Distance Vector v Link State u l cc giao thc nh tuyn ng (Dynamic Routing Protocol) cu hnh trn cc thit b layer 3 ni chung

v router Cisco ni ring.Chng u l cc Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGP), c trin khai bn trong 1 khu vc c bit gi l Autonomos System (AS,khu vc dng chung ti nguyn v chu chung s qun l k thut duy nht). Distance vector: Distance Vector gi bng routing ca n cho cc router neighbor bng cch broadcast thng tin trong bn tin cp nht nh tuyn trn cc interface c cu hnh chy giao thc nh tuyn m khng quan tm n vn cc router neighbor c nhn ng hay khng, khng cn chy gii thut phc tp nhn tm ra route tt nht. V vy DV khng yu cu nhiu ti nguyn h thng chy. Tuy nhin, nhc im ca DV l cp nht theo chu k. Cc router phi sau mt s chu k mi nhn c thng bo v cc thay i ca mng, t dn n vic loop trn mng (slow convergence). Mt s giao thc dng DV, nh RIP, dng hop-count lm thng s xc nh ng i tt nht, nn khng thch hp vi mng ln, c nhiu link vi cc tnh cht: bandwidth, reliable... khc nhau. Cc routing protocol nhm distance vector s ly d liu v topology t thng tin mng trn bng nh tuyn ca cc lng ging. Sau router s cp nht bng nh tuyn theo nh k. c im ca distance vector l thi gian hi t chm. i vi cc routers ang chy routing protocol nhm DV, nh k mi 30 giy, cc routers s trao i ton b bng routing table sang cho cc routers k cn. V cho d topology mng ca bn khng b thay i, cc routers vn gi update sau nhng khong thi gian ny. Link state:

Routing protocol nhm ny l s quan st tng th ton topology ca lin mng. Mi Router lm vic c lp trong vic tnh ton ng dn ngn nht i n mng ch, cp nht thng c khi pht t cc thay i ca topology, thi gian hi t nhanh chuyn cc cp nht nh tuyn n cc router khc, s chim nhiu traffic khi khi ng v trao i cc topology bn cnh vi nhau update vorouting table, tnh gii thut ng i ln nht v chim nhiu b nh (link state routing protocols OSPF, NLSP, IS-IS). My A mun lin lc vi my X,phi bit IP address ca n (hoc hostname/domainname).My A d trong ARP cache tm a ch MACch c cha,nu cha s dng ARP gi thng ip (broadcast) n tan mng . C 2 trng hp: 1/ Host X cng segment vi n : Host A gi thng ip vi a ch IP ch ( bit) v MAC ch l FFFF-FF-FF-FF-FF hi xem MAC ca a ch ny l g.Cc host trn segment u nhn v x l gi ny ,host no c a ch IP trng vi yu cu s gi li thng tin cho host A l "IP ny c MAC l : ......".Host A nhp thng tin vo ARP cache (RAM).Khi mun lin lc vi X th li tra trong ARP cache bit a ch MAC cn n. ARP l g? Trong protocol TCP/IP c ARP protocol. ARP t ng cp nht cc MAC tng ng vi cc IP v xy dng mt bng ARP table trong my tnh trong cng mng subnet. Khi ny , nu A v X trong cng LAN, th khi A mun gi packet cho X, no' s match IP ca X vi MAC tng ng trong bang ARP ca no'. Nu A bit IP ca X , nhng khng match c MAC tng ng trong bang ARP ca no' , th khi ny n s gi mt packet , gi l ARP request, vi a ch MAC broadcast FFFFFFFFFF . Khi ny tt c my tnh trn cng mt mng s nhn c gi ny v chuyn ln lp

Network; nhng ch c my c IP match vi IP destination address trong ARP request mi gi tr li gi tin c cha dia ch MAC tng ng m my A mun tm . Gi tin ny l ARP reply. Khi gi tin ARP request s c MAC ngun l MAC ca A, MAC ch l FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF. Nu Host X available trn Segment th n s bit l gi tin ny gi cho n nh vo a ch IP m Host A ghi trong gi tin ARP request v n s tr li bng 1 gi tin ARP reply. Gi tin ARP reply s c MAC ngun l MAC ca Host X, MAC ch l MAC ca Host A, khi Host A nhn c gi tin ny t nhin s bit c MAC ca X. Sau khi A nhn c ARP reply , n s m gi v update bng ARP table ca n: IP v MAC ca my X. 2/ Host X khng cng segment vi host A : lc phi nh n router forward yu cu ny n cc segment khc. Trong trng hp ny, router s gi a ch MAC ca interface m nhn gi ARP request trn Router cho my gi ( my A ). Mt cch khc lin lc vi mt my tnh khc khng cng nm trn 1 segment l "default gateway". Default Gateway l mt phn ca mt host (my tnh). N l mt a ch IP ca mt interface trn router, v c cu hnh cho host. a ch IP ca host v ca Default Gateway phi cng segment mng. Kh ny, my gi (A) s kim tra xem n v my nhn (B) c cng nm trn mt subnet hay khng. Nu khng, n s ng gi packet gi vi IP destination address l ca my nhn v MAC address destinaiton l ca Router ni vi subnet ca n. Nu Proxy ARP hay default gateway khng c cu hnh, th khng c "traffic" no c th ri khi mt subnet (mt mng cc b). Phi c mt trong hai ci c cu hnh ( hay cho php) c th giao tip vi cc segment mng khac c.

"IP source v dest khng bao gi thay i, ch c MAC source v dest l thay i thi". Proxy ARP: Theo cch thc hot ng ca proxy ARP, ta c th thy rng client khi mun bit MAC ca mt host no , n ch n gin l broadcast ARP-Request ln mng. Router s c trch nhim p tr li bng ARP-Reply nu n nhn thy IP-destination l thunc mng khc. Nh vy, cu hnh IP cho client cc k n gin, nhng gnh nng li ln router. Th tng tng c sau 1p', ARP-entry b hy b, th l cc client thi nhau broadcast ln mng th router "tiu" nh chi. Ngoi ra, proxy ARP cn gp mt bt li nu trong segment c ti hn 1 router. Chn router no, nu nh cc router u c route n mng ch? Default-Gateway: Nu client bit rng IP-dest khng thuc mng ca n, n dng MAC ca default-gateway gi gi tin, routerdefaultgateway nhn ly gi tin s bit phi x l tip theo nh th no (da trn IP source/destination). Cch ny gim ti chorouter, gii quyt c trng hp c nhiu router ni vo cng segment, v gy nhm ln. Nu Host A c cu hnh s dng Defaul gateway trong TCP/IP protocol th gi tin ARP request s khng phi dng Broadcast m c gi thng n cho Router ( TCP/IP stack quy nh nh vy). Tt nhin gi c gi tin ny n cho Router th n cng phi requestMAC ca defaul gateway trn Router trc, sau khi c MAC ca default gateway th Host A s to 1 gi tin ARP request MAC ca Host X vi IP ch l IP Host X, MAC ch l MAC ca default gateway. Khi Router gateway nhn c gi tin ny th n s Forward qua interface trn segment thch hp, ti y phn Datalink header s c ly ra (Pull out) v phn Datalink header mi s c gn vo vi mc ch truyn trn Segment ca Host B. Khi Host B nhn c gi tin ARP request th cng s tr li li bng gi tin ARP reply c

gi n DF gateway trn Segment ca n. Khi Router nhn c gi tin ny cng lm vic tng t nh khi gi i t Host A (pull out Datalink header, gn datalink header mi v.v....) Nu Host A khng c cu hnh default gateway (tt nhin s broadcast gi tin ARP request) nhng nu Router trn Segment ca host A c chc nng ARP Proxy th cn c trn IP m gi tin ARP request yu cu ROUTER s so snh vi Routing Table ca n v nhn gi tin ny nu Match trong Routing table, sau s forward qua Segment thch hp. Qu trnh tip theo tng t nh trng hp A. Nh vy : nu 1 trong 2 default gateway ca 2 segment cu hnh sai th s dn n vic Host A khng th lin lc c vi Host X v ngc li. Ngoi ra nu thi gian tn ti ca ARP cache trong memory qu lu cng vi vic c thay i MAC ca DF gateway s dn n vic tm thi khng th thc hin ARP request. c di nh, tm li n: - i vi DV, mi node ch duy nht lin lc vi node k cn ca n (1 hop) v n cung cp tt c thng tin m n c c v khong cch vn ti cc nodes cn li. - i vi LS, mi node lin lc vi tt c cc node khc trong mng, song n ch cung cp thng tin v tnh trng kt ni ca n (link state) vi cc node lin k vi n (direct neighboring). Ngoi ra, DV dng cho cc mng n gin hoc mng phng, bo mt km( c nh k gi th bo mt km l ng nhin Tai vch, mch rng m^^). Cn LS update theo s kin, thng minh hn hn^^. Thi gian hi t th rt nhanh, chnh v vy mng li bao gi cng chy LS. Chc qua y bn bit c LS v DV ri! Tuy nhin, vn m ngi ta quan tm nghin cu hin ti khng phi l routing trong mng internet, m ch yu la routing trong mng ad hoc, sensor, hoc broadcast, multicast, anycast,...

From diendantinhoc.com

Trc ht chng ta c giao thc nh tuyn (routing protcol) Distance Vector (DV), Link-state(LS) v hybrid. Mi giao thc nh tuyn s c mt phng thc trao i thng tin gia cc router chy cng giao thc. Sau khi c cc thng tin ny tu theo giao thc nh tuyn, router s s dng mt gii thut ring chn best-path ti mt ch xc nh. Tp hp cc best-path ny to thnh bng nh tuyn ca router. Giao thc DV s dng gii thut Bellman-Ford hay cn gi l gii thut DV. OSPF l mt giao thc LS v s dng gii thut Dijkstra. EIGRP l mt giao thc Hybrid v s dng gii thut DUAL (diffusing update algorithm) Khc bit th nht gia DV v LS l DV trao i thng tin v cc tuyn theo chu k ( khong vi chc giy). Cn LS ch thc hin iu ny khi mng c s thay i. DV a ra best-path da theo cc thng s ca ca tuyn . Ging nh l php cng vector, tuyn c kt qu nh nht c coi l best-path v a vo bng inh tuyn. LS li hot ng a trn vic thit lp "quan h" gia cc router ln cn (adjacent). Cc router bit v cc router ln cn, v t bit v cc router ln cn vi cc router ln cn ca n. C nh th mt router xy dng c mt topology map ca mng. Da vo topology ny n dng mt gii thut (v d: Dijkstra) xy dng bng nh tuyn. DV c rt nhiu hn ch so vi LS, nh hn ch v s lng hop ti a (RIP l 15, IGRP ti a l 255, mc nh l 100). Thi gian hi t lu. (L thi gian xy dng li bng nh tuyn mi khi mng c s thay i). S dng nhiu bng thng ca mng trao i thng tin nh tuyn gia cc router. giao thc Hybrid c th gi l giao thc "lai" gia hai giao thc va k trn. trong cc ti liu gn y th EIGRP cn c gi l giao thc Advance DV.

EIGRP l mt giao thc mnh, rt t hn ch, v hn ch hu nh duy nht ca n l ch chy trn thit b Cisco. Theo ti c bit th rt t cc doanh nghip Vit Nam c mt mng ln dng nhiu router ( thng l mng WAN) s dng nhiu cc giao thc nh tuyn ny. Thng l kt ni Point to Point. Cc doanh nghip c va th c th s dng RIPv2 hoc IGRP. Mt s mng WAN ln mi u t s dng ton thit b Cisco th dng EIGRP, c trng hp dng OSPF. Vi ISP ngoi cc giao thc IGP (Interior gateway protocol) k trn cn phi s dng cc giao thc EGP(exterior gateway protocol), thng l BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) Rt tic l ti khng th a v d c th cho bn c, v n lin quan n policy ca cng ty. Routing l phn c bn nht ca internetwork. Trao i v vn ny chng ta c Routing TCP/IP vol I, II ca Cisco Press. Khong 2000 trang cho c hai cun. Cm n bn tr li rt nhit tnh. Nhng c l bn c th tr li k hn v s khc nhau gia Routing Algorithm v routing protocol khng? V nu c th bn gip mi ngi bit c c v s khc nhau gia routed protocol v routing protocol khng? Hiu n gii nht th giao thc l tp hp cc cch thc x l mt vn no . V d, cch thc ca ngi a th c th c lit k nh sau. - Bui sng n Bu in - Nhn th mi - i a th ti cc a ch Cch thc ca ca ngi chi th theo tng khu vc nh sau. - Nhn th - Chia th theo tng khu vc ( mi khu vc l mt ngi a chu trch nhim. ...... Nh vy trong dy truyn a th mi ngi c nhim v ring, hay cch thc

lm vic ca mnh. Tp hp cc cch thc li ta c mt giao thc a th. gii quyt vic a th i khp ni. RIP cng l mt giao thc , trong qui nh cc router pha lm vic nh th no, c kt qu l c c mi trng nh tuyn loop-free. Cn gii thut l cch m mt thnh phn no s dng gii quyt vn . V d gii thut sp xp trong lp trnh, dng sp xp s theo th t . Trong V d ngi a th ni trn, ngi a th da vo a ch trn phong b th m ngi a th s chn mt tuyn ng thut tin nht. ng ta dng mt gii thut m chnh ng ta cung khng bit, bng kinh nghim ng ta c trong u s ca vng a th v t quyt nh mt con ng ngn nht. Trong router cng vy, khi c thng tin nh tuyn t cc router khc gi ti, n s dung mt gii thut, Vi du Dijkstra, tnh ton mt tuyn tt nht ti mt mng no .