NGHIN CU NG DNG HM SOLVER GII CC BI TON K THUT

TS. LNG XUN BNH ThS. XUN QU

B mn Sc bn Vt liu Khoa Cng trnh Trng i hc Giao thng Vn ti Tm tt: Hm Solver l mt trong nhng ni hm ca Microsoft Excel, cho php tm cc tr hoc gi tr hm s mt bin hay nhiu bin vi nhng iu kin rng buc nht nh. Trong ngnh Xy dng cng trnh cng nh C kh chuyn dng th bi ton tm cc tr ca hm nhiu bin, bi ton ti u ha hoc gii h phng trnh phi tuyn l kh ph bin. Vic gii cc bi ton ny kh phc tp v tn nhiu thi gian. Trong bi bo ny, tc gi s gii thiu mt s m hnh bi ton v thut ton gii vi ng dng ca hm Solver. T cc thut ton ny, c th m rng cho nhiu bi ton k thut chuyn ngnh. Gii thiu cn bn v hm Solver, mt s m hnh bi ton, thut ton ng dng hm Solver s c trnh by trong bi bo ny. Summary: Solver function is one of the add-in functions of Microsoft Excel, making it possible to determine extremes of single-variant or multi-variant functions with some constraints. There are many problems associated with optimization of multi-variant functions, non-linear equation system etc., in civil engineering and mechanical engineering. To solve these problems is quite complicated and takes much time. This paper introduces some models for solving engineering problems and algorithsm together with the application of Solver function. Essential information on Solver and illustration of using Solver to solve engineering problems are demonstrated.

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1. t vn Solver l mt trong nhng ni hm ca Microft Excel, c xy dng v a vo s dng t phin bn Microft Excel 97. Vi Solver, ngi dng c th gii cc bi ton sau y thng qua bng tnh Excel: gii cc h phng trnh tuyn tnh, phi tuyn, cc phng trnh i s bc cao, siu vit, hm m...; tm cc tham s ca hm gii tch xp x ca tp d liu thng k, quan st nhm phc v cho vic tnh ton d bo; gii cc bi ton quy hoch ti u [1]. Cc hng dn cn bn v mt s ng dng hm Solver c gii thiu trong [2]. Nh , tnh ng dng ca ni hm ny cng tr nn ph bin hn. Tuy nhin, nhng ng dng ny cha thc s tng ng vi th mnh v tim nng ca ni hm Solver. Trn thc t, Solver ch h tr nhng ni dung tnh ton cn bn, cn vic ng dng Solver gii quyt cc bi ton k thut l hon ton ph thuc vo kh nng xy dng cc m hnh bi ton v thut ton gii quyt cc bi ton . Gii thiu v xy dng cc thut ton ng dng hm Solver gii cc bi ton chuyn ngnh xy dng cng trnh v c kh chuyn dng l cn thit h tr cc k s, nh nghin cu trong cng vic tnh ton chuyn ngnh. Trong bi bo ny, cc tc gi mong mun gii thiu Hm Solver v xy dng mt s thut ton gii cc bi ton k thut ni trn.

2. Gii thiu Hm Solver v cc tham s c bn Hm Solver c hai phin bn chnh: Solver chun (Standard Solver) v Solver hon thin (Premium Solver). Solver chun c th gii cc bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh vi quy m 400 bin v 200 rng buc cng vi 800 rng buc cn t trn bin. Solver hon thin cho php ton cc tng on dng cho cc bi ton ti u ho ton cc. khi ng Solver, vo Menu Tools ri chn Solver. Sau khi khi ng, hp thoi "Cc tham s ca Solver (Solver Parameters)" xut hin nh trn hnh 1. Hm mc tiu (Set Target Cell). Gi tr trong ca bng tnh Excel c a ch ghi trong khung Set Target Cell c gi l hm mc tiu.
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Hnh 1. Hp thoi Solver.

Bin v tham s (Changing Cells). a ch ca cc trong bng tnh Excel ghi trong khung Hnh 2. Hp thoi Solver Options. Changing Cells xc nh cc bin ca hm mc tiu. Gi tr cc bin ny s b thay i t c gi tr hm mc tiu mong mun. Rng buc (Constraints). Trong qu trnh bin i cc bin s t c gi tr hm mc tiu mong mun, cc bin hoc cc tham s ca bi ton phi tho mn nhng quan h rng buc nht nh no . Cc rng buc ny c m t trong khung Subject to the Constraints. Vic thm vo, thay i hay loi b bt i mt rng buc c thc hin nh cc chc nng Add, Change hay Delete. Cc la chn trong hp thoi "Solver Options" c th hin trong hnh 2. Thi gian tnh ln nht (Max time). Gi tr trong khung Max Time xc nh thi gian ln nht tnh theo giy Solver s chy trc khi dng. Thi gian ny bao gm thi gian sp xp (setup time) v thi gian tm nghim ti u. y l mt trong nhng iu kin dng ca Solver. S bc tnh lp (Interations). Gi tr trong khung Interactions xc nh s bc tnh lp ln nht Solver c th thc hin trn mt bi ton. Mi bc tnh lp tnh ra mt nghim mi. y cng l mt trong nhng iu kin dng ca Solver. chnh xc (Precision). Con s nhp vo ny xc nh gi tr tnh ton ca v tri rng buc phi xp x ph hp vi v phi nh th no cc rng buc c tho mn. chnh xc khng nn nh qu v khng nn ln qu. Thng thng nm trong phm vi 1.0E-6 n 1.0E-4.

Dung sai v hi t (Tolerance v Convergence). La chn dung sai xc nh mt nghim nguyn d kin phi gn st mt nghim nguyn ti u ch thc nh th no trc khi Solver dng. La chn hi t kim sot iu kin dng ca Solver dn n thng bo "Solver hi t n nghim hin hnh". Gi thit m hnh tuyn tnh (Assume Linear Model). Khi nh du ny, thut ton Simplex Solver c s dng, nu khng thut ton Generalized Reduced Gradient mc nh c dng. Gi thit khng m (Assume Non-Negative). Khi khung ny c nh du, bt k bin quyt nh no khng c rng buc cn di s c cho cn di bng zero khi gii bi ton. S dng t l t ng (Use Automatic Scaling). Khi khung ny c nh du, Solver s c gng nh t l gi tr hm mc tiu v rng buc gim thiu nh hng ca m hnh c cc i lng vi gi tr ln khc bit. Hin th kt qu bc tnh lp (Show Iteration Results). Khi chc nng ny c la chn, kt qu tng bc lp se c hin th trong bn tnh ca Solver. Cc la chn thut gii: c lng (Estimate), Sai phn (Derivatives), Tm kim (Search). c lng c hai la chn: tip tuyn (Tangent) dng ngoi suy tuyn tnh t ng tip tuyn n hm mc tiu rt gn, ton phng (Quadratic) dng ngoi suy cc tiu hoc cc i ca mt hm ton phng thch hp vi hm mc tiu ti im hin hnh. o hm c hai la chn: sai phn tin (forward), sai phn trung tm (central). C hai la chn xc nh hng tm kim: phng php Newton, v phng php lin hp (Conjugate). 3. ng dng Solver gii cc bi ton k thut 3.1. Gii gn ng phng trnh vi phn
q Phn ln cc bi ton k thut chuyn ngnh gn lin vi cc phng trnh vi phn. Vic gii cc bi ton ny i hi phi gii cc phng trnh vi phn. Mt s trng hp, phng trnh vi l phn khng dng chnh tc thng thng, vic b gii phng trnh vi phn l kh phc tp. y, Hnh 3. tc gi xy dng thut ton gii gn ng phng trnh vi phn bng hm Solver vi ng dng phng php bnh phng nh nht. d minh ha, tc gi chn mt bi ton c th ca c hc, tnh dm chu un ngang nh trong hnh 3.
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Trong th d ny, chng trnh ti u ha c ng dng gii gn ng phng trnh vi phn ng n hi ca mt dm nh trn hnh v. Cc s liu tnh ton: q = 10 daN/cm2, l = 600 cm, b = 8 cm, h = 12 cm, E = 2.106 daN/cm2. Phng trnh vi phn ng n hi ca dm:
4v q = 4 EJ x z

y ta s dng phng php bnh nhng nh nht gii gn ng phng trnh.

(1)

Gi nh hm vng l mt a thc bc 4:
v = az 4 + bz 3 + cz 2 + dz + e

(2)
Bng 1

Qu trnh tnh ton c th hin trong bng sau:

Z (cm) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 VP (1) -q/EJx -q/EJx -q/EJx -q/EJx -q/EJx -q/EJx -q/EJx F = Tng bnh phng ti thiu VT (1) 24a 24a 24a 24a 24a 24a 24a (VT(1)-VP(1)) (24a+q/EJx)2 (24a+q/EJx)2 (24a+q/EJx)2 (24a+q/EJx)2 (24a+q/EJx)2 (24a+q/EJx)2 (24a+q/EJx)2 F = (24a+q/EJx)2
2

M hnh bi ton ti u: F min vi cc bin s l a, b, c, d, e. Cc iu kin rng buc l: vng gc quay hai u thanh bng 0. Kt qu thu c phng trnh ng n hi ca dm nh sau: v = -(1.81E-10)z4 + (2.17E-07).z3 - (6.51E-05)z2
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Biu vng ca dm c th hin trn hnh 4.

Biu vng v(z) ca dm Chiu di z (cm) 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 0 -0.2 -0.4 vng v(z) (cm) -0.6 -0.8 -1 -1.2 -1.4 -1.6 600 30 60 90 0

Hnh 4. Biu vng ca dm

3.2. Gii bi ton ti u ho Ti u ha ng (mt ng thit k) khi thit k trc dc tuyn ng. y xt bi ton cho mt kilmt.

M hnh bi ton: Thit k ng sao cho tng khi lng o p l nh nht. Gi s cao cc u tin ca tuyn c n nh (34 m), cao cc cc cn li c tnh ton t cao cc u tin v cc 500, cc 1000 thng qua dc dc ca cc on. Cc bin s y l cao cc cc 500 v 1000. Hm mc tiu l tng khi lng o p l nh nht. iu kin rng buc l dc dc ca cc on tuyn khng vt qu quy nh ca quy trnh ( y ly gi tr khng ch l 4%). S liu bi ton v kt qu ti u ha c th hin trn hnh 5.
Trc dc tim ng
50 45 40 35 30 Cao (m) 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Khong cch cng dn (m)

Mt ng thit k cha ti u ha Mt t thin nhin

Mt ng thit k sau khi ti u ho

Mt t t nhin k trc khi ti u ho Mt ng thit Mt ng thit k sau khi ti u ha

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Hnh 5. Thit k ti u xc nh ng

4. Kt lun Cc tc gi gii thiu cn bn v Hm Solver v cc tham s k thut ca n. Cc thng tin ny l cu ni ngi s dng vi Hm Solver n bi ton k thut. Cc thut ton gii gn ng phng trnh vi phn, ti u ho hm nhiu bin c xy dng gii cc bi ton k thut chuyn ngnh. Trn c s cc thut ton xy dng, ngi s dng c th ng dng cho nhiu bi ton chuyn ngnh khc. Vi cc cng dng ca hm Solver, ngi s dng ch cn k nng tnh ton trn Excel, c th gii quyt c nhng bi ton phc tp vi thi gian ngn, thc s hiu qu cho cng tc tnh ton thit k v nghin cu.

Ti liu tham kho [1]. Premium Solver Platform For use with Microsoft Excel, Frontline Systems, Inc. USA. [2]. Trn Tr Dng: Excel-Solver cho k s, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, 2005