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Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

ng dng b nghch lu p a bc dng k thut PWM 1 trng thi vo mch lc tch cc 3 pha 4 dy Application of single-state PWM technique in multilevel inverter for three-phase four-wire active filter
Nguyn Quc Thi, PGS.TS Nguyn Vn Nh PTN H thng nng lng, Trng i hc Bch khoa Tp.HCM e-Mail: nvnho@hcmut.edu.vn Tm tt
Bi bo ny trnh by nghin cu mch lc tch cc 3 pha 4 dy bng h bin tn a bc iu khin 1 trng thi. M hnh ton ca mch lc tch cc c xy dng da trn L thuyt cng sut tc thi. K thut iu ch PWM 1 trng thi c p dng cho b nghch lu p a bc nhm lm gim tn hao ng ngt trong cc ng dng cng sut cao. Kt qu nghin cu c m phng v kim chng bng phn mm Matlab/Simulink cho thy rng b lc lm vic tt trong trng hp ngun mt cn bng v mo dng, ti phi tuyn khng cn bng. vk-n vk-abc V V p iu khin pha N p iu khin 3 pha A, B, C

Ch vit tt
APF AC DC IGBT IEEE LPF NPC PWM SPF THD Active Power Filter Alternating Current Direct current Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Low Pass Filter Neutral Point Clamped Pules Width Modulation Source Power Factor Total Harmonic Distortion

Abstract
This paper presents a research on the active power filter three-phase four-wire with the carrier base single-state PWM technique in multilevel inverters. Mathematical model of the active power filter has been built based on instantaneous power theory. The carrier base single-state PWM technique has been applied for NPC multilevel voltage source inverter to reduce switching losses in high power applications. Research results have been simulated using the Matlab/Simulink software which reveals that the active power filter works well in cases of unbalanced, distorted AC sources and unbalanced non-linear loads.

1. Phn m u
Ngy nay, cc ng dng rng ri ca b bin i cng sut v bin tn trong cng nghip gy nn mt vn nghim trng l nhiu in. Cc ti phi tuyn ln s gy ra h s cng sut thp, gim hiu qu ca h thng in dn n s bin dng in p, lm tng tn tht trn ng dy truyn ti v phn phi in nng. Cc b lc tch cc c pht trin gii quyt cc vn ny [1][7]. Cho n nay cc b lc tch cc cng sut ln dng k thut PWM kinh in cho nghch lu p thc hin vector yu cu bng trt t chui trng thi ca 3 vector nh gn nht trong chu k ly mu. Phng php ny cho php t kt qu vector p trung bnh chnh xc. Bi bo ny trnh by mt gii php gn ng l iu khin PWM s dng 1 vector trong chu k ly mu, do gim cng sut ng ngt trong chu k ly mu. iu ny rt c li cho cc ng dng cng sut ln. Gii php c tnh chnh xc chp nhn c khi s bc cao [8].

K hiu
K hiu va, vb, vc v, v, v0 ia, ib , ic i, i , i0
* * iCa , iCb
* * * iCa , iCb , iCc

n v V V A A A A V W A

Vrmsa, b, c

p0
iF-acbn

ngha in p 3 pha ngun in p 3 pha ngun trong h ta 0 Dng in 3 pha ti Dng in 3 pha ti trong h ta 0 Dng b tham chiu trong h ta 0 Dng b tham chiu trong h ta abc Tr hiu dng ca in p 3 pha ngun Cng sut th t khng Dng b ca mch lc

2. K thut PWM 1 trng thi


2.1 Cu trc b nghch lu p a bc NPC B nghch lu p NPC 11 bc 4 nhnh gm c: 10 x 4 = 40 cp IGBT, 9 x 4 = 36 cp Diode, 10 t in DC. Cc cp IGBT trn cng 1 pha s c ng ngt theo qui tt kch i nghch (Hnh 1).

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Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011


L( x ) H ( x) n( x ) n( x ) L( x )
n( x )

neu 0 1 neu vref 1


Int (vxref ); x

vref

(n 1)
(5)

(n 1)

trong n( x ) l phn nguyn ca vxref

a, b, c.
T

(6)

Cc thnh phn ca vector L

La , Lb , Lc biu th

3 mc thp hn ca in p 3 pha trong chui trng thi ng ngt. Trng thi chuyn mch tc thi c xc nh bng vic so snh gia sng mang tam gic v tn hiu iu ch x x : (7) xx vref L( x ) ; 0 xx 1 Trng thi chuyn mch danh nh c xc nh nh sau:

s1 s2 s3 s4
H. 1 B nghch lu p NPC 11 bc 4 nhnh

0, 0, 0

T T T

S2a , S2b , S2 c S3a , S3b , S3c 1,1,1 .


T

(8)

2.2 Nguyn l PWM 1 trng thi Gi s mi t in DC c in p l hng s v bng 1 (Vc = 1 V). p nghch lu tham chiu gia cc ng ra (A, B, C) v im trung tnh 0 (Hnh 1) bao gm thnh phn p c bn vx12 , x a, b, c v p common mode tham chiu v0ref [9]:

Trong s1 v s4 l 2 trng thi v tr tm ta trong nghch lu 2 bc. Cn li 2 trng thi s2 v s3 c xc nh t v tr tng i gia tn hiu iu ch x x v 2 mc p DC tng ng gn nht. Cc gi tr max, mid, min ca tn hiu iu ch xa , xb , xc c xc nh nh sau: xMax Max(xa , xb , xc )

vxref

vx12

v0ref .

(1)

xMid xMin

Mid (xa , xb , xc ) Min(xa , xb , xc ).


1 neu xx 0 neu xx 1 neu xx 0 neu xx xMax xMax xMid xMid

(9)

in p thnh phn c bn 3 pha c th c m t nh sau: va12 vref cosq;

Cc thnh phn ca vector s2 v s3 c trnh by:

vb12 vc12

vref cos q vref cos q

2p 3 ; 4p 3 .

(2)

s2 x s3 x

(10)

Trong vref v q l ln v gc pha ca vector p tham chiu. Max v Min l gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca p 3 pha c tnh nh sau: Max Max(va12 , vb12 , vc12 ) (3) Min Min(va12 , vb12 , vc12 ) Hm voffset c gii hn bi v0Max v v0Min c tnh nh sau:

Chui trng thi chuyn mch trong b nghch lu a bc S1 , S2 , S3 , S4 c suy ra t biu thc sau:

Sj

sj.

(11)

v0 Max v0 Min

(n 1) Min

Max

(4)

K thut PWM kinh in cho nghch lu p thc hin vector yu cu bng trt t chui trng thi ca 3 vector nh gn nht trong chu k ly mu tng ng vi cc thi gian chuyn trng thi ( K 14 , K2 , K3 ) c m t:

L( x ) v H ( x ) ln lt l mc p DC thp v cao gn
nht vi p nghch lu tham chiu vxref (Hnh 2(a)) c m t nh sau:

vref
Trong :

K1S1

K 2 S2

K3 S3

K 4 S4 .

(12)

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K1 K2 K14 1 xMax ; K 2 xMid xMin ; K 4 xMin 1 xMax xMax xMid ;
(13) S chuyn mch trong chu k ly mu v h s THD k thut PWM 1 trng thi ty thuc vo ch s iu ch m, hm voffset v s bc n. Bng 1 trnh by s chuyn mch v THD ca b nghch lu 11 bc dng k thut: 1) PWM kinh in v 2) PWM 1 trng thi vi hm common mode nh nht.

xMin

K1 K 2 K3 K 4 1. K thut PWM 1 trng thi c m t nh mt bc tin ca k thut SVPWM kinh in xc nh bi biu thc (12). Nguyn l PWM 1 trng thi c trnh by Hnh 4 cho thy ch chn duy nht vector c thi gian thc hin trng thi ln nht ( K Max ) thc hin vector tham chiu trong chu k ly mu:
' (14) vref S j ; j 1, 2, 3, 4. Vector c chn bt k trong 4 trng thi chuyn

mch thch hp S1 , S2 , S3 , S4 . Cc trng thi chuyn mch cn li c loi b. K thut 1 trng thi cho sai s in p nh nht da trn vic thc hin vector gn nht. iu kin chn trng thi chuyn mch c trnh by Hnh 3(a) v (b) c m t nh sau:
' vref

(a)
H. 2

(b)

(a) s thi gian chuyn mch; (b) S thi gian chuyn mch danh nh

Sj

' vref

Sj

Min

(15)

V d: trng thi chuyn mch S3 c thc hin, v vector V3 gn nht vi vector tham chiu Vref . Cch xc nh vector gn nht: ta c 2 trng thi s0 v s1 to ra cng vector in p. V vy ch cn i din bi 1 vector ch cht v thi gian chuyn trng thi l K14 K1 K4 . Mi vector ch cht V j m t s ng gp no vo vector tham chiu Vref vi khong thi gian l K j . S nh hng ny ln hn nu V j cng gn vi vector tham chiu. T k thut iu ch vector khng gian ta thy rng nu vector no gn nht vi vector tham chiu th s c thi gian chuyn trng thi ln nht. Kt qu l, thc hin k thut PWM 1 trng thi th cn thit l phi t vector tham chiu vi thi gian chuyn trng thi ln nht: (16) K j KMax Max( K14 , K2 , K3 ). (a)
H. 3

(b)

K thut PWM 1 trng thi vi sai s in p nh nht: (a) Hm Kmax trong vng tam gic; (b) gii thch nguyn l

H. 4

Nguyn l PWM 1 trng thi

K Max c xc nh ti 3 vng i xng A j , j 1, 2, 3 trong tam gic nh Hnh 3a.


V d: nu vector tham chiu Vref v tr vng A3 th

Bng 1: S chuyn mch trong 1 chu k v THD ca k thut: 1) PWM kinh in v 2) PWM 1 trng thi m fsw (Hz) N1 THD1 N2 THD2 0,4 300 10 15,2 8 10,2 0,5 300 14 9,3 12 7,7 0,7 600 26 9,4 24 5,9 0,9 600 20 5,9 20 4,4 1 1080 28 5,7 28 4,1

K3

K Max v sai s in p s nh nht nu p


S3 (Hnh

' nghch lu c thc hin bi vector vref

3b). c bit nu xy ra trng hp K Max

K14 th c

2 vector S1 v S 4 u c cng sai s in p e12 . Lc ny phi xt n iu kin sai s e0 nh nht ca hm offset. V d: vector S1 s c chn nu

Offset (S1 Vref )

Offset (S4

Vref )

(17) (18)

T (17) suy ra uc iu kin l: K2 2K3 3K4 1,5.

2.3 Gii thut PWM 1 trng thi Nguyn l to xung kch 3 pha A, B, C c trnh by Hnh 5. Nguyn l iu khin pha N c thc hin nh sau: Gi LN l mc p thp DC gn nht vi p iu khin pha N (vk-N) v c m t nh sau: nN neu 0 vk-N (n 1) (19) LN nN 1 neu vk-N (n 1)

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Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011


(20) nN l phn nguyn ca vk-N : nN Int (vk-N ) x N l phn d ca vk-N sau khi ly i phn nguyn (21) vk-N nN xN ; 0 xN 1 Tn hiu iu ch vrN c tnh bi biu thc: (22) vrN LN xN v nguyn l to xung kch pha N nh Hnh 6.
vk-abc Max Min Max Min v0Max = (n 1) Max v0Max Chn v0Min = Min v0 v0Min v0 + +

Nh vy, ngun AC ch cung cp cho ti thnh phn cng sut trung bnh v cng sut tn hao b nghch lu. Cn mch lc s cung cp thnh phn cng sut dao ng p , cng sut trung bnh th t khng p0 v cng sut phn khng q (Hnh 7).

1 vrxv, x = a, b, c

Int

n(x)

L( x)

n( x)

neu 0 vrxv (n 1)

L(x) +

n( x) 1 neu vrxv (n 1)

xMax x(x) Max xMid Mid 2 Min xMin

Tnh Kj Tnh sxMax; sxMid; sxMin

Kj

KMax Max +

Tnh vrx + L(x)

vrx

H. 7
Sxk, k = 1, 2, , 10

Lung cng sut ti u ca mch lc tch cc

j = 1, 2, 3, 4 x(x) sxMax, sxMid, sxMin

Cc in p v dng in ti c chuyn trc ta theo biu thc chuyn i Clarke: 1 1 1

H. 5
vk-N nN

Nguyn l to xung kch 3 pha A, B, C


nN neu 0 vk-N (n 1) LN +

v0 va vb

Int xN

LN

nN 1 neu vk-N (n 1)

vrN Sk, k = 1, 2, , 10

2 2 . 1 3 0

H. 6

Nguyn l to xung kch pha N

1 i0 ia ib 2 2 . 1 3 0

2 1 2 3 2 1

2 va 1 . vb 2 vc 3 2 1

(27)

3. Nguyn l iu khin mch lc tch cc


Nguyn l iu khin mch lc tch cc c da trn L thuyt cng sut tc thi (Akagi, 2007) [10]. Cng sut tc dng pL v cng sut phn khng qL ca ti 3 pha 4 dy phi tuyn c phn tch thnh: pL pL pL (23) qL qL qL

2 1 2 3 2

2 ia 1 . ib 2 ic 3 2

(28)

Cng sut ti c xc nh bng biu thc:

pL , pL : Thnh phn trung bnh v dao ng ca cng sut tc dng ti. qL , qL : Thnh phn trung bnh v dao ng ca cng sut phn khng ti. pL , qL : Cng sut tc dng, cng sut phn khng ca ti yu cu v c cung cp bi mch lc: pAF pL p (24) qAF qL qL p : l thnh phn cng sut trung bnh m mch lc ly t ngun cung cp cng sut tn hao ng ngt cc linh kin ca b nghch lu ploss v cng sut th t khng p0 khi h thng khng cn bng (xut hin thnh phn th t khng). (25) p p0 ploss Thnh phn cng sut trung bnh ca ti pL v thnh phn p c cung cp bi ngun AC.

p0 p q

v0 0 0

0 va vb

0 i0 vb . ia va ib

(29)

Dng in yu cu ca mch lc trong h trc ta 0 c tnh ton theo biu thc:

i Ca iCb

1 v
2 a

va v vb
2 b

vb . va

p q

p0

(30)

Dng in yu cu ca mch lc trong h trc ta abc c chuyn i bng biu thc Clarke ngc:

1 i i i
* Ca * Cb * Cc

psource

pL

(26)

i0 3 . iCa (31) 2 iC b 1 1 3 2 2 2 T cc biu thc (27)(31), tc gi xy dng c s tnh ton dng in yu cu ca mch lc tch cc v c trnh by Hnh 8. 2 1 . 3 2 1 2

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Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011


ngun bng 0 (Hnh 12), h s cng sut ngun c ci thin ng k, xp x 1 (Hnh 13).
vS-abc 600 vSa vSb vSc 400

Magnitude (V)

200

-200

H. 8

Nguyn l tnh ton dng yu cu ca mch lc

-400 0

0.02

0.04 Time (s)

0.06

0.08

0.1

H. 10 in p 3 pha ngun
60 40 iS-abc iSa iSb iSc

* * * Cc dng in yu cu iCa , iCb , iCc (Iref-abc) v cc dng in hi tip ca mch lc tch cc (iF-abcn) c a vo khu hiu chnh PI to ra in p iu khin yu cu vk-abc v vk-n (Hnh 9). p iu khin ny c a vo b iu ch rng xung, thc hin gii thut 1 trng thi to xung kch cho b nghch lu. Tham s Kp v Ki ca khu hiu chnh PI c iu chnh theo phng php th cng: Kp = 100, Ki = 20.

Magnitude (A)

20 0 -20 -40 -60 0

0.02

0.04
Start

0.06 Time (s)

0.08

0.1

H. 11 Dng in 3 pha ngun


15 10 iS-n

Magnitude (A)

5 0 -5

-10 -15 0

0.02

0.04
Start

0.06 Time (s)

0.08

0.1

H. 12 Dng in trung tnh ngun


SPF

1.2

Magnitude

H. 9

Khi to p iu khin trong Matlab

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

4. Kt qu m phng
M hnh m phng mch lc tch cc c xy dng bng phn mm Matlab/Simulink (Hnh 15) v cc thng s m phng c trnh by Bng 2. Bng 2: Thng s m phng Ngun AC khng cn bng v mo dng (Hnh 10) Ti 1 pha RL Ti 3 pha RL Cun khng ti Cun khng mch lc Thi im mch lc tc ng Tn s sng tam gic Vrmsa = 221 V; Vrmsb = 242,4 V; Vrmsc = 200 V; f = 50 Hz R = 30 ; L = 5 mH R = 20 ; L = 2 mH Lf_load = 5 mH Lf_APF = 10 mH t = 0,04 s fsw = 1080 Hz

0.02

Start Time (s)

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

H. 13 H s cng sut ngun

H s THD ca dng in ngun pha a trc khi mch lc tc ng l 14,93 %, sau khi mch lc tc ng l 1,25 % (Hnh 14) v tha mn tiu chun IEEE 519-1992 (Bng 3).

(a)

(b)

H. 14 Phn tch FFT: (a) dng ti; (b) dng ngun

Trc khi mch lc tc ng, dng in 3 pha ngun mo dng v mt cn bng, dng in trung tnh ngun bng dng in ti 1 pha v c gi tr xp x 10 A, h s cng sut ngun thp. Sau khi mch lc tc ng, dng in 3 pha ngun tr nn sin v cn bng (Hnh 11), dng in trung tnh ti c b hon ton lm cho dng in trung tnh

Bng 3: THD dng in ngun Pha a b c Trc khi mch lc tc ng 14,93 % 21,64 % 24,15 % Sau khi mch lc tc ng 1,25 % 1,28 % 1,27 % IEEE 519 5%

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Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

H. 15 S khi m hnh mch lc tch cc 3 pha 4 dy ngun khng cn bng v mo dng, ti phi tuyn khng cn bng

5. Kt lun
Bi bo trnh by nhng kt qu m phng ca m hnh mch lc tch cc 3 pha 4 dy bng h bin tn NPC 11 bc 4 nhnh. Kt qu cho thy gii thut iu khin ng n ca k thut PWM 1 trng thi v m hnh h thng mch lc tch cc. Vi nhng kt qu t c th hon ton c th p dng b nghch lu p a bc iu khin 1 trng thi vo mch lc tch cc song song nhm lm gim tn hao ng ngt i vi cc ng dng cng sut ln.

[5]

Ti liu tham kho


[1] Alfredo S. N., Gerado A. M., Four-BranchesInverter-Based-Active-Filter for Unbalanced 3Phase 4-Wires Electrical Distribution System, Industry Applications Conference 2000, vol. 4, pp. 25032508, October. 2000. Chen C. C., Hsu Y. Y., A Novel Approach to the Design of a Shunt Active Filter for an Unbalanced Three-Phase Four-Wire System under Nonsinusoidal Conditions, IEEE Transactions. On Power Delivery, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 12581264, October. 2000. Chiang K. H., Lin R. B., Yang T. K., and Wu W. K., Hybrid Active Power Filter for power quality Compensation, International Conference on Power Electronics and Drives Systems, pp. 949954. November. 2005. Iannuzzi D., Piegari L., and Tricoli P., An Active Filter Used for Harmonic Compensation and Power Factor Correction: a Control Technique, Power Electronics Specialists Conference, pp. 46314635, June. 2008.

[2]

[3]

[4]

Lin R. B., Wei C. T., A Novel NPC Inverter for Harmonics Elimination and Reactive Power Compensatio, IEEE Transactions. On Power Delivery, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 14991456, July. 2004. [6] Lamich M., Balcells J., Gonzalez D., Gago J., New Structure for Three-Phase, Four-Wires Shunt Active Filter, Compatibility in Power Electonics, pp 17, May/June. 2007. [7] Msigwa J. C., Kundy J. B., and Mwinyiwiwa M. M. B., Control Algorithm for Shunt Active Power Filter using Synchronous Reference Frame Theory, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 58, pp. 472478, 2009. [8] Nguyen Van Nho, Quach Thanh Hai, and Lee H. H., Carrier Based Single-State PWM Technique for Minimizing Vector Errors in Multilevel Inverters, Journal of Power Electronics, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 357364, July. 2010. [9] Nguyen Van Nho, Youn J. M., Comprehensive study on Space vector PWM and carrier based PWM correlation in multilevel invertors, IEE Proceedings Electric Power Applications, vol.153, no.1, pp.149158, January. 2006. [10] Akagi H., Wantanabe H. E., and Aredes M., Instantaneous Power Theory and Applications to Power Conditioning, IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering, 400 pages, John Wiley & Sons, USA, 2007.

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Hi ngh ton quc v iu khin v T ng ho - VCCA-2011

Biographies
Nguyn Vn Nh sinh nm 1964. ng nhn bng Thc s v Tin s K thut in ti Trng i Hc West Bohemia, Cng ha Sc nm 1988 v 1991. T nm 2007 ng l Ph Gio s ti Khoa inin t Trng i Hc Bch Khoa, i Hc Quc Gia Tp.H Ch Minh. ng lm vic vi t cch l hi vin ti Vin Pht trin Khoa hc v K thut Hn Quc (KAIST) nm 2001 v l gio s thnh ging nm 20032004. ng l chuyn gia tham quan Khoa in Trng i Hc Illinois ti UrbanaChampaign nm 2009. Hng nghin cu chnh l m hnh ha v iu khin ng c AC, mch lc tch cc, k thut PWM. Hin ng l thnh vin ca Vin K s in v in t (IEEE). Nguyn Quc Thi sinh nm 1977. Anh nhn bng K s inin t ca Trng i Hc S Phm K Thut Tp.H Ch Minh nm 2000. Anh tham gia ging dy v ph trch Khoa inin t, Trng Trung Cp Ngh Tnh Bnh Thun t nm 2005 n nay. Hin anh l hc vin Cao hc ngnh K thut in t ca Trng i Hc S Phm K Thut Tp.H Ch Minh. ang nghin cu v lnh vc bin tn a bc v mch lc tch cc.

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