CC LOI CP VIN THNG HIN NAY

I. CP NG

I. Cp xon i (Twisted pair)

Nm 1881 Alexander Graham Bell l ngi u tin a cp xon i vo s dng trong dch v in thoi.V n nm 1900,loi cp ny c s dng ph bin,rng ri trn ton nc M.Ngy nay hng triu Km cp xon i ang c s dng bn ngoi bi cc cng ty in thoi ,phc v cho truyn ti m thanh.V phn ln cc mng thng tin,Internet cng s dng loi cp ny. Cp xon i(Twisted pair) l loi cp gm nhiu cp dy ng xon li vi nhau nhm chng pht x nhiu in t (Electromagnetic Interference-EMI) t bn ngoi,t s pht x ca loi cp UTP v s xuyn m(Crosstalk) gia nhng cp cp lin k. (Trong thng tin v tuyn, s xuyn m thng c biu th giao thoa ng knh, v lin quan n giao thoa knh- k bn. ) Chng bao lu sau pht minh ra in thoi,cc ng dy cp c s dng trong cng ngh truyn ti .Hai dy c cng ra 2 pha ca thanh cho trn cc cc, truyn ti chung tuyn ng vi dy in.Ban u cc nh nghin cu nhn ra rng dy in lm gim i khong cch truyn ti ca tn hiu in thoi.V mt gii php mi c a ra gi l s chuyn v dy, gim bt s giao thoa,ti cc cc, 2 dy li c vt cho qua nhau.Nh vy mi dy s chu t nh hng ca s pht x nhiu in t t dng in hn.Ngy nay ,nhng ng dy trn vi s chuyn v tun hon nh vy vn c th cn c bt gp cc vng nng thn.iu ny i din cho mt s thi hnh sm ca s xon vi nhp xon l 4 ln trn 1 Km.Da trn nhng thnh qu nghin cu ,nm 1881,Alexander Graham Bell(nh bc hc Thy s ngi pht minh ra chic my in thoi vo nm 1876) a cp xon i vo s dng cho h thng in thoi ca chnh cng ty truyn thng Bell ca ng.

Cp xon c th lm gim nhiu v hai dy ch truyn mt ng d liu, biu din bng hiu in th gia hai dy ny. Khi nhiu nh vo, hai dy xon vo nhau nn s xem nh b nhiu ging nhau, cng tng hoc cng gim mt in p nht nh.Hiu in th gia hai dy vn gi nguyn nn d liu truyn vn ng. Do gi thnh thp nn cp xon c dng rt rng ri c bit l lm cp in thoi v s dng cho cc loi my tnh trong cng ngh truyn thng Internet.Cc loi cp xn i c tc truyn ti a c th ln n hng chc Gigabit/giy (Gbps) vi tn s dao ng c th t ti 600MHz. C hai loi cp xon i c s dng rng ri trong LAN l: loi c v bc chng nhiu(STP) v loi khng c v bc chng nhiu(UTP).

1- Cp xon i khng c v bc chng nhiu UTP(Unshielded Twisted Pair)

UTP cp khng c v bc chng nhiu.B li n c tnh linh hot v bn cao.Gm nhiu cp xon nh cp STP nhng khng c lp v ng chng nhiu. Cp xon i trn s dng chun 10BaseT hoc 100BaseT. Do gi thnh r nn nhanh chng tr thnh loi cp mng cc b c u chung nht. di ti a ca mt on cp l 100 mt. Khng c v bc chng nhiu nn d b nhiu khi t gn cc thit b v cp khc do thng thng dng i dy trong nh. u ni dng u RJ-45. Cp UTP c 5 loi:

Loi 1: truyn m thanh, tc <4Mbps Loi 2: cp ny gm 4 dy xon i, tc 4Mbps Loi 3: truyn d liu vi tc ln n 10 Mbps. Cp ny gm 4 dy xon i vi 3 mt xon trn mi foot. Loi 4: truyn d liu, 4 cp xon i, tc t c 16 Mbps Loi 5: truyn d liu, 4 cp xon i, tc 100Mbp L mt dng cp xon i,cp UTP c s dng hn 100 nm bi cc h thng in thoi,mng my tnh.N cn c mt tn gi khc l cp Ethernet,theo tn ca mng Erthernet,loi mng s dng cp UTP nhiu nht trn th gii.V tnh n hin nay th cp UTP c phn loi lm 7 loi, t cat 1 c tc v kh nng chng nhiu thp nht thng dng truyn tn hiu thoi trong ngnh bu in n cat 7 c tc v kh nng chng nhiu cao nht.

Thng s k thut v cable UTP CAT 5 E

Cu to si cp Jacket: Lp v bo v ngai cng (PVC) Insulation: Lp v bc li Conductor: Li ng Zipcord: Si dy dng tch lp v bc ngoi cng

Cp UTP CAT5 e c ch to theo tiu chun TIA/EIA-568 S dung ph hp vi cc cng ngh mng nh:10BASE -T, 100BASE T, Gigabit Ethernet, Tokenring, 155Mbps ATM . V bc cp bao gm cc mu la chn theo part number

1. Thng s k thut: 1. Part Number Loi cp Kiu ng gi Part Number Trng GrayXm Xanh Vng 4- Pair Non-Plenum RB 57826-2 57826-4 57826-6 57826-8 WR 57826-1 57826-3 57826-5 57826-7 PB 6-57826-2 6-57826-4 6-57826-6 6-57826-8 4- Pair Plenum RB 57825-2 57825-4 57825-6 57825-8 WR 57825-1 57825-3 57825-5 57825-7 PB 6-57825-2 6-57825-4 6-57825-6 6-57825-8 2. c im k thut Tn s(MHz)Mc suy hao NEXT,dB (dB/100m) Max/Typical 10 6.5 72/81 20 9.3 51/60 25 10.4 49/58 62.5 17.0 43/52 100 22.0 40/49 155 28.1 37/46 250 36.9 34/43 300 41.0 33/42 350 44.9 32/41 3. Bng thng: C di bng thng rng (ln n 350MHz) ph hp tt c mi loi dch v . 4. V bc bo v bn ngoi: -i vi loi cp c Part Number 57825-X la: Polymer alloy -i vi loi cp c Part Number 57825-X l: FR PVC 5. Di nhit :

- Di nhit bo qun: -200C ti +800C - Di nhit s dng: -200C ti +600C

2-Cp xon i c v bc chng nhiu STP(Shielded Twisted Pair)

Gm nhiu cp xon c ph bn ngoi mt lp v lm bng dy ng bn. Lp v ny c tc dng chng EMI t ngoi v chng pht x nhiu bn trong. Lp v bc chng nhiu ny c ni t thot nhiu. Cp xon i c bc t b tc ng bi nhiu in v c tc truyn qua khong cch xa cao hn cp xon i trn.

- Chi ph: t tin hn Thinnet v UTP nhng li r tin hn Thicknet v cp quang. - Tc : tc l thuyt 500Mbps, thc t khong 155Mbps, vi ng chy 100m. Tc ph bin 16Mbps (Token Ring). - suy dn: tn hiu yu dn nu cp cng di, thng thng ngn hn 100m. - u ni: STP s dng u ni DIN (DB 9). Ngoi 2 dng cp trn, cp xon i cn mt dng na l FTP(Foiled Twisted Pair).FTP l loi cp lai to gia cp UTP v STP, n h tr chiu di ti a 100m. 3.K Thut Bm Cp Mng * Cp thng (Straight-through cable): l cp dng ni trc tip gia hai thit b khc nhau nh PC-Hub, PC-Switch, Router-Hub, RouterSwitch Cp thng theo chun 10/100Base-T dng 2 cp xon nhau v dng chn 1,2, 3, 6 trn u RJ45. Cp dy xon th nht ni vo chn 1, 2 v cp dy xon th hai ni vo chn 3, 6. u kia ca cp da vo mu ni vo chn ca u RJ45 v ni tng t.

* Cp cho (Crossover cable): l cp dng ni trc tip gia hai thit bi ging nhau nh PCPC, RouterRouter, HubHub, SwitchSwitch, PCRouter, v HubSwitch. Cp cho trt t dy cng ging nh cp thng nhng u dy cn li phi cho cp dy xon s dng (dy 1 dy 3, dy 2 dy 6 v dy 3 dy 1, dy 6 dy 2). * Cp console: dng ni PC vo cc thit b mng ch yu dng cu hnh cc thit b . Thng thng khong cch dy console ngn nn chng ta khng cn chn cp dy xon, m chn theo mu t 1 8 sao cho d nh v u bn kia ngc tr li t 8 1.

Th t bng mu ca cp xon i UTP

4-ch li v hn ch ca cp xon i
1)ch li L loi cp mng, mm do nn d dng ko di thnh dy gia nhng tng. Cp UTP nh, n khng nhanh y trn nhng ng ni dy. UTP chi ph t hn so vi mi cp kiu LAN khc 2)Hn ch: Tnh cm ng ca cp xon ti pht x nhiu in t ph thuc nhiu vo nhng s Xon cp (thng thng c cp bng sng ch bi nhng nh sn xut) v khng c st m trong thi gian s ci t. Do , nhng cp xon i thng thng c nhng yu cu kh khn cho vic sp t bn knh ung cong cc tiu hoc cc i. Tnh d v tng i ny ca nhng

cp xon i lm cho vic thc hin vic ci t tr thnh mt yu t quan trng m bo cho s hot ng ca cp.

II.Cp ng Trc

Cp ng trc c ch to gm mt dy ng trung tm c bao bc bi mt vt liu cch li l cht in mi khng dn in, chung quanh cht in mi c qun bng dy bn kim loi va dng lm dy dn va bo v khi s pht x nhim in t.Ngoi cng li l mt lp v bc lm bng cht khng dn in(thng l PVC,PE).Dy ng trc c hai loi, loi nh (Thin) v loi to (Thick). Dy cp ng trc c thit k truyn tin cho bng tn c bn (Base Band) hoc bng tn rng (broadband).

Dy cp loi to dng cho ng xa, dy cp nh dng cho ng gn, tc truyn tin qua cp ng trc c th t ti 35 Mbit/s.Ngoi ra dy cp ng trc cn chia lm 2 loi l loi cng v loi do.Loi cng th c mt lp bo v dy c cn loi do th l mt vin bo v,thng l mt dy ng.S suy gim v tr khng ca dung mi nh cng c nh hng quan trng n tnh nng ca cp.Dung mi c th c hoc rng.Tn cng ca cp l mt u kt ni RF. V trng in t mang tn hiu ch tn ti trong khong khng gia bn trong v dy dn pha ngoi, nn n khng b suy gim hay chu nh hng ca pht x nhim in t.Do cp ng trc c s dng nh mt ng truyn tn s cao truyn ti nhng tn hiu cao tn hoc mt di rng tn hiu. * Cp ng trc c hai loi: Cp ng trc mng (Thin coaxial cable) v

cp ng trc dy (Thick coaxial cable) c dng trong cc mng Ethernet. - Cp mng (Thin cable / Thinnet) 10BASE-2: c ng knh khong 6mm, thuc h RG-58, chiu di ti a cho mt phn on l 185m, tc truyn d liu ti a l 10Mbps, s repeater ti a l 4, s trm ti a trn mt phn on l 30, s trm ti a trong mng l 90, khong cch ti thiu gia hai my l 0.5m. + Cp RC-58, tr khng 50 (Ohm) dng vi Ethernet mng. + Cp RC-59, tr khng 75 (Ohm) dng cho truyn hnh cp. + Cp RC-62, tr khng 93 (Ohm) dng cho ARCnet.

S mng dng cp ng trc mng - Cp dy (Thick cable / Thicknet) 10BASE-5: c ng knh khong 13mm thuc h RG-58, chiu di ti a trn mt phn on l 500m, tc truyn d liu ti a l 10Mbps, s repeater ti a l 4, s trm ti a trn mt phn on l 50, s trm ti a trong mng l 300, khong cch ti thiu gia hai my l 2.5m. Cp ng trc dy (RG-62) thng c dng trong mt mng my tnh n to thnh cc ng xng sng (backbone) trong h thng mng.

So snh gia cp ng trc mng v ng trc dy. - Chi ph: cp ng trc thinnet r nht, cp ng trc thicknet t hn. - Tc : mng Enthernet s dng cp thinnet c tc ti a 10Mbps v mng ARCNet c tc ti a 2.5Mbps - EMI: c lp chng nhiu nn hn ch c nhiu. - C th b nghe trm tn hiu trn ng truyn. Cch lp t dy cp ng trc vi my tnh:

- Mun ni cc on cp ng trc mng li vi nhau ta dng u ni ch T v u ni BNC. - Mun u ni cp ng trc dy ta phi dng mt u chuyn i transceiver v ni kt vo my tnh thng qua cng AUI. Cc mng cc b thng s dng cp ng trc c bng thng t 2,5 10 Mbps, cp ng trc c suy hao t hn so vi cc loi cp ng khc v n c lp v bc bn ngoi, di thng thng ca mt on cp ni trong mng l 200m, thng s dng cho dng Bus (mng tuyn tnh).

II. Cp Quang
Ngy nay, Internet tr thnh mt nhu cu thit yu, gip mi ngi khp ni trn th gii c th giao tip, trao i, hc tp, mua sm, gii tr d dng, nhanh chng. Cc ng dng, dch v trn Internet cng ngy cng pht trin theo, iu ny i hi tc , bng thng kt ni Internet cao v cp quang tr thnh la chn s mt - FTTH (Fiber To Home) l mt in hnh. FTTH p ng cc dch v lun i hi mng kt ni tc cao nh IPTV, hi ngh truyn hnh, video trc tuyn, gim st t xa IP Camera... Trc y, cp quang ch dng kt ni cc ng trc chnh ca quc gia, nh cung cp dch v, doanh nghip ln v chi ph kh cao. Nhng hin nay, cp quang c s dng kh rng ri cc doanh nghip va, nh, cc trng i hc v ngi s dng thng thng. Bi vit gii thiu c bn v cp quang v cc u ni, gip bn c hiu c thng s k thut trn cc ti liu, thng tin sn phm quang.

Cp quang dng nh sng truyn dn tn hiu, do t suy hao v thng c dng cho kt ni khong cch xa. Trong khi cp ng s dng dng in truyn tn hiu, d b suy hao trong qu trnh truyn v c khong cch kt ni ngn hn. Si cp quang c cu to t ba thnh phn chnh: li (core), lp phn x nh sng (cladding), lp v bo v chnh (primary coating hay cn gi coating, primary buffer). Core c lm bng si thy tinh hoc plastic dng truyn dn nh sng. Bao bc core l cladding - lp thy tinh hay plastic - nhm bo v v phn x nh sng tr li core. Primary coating l lp v nha PVC gip bo v core v cladding khng b bi, m, try xc. Hai loi cp quang ph bin l GOF (Glass Optical Fiber) - cp quang lm bng thu tinh v POF (Plastic Optical Fiber) - cp quang lm bng plastic. POF c ng knh core kh ln khong 1mm, s dng cho truyn dn tn hiu khong cch ngn, mng tc

 thp. Trn cc ti liu k thut, bn thng thy cp quang GOF ghi cc thng s 9/125m, 50/125m hay 62,5/125m, y l ng knh ca core/cladding; cn primary coating c ng knh mc nh l 250m. ( Hnh 1 )

Hn1 Bo v si cp quang l lp v ngoi gm nhiu lp khc nhau ty theo cu to, tnh cht ca mi loi cp. Nhng c ba lp bo v chnh l lp chu lc ko (strength member), lp v bo v ngoi (buffer) v lp o gip (jacket) - ty theo ti liu s c tn gi khc nhau. Strength member l lp chu nhit, chu ko cng, thng lm t cc si Kevlar. Buffer thng lm bng nha PVC, bo v trnh va p, m t. Lp bo v ngoi cng l Jacket. Mi loi cp, ty theo yu cu s dng s c thm cc lp jacket khc nhau. Jacket c kh nng chu va p, nhit v chu mi mn, bo v phn bn trong trnh m t v cc nh hng t mi trng. C hai cch thit k khc nhau bo v si cp quang l ng m khng cht (loose-tube) v ng m cht (tight buffer). Loose-tube thng dng ngoi tri (outdoor), cho php cha nhiu si quang bn trong. Loose- tube gip si cp quang gin n trc s thay i nhit , co gin t nhin, khng b cng, b gp nhng ch cong.( Hnh 2 )

Hnh2

Tight-buffer thng dng trong nh (indoor), bao bc kht si cp quang (nh cp in), gip d lp t khi thi cng. Hnh 3

Hnh 3

Trn mt s ti liu, bn s gp hai thut ng vit tt IFC, OSP. IFC (Intrafacility fiber cable) l loi cp dng trong nh, c t lp bo v vt l v vic thi cng lp t linh hot. OSP (Outside plant cable) l loi cp dng ngoi tri, chu c nhng iu kin khc nghit ca nhit , m, bi... loi cp ny c nhiu lp bo v.