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1. Nguyn c Cng
2. Trn Ngc nh
3. Nguyn Ph Sn Tng
4. Nguyn Th Hng
5. Trn Anh Cao
MC LC
DANH SCH CC THNH VIN TRONG NHM:..................................1
MC LC.......................................................................................................2
LI NI U................................................................................................4
CHNG I: GII THIU TI................................................................5
CHNG II: NI DUNG TI................................................................6
I.L THUYT............................................................................................6
I.1 KHI QUT V PHN VNG NH............................................6
I.1.1.Mt s khi nim:.......................................................................6
I.1.2. Cc hng tip cn phn vng nh............................................6
I.1.3. Cc cng on chnh ca phn vng nh:..................................6
I.1.4 Mt s phng php phn vng nh...........................................7
I.2 MT S THUC TNH CA IM NH V VNG NH........7
I.2.1 Mt s thuc tnh ca im nh.................................................7
I.2.2. Mt s thuc tnh ca vng nh.................................................7
II.3 PHN VNG NH DA TRN PHNG PHP PHN LP. .8
II.3.1. Khi qut v phng php phn lp.........................................8
II.3.2. Phn lp cc im nh trong khng gian thuc tnh mt chiu 8
a, Xc nh ngng da trn biu Histogram............................8
B, Xc nh ngng da trn thut ton tam gic:........................12
c, Xc nh ngng da trn thut ton ISODATA......................13
I.4. PHN VNG DA TRN PHNG PHP CU TRC..........14
I.4.1. Gii thiu phng php: .........................................................14
I.4.2 Thut ton gn nhn thnh phn lin thng..............................14
I.4.3 Phn vng nh theo min ng nht.........................................16
Thut ton phn vng da trn s phn chia v kt hp cc min
k...................................................................................................18
a, Nguyn tc thut ton............................................................18
b, Thut ton phn chia cc min k da trn cu trc cy t
phn...........................................................................................18
c, Thut ton kt hp cc min k ............................................22
I.5. Phn on da theo kt cu b mt(texture)...................................24
I.5.1. Tip cn thng k.....................................................................24
I.5.2. Cch tip cn cu trc..............................................................27
I.5.3. Phn on theo tnh kt cu.....................................................27
I.6. PHN VNG DA THEO NG BIN..................................28
I.6.1. Lm mnh bin........................................................................28
LI NI U
X l nh l mt lnh vc ang c quan tm v tr thnh mn hc
chuyn ngnh ca sinh vin h k s, h c nhn ngnh Cng Ngh Thng Tin cng
nh mt sso ngnh k thut khc trong cc trng i hc k thut.
X l nh c lin quan n nhiu ngnh khc nh: h thng thng tin, l
thuyt thng tin, l thuyt thng k, tr tu nhn to, nhn dng
X l nh cng to ra c rt nhiu ng dng hu ch trong thc t nh:
bi ton nhn dng vn tay, ch vit, ging ni
Qua thi gian 15 tun hc trn lp v khong 45 ngy nghin cu ti,
chng em tm hiu c mt s ni dung c bn trong Mn hc x l nh. Tuy
nhin do kin thc cn hn hp, kt qu chng em nghin cu cn nhiu thiu st,
knh mong nhn c s gp , nhn xt ca cc thy c trong b mn.
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!
Nhm sinh vin.
v
mt i tng no .
nh
+ R R = (i j, i,j)
+ R = X, i
R : bao gm cc pixel c chung cc thuc tnh no .
I.1.2. Cc hng tip cn phn vng nh
C 2 hng tip cn phn vng nh sau:
Da trn tnh ng u ( tng t ca mc xm v cc thuc tnh
chung ca cc im nh trong mi vng.
Phn vng nh da trn s bin thin ca hm xm hoc mc xm
( phn vng da trn tch bin).
I.1.3. Cc cng on chnh ca phn vng nh:
Gm 3 cng on sau:
+ Tin x l nh ( nu c )
+ Qu trnh phn vng nh ( thc hin da trn cc thut ton )
+ nh nhn cho cc vng nh c phn tch v iu chnh nu cn
Hnh 1
h(n) = u(m,n) / 1
v(n) = u(m,n) / 1
vi h(n): hnh chiu bng
v(n): hnh chiu ng
ng vin sau bao quanh i tng nm trong hnh ch nht cho ta cc i tng
c phn vng.
- Cc bc lp:
+ Thc hin phn lp theo cc T (t-1) ; j = [0, N ]
im nh P C nu T A(P) < T
trong ta lp vi mi lp C thuc khong [0, N ]
+ Tnh gi tr trung bnh ca cc im nh ca cc lp bc lp t:
(t)
+ tnh gi tr ngng bc lp t: T (t) theo cng thc:
T (t) =
Nu tn ti T (t) = T (t-1) hoc m(t) = m(t-1) th thut ton dng li v sang bc
cui cng, ngc li th sang bc tip theo.
+ T cc bc trn ta tm c cc ngng T l hng s nn thut ton hi
t. Do ta thc hin cc cng vic sau:
Hnh 9.53.
Vi mi i tng, cc tnh nng nh s lng l, din tch l, gii hn hnh
ch nht, trung tm ca khi, nh hng, chiu di trc ln v trc nh ca hnh
elip l c tnh ton. Mt h thng c o to vi cc tnh nng nh vy, sau
c th xc nh a ra t mt i tng o to t vn t ca i tng.
I.4.3 Phn vng nh theo min ng nht
K thut phn vng nh thnh cc min ng nht da vo cc tnh cht quan
trng no ca min. Vic la chn cc tnh cht ca min s xc nh tiu chun
phn vng. y cng cn phi xc nh r tnh ng nht ca mt min ca nh v
l im ch yu xc nh tnh hiu qu ca vic phn vng. Cc tiu chun hay
c dng l s thun nht v mc xm, mu sc i vi nh mu, kt cu si v
chuyn ng.
P( Z Z ) = false
V nguyn tc, phng php ny kim tra tnh hp thc ca tiu chun mt
cch tng th trn min ln ca nh. Nu tiu chun c tha, vic phn on coi
nh kt thc.
Trong trng hp ngc li, nu 1 vng nh R no c Pred(R )=0, ta chia
min ang xt thnh 4 min nh hn. Vi mi nh, ta p dng mt cch quy
phng php trn cho n khi tt c cc min u tha, tc l Pred(R )= 1.
Thut ton ny to nn mt cy m mi nt cha c 4 nt con mi mc tr
mc ngoi cng. V th cy ny c tn l cy t phn. Cy ny cho ta hnh nh r
nt v cu trc phn cp ca cc vng tng ng vi tiu chun.
Mt vng tha chun s to ln mt nt l, nu khng n s to ln mt nt
trong v c 4 nt con tng ng vi vic chia lm 4 vng. Ta c tip tc nh vy
cho n khi phn xong. Cc nt ca cy biu din s vng phn.
Tiu chun phn vng y l mu sc. Nu mi im ca vng u l mu
trng th s to ln nt l trng v tng t nh vy vi nt l en. Nt mu ghi
vng khng thun nht v phi tip tc chia.
Ni dung chi tit ca gii thut phn chia da trn cy t phn:
+ Khi u: Chun b cho qu trnh lp
iu kin: gi s ta c nh ban u: kch thc vung, N. N = e . 2 v nh
u vo cha phn vng R c Pred(R )=0 cha ng u.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
m (R ) = A(P ) 1,5
E( R ) = [ A(P ) m (R )] vi i = 1
= ( (1 1,5) + (2 1.5) ) = 0.25
Chn < E(R ) => = 0.2
Tnh Pred (R ) = 0 =>
Cc bc lp t = 1, 2, chia nh thnh 4 phn bng nhau da trn cu trc
cy t phn v tnh hm v t Pred cho 4 min va chia ca R
Qu trnh tnh ton:
E (R), = 0.2
0 < 0.2
0,25> 0,2
0,25>0,2
0,13>0,2
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
0< 0,2
0< 0,2
0< 0,2
0< 0,2
R
R
R
R
0< 0,2
0< 0,2
0< 0,2
0< 0,2
Pred (R)
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
R R R R R R
+ Biu din nh sau khi8 chia thng qua gi tr trung bnh ca tng min chia
trc tin phi tnh c gi tr Trung Bnh ca tng min chia:
m = 1,0
m = 1,3
m = 1,0
m = 1,8
m = 1,0
m = 2,0
m = 1,0
m = 1,9
m = 2,0
m = 2,0
+ Tnh gi tr sai s bnh phng ca nh sau qu trnh chia theo cng thc sau:
E (L) =
( A(P ) m )
chn = 0,4
c, Thut ton kt hp cc min k
Nguyn tc: da trn khi nim th cc nh k G(V, E) trong :
V: tp cc nt tng ng vi cc nh k
E: tp cc cung
Hai vng R, R c ni vi nhau bi 1 cung trong mang gi tr o s khng
ng u gia 2 min.
E(R, R ) = ( A(P) m (RR))
Trong : m (RR): gi tr trung bnh cc im nh thuc min (RR)
p dng vo v d trn:
E ( R, R )
m ( R, R ) = 1, 5
*) Ch tiu kt hp: 2 min k R, R s c kt hp thnh min R nu gi tr
cung ca n nh nht tc l E (R, R ) min
Qu trnh kt hp c da trn s kim tra v sai s bnh phng ca nh E(L)
Ni dung chi tit ca gii thut kt hp cc min k:
Bc 1: Xc nh c th cc min k ca nh sau khi chia G(V, E) v
ngng ( chn)
VD: trn th c cc min k sau:
Trung bnh:
= g h (g , d)
Phng sai:
= ( g k - ) h ( g , d)
tng phn:
c = g h (g , d)
Xc xut cc i: P = max C
Entropy: H d = - C ln(C)
Ngoi hai cch tip cn trn, ngi ta cn dng cch tip cn khc bng cch
ly t hp 2 cch trn v gi l k thut mosaic. M hnh ny biu din cc qu trnh
hnh hc ngu nhin, th d nhu khm ngu nhin hay u ca mt mt phng vo
cc ng cong ni ln tnh kt cu t bo.
I.5.3. Phn on theo tnh kt cu.
Khi i tng xut hin trn mt nn c tnh kt cu cao. Vic phn on
da vo tnh kt cu tr nn kh quan trng. Nguyn nhn l v kt cu si thng
mt cao cc g (edge) v lm cho phn on da vo bin tr nn km hiu qu,
tr phi ta loi tnh kt cu. Vic phn on da vo cc min ng nht cng c th
p dng cho cc c trng kt cu v c th dng phn on cc min c tnh kt
cu.
Nhn chung, vic phn loi v phn vng da vo kt cu l mt vn kh.
y, phn trnh by ch mang tnh cht gii thiu. C th gii quyt vn ny
trong thc t nu ta bit trc cc loi kt cu (da vo quy lut hay cc phn b).
I(x2, y2)
.
.
.
.
.
.
I(x, y)
f(y)
.
.
.
f(x)
I(x1, y1)
1
0
0
a)im nh P1
V 8 ln cn.
b-1) xa P1 s to ra
thnh 2 min.
c-1) nh gc
khi lm mnh.
1 0
P1 0
0 0
1
1
0
0
P1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1 0
P1 1
0 0
c-2) nh sau
a) Loi b ng bao h
b) Khp kn nh ngoi
suy.
KT LUN:
Phn vng nh l bc then cht, v cng quan trng trong vic x l nh s. Pht
trin vic phn vng nh c ngha rt to ln trong X l nh.