn B = (bij)nxp c cp nxp. Tch

ca hai ma trn A v B l mt ma trn cp mxp, ta vit:
n
C = A.B = (cik)mxp vi cik = a ijb jk
, i = 1..m ; k = 1..p .
j=1
S m t php nhn hai ma trn:

= cik
Dng i x x x
Ct k
Ma trn kt qu: V tr:
dng 1, ct 1 = tng (dng 1 x ct 1)

....................................................
dng i, ct j = tng (dng i x ct j)
....................................................
dng m, ct n = tng (dng m x ct n)
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 141
Ton cao cp
iu kin nhn c ca hai ma trn:
L s phn t trn dng ca ma trn A phi bng s phn t trn ct ca ma

trn B tng ng.
1 0
1 0 1
, B = 0 1 , tnh C = A.B
V d 7: Cho A =
0 1 1
1 1
Ta c: c11 = 1.1 + 0.0 + 1.1 = 2

c12 = 1.0 + 0.1 + 1.(-1) = -1
c21 = 0.1 + 1.0 + (-).1 = -1
c22 = 0.0 + 1.1 + (-1).(-1) = 2
2 1
C=
.
1
2
Tnh cht:
Cho A, B, C l cc ma trn trn trng K:

(A+B)C = AC+BC.
A(B+C) = AB+AC.
(A.B).C = A.(B.C).
I.A = A.I = A vi I l ma trn n v.
(AB)T = BTAT.
AB BA : ngha l php nhn hai ma trn khng giao hon.
1 2
0 1
; B =
,
V d 8: Cho A =
3 4
6 7
1 2 0 1
12 13
0 11 2
3 4
=
v BA =
ta c: AB =
3 4 6 7 24 25
6 7 3 4 27 40
AB BA .
1.5.5. Ly tha bc n ca ma trn
Cho A l mt ma trn vung trn trng K. Tch A x A c k hiu A2

(bnh phng ca A).
Vy vi n l s nguyn dng ty , th tch: A x A x...x A k hiu l An
c gi l ly tha bc n ca A.
Qui c: A0 = I : ma trn n v.
0 1 0
V d 9: A = 0 0 1 => A2 =
0 0 0
0 0 1
3
0 0 0 v A =
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
1.5.6. Php chuyn v

nh ngha:
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 142
Ton cao cp
Cho A = (aij)mxn trn trng K, chuyn v ca A l mt ma trn cp nxm trn

trng K.
K hiu: AT thc hin bng cch i cc dng ca ma trn A theo th t
thnh cc ct:
A = (aij)mxn AT = (aji)nxm
nh x: f: A AT
(aij)mxn (aji)nxm gi l php chuyn v trn cc ma trn.
Cc tnh cht:
Vi mi A, B l cc ma trn trn trng K, ta c:

* (A+B)T = AT + BT
* (A)T = .AT
* (AB)T = BTAT
* (AT)T = A
1.5.7. Cc php bin i s cp
i) i ch hai dng (hoc hai ct) ca ma trn.

ii) Nhn mt dng (hay mt ct) cho mt s khc khng.
iii) Nhn mt dng (hay mt ct) mt s khc khng ri cng vo mt dng
(hay mt ct) khc.
Lu : Php bin i s cp khng lm thay i ma trn.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 143
Ton cao cp
Tnh nh thc ca ma trn v tm hng ca ma trn

Bi: NH THC
2.1. nh thc ca ma trn vung
2.1.1. Cc nh ngha
nh thc cp 2:
a
Cho A l ma trn vung cp 2: A = 11 12

a 21 a 22
Khi :det A =
a11
a12
a21
a22
= a11a22 a12 a21 c gi l nh thc cp 2.
nh thc cp cao (n > 2):
nh thc cp 3: Cho A l ma trn vung cp 3:

a11 a12 a13
a11 a12 a13
A = a 21 a 22 a 23 , Khi : det A = a21 a22 a23 l mt hng s c nh
a
a31 a32 a33
31 a32 a 33
ngha bng qui np:

Nu n = 1 a = (a) detA = a.
Nu n > 1 th:
delA = (-1)i+1ai1|Ai1| + (-1)i+2ai2|Ai2| + ... + (-1)i+jaij|Aij|+... + (-1)i+nain|Ain|.
Tc l ta tnh nh thc bng cch khai trin theo dng th i.
Trong :
(-1)i+jaij|Aij| l phn b i s ca aij.
(-1)i+j l du ch s ca phn t dng i ct j.
aij l phn t dng i ct j.
|Aij| l nh thc con c lp bng cch b dng i ct j.
Qui tc u tin chn dng, hoc ct tnh nh thc l nn chn dng,
hoc ct c nhiu s 0 hoc s 1, gim bt cc bc tnh trung gian.
Ch :
+ Mt nh thc cp 3 ta khai trin c 3 nh thc cp 2.

+ Mt nh thc cp 4 ta khai trin c 4 nh thc cp 3.
Nh vy: mt nh thc cp n ta khai trin c (n!)/2 nh thc cp 2.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 144
Ton cao cp
Ni chung phng php ny khng tin li trong tnh ton thc hnh khi n 4.
Nhn xt:
i) Nn chn mt dng hoc ct no ri nhn vi mt s khc 0, ri cng
vo cc dng hoc cc ct khc, lm xut hin nhiu s 0 v s 1, sau mi
tin hng khai trin.
ii) Gi tr mt nh thc l mt hng s hoc mt biu thc.
iii) Ma trn l mt bng s c kch thc.
2.1.2. Phng php tnh nh thc
i vi nh thc cp 2:
Ly tch ng cho chnh tr tch ng cho ph.

V d 1:
a
i) Cho A = 11 12 , khi : det A = 11 12 = a11a22 a12 a21 = const.

a21 a22
a 21 a 22
1 3
=1(-4) - 2(3) = -10.

ii) Cho A =
khi : detA = A =
2 4
2 4
i vi nh thc cp cao (n 3):
* nh thc cp 3:
+ Cch 1: Dng cng thc Scrame.

Vit thm hai dng hoc ct di hoc k nh thc cho. Khi :
Tch cc phn t theo ng cho chnh ta ly du cng (+).
Tch cc phn t theo ng cho ph ta ly du tr (-).
a11 a12 a13
* Cho A l ma trn vung cp 3: A = a 21 a 22 a 23 , khi :
a
31 a32 a 33
a11
a12
a13
a21
a22
a23 = a11a22 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a13 a21a32 a13 a22 a31 a12 a21a33 a11a23 a32
a31
a32
a33
nh nh thc cp 3 ta thng dng qui tc sau (qui tc Sarrus):

a11
a12
a13
a11
a12
a13
a21
a22
a23
a21
a22
a23
a31
a32
a33
a31
a32
a33
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 145
Ton cao cp
Du (+)
V d 2: Tnh nh thc
Du ( - )
1 2 3
D = 2 3 1 = 1.3.2 + 2.1.3 + 3.2.1 3.3.3 2.2.2 1.1.1 = 18 36 = 18 .
3 1 2
ii) Cch 2: Dng phng php trin khai theo dng (hoc ct).
a11
a12
a13
a21
a22
a23 = (-1)
a31
a32
a33
1+1
a11
a 22 a 23
a 21 a 23
a 21 a 22
+ (1)1+ 2 a 12
+ (1)1+3 a 13
a 32 a 33
a 31 a 33
a 31 a 32
- Const nu cc phn t ca nh thc l s thc.

- Biu thc nu cc phn t ca nh thc c cha n cc s.
- S phc nu cc phn t ca nh thc thuc R thuc C.
1 2 3
V d 3: Cho A = 2 1 4 , khi :
0 3 2
1 2 3
detA = |A| = 2 1 4
khai trin theo dng 3:
0 3 2
= (-1)3+1.0.
2
-1
3
-1 3
-1 2
+ (1)3+ 2 .(3).
+ (1)3+3 .2.
4
2 4
2 -1
= 0 + 3.(-4-6) + 2.(1-4) = -36.

i vi nh thc cp cao (cp n):
Dng phng php khai trin theo dng hoc ct.

V d 4: Cho A l ma trn vung cp n:
a11 a12 ... a1n
a 11 a 12 ... a 1n
a 21 a 22 ... a 2n
A = ai1 ai 2 ... ain . Khi : detA = ............................. khai trin theo

a i1 a i2 ... a in
.............................
a
a
...
a
m
1
m
2
mn
a
a
... a
n1
n2
nn
dng i:
= (-1)i+1ai1|Ai1|+(-1)i+2ai2|Ai2|+ ... +(-1)i+jaij|Aij|+ ... +(-1)i+nain|Ai+n|.
Vi |Aij| l nh thc con cn li sau khi b i dng i v ct j.
Cc phng php ng dng tnh nh thc cp cao c th c:
i) Chn u tin cho nhng dng hoc ct c nhiu s 0 v s 1 tin hnh
khai trin gip ta gim bt cc bc trung gian.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 146
Ton cao cp
ii) Dng cc php bin i s cp a cc dng hoc ct ca nh thc

xut hin nhiu s 0 v s 1 trc khi chn khai trin.
iii) Kt hp nhun nhuyn c hai bin php trn.
Lu : V nh thc bao gi cng tn ti di dng vung, do :
iv) Dng php bin i s cp a mi nh thc v dng tam gic sau

mt s hu hn bc. Khi gi tr nh thc s bng tch cc phn t trn ng
cho chnh.
V d 5:
5
i) Tnh nh thc D =
2 3
1 -2
-5 - 7 - 3 9
1 - 2 -1 4
Ta c: dng(2)x(-2) cng vo dng(1); dng(2)x3 cng vo dng(3);

dng(2) cng vo dng(4):
1
2
D=
1
3
-2
3
2
1
0 5
1
1 -2
2+ 3
= (1) .1. 1
0 3
3
0 2
-2
2
1
5
3
2
Ta ly: dng(1)x(-1) cng vo dng(2); dng(1)x3 cng vo dng(3):

1
D= 0
0
-2
4
7
5
4
- 2 = 1.(1)1+1.1.
7
13
a
x
ii) Tnh nh thc cp 5: D5 = x
x
x
-2
= -1.[4.(-13)-(-2).7] = 38.
- 13
x
a
x
x
x
a
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
a
x
x
a
Ta ly ct(5)x(-1) ri cng ln lt cc ct cn li:

ax 0
0
0
0 a-x 0
0
0
a-x 0
D5 = 0
0
0
0 a-x
x-a x-a x-a x-a
x
x
x
x
a
ln lt ta cng cc dng 1, 2, 3, 4 vo dng cui ta c:
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 147
Ton cao cp
ax
0 0
a-x 0
0 a-x
0
D5 = 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 x
0 x
0 x
= (a-x)4.(a+4x).
a-x x
0 a + 4x
Tng t, ta m rng cho nh thc cp n:

a
x
Dn = x
x
a
x
x
x
a
...
...
...
x
x
n-1
x = (a-x) .[a+(n-1)x].
x
x
x
x
x
x
...
...
x
a
Dng phng php tch thnh tch, phng php truy hi:
V d 6: Tch nh thc D = detA ca ma trn vung cp n:
1 + x1 y1 1 + x1 y2
1 + x2 y1 1 + x2 y2
A=
...
...
1 + xn y1 1 + xn y2
... 1 + x1 yn
... 1 + x2 yn
, n 2.
...
...
... 1 + xn yn
1
Ta thy: A =
...
0... 0 1
0... 0 y1
x
... ... ...

0... 0 0
x1
x2
...
xn
y2 ... yn
... ... ...
0 ... 0
1
...
Do :
1
D = detA =
x1
1 x2
... ...
0... 0 1
0... 0 y1
.
... ... ...
y2 ... yn
0... 0 0
xn
...
; x>2
=
... ... ...
(x 2 x 1).(y 2 y 1) ; x = 2
...
Ngoi cc phng php trn ta cn linh hot trong vic vn dng cc tnh cht
ca nh tnh cc gi tr ca nh thc.
2.2. Cc tnh cht ca nh thc
2.2.1. Tnh cht 1
nh thc ca ma trn khng thay i khi ta chuyn v ma trn.

Tc l: Cho A l ma trn vung cp n c ma trn chuyn v AT, khi :
detA = detAT
3 2 1
V d 7: Cho A = 1 1 0 , Ta c: AT =
4 7 1
Trn Thin Khi
3 1 4
2 1 7 .
1 0 1
Trang 148
Ton cao cp
Khi : detA = detAT = -8.
2.2.2. Tnh cht 2
Cho A = (aij)nxn l ma trn vung cp n. Gi s dng th i no c tnh

cht l tng ca hai s hng th ta c th tch nh thc ca ma trn thnh tng
ca hai nh thc,ngha l:
a11
a
A = 21
...
an1
... a1i
a1' i
... a2i
'
a2i
... ... ...

an 2 ... ani
...
a ni'
a12
a22
... a1n
... a2 n
... ...
... ann
Khi : detA = |A|

a11
a12
... a1i
... a1n
a11
a12
...
a1' i
... a1n
a
= 21
...
a22
...
... a2i
... ...
... a2 n
... ...
a21
a22
...
a 2' i
... a2 n
...
...
...
an 2 ... ani
... ann
an1
an 2
...
...
... ...
... ann
an1
a ni'
1 2 3
V d 8: Cho A = 1 4 1
1 5 1
1 1+ 1
Khi : detA = |A| = -1 3+ 1
1 3+ 2
2
1 1
1 = -1 3
-1
1 3
2
1
1 + -1
-1
1
1
2
1
-1
2.2.3. Tnh cht 3
Nu i v tr hai dng hoc hai ct ca mt nh thc th gi tr nh thc s

i du.
V d 9:
1 2
, khi :
2 1
i) Cho A =
detA = |A| =
1
-2
2
2
=5=
1
1
1
1
hay detA = |A| =
2
-2
a11 a12 ... a1n
ii) Cho A = ai1 ai 2 ... ain . Khi : detA = |A| =
n1 an 2 ... ann
Trn Thin Khi
2
-2
=5=
1
1
1
2
a 11 a 12 ... a 1n
a 21 a 22 ... a 2n
.......................
a n1 a n2 ... a nn
Trang 149
Ton cao cp
a 21 a 22 ... a 2n
- a 11 a 12 ... a 1n
.......... .......... ...
a n 1 a n2 ... a nn
=
a 12 a 11 ... a 1n
a 22 a 21 ... a 2n
.......... .......... ...
a n 2 a n1 ... a nn
i dng 1 vi dng 2
i ct 1 vi ct 2
2.2.4. Tnh cht 4
Nu ma trn c hai dng hoc hai ct t l vi nhau hoc bng nhau th nh

thc ca n s bng 0.
Tht vy: Nu nh thc Dn c hai dng th i v th h trng nhau th bng
cch trao i hai dng, nh thc Dn vn khng thay i. Trong khi theo tnh
cht 3: nh thc Dn i du:
Vy: Dn = -Dn hay Dn = 0.
V d 10:
2 1 4
2 1 4
Cho A = 3 1 6 , khi : detA = |A| = 3 -1 6 = 0 v ct4 = 2xct1.

4 2 8
4 -2 8
2.2.5. Tnh cht 5
Mt nh thc s khng thay i nu ta thc hin nhn mt dng hoc mt

ct no vi mt s khc 0 ri cng vo cc dng hoc cc ct khc.
V d 11:
a 11 a 12 ... a1n
a
a
... a 2n
i). Cho D = 21 22
. Khi cho R\{0}, ta c: D =
.......................
a n1 a n2 ... a nn
a 11 a 12 ... a1n
a 21 a 22 ... a 2n
.......................
a n1 a n2 ... a nn
Nhn dng (1) vi ri cng vi dng (2), ta c:

a 11
D=
a 12
...
a 1n
a 11 + a 21 a 12 + a 22 ... a 1n + a 2n
...............................................................
a n1
a n2
...
a nn
1 -3
-2 5
ii) Cho: D =
2 -4
3 -7
Trn Thin Khi
0
3
-1
4
2
-1
5
2
Trang 150
Ton cao cp
Ta ly dng (1)x2 cng v dng (2); dng (1)x(-2) cng vo dng (3); dng
1
0
(1)x(-3) cng vo dng (4); ta c: D =
0
0
-3
-1
2
2
0
3
-1
4
2
3
.
1
-4
Ly dng (2)x2 cng vo dng (3); dng (2)x2 cng vo dng (4),
1
0
Ta c D =
0
0
-3
-1
0
0
0
2
3 3
5 7
10 2
Ly dng (3)x(-2) cng vo dng (4), ta c: D =
-3
0
0
0
-1
0
0
3 3
5 7
0 - 12
2.2.6. Tnh cht 6
Cho ma trn A vung c dng tam gic trn hay tam gic di th gi tr
nh thc ca ma trn s bng tch cc phn t trn ung cho chnh.
V d 12:
a11 0 ... 0
a21 a22 ... 0
i) Cho A = ... ... ... ...

. Khi : detA = |A| = a11.a22.....ann.
an1 an 2 ... ann

i
0
ii) Cho: A = 0
0
0
2
x 1 . C |A| =
0 0 2 2
0 0 0 1
0 1
3 0
0 1
4
i
i 0
0 3
0 0
0 0
0 0
1
0
1
0
0
4
i
x
-2
0
1
2
1
2
1
= i.3.1.(-2).1 = -6i
2.2.7. Tnh cht 7
Nu ma trn c mt dng hoc mt ct bng 0 th gi tr nh thc ca n bng 0.

a11
a21
V d 13: i) Cho A = ...
0
a
n1
Trn Thin Khi
a12
a22
...
0
an 2
... ... a1n
... ... a2 n
... ... ... . Khi : detA = |A| = 0.
... ... 0
... ... ann
Trang 151
Ton cao cp
x y
ii) Cho: A =
2 -y
-1 -2
0 w
0 z
. Khi : detA = |A| = 0.
0 4x
0 -3
Mun chng minh ta tin hnh trin khai hng hay ct cha ton 0.
Nhn xt: S khc nhau gia ma trn v nh thc
Ma trn
nh thc
* L mt bng s c kch thc vung * Gi tr nh thc l mt hng s

hoc ch nht.
hoc mt biu thc, ch tn ti dng
vung.
* i ch hai dng hoc hai ct cho nhau
khng thay i ma trn.
* Khi nhn mt s vi mt nh thc
th ta ch vi tt c cc phn t ca
* Qu trnh bin i s cp a t ma
ma trn.
trn ny thnh ma trn mi hon ton
tng ng vi ma trn bang u nn
.[A] = [ A]
qu trnh bin i ta dng du i n do mun t tha s chung cho
ma trn cn thit.
mt ma trn th ma trn tt c cc
* Khi nhn mt s vi mt ma trn ta nhn phn t phi c cng tha s chung.
s
* Ch nhn s vi mt dng hoc
* i ch hai dng hoc hai ct cho nhau, mt ct ca nh thc m thi. Do
mun t tha s chung th ch cn
nh thc s i du.
nh thc c mt dng hoc mt
* Php bin i s cp khng lm thay i
ct c cng tha s chung
gi tr ca nh thc nn ta tr ca nh
thc nn ta dng du = (bng) trong qu
trnh bin i.
1 1 2
V d 14: Tnh nh thc D = 3 0 0
1 3 4
Khai trin theo dng 2, ta c: D = a 21 A21 + a 22 A22 + a 23 A23 = 3.(1) 2+1

3 5
2 1
V d 15: Tnh nh thc D =
1 2
4 1
1
3
0
2
1 2
=6.
3 4
4
2
3
1
i ch dng th nht cho dng th ba ta c:

1 2 0
2 1 3
D=
3 5 1
4 1 2
Trn Thin Khi
3
2
4
1
Trang 152
Ton cao cp
Dng th hai bng dng hai cng vi (-2) ln dng th nht; dng th ba
bng dng ba cng vi (-3) ln dng th nht; dng th t bng dng t cng vi
1 2
0 5
(-4) ln dng th nht, ta c: D =
0 1
0 7
0
3
1
2
3
4
.
13
11
Khai trin theo ct th nht, ta c:

1 2
0 5
D=
0 1
0 7
0
3
1
2
3
5 3 4 5 3 4
4
1+1
= (1) 1 1 13 = 1 1 13
13
7 2 11 7 2 11
11
1 1 13
1 1 13
2 61
= (160 305) = 145
= 5 3 4 = 0 2 61 = 1.(1)1+1
5 80
7 2 11
0 5 80
Dng cc tnh cht ca nh thc a v dng ma trn bc thang.

a 1 1 1
1 a 1 1
V d 16: Tnh nh thc D =
1 1 a 1
1 1 1 a
a+3 a+3 a+3 a+3
1
a
1
1
1
1
Ta c: D =
= (a + 3)
a
1
1
1
1
a
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0 a 1 0
0
= (a + 3)(a 1) 3
=
0
0 a 1 0
0
0
0 a 1
1
a
1
1
1
1
a
1
1
1
1
a
Bi: HNG CA MA TRN

2.3. nh ngha
Hng ca ma ttrn A l mt s, k hiu: rankA.

RankA l mt const c nh ngha l s ln nht trong cc cp ca nh
thc con khc 0. Ngha l: nu ma trn A vung (hoc ch nht) c nh thc con
cp cao nht l p 0, m mi nh thc con khc (nu c) cp cao hn p u bng
0.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 153
Ton cao cp
1 2 3 4
V d 1: Cho ma trn sau A = 2 1 0 1
1 1 2 4
3 x 4
Khi : detA1 = |A1| = |2| = 2 0.

1
2
detA2 = |A2| =
2
= -3 0.
1
1 2 3
detA3 = |A3| = 2 1 0 = -15 0.
1 -1 2
Vy rankA = 3.
2.4. Cc phng php tm hng ca ma trn
2.4.1. Dng nh ngha
Tng qut nht nhng c yu im l ta phi tnh qu nhiu nh thc.

Phng php:
- Ta phi tnh tt c cc nh thc c th c ca ma trn cho.

- So snh nh thc no c cp cao nht gi tr nh thc khc 0, th cp ca
nh thc l hng ca ma trn cn tm.
Lu :
Ta nn tnh gi tr nh thc c cp cao nht trc, ch cn mt nh thc

cp cao nht no khc 0 th hng ca ma trn chnh l cp ca nh thc .
V d 2:
1 3 4 2
Cho A = 2 1 1 4 . Tm rankA
1 2 1 2
3 x 4
Ta c:
Gi tr cc nh thc cp 3 c th c:
1 -3
det A = | A | = 2 1
-1 - 2
/
3
det A
///
3
/
3
4
= |A | = 2
-1
///
3
4
-3
//
//
1 = 0; det A 3 = | A 3 | = 1
1
-2
4 2
1 4 = 0.
1 -2
4 2
1 -3 2
////
////
1 4 = 0; det A 3 = | A 3 | = 2 1 4 = 0.
1 -2
-1 - 2 - 2
Cc gi tr ca nh thc cp 2:
det A 2/ = | A 2/ | =
Trn Thin Khi
2
2
4
1
= 0; det A 2// = | A 2// | =
1
2
-3
= 7 0.
1
Trang 154
Ton cao cp
Vy: rankA = 2.
2.4.2. Phng php dng php bin i s cp
a) i vi ma trn vung:
Ta dng php bin i s cp bin i trn cc dng a ma trn cho

v dng tam gic. m cc phn t khc 0 trn ng cho chnh, ta c s phn t
khc 0 chnh l s hng ca ma trn cho.
V d 3:
2
1
Cho ma trn A =
1
3 1
2 3
2 2
2 1
1
. Tm rankA.
1
0 4 x 4
Ta c:
1
1
- i ch dng(1) v dng(3): A
2
2 2
2 3
3 1
2 1
1
0
0 4 x 4
- Ly dng(1) cng vo dng(2); dng(1) nhn vi (-2) cng vo dng(3);

1 2 2 1
0 4 1 2
dng(1) nhn vi (-3) cng vo dng(4): A

0 1 5 2
0 4 5 3 4 x 4
- Ly dng(3) nhn 4 cng vo dng(2); dng(3) nhn vi (-4) cng vo

dng(4):
1
1 2 2
0 0 21 10
A
0 1 5
2
0 0 15 11 4 x 4
1
1 2 2
0 1 5
2
- i ch dng(2) v dng(3): A
0 0 21 10
0 0 15 114 x 4
1
1 2 2
0 1 5
2
- Ly dng(3) nhn vi (15/21) cng dng(4): A

0 0 21
10
0 0 0 181/ 21 4 x 4
Vy: rankA = 4.
b) i vi ma trn ch nht:
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 155
Ton cao cp
Dng php bin i s cp, thc hin bin i trn cc dng v hng ca ma
trn l s dng khc 0 ca ma trn dng bc thang chnh tc.
Ma trn dng bc thang chnh tc l ma trn c cc phn t v tr (a11,
a22, ..., arr) 0, bt u ca cc dng v mi dng sau cch dng trc mt phn t
theo ct.
Tc l A c dng
a11
0
0
A = ...
0
0
0
a12
a22
0
...
0
0
0
a13
a23
a33
...
0
0
0
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
a1n
a2 n
a3n
... r dng
arr
0
(m-r) dng
0
1 2 3 1
V d 4: Cho A = 1 2 1 0 . Tm rankA ?
2 0 1 0
Ta c:
- Ly dng(1) cng vo dng(2):; ly dng(1) nhn vi (-2) ri cng vo
dng(3):
1 2 3 1
A 0 0 4 1
0 4 5 5
1 2 3 1
- i ch dng (2) v dng(3): A 0 4 5 5 .
0 0 4 1
Vy rankA = 3.
Tnh cht:
i) Hai ma trn c cng hng nu v ch nu chng tng ng vi nhau.
ii) Hai ma trn c gi l tng ng vi nhau trn trng K nu v ch
nu ma trn ny nhn c t ma trn kia bng cch qua mt s hu hn bc
bin i s cp. Hay ni khc i, hng ca mt ma trn khng thay i qua php
bin i s cp.
Nhn xt:
T phng php tm hng ca ma trn bng phng php bin i s cp.
Ta c:
i) Hng ca mt ma trn bc thang bng s dng khc 0 ca n.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 156
Ton cao cp
ii) Mi ma trn bc thang u c th a v dng ma trn bc thang chnh

tc sau mt s hu hn cc php bin i s cp.
Gii c bi ton ng dng ma trn.
Mt x nghip sn xut bn mt hng: Tivi, Radio cassete, u my video v

qut my. X nghip c hai i l bn hng. S lng cc mt hng bn c ca cc
i l trong thng va qua c cho bng
Tivi
Radio cassete
u my
video
Qut
my
i l 1
120
150
80
210
i l 2
140
180
120
250
Gi c v hoa hng ca cc mt hng cho cc i l uc cho bng

Mt hng
Trn Thin Khi
Gi
Hoa hng
Trang 157
Ton cao cp
Tivi
3.150 ngn
150 ngn
Radio cassette
750 ngn
70 ngn
u my video
3.400 ngn
170 ngn
Qut my
420 ngn
50 ngn
Hy cho bit doanh thu v tin hoa hng ca tng i l

Gii:
Doanh thu ca i l I l 850.000 ngn ng.
Doanh thu ca i l II l 989.000 ngn ng.
Hoa hng ca i l I l 52.600 ngn ng.
Hoa hng ca i l II l 66.500 ngn ng.
H phng trnh tuyn tnh khng thun nht.

Bi: H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH KHNG THUN NHT
4.1. nh ngha
Mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh khng thun nht trn K l mt h thng

gm m phng trnh bc nht (n n) c dng tng qut nh sau:
a11 x1
a x
21 1
......
am1 x1
+ a12 x2 + ..... + a1n xn
= b1
+ a22 x 2 + ..... + a2 n xn
= b2
........
am 2 x2
.....
.....
.....
amn xn
... ....
= bn
(I)
Trong aij K (gi l cc h s) v cc bi K (gi l cc h s t do) l

cc phn t cho trc, cc xj l cc n cn tm (trong K)
V d 1: H phng trnh:
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 158
Ton cao cp
2 x1
x1
x
1
+ x2
+ x2
x2
+ x3
+ x3
2 x3
= 1
= 4
= 3
(1)
l mt h gm 3 phng trnh tuyn tnh 3 n trn R

Ta ni (c1, ..., cn) Kn l n nghim ca h (I) nu khi ta thay x1 = c1, ..., xn =
cn vo (I) th tt c cc ng thc trong (I) u tho
V d 2: H phng trnh tuyn tnh (1) c 1 nghim l (1, 2, 1)
a) Dng ma trn:
Cho h phng trnh tuyn tnh (I) t:

a11
a 21
A=
....
a
m1
a12
a 22
....
am2
..... a1n
..... a 2 n
,
..... ....
..... a mn
X=
x1
x2
,
...
x n
b1
b2
B=
...
b
n
Ta gi A l ma trn h s, X l ct cc n v B ct cc h s t do ca h (I)
K hiu:
a11
a21
~
A = (A |B) = ...
a
m1
a12
a22
...
am 2
... a1n b1
... a2 n b2
... ... ...
... amn bm
Ma trn A c gi l ma trn m rng ca h (I) khi vit A = (A|B) gi l

s ma trn ha h (I)
V d 3:
2 1 1 1
1 4
1 1
1 1 2 3
b) Dng vct:
a1 j

a2 j
t: a ij =
: (j = 1,n) ma trn h s ca n s, bij = B =

amj
Trn Thin Khi
b1
b2
...
b
n
Trang 159
Ton cao cp
n
Khi phng trnh (I) c th vit di dng vct: x ja j = b

j=1
c) Dng nh x tuyn tnh:
Cho f: Kn Kn
b1
b
x = [aij Vi:
][ xij ] f ( x ) = b voi b = 2
...

bm
H phng trnh Gramer:

H phng trnh tuyn tnh (I) nu c n phng trnh v n n s th h
phng trnh (I) c gi l h phng trnh Gramer, ch c duy nht mt nghim.
xj =
Dj
D
; i = 1,n (D 0)
vi D l nh thc ca ma trn h s ca n s.
Dj l nh thc nhn c t D bng cch thay ct th j bng cc h s t do
bj (j = 1,n).
4.2. iu kin mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh c nghim
nh l (Kronecker Capeli)
iu kin cn v mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh c nghim l: Hng

ca ma trn h s phi bng hng ca ma trn b sung. rankA = rankM.
2x y + z = 1
V d 4: i) Cho h phng trnh: (a) x 3y + 2z = 1

2x 4y + 3z = 2
Hi h (a) c nghim hay khng? Ti sao?

Ta c:
2 - 1
A = 1 - 3
2 - 4
1
2
3
2 - 1
Xt detA = |A| = 1 - 3
2 - 4
-1
V detA = -3
-4
/
1
v B = 1 M =
2
2 - 1
1 - 3
2 - 4
1
2
3
-1
- 1
2
1
2 = -1 0 rankA =3.
3
1 1
2 - 1 = 2 0 rankM =3.
3 2
Vy rankA = 3 = rankM H phng trnh (a) c nghim.

Trn Thin Khi
Trang 160
Ton cao cp
2x y + z = 1
ii) Cho h phng trnh: (b) 3y + 2z = 1

2x 4y + 3z = 2
Cho bit h c nghim khng? Ti sao?

2 - 1
Ta c:A = 0 - 3
2 - 4
Xt A 2/ =
0
2
2 - 1
M = 0 - 3
2 - 4
1
2
2 . Xt detA = |A| = 0
3
2
-1
-3
1
2 = 0.
-4
-3
= 6 0. rankA = 2.
-4
1
-1
- 1
2
2
3
-1
Ta c rankM = 3, v detA = 2 0, vi:| M |= -3
/
-4
1
1
2 - 1 = 2 0.
3
Vy rankA = 2 3 = rankM H phng trnh (b) v nghim.

iii) Xc nh tham s a h phng trnh tuyn tnh sau c nghim:
ax 1 + x 2 + x 3 = 1
x 1 + ax 2 + x 3 = 1 .
x + x + ax = 1
2
3
1
a 1 1
Ta c ma trn h s: A = 1 a 1 v ma trn b sung: M =
1 1 a
Ta c:
a
detA = |A| = 1
1
1
a
a
a 1 1
1 a 1
1 1 a
1
1
1
1
3
2
1 = a -3a+2 = (a-2) (a+2)
a
Nu detA 0 a 1 v a -2.
V ma trn b sung M cha A nn M cha mt nh thc con cp 3 chnh l
|A|. Do trong trng hp ny rankM = 3.
Vy vi a 1 v a -2 th h c nghim.
Xt trng hp a = 1:
1 1 1
Ta suy ra A = 1 1 1 rankA = 1.
1 1 1
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 161
Ton cao cp
1 1 1
V M = 1 1 1
1 1 1
1
1 rankM = 1.
1
rankA = rankM = 1.
Vy vi a = 1 th h cng c nghim.
Xt trng hp a = -2:
2 1 1
-2 1
=-50.
Ta suy ra : A = 1 2 1 rankA = 2, v
1 -2
1 1 2
2 1 1
M = 1 2 1
1 1 2
1
1 1 1
1 rankM = 3, v tn ti: -2 1 1 = 9 0.
1 -2 1
1
rankA = 2 < 3 = rankM.

Vy vi a = -2 th h v nghim.
Tm li: H phng trnh trn c nghim khi v ch khi a -2.
4.3. Cc phng php gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh
4.3.1. Phng php a v h Gramer
Ta tnh rankA v rankM:

+ Nu rankA = rankM = n h c nghim.
+ Nu rankA = rankM = r < n h c v s nghim (ph thuc vo (n-r)
n t do).
+ Nu rankA rankM h v nghim.
V d 5:
x - 3y + 4z = 2
Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh: (I) 2x + y + z = 4

-x - 2y + z = -2
1 3 4
1 -3
Ta c: A = 2 1 1 rankA = 2 v tn ti: |A2| =
= 7 0.
2 1
1 2 1
1 3 4
V M = 2 1 1
1 2 1
2
4 2
4 rankM = 2 v tn ti |M2| =
= 14 0.
1 4
2
Do rankM = rankA = 2 < 3 nn h phng trnh (I) tng ng vi:

Trn Thin Khi
Trang 162
Ton cao cp
x - 3y + 4z = 2
x - 3y = 2 - 4z
2x + y + z = 4
2x + y = 4 - z
x - 3y = 2 - 4z
7y = 7z
x - 3y = 2 - 4z
; vi z t do thuc R
y = z
x = 2 - z
; z R.
y = z = 1
Chn z = 1 = y x = 2 1 = 1.
Vy h (I) c v s nghim vi mt bc t do hay h (I) c tp nghim l:
X=(1,1,1)*t vi t R.
V d 6:
2x y + z = 1
Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh (a) x 3y + 2z = 1 .

2x 4y + 3z = 2
2 1 1
2 -1 1
Ta c: 1 3 2 rankA = 3 v |A| = -1 3 2 = -1 0.
2 4 3
2 -4 3
2 1 1
M = 1 3 2
2 4 3
1
-1 1 1
1 rankM = 3 v |M3| = -3 2 - 1 |M3|= 2 0.

-4 3 2
2
Do : rankM = rankA = 3. Cho nn h (a) c nghim duy nht:
x =
y =
z =
Dx
D
= x =
| A|
D
1 -1 1
-1 - 3 2
2 -4 3
1
2 1
Dy
D
Dy
| A|
Dz
D
= z =
D
| A|
= 2
1 -1 2
2 2 3
1
2 -1 1
1 - 3 -1
2 -4 2
1
=9
= 14
4.3.2. Phng php kh dn n s ca Gause
Ta dng php bin i s cp bin i trn ma trn b sung M c gng a

ma trn M v dng bc thang sao cho c t nht mt phng trnh ca h c dng
ax = b suy ra nghim, ri thay nghim vo phng trnh no ca h cn hai
n m phng trnh c cha n va mi tm c tm n mi th hai, tng
t cho n th ba,... cho n n th n.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 163
Ton cao cp
V d 7:
x + 2y + 3z = 1
Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh (I) 2x + 3y + z = 3 .

3x + y + 2z = 2
1 2 3
Ta c M = [A|B] = 2 3 1
3 1 2
1
3
2
- Ly dng(1) nhn vi (-2) ri cng vo dng(2); dng(1) nhn vi (-3) ri

cng vo dng(-3):
1 2 3
0 1 5
0 5 7
1
1 : ly dng(2) nhn vi (-5) ri cng vo dng (3):
1
1 2 3
0 1 5
0 0 18
1
1
6
x + 2y + 3z = 1
x = 2 / 3
- y - 5z = 1 y = 2 / 3
z = -1/ 3
18z = -6
Nu cn thit ta th li, bng cch thay (*) vo (I), ta thy ng thc xy ra

nn nghim ca h (I) l:
X = (2/3, 2/3, -1/3) hay X=1/3*(2, 2, -1).
V d 8:
2x + y + z + 2t = 5
x + 2y + z + 2t = 4
Gii h phng tuyn tnh sau y trn R

.
x
+
y
+
+2z
+
2t
=
5
3x + 5y + 4z + 6t = 15
2
1
Ta c M = [A|B] =
1
3
1
2

1
5
4
i ch dng (1) v (2):
5
15
4
5
; ly dng(1) nhn (-2) ri cng vo dng (2);
5
15
dng(1) nhn (-1) ri cng vo dng(3); dng(1) nhn (-3) ri cng vo dng(4):
1 2
1 2
0 - 3 - 1 - 2
0 - 1
1 0
1 0
0 - 1
Trn Thin Khi
4
3
; ly dng(3) nhn vi (-1) ri cng vo dng(4):
1
Trang 164
Ton cao cp
1 2
1 2
0 - 3 - 1 - 2
0 - 1
1 0
0 0
0 0
4
1 2 1
3
rankA = 3 v tn ti |D| = 0 - 3 1 = -2 0.
1
0 -1 1
Mt khc, ta c: rankM = 4 v tn ti D:
1
-1 - 2 - 3 -2 - 1 - 3
0 -1 - 2 -3
1+1
D =
= (-1)
1 0 1 = 0
1
1 = 4 0.
0
1 0 1
0 0 2
0
0
2
0
0 0 2
rankA = 3 < 4 = rankM h v nghim.

V d 9:
x + 2y - 2z + t + 3u = 5
2x - y + 2z - t + 2u = 4
Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh sau trn R:

3x + y + z + 2t - u = 6
4x + 3y - z + 3t + 2u = 11
1 3
1 2 - 2
2 - 1
2 -1 2
Ta c M = [A|B] =
3 1
1 2 -1
4 3 - 1 3 2
5
4
6
11
Ly dng(1) nhn vi (-2) ri cng vo dng(2); ly dng(1) nhn vi (-3)

ri cng vo dng(3); ly dng(1) nhn vi (-4) ri cng vo dng(4):
1 3 5
1 2 - 2
0 - 5
6 - 3 - 4 6
0 - 5
7 1 - 10 9
7 1 - 10 9
0 - 5
Ly dng(3) nhn vi (-1) ri cng vo dng(4):

1 3
1 2 - 2
0 - 5
6 -3 - 4
0 - 5
7 1 - 10
0 0
0
0 0
5
6
.
9

1 3 5
1 2 - 2
0 - 5 6 - 3 - 4 6 (1)
0 0
1
2 - 6 3
1 2 -2
Ta c rankA = 3 v tn ti: |D| = 0 - 5 6 = -5 0. V rankM = 3 v tn ti:
0 0 1
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 165
Ton cao cp
1 2 5
|D| = 0 - 5 - 6 = 15 0.
0
0 -3
Do rankA = 3 = rankM h c nghim

T (1) suy ra:
x + 2y - 2z + t + 3u = 5
- 5y + 6z - 3t - 4u = - 6
z + 2t - 6u = - 3
x + 2y - 2z = 5 - t - 3u
- 5y + 6z = -6 + 3t + 4u
z = -3 - 2t + 6u
(2) vi t,u R.
Khi (2) l h Gramer vi n l x,y,z. T h (2) ta c:

1 2 -2
1 2 - 2
A = 0 5 - 6 vung v detA = 0 5 - 6 = 5 0.
0 0
0
0 0
1
Do t, u l cc n t do trn R, nn h phng trnh (2) ny c v s

nghim vi hai bc t do l t v u.
Nghim h phng trnh ny l:
x = (19 / 5) + (19 / 5)
y = (12 / 5) 3 + (32 / 5)
z = -3 - 2 + 6
t = ( R)
u = ( R)
4.3.3. Phng php dng ma trn nghch o
Dng cho nhng h phng trnh c ma trn h s vung khng suy bin.
Ta c AX = B X = A-1B.
* Phng php:
+ Bc 1: Xt hai iu kin A vung v delA 0 suy ra tn ti A-1.

+ Bc 2: Thc hin tm ma trn nghch o A-1 theo phng php hc.
+ Bc 3: Thc hin nhn ma trn A-1xB.
+ Bc 4: Tr li tp nghim ca h.
Lu : A: ma trn h s ca n s.
B: ma trn ca h s t do.
V d 10:
2x + y = 1
x 2y = 2
Gii h phng trnh:

2 1
2 1
Ta c: A =
vung v detA = 1 - 2 = -5 0.
1 - 2
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 166
Ton cao cp
Do tn ti A-1: A-1 =
4
x = 5
hay
y = 3
V d 11:
1 -2 - 1
Vy: X =
2
5 -1
x 1 2 - 1 1 1 4
y = 5 - 1 2 2 = 5 3

l nghim ca h.
x + 3y + 3z = 2
Gii h phng trnh: x + 4y + 3z = 1

x + 3y + 4z = 3
1 3 3
1 3 3
Ta c: A = 1 4 3 vung v detA = 1 4 3 = 1 0.
1 3 4
1 3 4
1 3 3
Do tn ti A : [A | I3] = 1 4 3
1 3 4
-1
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
Ly dng(1) nhn vi (-1) ri ln lt cng vo dng(2) v dng(3):

1 3 3 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 Ly dng(2) nhn vi (-3) ri cng vo dng(1):
0 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 3 4 - 3 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 Ly dng(3) nhn vi (-3) ri cng vo dng(1):
0 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 7 - 3 - 3
0 1 0 1 1 0 . Vy: A-1 =
0 0 1 1 0 1
7 -3 -3
1 1 0 nn:
1 0 1
2
x 7 - 3 - 3 2
X = y = 1 1 0 1 = 1
3
z 1 0 1 3
* Tng t gii cho nhng h phng trnh bc 4, bc 5,... bc n.

4.3.4. Phng php Gramer
p dng cho nhng h phng trnh c ma trn h s ca n s vung khng

suy bin.
Phng php:
+ Bc 1: Xt iu kin tn ti A vung v detA 0.

+ Bc 2: Tnh cc nh thc Dj c thnh lp t D= detA bng cch thay
ct th j bi ct h s t do bj , (j=1,n).
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 167
Ton cao cp
ax + by = c
Gii h phng trnh: cy + az = b , trong (a,b,c) R\{0}.
cx + bz = a
V d 12:
a b 0
Ta c:A = 0 c a l ma trn vung v:
c 0 b
a b 0
detA = 0 c a = 2abc 0 v (a,b,c) R\{0}.
c 0 b
Ta li c:
c b 0
Dx = a c a = b(c2+a2-b2) 0;
b 0 b
a c 0
Dy = 0 b a = a(b2+c2-a2) 0.
c a b
a b c
Dz = 0 c b = c(a2+b2-c2) 0.
c 0 a
Vy nghim ca h l:
x=
D
D
Dx
a2 b2 + c2
a 2 + b 2 + c 2
a2 + b2 c2
=
;y = y =
;z= y =
D
2ac
2ac
2ac
D
D
Nhn xt:
Khi h phng trnh cho c ma trn h s ca n s l vung v khng
suy bin, ta p dng phng php ma trn nghch o v phng php Gramer, rt
tin li cho nhng h phng trnh t n s, nhng rt phc tp cho nhng h
phng trnh c nhiu n s (tc ma trn n s A c cp cao), v phng php tm
ma trn nghch o v phng php tnh nh thc qu phc tp, mt nhiu thi
gian, d nhm ln trong tnh ton.
Do ta nn dng phng php tng qut nht l kh dn n s Gause,
a ma trn h s ca n s v dng tam gic hoc ma trn bc thang chnh tc
suy ra nghim ca h.
V d 13: Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh:
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 168
Ton cao cp
x 1 + x 2 + 2x 4 = 5
2x + 4x - x + 5x = -1
2
3
4
1
x 1 + 3x 2 + 5x 4 = - 3
3x + 7x - 3x + 9x = -14
2
3
4
1
2x 1 + 8x 2 - 4x 3 + 2x 4 = - 22
Ta c:
1
2
M = [A|B] = 1
3
2
0 1
4 -1 5
3
0 5
7 -3 9
8 -4 2
5
1
- 3
- 14
- 22
Ly dng(1) nhn vi (-2) ri cng ln lt vo dng(2) v dng(5); ly

dng(1) nhn vi (-1) ri cng vo dng(3); ly dng(1) nhn vi (-3) ri cng vo
dng(4):
1
0
0
0
2 -1
4 -3
6 -4 -2
5
11
-8
- 29
- 32
Ly dng(2) nhn vi (-1) ri cng vo dng(3); ly dng(2) nhn vi (-2)

ri cng vo dng(4); ly dng(2) nhn vi (-3) ri cng vo dng(5):
1
0
0
0
2 -1
0 -1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0 -1 -5
0
2 -1
0 -3
2 -1
5
11
3 . Ly dng(3) cng ln lt vo dng (4) v dng(5):
- 7
1
5
11
3 . Ly dng(4) cng vo dng(5):
-4
4
5
11
3 . Suy ra:
- 4
0
2x 4 = 5
x 1 + x 2 +
2x - x + x = -11
2
3
4
x 3 + 2x 4 = 3
3x 4 = -4
29
x 1 = 3
x 2 = -2
17
x 3 = 3
x = - 4
4
3
Vy nghim ca h l X = (1/3)*(29;-6;17;-4).
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 169
Ton cao cp
H phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht.

Bi: H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH THUN NHT
5.1. nh ngha
Mt h phng trnh thun nht l mt h phng trnh c dng:

a 11x 1 + a 12 x 2 + ... + a 1n x n = 0
a x + a x + ... + a x = 0
2n n
(II) 21 1 22 2
........................................
a m1x 1 + a m2 x 2 + ... + a mn x n = 0
H (II) c vit di dng ma trn nh sau:

A.X = 0 vi:
A: ma trn h s ca n s.
X: ma trn n s.
0: ma trn 0.
n
hay vit di dng vct: aij x j = 0 vi i = 1,m.

j=1
H (II) bao gi cng nhn c:

x 1
x
2 =

x n
0
0
l nghim tm thng v gi l h nghim tm thng.

0
Nh vy h (II) bao gi cng c nghim v lc ny:

0
a 11 a 12 a 1n
a 11 a 12 a 1n
a
a 2n
a
a
a 2n
0
= rank 21 22
rankA = rank 21 22
= rankM.
.............................
.............................
a m1 a m2 a mn
a m1 a m2 a mn 0
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 170
Ton cao cp
Do vic gii h (II) l ta i tm b nghim khc tm thng.

Vy: H phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht c nghim khng tm thng
khi v ch khi hng ca n rankA nh hn s n ca phng trnh (s bc t do =
s n - s phng trnh ca h).
* c bit:
Nu s n bng s phng trnh (n = m) th h c nghim khng tm thng

khi v ch khi A b suy bin.
5.2. Cc v d
2x + x - x = 0
V d 1: Gii h phng trnh: (1) 1 2 3

.
2x 1 + 3x 2 + x 3 = 0
2x + x = x
2
3
Ta c: (1) 1
2x + 3x = -x
2 1
2 1
A=
vung v detA = 2 3 = 4 0.
2 3
Suy ra (1) l h Gramer.
Vy: x1 =
x3
-x 3
1
3
detA
4x 3
= x 3 ; x2 =
4
2 x3
2 - x3
detA
4x 3
= x 3
4
Chn x3 = t vi t R\{0}.
1
Vy h (1) c v s nghim vi mt bc t do t. X = -1.t
1
V d 2:
5x 1 + 2x 2 + x 3 = 0
Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh: -x 1 + 3x 2 + 3x 3 = 0

9x + 7x + 5x = 0
2
3
1
5
Ta c: A = -1
9
2 1
5 2 1
3 3 vung v detA = -1 3 3 = 0.
7 5
9 7 5
Do A b suy bin.
Suy ra h (1) c nghim khc tm thng, hay c v s nghim vi mt bc
t do.
Ta thy D2 =
5 2
= 17 0. Do gii h (1) tng ng vi vic gii h
-1 3
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 171
Ton cao cp
- x3 2
x = -3x 3 3 = 3 x
3
5x
+
2x
=
-x
1
1
17
2
3
17
5 - x3
-x 1 + 3x 2 = -3x 3
-1 - 3x 3
16
= x3
x 2 =
17
17
3
+ Suy ra h nghim ca h l: X = -16.t
17
vi tR\{0}.
* Tng qut cho h phng trnh tuyn tnh 3 n:

V d 3:
a 1x 1 + b 1x 2 + c 1x 3 = 0
Gii h phng trnh: a 2x 1 + b 2x 2 + c 2x 3 = 0

a x + b x + c x = 0
3 2
3 3
3 1
a1 b1 c1
t: detA = a 2 b 2 c 2 = 3
a3 b3 c3
Nu:
+ detA = 3 0 h c nghim tm thng l 0.
+ detA = 3 = 0 h c v s nghim.
Nu tn ti 2 0 h c v s nghim vi mt bc t do.
Nu tt c cc 2 = 0 h c v s nghim vi hai bc t do.
(vi 2 l nh thc cp 2 c thnh lp t 3).
* Tng qut cho h phng trnh 4 n s:
a1x 1 + b1x 2 + c1x 3 + d1x 4 = 0
a x + b x + c x + d x = 0
2 1
2 2
2 3
2 4
a 3 x 1 + b 3 x 2 + c 3 x 3 + d3 x 4 = 0
a 4 x 1 + b 4 x 2 + c 4 x 3 + d4 x 4 = 0
a1
a
Nu: detA = detD = |A4| = 2
a3
a4
b1
b2
b3
b4
c1
c2
c3
c4
d1
d2
0
d3
d4
suy ra h (*) ch c nghim tm thng l 0.

+ rankA = 3 Tn ti D3 0 h c v s nghim vi mt bc t do.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 172
Ton cao cp

Suy ra h nghim l X = .t

1
Nu tt c cc D3 = 0 Xt nh thc cp 2:
+ Nu rankA = 2 Tn ti 2 0.

'

'
.t + . v
Khi (*) c v s nghim vi hai bc t do. H nghim l: X =
1
0

0
1
x 1 - 3x 2 + 4x 3 + 2x 4 = 0
2x + x + x + 4x = 0
3
4
V d 4: Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh: 1 2
- x 1 - 2x 2 + x 3 - 2x 4 = 0
-2x 1 - 4x 2 + 2x 3 - 4x 4 = 0
1 -3
2
1
Ta c: M = [A|B] =
-1 - 2
-2 - 4
1 -2
2
0
0
0

1
2
-1
-3
-2
0
1 -2
0
0
0
0
Ly dng(1) nhn vi (-2) ri cng vo dng(2);

Ly dng(1) nhn vi 1 ri cng vo dng(3):
1
0
0
-3
7 -7
-5
0
0
0
Ly dng(2) nhn vi (5/7) ri cng vo dng(3):

1
0
0
-3
7 -7
0
0 , suy ra h phng trnh trn tng ng
0
vi:
x1 - 3x 2 + 4x 3 + 2x 4 = 0
x = -x 3 - 2x 4
1
7x 2 - 7x 3 = 0
x 2 = x 3
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 173
Ton cao cp
x = 1
x = -1
x = 0
x = -2
chn: 3
1
x 4 = 0
x 2 = 1
chn: 3
1
x 4 = 1
x 2 = 0
1
2
1
0
Vy h nghim ca h phng trnh l: X = .t1 + .t 2 vi t1 , t2 R
1
0

0
1
hay h c v s nghim vi hai bc t do.

Gii bi ton ng dng h phng trnh tuyn tnh.
Bi: TM IM CN BNG TH TRNG
Bi 1: * Xt th trng c ba lai hng ha bit hm cung v hm cu ba loi hng
tiu theo gi l:
Qs1 = 10p1 p2 30;
Qd1 = 143 - 9p1 + p2 + p3.
Qs2 = 12p2 p3 -13;
Qd2 = 80 + p1 - 10p2.
Qs3 = - p1 + 9p3 -20;
Qd3 = 79 + 2p2 8p3.
+ Tm im cn bng th trng.
+ Nu c mt n v thi gian ngi ta xut i 10 dn v hng th nht, 15
n v hng th ba v nhp v 8 n v hng th hai. Hy tm im cn bng mi.
Gii:
+ im cn bng th trng l trng hp gi c cc mt hng sao cho

lng cung Qs v lng cu Qd ca hng ha bng nhau hay Qs Qd = 0
19 p1 2 p 2 p3 = 173
Ta c: p1 + 22 p2 p3 = 93 Suy ra h thng gi cn tm l
p 2 p + 17 p = 99
2
3
1
p1 = 10
p2 = 5
p = 7
3
Do , im cn bng th trng cn tm l M( 65; 40; 33)

+ Nu ta xut A n v hng loi I th lng cung Qsi gim i A n v. Nu
nhp v th lng cu QDi tng ln A n v.
Nn Hng th nht xut i 10 n v
Hng th ba xut i 15 n v
Hng th hai nhp v 8 n v
Lc h thng gi mi l:
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 174
Ton cao cp
19 p1 2 p 2 p3 = 183
p1 = 10.62
p1 + 22 p2 p3 = 101 p 2 = 5.44
p 2 p + 17 p = 114 p = 7.97
2
3
3
1
im cn bng mi N ( 60,76; 26,11; 44,22).

Bi 2: Trong m hnh Input - Output m bit matrn u vo
0,3 0,1 0,1
A = 0,1 0,2 0,3
0,2 0,3 0,2
1/ Ni ngha kinh t ca h s a23 = 0,3.

2/ Tm mc sn lng ca ba ngnh kinh t, nu ngnh kinh t m yu cu
ba ngnh trn phi cung cp cho n nhng lng sn phm tr gi tng ng
( 35; 45 ;15)
Gii:
1/ Ni ngha kinh t ca h s a23 = 0,3.
Cn mt lng hang ha th hai (nguyn liu th hai) tr gi 0,3 (n v tin),
sn xut mt lng hang ha th ba tr gi (mt n v tin).
2/ Ta gi I l matrn n v cp n, A l matrn u vo v D l nhu cu cui
cng vi X l vc t n v dng ct.
Ta c: (I A)X = D
0,1 0,1 x1 35
0,7
0,1 0,8 0,3 x = 45
2
0,2 0,3 0,8 x3 15

0,1 0,1
7 1 1
0,7
1
t B = 0,1 0,8 0,3 = 1 8 3

10
2 3 8
0,2 0,3 0,8
7 1 1
55 11 11
352
1 3
10
-1
B = ( ) 1 8 3 = 3 ;Suy ra B =
14 54 22
10
352
10
19 23 55
2 3 8
55 11 11 35 73,4
10
Nn X = B D =
14 54 22 45 = 92,3
352
19 23 55 15 71,7
1
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 175
Ton cao cp
TI LIU THAM KHO

TI LIU THAM KHO BIN SON NI DUNG MN HC
[1] T Ngc t- Nguyn nh Tr: Ton cao cp Tp II. Nh xut bn gio

dc,1999.
[2] L Vn Ht: Ton cao cp PII. T sch i hc Kinh t, 2004.
[3] L Phng Qun: Vi tch phn B, i hc Cn Th, 2002
[4] Nguyn Vit ng- Trn Ngc Hi: Ton cao cp B v C. i hc m
bn cng TPHCM, 2005.
[5] Phan Vn Ba inh Thnh Ha: Bi tp Gii tch. i hc Cn Th
[6] Nguyn Thanh Bnh-L Vn Sng, i s tuyn tnh, i hc Cn Th.
[7] Nguyn Vit ng-L Th Thin Hng-Nguyn Anh Tun-L Anh V,
Bi tp ton cao cp, tp 1 v 2 - NXB Gio Dc
[8] Trn Vn Ho, i s tuyn tnh, NXB Khoa hc K thut, 1997.
[9] L Ngc Lng (ch bin) n thi hc k v thi vo giai on 2, NXB
Gio dc, 1997.
TI LIU THAM KHO NGH CHO HC VIN
[1] T Ngc t- Nguyn nh Tr: Ton cao cp Tp II. Nh xut bn gio

dc,1999.
[2] L Vn Ht: Ton cao cp PII. T sch i hc Kinh t, 2004.
[3] L Phng Qun: Vi tch phn B, i hc Cn Th, 2002.
[4] Nguyn Vit ng- Trn Ngc Hi: Ton cao cp B v C. i hc m
bn cng TPHCM, 2005.
[5] Phan Vn Ba inh Thnh Ha: Bi tp Gii tch. i hc Cn Th.
[6] Gio trnh vi tch phn A1- i hc Tr Vinh, 2006.
[7] Phan Quc Khnh, Php tnh vi phn tp 1 v 2, NXB Gio dc, 1997
[8] L Ngc Lng (ch bin) n thi hc k v thi vo giai on 2, NXB
Gio dc, 1997.
[9] Trn Vn Ho, i s tuyn tnh, NXB Khoa hc K thut, 1997.
Trn Thin Khi
Trang 176

TOAN CAO CAP 90 Tiet

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TOAN CAO CAP 90 Tiet

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Ton cao cp

S tn ch: 06 (01 tn ch ng vi 15 tit)

Ton cao cp c thit k trong nhm kin thc c

Trn Thin Khi

- Hin din trn lp: 10% im (Danh sch cc bui tho

Vng ba bui (12 tit) khng c cng im ny.

Trn Thin Khi

KQHT 1: Xc nh cc kin thc c bn v gii hn dy s

Trn Thin Khi

Trn Thin Khi

Trn Thin Khi

1.3.2. ngha vt l................................................................................. 34

4.2. Tch phn suy rng loi hai .................................................................. 76

Bi: PHNG TRNH VI PHN TNG QUT V PTVP.................... 110

L thuyt s cp v Ma trn.............................................................................. 135

Bi: H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH THUN NHT ...................... 170

Trn Thin Khi

NI DUNG CHI TIT MN HC

Mt s hu t bao gi cng vit c di dng mt s thp phn hu hn

Ngc li, cho mt s thp phn hu hn hay v hn tun hon th n s

S thp phn v hn tun hon a0,a1,a2an (b1b2bm) s biu th s hu

Nh vy c s ng nht gia tp s hu t v tp cc s thp phn v hn

Trn Thin Khi

ng thng thc (trc s): Trn ng thng , ly im O lm gc v

Cho 2 s phc z1 = a1 + ib1; z2 = a2 + ib2,

z1 .z 2 = (a1 a 2 b1b2 ) + i (a1b2 + a 2 b1 )

Dng lng gic ca s phc:

Gc = Ox, OM c xc nh sai khc nhau 2k ; k Z gi l argumen,

Cho cc s phc z = r (cos + i sin ); z1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 ); z 2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 ) .

z n = r n [cos n + i sin n ] z n = z ; Arg (z n ) = nArgz + 2k

Biu din u di dng u = (cos + i sin ) .

1/ Ta c: A = 2 cos + i sin A = 210 (cos 5 + i sin 5 ) = 210 .

Trn Thin Khi

Trnh by cc nh ngha v gii hn dy s.

1. Hm s f(x) = x2 l hm s chn trn R.

Tht vy, vi mi x X ta lun c: f(x) =

S T dng nh nht ng vi k = 1 (hoc k = -1), do ta c T =

k ca hm s f(x) = sin(ax + b).

f g = f[g(x)] = f(2x) = (2x)2 = 22x

Hm s y = sinx l hm tng nghim ngt trn [

< x < ) l y = arctgx, th ca n i

Trn Thin Khi

Nu ta t xn = f(n), n = 1, 2, 3,... th dy s ni trn c vit thnh: x1, x2,

V d 2: Chng minh rng lim x n = lim

nh ngha 4: Dy s {xn} c gi l dy s dn ti khi n nu M > 0,

= 5n = 5n > M n > log M

M > 0 , ln ty : N = [log M ] : n > N 5n > M

Trn Thin Khi

2.2.2. Cc tnh cht

x = a v a > p (hay a < q) th tn ti s dng N

5. Cho ba dy s {xn}, {yn}, {zn} tha xn yn zn n.

Dy s {xn . yn} cng hi t v lim x n .y n = lim x n . lim y n .

nh ngha 2: S L c gi l gii hn ca hm s f(x) khi x x0 nu vi mi

< ta c f(x) L < .

nh ngha 3: S L c gi l gii hn phi (tri) ca hm s f(x) khi x x0

K hiu: lim f(x) = L ( lim f(x) = L ).

nh ngha 4: S L c gi l gii hn ca hm s f(x) khi x nu vi mi

K hiu: lim f(x) = L hay f(x) L khi x .

1. Chng minh: lim sin x = 0 .

3. Chng minh: lim

sinx < x < > 0, b ty :

= > 0 : 0 < x 0 = x < sinx 0 = sinx x <

> 0, > : 0 < x 3 <