PHNG PHP IU CH VECTOR

KHNG GIAN
Phng php iu ch vector khng gian xut pht t cc ng dng ca
vector khng gian trong my in xoay chiu, sau c m rng trin khai
trong cc h thng in ba pha. y l phng php m gii thut ch yu da
vo k thut s v l mt trong cc phng php c s dng ph bin nht
hin nay trong lnh vc in t cng sut lin quan n iu khin cc i lng
xoay chiu ba pha nh iu khin truyn ng in xoay chiu, iu khin cc
mch lc tch cc, iu khin cc thit b cng sut trn h thng truyn ti in.
1. Khi nim vector khng gian v php bin hnh vector khng gian:
Cho i lng ba pha va, vb, vc cn bng, tc tha mn h thc:
va + vb + vc = 0
Php bin hnh t cc i lng ba pha va, vb, vc sang i lng vector
theo h thc:

v s = k (v a + a.vb + a .vc )

trong :
1
3
a = e j 2 = + j
2
2

c gi l php bin hnh vector khng gian v i lng vector v gi l

vector khng gian ca i lng ba pha.
Hng s k c th chn vi cc gi tr khc nhau.Vi k = 2/3, php bin
hnh khng bo ton cng v vi k = 2 / 3 php bin hnh bo ton cng sut.
Vd: cc i lng 3 pha dng sin:
va = Vmsint
vb = Vmsin(t-

2
)
3

vc = Vmsin(t-

4
)
3

Vector khng gian theo nh ngha:

vs =

2
2
2
4
Vm sin( x 0 ) + a sin( x 0
) + a Vm sin( x 0
)]
3
3
3

= Vm( cos( x 0 ) + j sin( x 0 ) ) = Vm e j(x -

0)

Nh vy, trong h to vung gc - , vector khng gian vs c bin

Trang 1

Vm bt u t v tr Vm e j s quay xung quanh trc ta vi tn s gc.

0

2. Php bin hnh vector khng gian ngc:

Vi h s k = 2/3, php bin hnh ca vector khng gian ngc v s cho ta thu
c i lng ba pha t vector khng gian nh sau:

va = Re{ v }

vb = Re{ a . v } = 2

3
. Re{ v }+
. Im{ v }
2
2
1

vc = Re{ a . v } = - . Re{ v }. Im{ v }

2
2
T hnh 4.1 v cc h thc va dn gii, d suy ra kt qu ca php bin

hnh vector khng gian ngc chnh l hnh chiu ca i lng vector v s ln h
trc ta lch pha 1200 trong mt phng vector phc.
k

2V j
Vector v c biu din di dng tng qut : v = d e 3
3

Trang 2

2.1 Xt ng c xoay chiu ba pha:

Mi pha ca ng c c hai trng thi:1 (ni vi cc + ca Vd), 0 (ni

vi cc - ca Vd). Do c ba pha (ba cp van bn dn) nn s c 8 kh nng ni
cc pha ca ng c vi Vd, c m t trong bng:

Pha u

Pha v

Pha w

Cc kh nng ni pha ng c vi Vd :
cun dy pha v

+
Vsv

Vsu

Vd
cun dy pha u
-

cun dy pha w
H4.4

H4.3

Vsw = -2 Vd/3

v s = 2 Vd/3

Vsu = Vsv = 2Vd/3

Trang 3

vs

Xt kh nng th 2 ca bng 1 vi s ni dy hnh 4.3 ta d dng tnh

c in p ri trn tng cun dy pha u, v hoc w. Ngoi ra, khi a vo b tr
hnh hc ca ba cun dy pha trn mt phng hnh 4.4 th kh nng th 2 s

tng ng vi trng hp p t ln ba cun pha vector in p v s vi module

2Vd/3. in p thc s ri trn tng pha chnh l hnh chiu ca v s ln trc ca

tng cun dy. Cc vector in p ca cc kh nng cn li u c xy dng

tng t nh vy. Cc vector chun c k hiu v 0 , v 1 v 7 nh s th

t ca bng. Trong :

v 0 : c ba cun dy pha ni vi cc -

v 7 : c ba cun dy pha ni vi cc +

2.2 Phng php iu ch vector khng gian:

Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 : cc gc phn t

S1, S2 S6 : cc gc phn su
Hnh 4.5 Biu din v tr ca cc vector chun trong h ta ,. Module ca
cc vector chun lun c gi tr 2Vd/3.
tng ca phng php iu ch vector khng gian l to nn s dch
chuyn lin tc ca vector khng gian tng ng trn qu o ng trn ca
vector in p b nghch lu. Vi s dch chuyn u n ca vector khng gian
trn qu o trn, cc sng hi bc cao c loi b, quan h gia tn hiu iu
khin v bin in p tr nn tuyn tnh. Vector tng ng y chnh l
vector trung bnh trong mt thi gian ly mu Tc ca qu trnh iu khin b
nghch lu p.

Trang 4

Xt mt gc phn su th nht (S1) hnh 4.6 ca hnh lc gic to thnh bi nh

ca 3 vector v 1 , v 2 , v 0 ( v 7 ). Gi s rng trong thi gian ly mu Tc, cho tc

dng v 1 trong thi gian T1, v 2 trong thi gian T2 v v 0 trong thi gian cn li
(Tc-T1-T2). Vector tng ng c tnh bng vector trung bnh bi chui tc
ng lin tip nu trn:
1
v 1 dt +
Tc 0
T1

vs =

1 2Vd
v s =
dt +
Tc 0 3
T1

T 1+T 2

v 2 dt +

T1

T 1+T 2

T1

T 1+T 2

Tc

dt

Tc

2Vd j / 3
e dt + 0dt
3
T 1+T 2

2Vd T1 2Vd j / 3 T 2
= v 1 + v 2
v s = 3 Tc + 3 e
1
2
Tc
2Vd j / 3
T1
T2
2Vd
e
vi 1 =
; 2 =
; v1 =
; v2 =
Tc
Tc
3
3

Nu ton b chu k l chu k c ch, c php dng thc hin vector,

khi ny module ti a cng khng th vt qua 2Vd/3. Do vy ta c cng thc
sau:

v s max = v1 = ..... = v6 = 2Vd/3

T1

T2

t: v p =t1 v 1 = v 1 ; v t = t2 v 2 =
Tc
Tc v 2

Suy ra: v s = t1 v 1 + t2 v 2 = v p + v t

Trang 5

T1 =

vp

v s max

Tc

vt

T2 =

v s max

Tc

Mt cch tng qut hn, vector trung bnh c vit di dng :

T1 T 2 Tc (T 1 + T 2)

v s = v p + v t + v 0 = Tc v 1 + Tc v 2 +
v0 ( v7 )
Tc

2
v s sin(600- ) (a)
3

vp =

T hnh 4.6: vs sin(600) = v p sin(600)

vt =

v s sin(600) = vt sin(600)

2
v s sin( ) (b)
3

Gi N l s xung ct trong mt chu k ca in p t Ts, fx : tn s ct xung

(fc)

fx = N fs

Tx =

Nf s

Da vo nguyn tc iu khin U/f = const

vs

fs

= u max
f max

vs

u max

fs
f max

u max : bin thnh phn c bn in p pha ti

u max =

Vd

vs

Vd

fs
f max 3

2
2 3 vs
T
v s sin(600- ) T1 =
(a) 1 v1 =
Tc sin(600- )
Tc
3
3
2Vd
T1 =

(b)

fs
f max

1
1
sin(600- ) T1 =
sin(600- )(d)
Nf s
Nf max

2
T2
v2 =
v s sin
Ts
3

T2 =

1
(e)
Nf max

T7 = T0 = Ts + (T1 + T2)
Do ta ch xt gc phn su th nht nn : 0< <600
ng vi cc gc phn su cn li cng tnh tng t v cng cho kt qu
ging nh trn.

Trang 6

2.2.1 Trnh t thc hin cc vector in p:

Trnh t s l c li nht, nu trong phn vi mt chu k Tc, s ln chuyn
mch ca cc cp kha l t nht. C th l mi cp s ch phi chuyn mch mt
ln.

V d: trnh t thc hin v 0 , v 1 , v 2 , v 7

v0

v1

v2

v7

Nu nh trng thi cui cng l v 0 th trnh t thc hin l :

v 2 v1 v 0

Nu trng thi cui cng l v 7 : v 1 v 2 v 7

Bng phng thc trn ta s gim tn hao ng ngt cc kha ca bin

tn mc thp nht. d hnh dung ta v 2 chu k ni tip nhau thuc gc
phn su th nht:

Trang 7

Trong tt c cc gc phn su cn li S2S6, cch thc hin ging S1

Trang 8

Nhn xt:

- Khi c thi gian tc ng ca vector t1 ca vector v 1 bng 0 th vector trung

bnh v s c nh nm trn on thng ni gia 2 nh ca v 0 , v 2

- Khi c thi gian tc ng ca vector t2 ca vector v 2 bng 0 th vector trung

bnh v s c nh nm trn on thng ni gia 2 nh ca v 0 , v 1

- Khi c thi gian tc ng ca vector t0 ca vector v 0 bng 0 th vector trung

bnh v s c nh nm trn on thng ni gia 2 nh ca v 1 , v 2

- Khi c thi gian tc ng ca mi vector u ln hn th v s s nm trong mt

phng gii hn bi ba nh ca ba vector v 1 , , v 2 , v 0

Trang 9

- Bn knh ng trn qu o vector ln nht ni tip bn trong hnh lc gic

xy ra khi T1 + T2 =1 c ln tng ng bng

Vd

. Tc l ln ca v s b
3

gii hn trong ng trn ni tip lc gic u H2. Do tng c hng ca hai

vector bin khng ng nht vi tng v hng ca hai i lng thi gian T1 ,
T2.

Xt: T = T1 + T2 = 3 T

vs

cos(30- )

Vd

Trong trng hp ti hn: vs = 2Vd/3

T max =

2
T cos(30- )
3

Khi = 30 T max > T : chu k cho php.

- Khi cc kha bn dn ch t c trng thi ng ngt n nh sau mt thi
gian ng ngt nht nh no , cho nn T0 v T7 khng c php b hn thi
gian ng ngt ca loi kha bn dn m bin tn s dng.
- Vic thc hin trnh t to vector in p theo ng l thuyt nh trn s khng
thun li cho vic xy dng phn cng p ng c nhu cu cht ch v ng
b, c bit l cc h thng nhiu vi x l. khc phc nhc im trn ta
thay i trnh t thc hin vector in p, c th l:

v 0 v1 v 2 v7 v7 v 2 v1 v 0

- trnh ngn mch trong nghch lu (kha trn v kha di ca mt nhnh

ng thi cng ng), khi chuyn trng thi gia hai kha, ta phi lm tr xung
ng kha mt thi gian TD bng tng thi gian ngt cng thm mt on thi
gian an ton (TD =1,21,3Toff)

Trang 10

- Bng phng php iu ch vector khng gian ta c th to ra c vector in

p v s quay trn vi vn tc gc= 2fs. Tn s fs c gi tr thay i, phng php

ny gi l phng php iu ch khng ng b. Tnh khng ng b ny s
lm cho mch stator xut hin thm nhiu hi bc cao gy ra tn hao ph v
moment lc k sinh. iu ny s nghim trng hn khi fx/fs cng b i. khc
phc nhng nhc im ny ta iu ch theo nguyn tc fx/fs =const. Phng
php ny c gi l phng php iu ch ng b.
*Nu vector trung bnh c iu khim theo qu o ng trn th
vector trung bnh s cng pha v c module t l vi vector yu cu. ng trn
n tip lc gic l qu o ca vector khng gian ca b nghch lu p 2 bc c
th t c trong phm vi iu khin tuyn tnh. Bn knh ng trn ny
chnh bng bin thnh phn c bn in p ti Ut1.
Ut1 =

Vd
3

Ch s iu ch : m =

2
3

= Vd cos30

= 0.907
3 2Vd

Vd

2.2.2 Tnh ton thit k vector khng gian:

N l s lng xung ct trong mt chu k Ts. Do tnh cht i xng ca
cc th nng pha trn khng gian vector nn N ch c th nhn cc gi tr sau:
N=9+6n

n=0,1,2,3

Khi N c xc nh, vic thay i fs c thc hin thng qua thay

i fx. Khi , trnh fx tr nn qu cao khi tng fs gi tr N phi c thay i
ty theo fs.
Trong phm vi thit k ti tn s fs c chia thnh 5 khong (010),
(1020), (2030), (3045), (4550). Tng ng vi nm khong tn s fs s c
nm gi tr N khc nhau.
Ngoi vic s dng quy lut iu khin U/f=const. gim tn hao ph
v monent lc k sinh cn phi s dng phng php iu ch ng b fx/fs
=const.
T cc gi tr N, fmax=50Hz, ta tnh c T1 , T2 tng ng vi cc v tr
ca v s trong khng gian vector.

fx =010Hz, chn N=60

fx =1020Hz, chn N=48
fx =2030Hz, chn N=36
fx =4550Hz, chn N=12

Trang 11

Bng gi tr Tc (Tc = 1/Nf)

f
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

fx0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
9
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8
10

N
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60

Tc
83333
41667
27778
20883
16667
13889
11905
10417
9259
8333
7576
6944
6410
5952
5556
5208
4902
4630
4386
4167
3968
3788
3623
3472
3333
3205
3086
2976
2874
2778
2688
2604
2525
2451
2381
2315
2252
2193
2137
2083
2033
1984
1938
1894
1852
1812
1773
1736
1701
1667

Trang 12

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52
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100

10.2
10.4
10.6
10.8
11
11.2
11.4
11.6
11.8
12
12.2
12.4
12.6
12.8
13
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8
14
14.2
14.4
14.6
14.8
15
15.2
15.4
15.6
15.8
16
16.2
16.4
16.6
16.8
17
17.2
17.4
17.6
17.8
18
18.2
18.4
18.6
18.8
19
19.2
19.4
19.6
19.8
20

60
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2042
2003
1965
1929
1894
1860
1827
1796
1766
1736
1708
1680
1653
1628
1603
1578
1555
1532
1510
1488
1467
1447
1427
1408
1389
1371
1353
1335
1319
1302
1286
1270
1255
1240
1225
1211
1197
1184
1170
1157
1145
1132
1120
1108
1096
1085
1074
1063
1052
1042