'

.. ..
'

rjg'a-J.tJ~fC ~Wt,

J_J~t Jay., att

;"4tt

4.c..u ~ - L> (" ., ... :.;-;

201~- 2011

The'. per'iQdlic.~bl~,~lAl~ ~~,rj'

. -

-_------=---=--=-------==:

~J.~i' ~la~~1

UNIT 12AC.l 19.1J.:p....l1 :uiJi\"l1 .Uf\:al 4JU::a U..JII:t ·1

( Ionization Energy)
~~ wlJJ") 7 ()oOI u_,s... JJ~ 11\ r.,r 4.a....:.::a .]A ,.J ~ c.J~ ~ wUJ__,:iSJ),1 ) A.,;.Jill\A..)I~Y ..)~ 'I .1!.~I\..) ~ I..S"'• ..F"'" .Jfo ~
~ •

~tu, Uu.
.J'-"=IUcJj.]A~.J

~ \..lly:.. ()oOI ~I

t4b ~1.J ~~ JS ~ .l.....:::t.i.lj

Uyr..;

18 J
~

._

.1 ( . ~

-~-'I

~)~

,,;11 J.a1."utA ·2
.~I~

.J'-"=Iu.J1 ~l.....::t..i.

~.JJ")}I JJ~

~illJ

JJ~I

~I.l: ~ r~YI ~bl_;S:iS.). ~'l\ 11J..l~ ~ )

l1J..lil .JJ") JS ~I.l: ~ t..j.JJ..) o

~u. ~

(t~t JS

:.JP.)MIII.iLU .;,;1.:il1 ~I..J.jolJ\.1 ~I ~

~.;J:UI ~

-3

J..f.\fJ1 ~ ~

.JF (0;1.111 s • t"·_ ~O~IJZa. ~on uAJ o..)_;iJI c.J~ U:ay:i) wUJjiS.l), \

uu:. ~.;J!i ~

."J,JJl1

-4

.~~IJ

i!l1.)JJ.lI

t:Jllargy

~(~b!..l

l"'1 ~,$;~~
<"':~ ~

J!t ~

t.~,

~Lbl' ~

~
~

(1-1)

~~.]A

y\t..S.~jWI ~I

:~~~\

~\ ,.,_ll'o.ull

uflll ~
Ionization energy

u):J\ Ul:b

~I

:t&.

i.Fl~ i~:;i~ ~'Ji

(1-1) J5..!

Period w.JiSI)'! ~ Group

M(g) +U~M+(g)

+ e-,~H= ... +veKJ mot" . ·1 A..iJ1.....J\ ~.bla...JI·(.)A~ ~.~ . .u.

~J

(endothermic

energy)

~1.6"".

~t:il\ U1.6 -1

.(exothermic .~b U1.6 ~L...w:iS.\ ..),jc(positive ion)

~.]A

reaction) ~~ U1.6
u~Y :;.Jill J_p.:i:iJ -Y

~'.'

,The. periodic t_~ble~wl

--.

-,.-

-,.

...

.';"-

-.

-------=--11-

~~:J!'~:jJ.llt'-~~~¥1
=-----=-------- --=------

UNIT 12AC.l
Ul_;a. ~ _,ls.l\

~
~

~
3..p.ul1

u.- .;owaUall ~
~~~

u.UJl Ut.La u!
I

,) ~\alw.~I.j

..

y.LWll

\.;j.iJ\
~~I

ui Csf'~I
~~'JI.j ~1.wJ1

,) ~. 'i1, 'I tll~"""-J..JiSl1

v- ~~I

U!..Lall ~ji.j
~1UJ.l1

-------------------------------

UNIT 12AC.l

cJ_)~1 ~.wl ii~yy' cJt•

Ji:i ~

~1

~'~luk-'

0A 0:!Wl 4.i~ ui

(2-1)

~1

L.fA ~~
0'1

wlJJ.JiS.lJJ iil_,.lll .,~

w=: wlJJ.JiS.l'j1 ~~

~1~j;J cJ.)~1 _;.bill ~ iiji

~bj; 1I4o,:iYll1\ ~ (Shielding

~_j!ts.:ill

wlJJ.JiS.l'j iil_,.lll y~

Ji:iJ

effect)jSts.:il1

~J:l ii_)J.l11~ 4.i~ ~ ~~_;.b ~

_;..o...au.J..I cJ_)ill ~.wl ii~yj ~

~J 0:!t:ill =U~

( cJ_)ill ~.wl ) iil_,ill ~yJl

4..b....!ill )~

-1

~Ji9 . ~i
period
~I

~
ii_)J.l11 ~

~J ~

j!ts:i11 wlJJysJ'j

iil_,.ll1y~ 4..b....!illJ 0:!bll

y...all..ll ~_,.JI

4.i~

w .,-,:~ wlJ J~.<'!Cly iiI_,... wh ii .ii Ji:i ~)I ·.its.:ill -~II ..

.. U&lJ.r .r:

w~~1

I~J ( n~)1

~.)) _j!ts.:ill wlJJ.JiS.llJ iil_,.lll 4.iUJI

.. ..

ww~~~ ~~ ;;~w. ~ .. .)

w=: lj~I-2
~J

.I

. ~ bll

_1
-

UNIT 1ZAC.l

VIlA VIllA

ail:.
~U::I
I~

~40-0~1
olIlol1.j:O

Ne : ls22s22p6
1.l;Io. r~IJ ~t.c r~WIJ r~_;.:J1 : ~WI ~~ Ionization I..J~ ~.. I ~·::<1 ~. - ~-II ~ L. t....... 6UJ~..,:C'I'1ld.""W· k.. I . • ~s EnergYU:lt:il1 Ulb-y .~ll _L .11 U. ~ ~ . '11 .I.!. ~J"'" I.,S_,...........

Mg :1s22s22p63s2

UNIT 12AC.l

(kJ per- mole)

Sc

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

CoNi

Cy

Zn

First ionization energy c;li!.1 D;UlI2JU:

\. 1 YI . -x t.r: I...ct.S. c.FJ U:!bll ~1...l.:a ~.lk...G ~\.:iS: ~J.,; •

JJ~I'UJ~. .-:<:1";11 e- ~~I ~ '-...J"'"

':'ill ~IJ:JI r.r . _b.

AI (g)

AI+(g) +

AH=577 KJ mol"

Second! ionization energy 4wj'~1~btl ~~th

~ lAS. ~}il ~t:ill ~1...l.:a ~.lk...G ~\.:iS: ~J

.-"'~

AH=1820
I~

_ ..

. ~~I

WJys.l"i1tyl ~j)lJI

;u1..bl1 ~

KJ mol"

..

--

~~

UNIT 12AC.l

: J}JI JI,;wJ1
f ~ _,.. ..;jl..:.l 4

wU ~l

ufi:.

y..o:al.i..l\(,ji- i

(jJU1\ ~

0:!l:lt\ ~

0:!t:il1 .lp,o.
~I

0:!t:il1 .lp,o.
~\)\

A_

B
C

J}11 495.8 577.6 737.7

~un

4562.4 1816.6 1450.6

6912 2744.7 7732.6

9543 11.577 10.540

: ~~\ JI;EI

01\ ~LS 1~!,J,.au..~

~\:tll 0:!t:il1 ulill::. ~ : ~.JJ..ll1 ~ ~

u.a 44

1.#1 -1

~J..?_,.._y..al.i..ll

J_,../ J» .# 1600-1 J.,. I J» .# 1000-y J_,.. / J» .# 800..~ J.,.. I J_,:p. .# SOO-j

JA o.JJ.ll1 ~ y..o:aUc em

u.a ~}:JI

~~\ • . (jJ t.....u o\..,j,Jb ~ ..

~ ~ (j~I~' -2 . .c- ~I ~ ~\-II . U_,... '-i

J.,../ J».# 1600-1 J.,. I J» .# 1000..y

J.,.. / J» .# 800-[ J.".. / J» .# SOO..

~~ (X-"+ e~---+ X(g)

+ energy)

U:ll£..J1-3

UJjiS.1'i1 Uya. Ul..b...l U:!U11Ul..b...y ~JysJ'il

-

J.f.J1..[
-.l

~..,.sll YUI
--

UNIT 12AC.l

\'~Jt ~tu ~1..l.:a ~t

Jj

~I

..>'-'=tWl 0A

~l

-4

Na -1 AI-y Mg-~ CI-.3

f4.J.iei W:!tu 4..iU:. • ~ I-I I.s- Jj 4..J\.:i!1 1.W1· ~ ..>'-'= I..Y'
r.j t-5

Na -I AI-y Mg-~ CI-.3

LJS.IJ ~_)J.ll1 JJ~I ' ~ ¥\l11 ~_)J.ll1 y..aLW~}11 ~t:ill wliu:' ~ ~J:!
I ~

~\.:i!1 ~~I

~)I

-6
_jJ

.JJ.ll1tI~

~t:ill 4..iUJ ~:UJ.ll1~W

wk..fi:i Y wtl4 ~

,~ N"

\' u~YII~

~J.l=o.

~J:!~I

wl~1

()4

~1

,wl_)~1 }.l:Jt

ul......:..il ~

~.JJ.ll1 ~1..::iJI-t

•~_;tS.l\ ~L..JI ~ ~.JJ.ll\ ~1..::iJ\-y ,y...:aUall ~ JysJ'Il t-lj_,Jl1 -~ ,y...:au.J1 y\..J.:"j J:;S ~fo -.3

_,

Th e pe rfodic. tabie~UJ". _ . ,. ~ 1:':JJlf ~u...~~, .

- - --- ----

: UNIT 12AC.l

: ~\lll ~'il

JI;,:.JI ~

UC~II

~\lllli_)J.ll1 J ,_)}11 ~I 4.c

~Uc.

JiA:! "illl

Jtill

rJ_)J.l!1 JJ~I

<.JA . UtilI

...

~p

,~-

r~l
S

,.. ,
Cl

Ar

\' 4.c ~I

~b ~\.b Jil .u~ ukl.u ~

rJt ~3

\' li_)J.ll1 ~f.:j ~I..b t.}

"i1-4

The peried ic tableJ-o'llltJ' ~~

--

;)

~,JJJlI ~1A,~'.J I
~I

UNIT 12AC.l 19-2.J4uJ1

Electro negativity ~~ .. Jf..s"n

:..iI..... ~1 : o-JS
~I~I-t

u~-1

_,.bill ~

~~

~\!i:i

wIlJ_jiS.l), I y4

uk- i.J~1

b.J~ 0l("_,1...J1 0A

~~J.f..ll -~ JS1 ~_;J:lI1 U;N - 2

wY_ji.....J1 ~~ b~yj ~ ~t ~l ~t 0A ~~I ~ ~1JJ:l "i~1 "i.J~1 ~~ "bl-~II ~ b~W" I.....J..l..I.. ".JJ .lil ~ ~ i ,.J,. ····.11 IS"II .JWI" (..)A U":!J ~ ~ y .1::. .11 _,... ~.J ". • ~ -:~ t...S 'i.JJ.li1 JJ~l ~ C!.J..ul~y~1 ~t.....J1 ul~)lj

:~
i.).J<lll
~~I~ ~I I

-t

,., • ~. ~lJ,Jc:I.J,t w)~'il

.'~'"-JeClO (,~~ ,t .

·\1:1 ~. tl ,', nega ..." ,,_ ..,"~t1"t...>f~_" "'\-::~Jt...IM~[..),,-)1: ..I'llty· 1.t. ",·4...1.1.Ki! ....r ul ....
'" f'"

i.J,JJl1 uA ~,)fJJ1
.~~IJ

~.J"Jl&I-3
...r.~, ~

..;;:,al~0-1. a~1

~..

~C:-r:-

".

b~yj ~ 'i.J~1 ~.A!I b~yj ~ ~t~} ~t 0A ~4~1 ~I Ji:i b_.,i ~ ~ '-i.J~1 ~I b~yjl "i.:Jy ~IJ ~yl ~1...b.l1uy~ .:J~ .'1J" 4..Jj~1~ ~I " y.11wll J~<.. ~ .-:<11 I... .'::~;. ~y ~ .. r.s-.J s ~I s.J .li U.II.I:I il ~".~IIw.l:J1 •
~}lIJ ~t.....Jl ~~1 ~ t.J..ul1 1~ ~J:!

I! !

.Ail ~,
~IJ

J,.1.,Pl1 A -4

~J6.Sl1 ~I

(4-1) ~

~~I
~Jf.SlI~1

Electro negativity
~1J..l1

Electron affinity

Na II(Rb Cs;
~.x5J1 ~Wl ~

~LUlU.J ~}:lll:..c ~

I /o.t 4-1 ~
~t...J1 ~1Jj:i [ ~I

b~yj) '-i.J~1 ..l~1 b~YJ~

~I

~l .J~I

0A ~y~1

( bl..,ill4?-yJl

'tj~~B-~:~·g~n~ .. ;t.~~1~~~rl'._~-;: .....~\~ :~J~r~~·~~1:f·

-

--

---

-_

---I

------

~
'.S~

--

UNIT 12AC.l

~_)J! ~ji! ~_)~\_).:..ill ~

~l:ill ~IJ.~Y_,p.l1

y.....-.J y~1

~~I.;j u-k J-,.:l ~I.J

~ ~_)~I

~t...J1 ..ll.lji! j!lS.:ll1 w\..j.JJO.l'l1 y~

e::J~1 I~~.J:!

(5-1)

r!J
I

!
,

.--=
r

-~."1,

,
_

'

.-

_.

--

-_

;1
t

J
~
---

I'

-_

UNIT 12AC.l

ts..J.:J ~... ~ ...

L...:i 4..l.:aJ1 ..J

ri.J

JJ~J

~~4~1
~.,ll ~~

~I

~ J_;ill)~

~.J~

IJt ~~~I
~ rjJJ:J~

~I)I

t_,.l ~
(7-1)
.:. 'I ~":t'.ft""
I~ ~-

~~ ~J:!

U~J

',_ .. wlll..~ II'U'"

t ~- J H2, F2, O· u- 4..1~\ ~II11\ 2 !~.

~ J_jiS.}'j1 jj~1

u1-' ~4~1

~I

Ufl.J~ .k4i.;l
uC:. ~ •t.1i ~

wlll.. II I.,? U~.c , 11\J ~.ft"" . _j .

"pure" covalent bond ~

J#:- ~

~l....U

~IJ.J

~t...u

~I)I

ufo ( 0.4-

1.7 ) ~ ~I

r.} ~

J.;ill U;J.J~ .l:alfj.JI.l1c .:. ~~ ~_JJ... U1.:i11 ~YI .J ..

, H LJ:!.;I..J.J~I ~ ~{
o.J~.J

~.»

F .J_,lill ~4_;tSl1~L..JI ufi:h HF LJ:!.;I..J.J~I ~.J)! ~I.j'»_.itti~!~~ ~l....a .J_,illl o.J~ ~.J_,illl o.J~ u-ll JiS.{ y4,:U U>"" 4.S~1 wlh..¢J'i1 u1-' I~.J
4..ul:ai ~l....U ..... 4..l.:aJ1.J .
I ~A~" """'t""':h'

4..l.:aJ1)1 u_,-".J lJj' • -(-: .. ._.?o •

~ •• J'G ~

".

J.J~.._11 .J

UNIT 12AC.l

R
..

&+
8-· _.I

0+

A-~B

a.

s.J~l ~

()A

UJ_fJSJ'j1 Jili; ~L.JI

0foJ

u~'11 wfi.:il

( 1.7 ()A _>:oi ) ~ .J~I ~

WJ.}iSJ),1~ ~

~4_x..S.l1 ~t...J1 ~ ~
_;I.YI o.J~IJ~.JA
(NaCI ~
)!':J

e jl9)

w~f w.fi:il ~
+
A

J.;ill

uts

I~l

)0-

JiYI
~I.J

~ ~t

:B
.:.

JS~I y-li...IIJ

4 r.jJl.ij

~J

_)_,lilly\ JJ~I ~J

0.7

r.jJL.AJ 4...l

¥4_x..S.l1 ~L..JI

r) ~~ ~ uk ~I ~I Fr r~I_jlIJ CS f'~_»..JIlA.\ ¥4J&S

I
-

Ithe P!3rio~ic table~Utjl~'

---_--

···J~4J ..iU
--

~~~I

UNIT 12AC.l
~lS. ~ Ijl .:. ~

symmetrica I ~~ ufo ~ BF3~~_P.. ~ ~JA _JA

~.Y' ~ ~

~c;j.;J1 ~

~I

~IJ)I

J# ~c.j_P...l1 u.fia. arrangement

CCl4 u~fll~_)_,K ~\_)

«s:» ~

~tJ

~I

CI

ct'
Boron Trifluoricl 112·1)
~J~

~(".1)
BF3

II"'~

d",,~!.,.;;I~e~ i1i)l~i;al~j("j:n Ui.tr~,{ 111::~ "'~1.15:,~ .~ ... ,_ '. 9 1:

t:.liE'ctr~j,lo'~_
11, ');(

:I.i'. itt lnt:t,~as," 1.4 U, 11 '111

----

---

--

'The perlodic

talb_l_e~u.J~ ,ualt..Q.i; ~ ~J"~JJIl!.Lt.~),1

---

' UNIT 12AC.l

CI(g)+ e---

...CI"(g) + ~1..b (AH-348.6 kJ/mol)

~I

t4

.W:lt:ill 4.!'l..l:a u&- :;)~ _,I ~_;! U1..b i..$.fo-.

j:.~

J.J1..b Jc.1..i:il1 ui J~ 11\_, ~l...u ~_,ysJ'il uk ,.,,,.jSJI w_,_jlSJ'i1 ~ L..a~ :;~

. 0Jjjl )~I ~

wfo

t4 wI ..b~_, w'i z):i- u......:..l

~_,_jiS.l'i1 ~I

.lc.l...u:i W;llW1 ~

f:c">Up

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

'-8

J"" ;"••~
::;;;

.5..)~S.:"":il ~,

p.jj

KJ/mol

'~

1(J"

----

---

--

Th-e periodtc tab_le~tl..H ~

-

,) ~.JJJJ' ~LA~'J'
-

UNIT 12AC.l

~I ~J~1

uY ~_)jjl

.l~1 JIj

\..JS ~~ b_)J.l!1~ ~1
~ !Jet..)

~l

_)~I

0A ~1

\..JS ~J_jiS.l'l1 ~1 ~~ ~
~_)J:i ~

JI.l...i:l ~_)jjl

J f'~...>:ll ~

u~1

UJ~

bl__,1l1 y~

(__;i....a

0A yst ~

~J_jiS.l'l1 ~I

ul-i

.l.la..ll bJyj ~IJ y~

.~~I

~'1 j)4-:i'J4~1 ~l ~t
~\J ~

0A ~JjiS.l'l1 JJe bJyj

~I

Ji:

b__,i ~

t'" ~_)jjl ~I
b_)l1l _pJ b~~

bJyy ~Jy wI.lJjiS.lJ ~

4)1

ljUJI

wy~

t'" ~_)jjl

b_)~1 b_)J! Ji:ii ~t....:-.ll w\..jJ.JiS.lIll bl__,1l1

------- ------

--

The periodic tabJeFt .. .H ~ 4

~)J.1n ~1A~"""1

UNIT 12AC.l

~ ~l# ~t

CH3COCI~t

.lJ_j_fo yS _;.JI

:ut Jk.

. CH3COOH ~\tl

I~-

--

--

--

--~_-;:

-.-

---fro

UNIT 12AC.l

58-block elements~1

y..alS

19.3..J.:P...alt

.-I~ ..".--

..bo\ ~•

::l ~

.1-...QtH- 1
S tiill

:-iI~~1

.1,,~v'~.J

-t..laJI ~1_J5Jl ~; _;S~ -2 s4.aill~

a-block elements
d.A~1 vi.;;i:iJ1 ~1:!jJill ~I
.".,..'.&11

: 1.4-l-.J
.1

.~

• ~~¥I
LI .~ Br

~ J:P.ll1
._)IoIolIu.Jl

-";01

-4JI.W1~

Jll..u.

,,~~..pJI~\
a.p..)Al tMll

r,J4I1.widJ1 -rr •..J'4:.&I1 ,,~

~~I ~I_)J

~I~

J~

()A

~_,:i:iJ ",'::.JuJ.JiS.l1 .ili ~ ' ~ upl ~ ~ill4-b~J

~ j1.il1 ~ya ~~J

4-J_)jj ~

wljlill

wJI..i:i:i wlj1il1
UuJ...J1

f!l1j1i

Metal
lj..;l.;:a. ~

I.A_)J~ ~
' ~~J~I
~J:

..J'-"=Illill ~_)J.lI1 JJ~I :i.c.~1 \~t...

Thennal Stability
~~_,j

P 4._ji.BJ

s4..ill1 ..J'-"=IUc ~

~I

~Uall

.~Wl
'-F

~__;i...:J1

Solubility

. ...! ~ ... _) WI' "e-" J~..-:c:'11 ~~.. ~ -:'1 ~ <iU

\.1J1 'F" . "'.

S U ---~I.lal'

~ ~ .L1
~yJl

(s) ~_;ill
~~I ~J

(.S~I

J.ulJ1

(.j.JJJ.l1JJJ.;JI

()A

I.S,.HI ~I

JiJU

ns2

ns 1 , .. 1
"""'t-'

2AJA1
• .-:cl\1!....l..1S. .-:1\ ... !.TJ~f ... ~ ~J

--

--

--

------

--

------

--

frhe :~pef:i ie'tJabfe.~\:~.n, ad

".1 ..... · . oJ • -i" .:~~._,_ • ---------------..

I.:.~ .. -

~~_. _, ~,_- ....

~..

.~~~~jJIU,.~14.~~Jk'
• _ _:-"-.. _

-~
~

UNIT 12AC.l

----

--

4-bW

~j

('7_):u ' I~t ~I

~ li_;:-. 4..lb ~ utJ~t ~ ~ ~ . ul-¥I.A_J u~

~I

b1\ wi)! ~_jj "i

~_jj ~ , ~~I

.. ~1j!1

~l

~6...

t.} ~_J"l

~ llfl S tall ~~J:lI~~~

..,.I ••

~~

(J!
,'u..o.
til ....---

c)l..l ~

~_jj_J

,,(I fA ~

'J.l\a.4 ~MgO

~.JJ"~

..II

~~u....::. F ~ <U'J

~I

~ ~.J:l )l! (Fr) f'~I..;il1 .. 4..J - ~II Jtc.\..i:il1 ~I ~_JY" u

y-£

~t

~~

, i.a...ll L..Q."....,.

. Y. ~_J

~~ J ~.H.l~I
O'fiI...=l)I

J~

_;L.;:.I ~ ~ ~"'J(~~) 0'fi1...=l)1 ~ ~l [J..-u,

J.A!I ~IJ
~)

~l.l.Al ~~I

(1A) ~)tl'J1 ~ ~ ul ~~~ ·~I.l:.t..tlllli.lJ~ ~ ul Y"'" ·.I~II ~ t4l_J , ~_Jyr..JI4..l~1 J.alyJ~ ~~t.i. J~ ':J (2A) ~.J'JI u4_,1il1 _»\t.....-..I (Electrolysis) ~~~I ~~ 1.A~Uc. ~~I ~LJI ~ ~"\6.JA ~ ~ "i_J ~~I ~)l..l) ~1J;.J_,lS
'.I~("

~ ~_J

(Jus..,..il ~..i
~.J:f.l~I

JJ-JlI ~llw::! c) NaOH

~ui ~
,r.$.;'+tll

..I:f.wIS,JJ~.J

~.J J-I,..,pJIJ

'u •...,It-' ~ LL '! ~ 1 I 4..Jl:l... r I~u .. c . ...?-._J ~

J_iJYI .l£ .J_,lS.l1 t .l....lS.b: ~ U.J:l NaCI r~J_,.-11 ~.J_,lS .J~ J ~I .l£ - -II uU t J ~ _I(,II·1,c. __JJ r~ J ___,,_... ~...J-I='-l .~._J. .J~ .J Jc~

- -II·· . Ucu....::. r~ J___,,_..._'\1.:.":.1 ~j ~ ~

.It~_ u....... _J

:U

CI2(g) 2Na ++ 2e -____.. 2Na

+ 2e

UNIT 12AC.l

'0.-98
0,

0.534(I~MI

J6J.·,5
II HB2

4,53.6:9 11U.S" -336 ..53

1
f,

.941 9.0~r8.
~

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301:59

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..

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UNIT 12AC.l
01\ _y..aWc. ~
~

~~I,.,

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~l ~mE!"Y.J. ~y~
..lby,., , ~
j!ts:ill

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UNIT 12AC.l __j

: ~'il

~'Ull ~J

~'il

f!:4 4JcW-1

0A o..;:!J w~

lAt M20 jiill

¥t

~..u}!

M2 0 2

~\'10A

·.\~II .lJ.... Y'"" ~

SJ '-~.~ ~ '...7"

ojJ~
1.._.

w~

<lJti ~... .:..-:11 •

~l jiill u-:=y.:i I~l ···_·<\'1 ca ~

J_,h....)jli11 ~J_)~ J~Y ~

~J

ii~

Jc\.i:i:i
~J_)~I

~J

Jc.\.i:il\ ii)y..J

f"~j_,..-::JI jly.. J

~I.il:.l~

:~WI &0 ~L~j ~1 j\i;. jc\...4J (r..ijc\.!

Y ~ll ~J_)~I

~WI f"~

2NaOH

+ H2

2 Na + CI2

2NaCI

2NaH

'Jrfl.~.J~~d/Qq~,~)~bl~~~':____ ~_ _

-...._

•__ ,--,

----.-..-pi-

.. -,','--'-1'1

~~~'~;)J~.!I~~~~I
-

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UNIT 12AC.l

2Na

+ 2HCI

2NaCI + H2

XOjlill~1~ 2Mg + 02 2MgO

o~ Jcli:i:! rJ;"'JHJI wi ~

~~

JcU:y Be rJ:!l:!~1w\.i 4Jc.\.i:i o~ ~ uJ\lij~.J

j.;411 ~LJI ~

Jc.~

r_»...JI.S.lIJ ~LJI .J~ ~

---I....

MgO

+ H2

UNIT 12AC.l

Mg

+ CLz

----.

MgCb

S ~I ~Uc.

uYS.;.J 'i.;lyJl u\.AlIJ ~lu~1 ~

~I J.I_,.JI
~I ~I -

r:.J.Jl·il ~ (~_,;"ll )}

~_)~\~I

------

The periodic tabJe.J"o'1Ua.n ,~~

w1J~.fi.J ,

-_

..j ~.. ~~l ~~~~" L

..,)'-'=IUc. w\j~.fi

UNIT lZAC.l

Ji....~ ~1 ~t

(]A

JIJjl4J!-i ~LJl ~ ~.JYl :t.c~1

~4Jj ~I
~Uc.

Ji....t

~I

uk i (]A Ji:i ~W\

:t.c~1

-.._·(''11

.J

-tc. Jr.,r"'f"U"""JHI ~,Il -

2Mg (N03

(]A

.llc.

4J_p.

~}11 :t.c~1 ..,)'-'=IUc. wl~_.U¥J (,j).,rJ1 ~~ ..ll..l~~ Ill:o.:iY4 Jb,.:i; jl UOH reI ~JJ¥ ~~4 4Jb.:i~.J ~till :t.c~1 wl~J.J¥

~;s.t

·650 oJ_p. 4.J..l

2UOH

Mg(OH)2

IThe periodic
I

tab~e~1

~~

~ ~JJJJI ~~~Y!

UNIT 12AC.l

.»\t....-l ~4_;t5J1

~4

c,)}il ~~I
! 1.+i1~.)_,lS

~Uc.

J1c.

UNIT 12AC.l Halogens ~~NI

~

19.5.J~1 ~IJA'i1
iJ'IIlp. u.i ~~I

VII ~\.wJl

6J.H

:~

~ ~I u.- ~.jlLfJ1

J...1.".s~1
~1~

~1~I-i

J.I..JJ ..,..
&J.r.SjA

.,pl_pJI ~I .~It~

-~

~I

JJ" .',':;" twdl, ~'.H

~..HI Jt;.1.ti -.I

...

'~~i

..:ah,Th,.:::a ..ll

Oxidizing agent

Thennal stability

I(
•

-',-:.
-

-._~

..

'=lI1
I

... -

1h~'P~r~Q~i~ .ta_lJle~l
---

~~
u.:.:a~YI

~j~~

ulA4J)f\

UNIT 12AC.l

'HBr ,HCI 'HF) ~J;J,._;~I

0.lfi:il

~L...U

~1_Jy' ~_J_;~I ~ w\Jr.t.)4J1 .l.=..1i ~__,i!1u.:.:a~ YI L/A :k.~ c."A _J ,{H I

-~w,
.l£

("';

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j\.i;. j\.i;.

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~,

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..
..

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..

wYJolon
~
.

p...

or".

}+..o.i:i~

'!\

~t

~I

1 ~. 'I ! ~,#~; f

il1Sbt\

-;,;::-.

~J~~t

! 19 35.5 80 127 210 At

_ I. _~~.

w.4

3.98 3.16 2.96 2.66 2.20

85.03 239.11 332.0 457.4 610

" ..... ~ l_.., _ 'j~ j

53.53 171.6 265.8 396.85 575

• ~

F_;_,l!

y.:=.t

~tt
Jj~

CI_;_,lS Brr _Jy'

I~t
~y.

yL...:a

l.l~t

r.r-t...-_;
~. •

l.l J:!
·~t LJ:!-l

I!;";,~",,
~'''.

"', _,.twJ ......\., -: ---\,. ',j,j" ~...".~.~ ':'

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.

~-----~-

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UNIT 12AC.l

I
I

~l o4-J'iy uYli.lIJ .J~'il ~~J wUJ_;s.l)t1..l..lc. ~~J ~J uYli.lIJ .J~'il

w4.J..l ~..l\!j {6-1 } r!.J JJ.l;J1 0A.l:a.:.)\j ..lbiJ '#.J~I FI u'1 ~jJ ~~I Jiua~ 4.J..l ..lbji! w~_P..l1 U:H u.llll.5_j ..lbji .yl....:. J~IJ Jj~ I""J...r.J1

,f...
"1 i~

J,.~JII.Ilf:i.....,~
F>C'> Br> I i"",,,,~

~~~JiI

----

----

UNIT 12AC.l

F2 + 2KCI Cb+ 2KBr _____..,. 2KCI Br2+ 2 K I 12+ 2KBr( Jlc. )

_____..,. KF 2 + Br2 2KBr

+ Cb

12

2Na

+ Cb

2NaCI + o_;l_p.

2AI{s)+ 3Cb{g 2Fe{s) + 3Cb{g

)2AICb{s) 2FeCb(s)

HCI

+ HOCI

W~JA ~J ~J.J~I \..oS ~IJ)I wli~ tli:i) jbjj ~ ~I o.Jj ~ y~1 -¥4J '-iJ..;:J1 w~1

~ ~)4..l1 Jc.li:i t.JA ~ t.JA ~j p,j ,~\qij ~ o4o.:i~YJ .'-i)_rJ1 ~~

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o.JjJ ~_,l4J1 o.Jj ~ ~I)I

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C!".JH

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.-¥l&llo.JjJ ~

~-------

----

~---- -

--

---

-_

UNIT 12AC.l

,I

r-=~=I~
l
I
H-F H-CI H-Br

,J.JI ... ,;" ..J~I ~

-~I·· !

-(kJ mor1)

+562 +431 +366 +299

r
LV-, 4ji.

H-1

--"---------'----------~-.

_J__,lliIJ0r.r-J_J~1

~ ~I)I

o~ tli:iJi l_):a.l ~YI

JkI HF J~

~H+ UJ:!t 0:.fiJJ

.tAy.&

_,a.......:at _J__,llilO_J~~ o_Jj 01_JJ•

ul LJ.4 rf:-)Y _J~I

O_J~ (,j_JI___pJIw\.till LJ.4 J!t _J_,!ill 0_J.l1(,j_JI___pJ1w\.till .~I_J

Jp )l....:.t

o.lp.~ ,-II ~I

,.::.A.i .-::<1';1 C"" :tJ.i ,~l.i:i0~~ J~, ~.r...r

_JJ.

"hi

~I

o.lJ.l:o..l1wU .. •

J~,.-:<1';1·1 U

,. _J_,lill

~I......:::al ~HX.

w\.~ll.tll ~1\J&k-

~l AgN03

~I

wl_jjiJ~I......:::aH : wl~ltll

~ ~I
f' J:!.i JA YI

,:fi.r.;

fiyJl

~ Ub..JI

J~

AgN03

NaC]

Agel

(s)

+ NaN03

AgN03 +

Br-

AgBr (5)

+ N03 ~

f ~=

--

__

=----1
:,~;-~
,_:

--

'_'-=---

UNIT 12AC.l

r=

r-

aiW:.1

~~!~
J;.o.oaS~ U1i..alt r~Jo'~1 NH40H

J.Jb...U~!~
f.J:tl."..'i1 ~.jJ~ jS.,;-al1NH40H

~'il

y..1)1

~\I!..II

AgN

cr
~~" C~

AgCI
I

~t
__ .L •

y..1)1 ~_,j;
~I)I~J~~

~.J~

Br"

AgBr

~..J. .
~l.
~li

YJ~

r
F ~.,..\r~~

Agi
~Ij ~I
....il...:cw ~I

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.:.1Ji.jl

----

--

-- I

UNIT 12AC.l

~ s ~1_,iJ1

~I_,

4.c ~

u~ _,l4l1 ) ~\...J\
.Jljli.

4.c ~I

_;.w:aUs:.

: ~Ull ~I..PJI ~I.J~ J~ 0A ~ ';;\_, ii.lo...S\r1 u~li:i-1

-----

---

UNIT 12AC.l

Transition elements ~~I

jWIIu.Jl

19{.9-10.14)Jl:!ul1
:..J!JA~1

.A.;.llJ,,!1 ~1.&lt

uJI&:! -1 .~'1'

~u.J:1 ~UI A
~1~~J:j-3

~4)1~,,!1 ~I.; I.i,,&waJ a.)il

I ~

~jt:\ ~ ~'ILa.

(d)~1

~J:!

-4
.
_

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: ~I~

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. ~I ..:a~J1.&..ll ~ ~

.
--7
I

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• 4.ljA.a J..\~J i~

41WJ:Hl'
.~IJ~

~~I.A--J
~'. ').'t., .c:!I·11
.J'"',\.laJ.I

(Main Transition elements) 4;"./,)14.;l1.i:i.i'J1 ...i'-":Iu.J1 -1

~l. •• .. M
~I

Transition metals

Electronic Configuration
-:.1L. ,-"""",,=J

6l...w'J1 UI.i:i.i'J1 ~ ~...i'-":I

u.JI

u~·

~I,..-"'t-'U:i L

~y~

'JI 1\. , ~ ""'Ir.'

~l ~J

F _;;C

(f) c.r_;ill c.S~1

u~_».UjJ'

...i'-":I1..W1 l ~

:~~

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I _

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-1

UNIT 12AC.l

,;11 _L .... J... 'uljJjW:ilI4.c ~ J t 1..Jj' ~ I~.. (4f) t.r J&' (,$~ .11 1- (..j_JJ.:loJ .. ...» • ~

.YlS
Jl \_;j__?.

tsh- (Sf)

~.;i11 LS~I

(..jjb:JJ :ul~'1I4.c~-y

IJJJ~'JI

.\.;lS

~u ..n ,.,..ti
u.t.p.

~ ~J

J t...tA

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. -~II ~.JY" ~ 1-

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I~_..!. II ~ ~JJiS.l';1 ) d]

~'~I&aU'l~1 ~jSJIJ &$ ~ ~I

0A~1

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j.lJ1

JiAi

n ~[n

5, (n -1

JalJ JA+.JI~~u..
oja

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~u..J

.[ 7-1 ]
((n-1)d ~ n52) 1"'WI JjiSl'11 yf.jill ~

I!.lIJoM ~J

ui :t. '~i ... .II~I

~'J.Wl.IJ
~IJfolI

4.l ~~'.JI

=4Jlili'1l~w.J1

J.al.jILS ~'J 1.j.i,JA\'1~

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.~~

Jl.t 'jLb.

Cu (29) = [Ar]4S 1 3d 10 Cr (24)

[Ar]4S 1 3dS

4Jb ~l Jy-_,ll ~j U:l~1 U:l~ ~.J~ ~ ~} ~1 jyu,.J .U" ~ .. J&' 1::1 ,~IIu1..J .11 J...J'*'*' _~_ uu ,~<II' .&l.i:ill 1..l::a 1. ,A U_""'" 4.!' • _<-:u~1 I~.... '11 ..~ U:H...r "&:!" • J.J

~)t!t .l:l.t~l( 45) ~ _;ill (,$~I

uWJ_jiSl1 J\.iliy ~~J ~ .l:l.l ~ .

( 3d) J (4s) ~_;i11 wl;~1 ~ Cr I"Jfll ~ ~ IA.S. l)fol

lAW ~ ( 3d )

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i,

t.r _;ill (..j~1

~t

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"

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-----

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t}.·~j~J~'.2Ai~~l· --==-=
-

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UNIT 12AC.l

---_ ..
~

I . ---I-

Iron
Cobalt!

26Fe 27CO

iA~]la452 i(i6----T
[Ar]18 45 3d
2 7

-_

~.,s
......

--- .. .___..... __ _ _...,l____ ...... _

! I .. ._ - .. -I' ...."";t.- .____ --.. - .. .. 2 [Ar]l 45 3d I

J

_---_.

JS.Jl Nickel

I-._.

-I

Nil8
29CU

u.-1.aJ Copper

[Ar]184s13dlO
[Ar]I8"4s13dID

--

I I
1

1B
28

._

(~J.iir.)

~J Zinc
c)iJI ~'iI4.1...l....l1

JQln

Jo""IUall ~J,_J:iS.l~1~I

I J1":! 27-1 JJ~

,•

'! _. .. II~. '[,0

~ ; ,·11 'J ;~"

"

•'

{'f
....

" 'l. .. ~
j.-,t

':l.,n ~."U

.: '.

Mn 1.\I)_~d~ ·h~
C'...
.•~~

I,.'\d .;d~·1/
..... F

.~~ (. ~ I ~ 'tf

.!.:
.• 1

.'

en

Ilir} 3d'!i .,jl

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-----

---

UNIT 12AC.l

.la.oiSb .)1~1

r'"8-' UJ-'"'..Ul.i:i.i'il ...>'-UalI'1j, . 1 • -(~ U.

~~-..

I~I ~

~WI ~ ~...>'--- _II ~ ~ w,:/6. ~l:ill JJ~1

Dc. (:6 l.j_) u..JI .l£

\+i_)..:l! y:;.JIJ ~.)~ ~ ~J ,~t.Wl .~Y-'I~I

~ 4.}.i:il ( .45 .3d ) ~_;ill

w~1

~t

0'" w1JJ~l.ili

u~

~_)~\..lll w':/WIJ

~~I

u~ \.::.~.)5.~1 ~t.:ill
Cr
~n

Sc
+3

+2

-- I +1_.L. +1: +1
i

Ti ;

+21- +2 +3 ! +3

+3 i
+4

_:~D-- _+21 I
i

F~.

CO.L Ni +1

Zn

+2 '. +2 +3 +3
+4
I
I

+21
+3

+11

~3

+4 +5

+5 +6

+4 +5 +6

+4 +5

+4
. I -----L---:..---

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.

UNIT 12AC.l

illl \/] ( 3d ) ~ _;ill c.S~\

lS~1

U.a 4.§Lb Jil J~ (4s)

LS~I
()A
J.4

U.a
~I

~J

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tY: b~

'-i~ ~

t.1JjiS.ll J.,-ii w~ ~li:i.i\ u~'l ~ J_jiSj)'1 ~jjill j4-:!)~ L;jl ~J [3d] ~_j.lllS~1 J:i [45] ~_;illlS~1

r.r _;ill c.S~1

Ut CJA ~)I ~ J ~ o.Jj u;U LA~

, [3d] ~ _;ill U.a UJ~l

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jjc.

01b~

lAS, (2+ ) ~b

~)I

~li:i.i\/I _y-tkll ~

0t

. b)U

(30-1)

rS.J

JJ~I

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~j

•~

_JJ J ~

.~

. :iI.S.l1 -' . . u.J:!-l U_,. U.\j '-T'tli:i.i'i 1 ~.

- ~-tI' u~ Y ~bl\

jjc.

~. ... ~

14H+ + 6e

2Cr +3+ 7 H20

~I

~L.tJ...JSlICr04 • Cr .l.w!Sl:i J$.

Cr + (4x -2)=-2 Cr-8 Cr 2Cr + ( 7x -2) = -2 2Cr - 14 = -2 Cr Mn + {4x -2)=-1 Mn -8 = -1 Mn

=-2 +6

+6

=+7

nRlg 9._~~b~~lc:,~,ti'I~" _~_J.:~.~ _~~7~n~~~~~

---

:1

~--~------------~----~--

----------

UNIT 12AC.l

--,

~_;tS. ~ 4l w4S_;.oJ ~~ ~JA ufo lA ~ ~1i ~\l1 .l.o...6t:il1 wY6. ~ ~Ijtl\.l.ic:. LfolJ .l.o...6t:il1 r.,:r i...ltJ • 1. ,-l......:...!'"o.l...o6.1~ '" U_,_.. wli J~..-:(,I)..liS ~6. ~_jJ . .l...oS.' (,.J""·laS ~ ~ li.\ J ~~ ..l.lc. . _j . _Co: _ ~J ~ ..JA .1 .l.o...6t:il1 r..riI Ut......aii 1~• ,- t...-J J)y:.I ~ ~ U_'_' wli J..J""-"". ..l.lc. . . .. <0: ::(,') wl..4iS) ~ ..., J J ~.~. (,.J"" U~J . ,_j .1.1.e. • x ~ .~.
f

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'e"'

Cr04-2
(,.J"" ~

wL.Jfill
O~

t_,A o.l...oS.yJl J..I~'

~\

LJAJ

.... .-:<11~,. (JIy:. , ~'" ) wli J~. Cr04-2 Cr207-2

iY i.l.o...6·3A
Cr
---+-

., -1--< .>-t1J1
+3+

~•

..:!l-t.. U:!:U UtilI w'.:/.,)!...JIJ '" '" y-

+ 8H++ 3e + 14 H+ + 6e

-___..

4 H20
+3

2Cr

+ 7H20

Mn04-+ 8H++ 5e

_---+Mn+2

+ 4H20

Fe +2----+ Mn04-+ 8H+ + 5e

~.J (

Fe +3 + e ----+
~\a...J1

Mn+2

+ 4H20
.l~

5 )~
5Fe

~J"il
+2

Ul6..J\ y~

~ t,j.J1....i:w J#- wliJ_jiS.l'l1

u\ ~

·.utill ~ JJy<W ~t....J, r.s- ~ '. ·'1 1_.1 . '"

--,

u:-'

·..o:I'1a..J1

-___.... 5 Fe

+3 ...

Mn

+2

+ 4H20

V02+ Zn
+2+

+ 2H

+e

2e------tr-ZnEO

= -0.67

y y.:a J

~Ull U.lt.....JIylii ~.ll J~

~tas lS..,!l J.:JI ~

--+

,) ~

1,.",",(.1IJ iJ_,iiJ1 wUJ_jiS.l'i1 J~ ISJ~

Jlfo YI ~ ~ ~ CJA 2 JJal4 ~.J\I\ ~Jt.....J1

2V02 +
znzn+2+~

+ 4H +;;(
+

2 VO

+2

+ 2 H20

2V02 + + Zn + 4H

2 VO W~

+2

+ 2 H20
o~

+ Zn

+2

Jc.1..i:il11 EO ~1 J

~4.;a.S.\1 ~ywJl EOcell~

i_,ill ~J

J_JJ'\11JI ..J-1=I". -,r.- - J_JJ ···I'~.... ~I

JI·~. ..·I -,r.- = .,~...

Will U:iJ1'~.. .. -.

1.00 + (-0.76)

1.76 V

+e EO = .96 V

--------

--

UNIT lZAC.l

V02+

+ 2H

+e

VO +2

+ H20

EO=1'.00 V EO= 0.96 V

.-~-IJ1·~·'11' ..... ''iV+ r~ .ljti!1~ ~""'IS"":""U ~1.il:i

• IIV+2.lu1S,' J:lU·1··1-. u~ '11I..S'. ~ ~_).G

-t..

··'1~·~·~II· ~U. ~~

'\.9

Y.P-

Jc.t£ill U~J

J~

~laS ~J

~laS

1.S~'i1_,. ~.lI.".fi.1 Jc.li:i.lll1t. ~

J:lu .\ ~ ~~.~.~Il· ~~

+V3 I..S"'. +2. YI~' IIV u~

•. 1-.-:,,0' '1."

812
. :i..pJ1 wWlSJlc,)A ~.All ~ ~Yl ~ ~.,,~I ~lli..JI

~ti:ill

~fo ~ ~~ -1
-2 -3

~)1

~ r~

'i~1 ~)I

1.J."..l ul4fol Y4 _;j1..l.:ul1,. (59)1 wl4fil159 Co _

w41-J1 ~ ~

NMR j1.p,

\...a4- wi (.)A ~

I.J~

~." , ..::.J4fill (.)A ~I

~I

_,.." , 60 - ..::.J4fol -4 ~
[)W

.ut..by.J1 t l_;.il

r~J

UNIT 12AC.l

--:=

.<_

---------

~l _)~I
.~)U

0A

tl4o-:i~y U:lWI 4.i1.b~I~ji

~'JI

period ~_).J.ll1 -1 ./ ~ group ~ ~1

.~1 ~ -2 -/

tl4o-:i~y U:lt:i1I4.i1.bJi:i ~t)1

'" ·.:-H·' rt•. '.~I !Y:~J-g ~ Io.\h~ ,!j;..l:l ... ;~!

II ~

~.Jfi)'1 ~.Jfi)'1

~.Jfi)'1 ~1.J ~~I

~

~1.J ~~1 ~I bl~ji

~l..J1 (!_)jJ "/ ~'Jl ~_).J.ll1 -1 ~

~1.J~~1 ~l..J1 Ji:i~t)1 ~~I ~-2 ~)U o4-=i~Y\+i_,! Ji:i ~_,§ ~~_jA ~1_p.S J>-thll o~ ~ • _L ~ .L J~f' - 1~1 ~ ~1 wI __,;.I:!J. J~f' - I~w .J>- Ua.lltl1\' r.JC I...lJ&~ "Ub...Jl jSyJl ~_JA'JI

~----~--~--------------------

I$.~~uc~urend bondin!:1 a
---------

in matter~.:IL-n vi ~IJ_;lIJI
----

~..Atl

Ji:i 41 .J~'11
~b~ ~b~ l+i1~_J.J~_' ~till tc.~1
_y...::.~

~.J~

-1

ltlclli o~ -2

ul_ji.:.i_,wU_;:fl Lj)_;:Jl ul:U!1-3 ul~l_J uu_;:fll

dJ_;:";'

~\..~".A~ b~ ul~_J.J~I_J ~

~'\6..JA ~4_J~-4 .Ji:i

,--~---_.'-

~~

.--=------

i JJJ--........ .....

,'I

: C"l ~

1+'L..l ~,,~I
:~

~U·p.·U6A~
(~j
1A~t

l,,.!,104\1

-eJlwi ~ .u ~}'11
H (a N (b

~lt1\elJill :
J.JJtlI e~l)

JI~I

.:.

(,$ JJ.1l I

0:lt.:ill 4J1..b ~\l1 ~\..j,J1

c.)4 ~

'it-1

o (c
Br (d J_,h..a ~ ~1~~AgN03
~I wl__A:i J_,h..a 4jL..:.::al ~ J_,h..J1~ ~I.J

eJfi.= ~I

wl~~1

'it-2

!~.J"")II J~

o- jS JA

F (a Br- (c cr (d eJ.H wUJ_jiSl)l1 .ill ~ ns ~I

(n-1}d electrons (n-l)p electrons (n-1)s electrons (n-2)d electrons (a (b (c (d

r(b

!~li:i.iYI~1..W.I

b~~

~l:i ..ll~l

~.J~

~l:i.Il~)q

'it -3

! . .-:<11 ~ ~ c.s-- 11 .r .tJl:i.I1 ~ 1- '+' -.. J..;--. ~~w1j1.i:.

r.r

Ua.ll 'i

1-4

~)

(a ~_,lt. (b ~)i wljl! (c ~)i wljl! (d

! o~t

Jc.li:i JiA;! ~l:i.Ilw)lc.li1l1

2

'it -5

a) Fe ------,. b) Fe + 2ec) Cu + e d) NaCI + H20 ---_.,.

Fe+ + 2e Fe-2 Cu-1 NaOH + HCI

I
--

-b,· ~ ,'i. ..., . Th e n 110diII: ·Ta .e ~.. tAll "-~.... _t:.r ~.~ j,j'JJI. ~W~;ii' re _. .. .- .-•..,

:ufi:! r~1..:i~~_Jy'

CJA

ufi... ~w~
(~

~.))S.lljtc. .J~ La,ljc. J_,h..Jl c,_,l ul-6 ) _)A=tot (b

'.

~1..! _;i....al (a .. 1t. ~ c.jA s 4.li.Il .J-'-"=IUc. ~ ~:L~.J~ ~:LI ~I (c

_;i....al (d J~I _J J,.-il ~~1

~):JI

La -7

~4~1 W6..J ~4~1

~I ~I ~t..-..J ~WI ~I ~6..J ~Wl ~1

(a
(b

(c (d

[Ar]4s 3d

(a

[Ar] 3d6 (b

[Ar]4s13ds (c [Ar]4s23ds (d

: ~}xl ~1.:iJ1:U1..l::.·JW~\.:i.I1 u~..lt....Jl LjL9 a)

b)
X(g) X(g) (g)

+e

X-(g)

+ Energy
+e

+ Energy + Energy
+e

X+(g)
X-(g)

c) X

+e

d)

Xcg)

X+

+ Energy

UNITl2AC.l

Ca (NO) 3 CaO Ca

··.II.5JI 2r~

wi ,_JJJ

..' ~ II. .

'1~.~ ~ :i\..j ~,..

U\.:i.ll w'i.lt....J w~ -11 ..

+ N02 (a + N02 (b
+ O2 (c
+

CaN02 CaO + O2

N02

(d ~\..Wl 4..ll:il1 w4S_;.JI r.jt -12

~J~

~~ ~41..i:i.i'i1 Mn04- (a
Cr207-2 {b

Cr04-2 {c
~4..J.JI 4..J _,..... lk.l I CO 3 wu J'U" ~ -:.ljc. ~.. 4..Jl:il1wi _) r.j 1-13 -2 .c . II. ... 'WI ... ·-:'1 ...1:'1~ Y'

MnO (d

_)_,lS (a

{b ~I {c UJulS.lI~1 ~~ (d
~J_)~

~~\tl

.l...6.yJI J_aWI_y\ ~l:ill w~_,l1.tl1

()A r.jt-14

F2 (a
CI2 (b Br2 (c b {d

: ~l

~l ~l

()A~~I

&.!1:il ~ ;i1..h4
{a

~I..;:.u=t ys\tl

J_aWI

-15

._jS\S:il1 wUJjiSll

~ o.l~j .il "w~L:...:il1 11..r 1I.lW· , .. _) . ·'1 .~ ,. _,.....4...b.....t.I1"\.:j o.lW' ) ..;:.u .._ dJ J~..-:Cl'il~.lc.o.lw· . ..Yo

cp ol_,.l11 ~

(b
(c

(d
~l:ill wl~J_)~1 r.jt -16

~ l:!).)='o ~l.a,ljc.1)folys\tt

Mg(OHh NaOH Ca{OHh Sr{OHh

(a (b (c (d

---

---

Mn+3~T)_~Ili~Mn+2. Mn+3~r)~I~t. Mn+3JMn+2 ~t:ill ~bc.t u~'J

(a

Mn+2 (b

Mn +3 liJ...oSY~Mn2+ (c ~} Mn ~

ul (d
~

·s tJt:i.ll4bl..a...Jl..J .~ ':.L~. . ..,

4,,

U1.:i.l1 ~'-J 'I I-

1-18

Cr207-2 (aq) + 14H+ (aq) + 6Fe+2 --->2Cr+3 (aq) + 7H20 (I) +61 J~J.,.1.l:.Cr (a J~ J.,.tc.Fe (b ,~~ 'lFe (c ~t:iCr (d
fy)__;=...ub.:i,ljc.

1)~I~\t1

~~

~t - 19

BaC03 BeC03 SrC03 MgC03

(a (b (c (d
1t.s- ~

\' •4.JjL .. c ~ ~ .~~.

'f'~~__'_

:u UtilI -~

\"wI'

(.)A

C;'-20

(a

'I"~

(b 'I"~t (c _)_,li (d

111t.~~

w\..fo_)A ~

-li~

wt.p.~ ~

-li.lc.~

J.,.1_,c.~~\1I;lb -

~ J;.ltt.!I4J~Uc.
:~

-21

~\"wl

--

--

CU29 ~ 1

[Ar] 3d 04s (a [Ar] 3d54s1 (b [Ar] 4s 3d10 (c [Ar] 3d9 (d !~t j~1
1

~ 1

~L:i.l1~-J_jiS.l'i1 ~jjill

0A (,j~ -22

~.J~ ~

~l:ilI~WI

0A (,jt -23

r~
("~~.Y-4
("~ l:i_J:

(a (b
(C

r~~-J.J

(d
~ ~lyJl (,jt -24

!~-J_jiS.l'i1 ~ 1 ~~ (0)8 ~ ~ 2 ~~ 7 ~~

~t.u
-

CJ$>;4..)..:il1 (,j.J-J~1 J-J~I 2 o.J~ (a 2 o.J-J~ (b 7o.J-J..l (c 2o.J-J..l (d

LJoAS

~1..l:iJ ....

~ ~..l:!.J:! a

o..lYj (b

~(c ~J:! ~ W n;\i (d

!fLJI ~ CJ4-J:ill 1j ~ Mg(OHh (a Sr(OHh (b Ba(OHh (c Ca(OHh (d

.u ~11I1 w4S_;.J1

0A ~_J.Q

(,jl- 26

2Li(s) + 2H20(I) 2Mg(s) + 02(g) Ca(OH)2

............... + .

:~~1~'11 Y: ~i : ~'JI~I .:. Yj>-Gllall ~b ~~ ulcy_)1 ~I ~1_p.l1.fi~1 -1 ................................

................................

.b
C

YUttlI wU .,; ":IIJ Y-u..n'~J~I .-:el\tl ~.J~ --:\ll.....iiS.t-2 . .. •

2SCo
25 M

n+2

Uw....Jt-""...Wt.....JIu -3 .. .. ell _;c

~t.;..l

JbYlj.JJ.l11

J~I

~ o.l:lr..l_,!1.JJ.l11~ ~J_jjSl":lt o ."""~I~u.J\

~I

o~lt.... -4
~.J

!~41 Jlc. .cibl\;!1..b c.} o~~j'

-5

o
H-Br
c)4

Li

Be

Ne

~t H-Ci ~

L:::::.. H

~":II

~1..bul

Jb

-6

Co ~fill~~~I~Ylfol-7 . ~1l;~\~~1~1 ~J-8

--

---

C204-2 2C02 +2e Mn04- + 8H+ + Se .~I..S.!I(j).:iJ1 Jc.lilIl ~I

.~WIJ .li...&_}JI WI ~
J.l=..

(a (b

UNIT 12AC.2
-

Chemical Reaction Rate ,,~,

~\'ilU ~

jIJt

20.1 ..)t.;..J1
:"';\,lA'J! ~~I~..)'-J' ~lJ.:i UwN -1 "",~I

,)t:- l.t..1 ~
t.i:Ali i,&. ~ ~

-2 -3
~I_,.;JI

.~~IUlA..

4..H -'I ~

JI ~lJl..Il

lIS'; ~ ~,

.u.a)31 "" ~IJ

.~VI "..

,~\J.\,.ll ",I'~'\ (5..nl

",_.
(.}'I_),li

• _.. .r

:4~ ,,j u
"':l'

! .. "''''

~m ~I~,
-

..
~

.:,1"

th AllJI

• .....

_j~1

~~

Jc.li:ill ~

\.I..Il ._r--

r .... ,_,--

li:i

~\

Li:Al1..)'-J' ~

uY"I ~~ ~jilJ
~

~~J (02) ~\11

. oJJ.~ ~j (,j.l11 03) (

o~,J ~ ( ~Ull "".JAl.1;,Job,) ,Ji ) (~l ~1J.:i.l1 J,l,u) :.. JjJ\1IJ ( NO ) 4lji.ll1 ~t J Jc.lQ:i Chemical reaction -::l;ll:i.ll ~..lk...J1~ lAS. (N02) ~J_jijll ~1 rate N02(!;!j + O2(9)

03(9) +NO (g)

~.;
I~ ~

J:lal;.J:41. JIJi=..1
c).lll ~~

_jill Jya 0.200 = [N02] _jill Jya 0

= [C02]

= [CO] = [NO]