University of Information Technology

2010

Mn Mng My Tnh
(4 cu trong 60 pht, khng s dng ti liu) 1. Cho bit s khc bit cng vi u/nhc im ca cc mng chuyn mch v mng chuyn mch gi. Ging nhau: u l phng php truyn thng tin d liu qua mng. Khc nhau: Mng chuyn mch Mng chuyn gi

-- Hot ng: thc hin c vic lin kt gia 2 nt, mt ng ni gia im nt ny v im nt kia c thit lp trong mng th hin di dng cuc gi thng qua cc thit b chuyn mch. Vi m hnh chuyn mch mi ng u c th t mt ng bt k khc, thng qua nhng ng ni v cc thit b chuyn dng ngi ta c th lin kt mt ng tm thi t ni gi ti ni nhn t ng ni vt l. ng ni trn duy tr trong sut phin lm vic v ch gii phng khi phin lm vic kt thc. -- Ti nguyn mng ( nh bng thng) c chia thnh cc Mnh: + Mi mnh c cp pht cho mt cuc gi. + Mnh c cp pht s rnh ri nu khng c s dng trong cuc gi (Khng chia s). + Phn chia bng thng (bandwidth) thnh cc Mnh. --C 2 loi chuyn mch: + Chuyn mch tng t (Analog).

--Hot ng: Khi mt trm trn mng cn gi d liu, n cn phi ng d liu thnh tng gi tin, cc gi tin c truyn i trn mng t nt ny n nt khc ti khi n ch. Do vic s dng k thut trn nn khi mt trm khng gi tin th mi ti nguyn ca mng s dnh cho trm khc. Do vy m mng tit kim c cc ti nguyn v c th s dng chng mt cch tt nht. --D liu c chia thnh cc gi chunck: + Cc gi chia s cc ti nguyn mng. + Mi gi dng ht bng thng lin kt. + Cc ti nguyn c dng theo nhu cu.

C 2 phng php chuyn mng gi: + Chuyn mng gi theo s ri rc.

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University of Information Technology + Chuyn mch s (Digital). --u im: + Hiu sut m bo.

2010

+ Chuyn mng gi theo ng i xc nh. --u im: + Cho php nhiu ngi dng chung mt mng. + Tuyt vi vi vic bng n d liu ( Chia s ti nguyn, n gin nht, khng cn thit lp cuc gi.). Thch hp cho lu thng d liu ln.

--Nhc im: + Ti nguyn c quyn, khng share. + Yu cu thit lp cuc gi. --Phng php h tr: m bo bng thng cn thit cho cc ng dng audio/video.

--Nhc im: + Tng s yu cu ti nguyn c th vt qu lng c sn. Tt nghn: hng i ng gi ch truyn. + Gi tin c th b mt mt do qu trnh truyn. --Cn khc phc tnh trng tt nghn (gi tin b tr v mt mt): cn cc giao thc cn thit cho truyn d liu tin cy v gii quyt tt nghn.

Do tnh cht khc nhau ca nhu cu thc t m ngi dng c th s dng mng chuyn gi hay chuyn mch. 2. Phn bit dch v truyn thng c lin kt (connection oriented) v dch v truyn thng khng lin kt (connectionless). Ging nhau: u l dch v truyn thng d liu. Khc:
Connection oriented Connectionless

--Mc tiu: truyn thng d liu gia cc host. -- Giao thc truyn: s dng giao thc TCP (Tranmission Control Protocol). + TCP service [RFC 793].

--Mc tiu: D liu truyn gia cc h thng u cui. --Giao thc truyn: UDP (User Datagram Protocol). + UDP [RFC 768]. + Khng kt ni.

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University of Information Technology + L giao thc tin cy, an ton d liu theo dong byte (nu mt mt s c thng bo v truyn li). + iu khin lung (bn gi khng ln p bn nhn). + Gii quyt tt nghn (Bn gi gim tc truyn khi mng nghn). -- Cc ng dng dng TCP: HTTP (Web), FTP (File Tranfer Protocol), TelNet (Remote Login), SMTP (email). + Truyn thng tin cy. + Khng iu khin lung d liu. + Khng gii quyt tt nghn.

2010

--Cc ng dng UDP: Stream media, hi tho t xa, DNS, in thoi internet.

3. Cho bit v sao cn phn lp, tng trong m hnh truyn thng. Gii thiu m hnh TCP/IP. a. Phn lp, tng trong m hnh truyn thng nhm x l tt hn vi cc h thng phc tp. Cu trc r nhm xc nh quan h gia cc mnh ca h thng . M- un ha lm cho vic bo tr v cp nht h thng tr nn d dng hn. + Thay i vic thc hin cc dch v ca lp l trong sut vi phn cn li ca h thng. V d: Thay i th tc kim tra cng khn nh hng n cc thnh phn cn li ca h thng. Trong thc t chng ta gp kh nhiu v d v vic phn tng. Gi s ngi A vit th gi cho ngi B. Sau khi vit th xong, A cho th vo phong b, dn kn, ghi a ch ca B, dn tem v cho phong th vo hp th bu in. Gia A v B n v d liu trao i l cc bc th. Bc th c th xem l d liu thc s, trong khi phong b c th xem l mt loi tiu cha cc thng tin iu khin. H thng bu in (Bao gm nhiu bu cc l mt trong cc trm m bc th s i qua) chu trch nhim chuyn bc th ti a ch ca B. V d ny tng di (h thng bu in) s cung cp dch v chuyn th cho tng trn (A v B). A v B ch qua tm n ni dung bc th, khun dng th, ngn ng, ch vit trong th m khng cn quan tm lm th no th c th chuyn ti B. y chnh l u im ca vic phn tng, Tng trn s dng cc dch v ca tng di m khng cn quan tm n cch thc thc hin ca tng di nh th no. b. Gii thiu m hnh TCP/IP:

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University of Information Technology

2010

4. Phn tch s khc bit gia kin trc client server v Peer-to-Peer ca lp ng dng mng. Ging nhau: u l qu trnh trao i thng tin gia 2 my tnh trn mng. Khc:
Client Server (Khch hng ngi phc v) Peer-to-Peer ( P2P) ( M hnh Ngang hng)

--Trong m hnh ny 1 my tnh s ng vai tr l client v my tnh kia ng vai tr l server. -- Hot ng: + Server: . Host lun hot ng. . a ch IP c nh . Nhm cc server chia s cng vic + Client: . Truyn thng vi server. . C th kt ni khng lin tc. . C th c a ch IP thay i.

-- Trong m hnh ny mt my tnh va ng vai tr l client, va ng vai tr l server.

-- Hot ng: + Khng c server, lun hot ng. + Truyn thng vi h thng u cui bt k. + Cc im kt ni khng lin tc v thay i a ch IP. V d: Gnutella, KazaA.

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University of Information Technology . Khng truyn thng trc tip vi client khc. -- linh hot khng cao nhng d qun l. -- linh hot cao nhng kh qun l.

2010

5. So snh HTTP khng bn vng v giao thc HTTP bn vng? (HTTP: HyperText Transfer Protocol). Ging: u s dng TCP, HTTP l khng c trng thi. Khc:
HTTP - nonpersistent HTTP persisistent

--HTTP 1.0 (Nonpersisitent HTTP) -- Sau khi gi i mt i tng th server s ng kt ni TCP li. Kt ni khng c ly s chuyn duy nht mt thng ip yu cu v 1 thng ip tr li. V d: gi 1 i tng trang Web gm 1 trang HTML v 10 file nh JPEG. Th s c ti 11 kt ni TCP c thit lp.

--HTTP1.1 (Persistent HTTP). - Server khng ng kt ni TCP sau khi gi thng ip tr li.Cc thng ip yu cu v tr li sau nhau thng qua cng 1 kt ni. Thng thng HTTP s ng lin kt khi lin kt khng s dng trong mt thi gian no . Trong v d bn: Ton b i tng trang Web (gm 1 trang HTML v 10 file nh JPEG) s c truyn ni tip nhau qua 1 kt ni TCP. --HTTP client gi yu cu khi n nhn c 1 tham chiu (1 siu lin kt, hay 1 tham chiu n file nh) v vy client c th gi cc yu cu lin tip. Khi server nhn c yu cu, n s gi cc i tng ni tip nhau. - Server b kt ni sau khi m gi p ng leaves.

dng i tng khc. Nh vy mi kt ni TCP ( gia cng 1 client v server) c gi lin tip

--Vn : Khi lin kt mi to ra pha client v server phi to ra vng m TCP (buffer) cng nh lu gi cc bin TCP To gnh nng cho server khi c nhiu client yu cu cng lc. - Yu cu 2 RTT mi i tng. - H iu hnh lin quan n mi kt ni TCP.

- Cc trnh duyt thng m // cc kt ni TCP - Cc thng ip HTTP ca tin trnh con cng m hnh client/server gi thng qua kt ni m. em v cc tham chiu n cc i tng.

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University of Information Technology

2010

6. Phn tch giao thc Rdt2.0 (Rrinciples of Reliable Data Tranfer: Nguyn l truyn d liu tin cy). Rdt2.0 knh vi cc li (Channel with bit errors) Hy xem xt, Khi chng ta ni chuyn qua in thoi, pha bn kia ni m ta nghe r th c th tr li l OK, nhng nu ta khng nghe r ngi kia ni g ta s yu cu Xin Nhc Li. Nhng thng ip ny nhm thng bo cho bn gi bit rng d liu no nhn ng, d liu no b li v yu cu truyn li d liu b li. Trong mng my tnh, giao thc truyn d liu tin cy nh vy gi l giao thc ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request). ARQ c 3 kh nng x l trong trng hp c l bit: Pht hin li (error detection), Phn hi t pha nhn (receiver feedback), Truyn li (Retransmission). Knh u tin c th c th bt ln mt s bit trong gi (checksum kim tra li). Trong giao thc Rdt2.0, Pha bn gi c 2 trng thi. trng thi th nht, Pha bn gi i d liu t tng trn. Trong trang trng thi th 2, pha bn gi phn hi ACK (Acknowledgement) hoc NAK (Negative Acknowledgement) t pha nhn. + Nu nhn c ACK pha bn gi bit c gi d liu chuyn n ch an ton, v vy n tr v trng thi i d liu t tng trn chuyn tip. + Nu nhn c NAK pha gi, gi li gi d liu ri quay li trng thi ch phn hi (ACK hoc NAK), n khng th nhn thm d liu t tng trn a xung. N ch chp nhn d liu khi nhn c ACK v chuyn trng thi. + Pha gi khng gi thm d liu cho n khi bit chc rng pha nhn nhn ng gi d liu gi. Giao thc Rdt2.0 do c nhng hnh vi nh vy nn cn c tn gi l Stop-and-Wait (dng v ch: tc l ngi gi mt gi sau dng li v ch phn hi t ngi nhn). Rdt2.0 c mt l hng nghim trng l: iu g s xy ra khi ACK hoc NAK b hng. + Ngi gi khng bit iu g xy ra ti bn nhn. + Khng th n phng truyn li v s c kh nng trng lp. Cch khc phc: Qun l trng lp: . Ngi gi truyn li gi hin ti nu ACK/NAK hng. . Ngi gi thm s th t vo mi gi. . Ngi nhn hy, khng nhn gi trng lp.

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University of Information Technology

2010

7. Phn tch giao thc Rdt3.0 (Rrinciples of Reliable Data Tranfer)? Rdt3.0 Knh vi li v mt mt (Channel with errors and loss). D liu trn knh truyn khng nhng b li m cn c th b mt mt. y l tnh hun khng phi khng ph bin trong my tnh ngy nay. Bi v c ch checksum , nh s th t , cc ACK, cc vic truyn li a ra cc phin bn Rdt trc s h tr nhng khng . Do , cn c mt c ch mi gii quyt vn li v mt mt trn knh truyn. Pha ngi gi khng bit gi d liu b mt, gi ACK b mt hay ch n gin l chng b tr... Lc ny, truyn li l mt gii php Vn Nng. Trong tt c cc trng hp hnh ng ca n l ging nhau: Truyn li. thc hin c ch truyn li theo thi gian, mt b nh thi m ngc (coutdown timer) c s dng nhc pha ngi gi, thi gian i ht (khong thi gian chp nhn c ht). Do pha ngi gi phi c kh nng: + Khi to timer mi khi gi gi d liu. + Phn ng vi ngt ca timer (a ra nhng hnh ng thch hp). + Dng timer. Nu gi (hoc ACK) ch tr (khng mt): + Truyn li s gy trng nhng dng s th t s gii quyt c. + Ngi nhn phi xc nh s th t ca gi va gi ACK kim sot vic nhn trng. Rdt3.0 l mt giao thc truyn d liu tin cy thc s hot ng c. 8. Gii thch nhim v ca trng: s th t (Sequence numbers) v s tip nhn (Acknowledgement numbers) trong gi tin TCP ( Transmission Control Protocol)? TCP l mt giao thc hng byte, nn mi byte ca d liu s c mt s th t, trng Sequence number cha s th t ca byte u tin ca mt dy cc bytes cha trong mt segment. Trng ACK number cha s th t ca byte k tip c ch i t pha bn kia thng bo tin nhn cc bytes trong lung d liu v kh nng tip nhn chng. n gin ha vn , ta b qua s tht l d liu c th truyn theo 2 chiu . y , ta a ra mt s nh sau. Bn gi s gi mt segment d liu, byte u tin trong segment s c s th t l Sequence number, v pha bn nhn s thng bo cho bn gi trng ACK number v tin nhn segment d liu bng ACK tch ly.

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University of Information Technology

2010

Khi bn nhn nhn c n bytes trong mt segment bt u t byte th Sequence number, n s bo nhn tt n bytes ny v ch nhn tip t byte th ACK number ( ACK number = Sequence number + n). 9. Gii thch phng thc iu khin phn lung (Flow Control) trong giao thc TCP. Phng thc iu khin phn lung l phng thc m bn gi khng l trn b m v truyn qu nhiu v qu nhanh, bn nhn cng m bo khng trn b m nh: + Bn nhn ca kt ni TCP c 1 b m nhn. + Dch v trng tc : so trng tc gi v tc nhn. + Tin trnh ng dng c th chm li lc c b m. Do kch thc ca s l ng nn trong mi khung bo nhn ca mnh, bn nhn thng bo v khong d tr ca n (lng buffer cn trng), chnh l tr RcvWindow.

Ln sau, bn gi s khng c gi lng byte vt qu RcvWindow ( m bo b m nhn khng b trn.). V d: Bn gi mun gi 5 kb v b m ca bn nhn l 4 kb (cn rng). + Bn gi t s th t Sequence number = 0, sau truyn 2 kb, buffer bn nhn cn li 2 kb rng do n bo nhn ACK = 2048, RcvWindow = 2048. + Bn gi gi tip 2 kb, khi buffer bn nhn y n bo nhn ACK= 4096, RcvWindow = 0), khng cn buffer nhn, nn bn gi tm thi tt nghn. + Sau khi bn nhn x l xong 2 kb n lin bo ACK=4096, RcvWindow = 2048. Lc ny bn gi c th gi ti a l 2 kb nhng n ch cn 1 kb gi.

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University of Information Technology

2010

10. Chc nng v nhim v ca Congestion Window (CongWin) trong iu khin tt nghn ca giao thc TCP ? Ca s tt nghn (conguestion window) k hiu l CongWin biu th s lng d liu ti a m ngi gi c th gi qua kt ni. Nh vy, khi lng d liu c gi khng c vt qu CongWin v RcWindow (Lng Buffer cn trng ca bn nhn). LastByteSend LastByteAcked <= { CongWin, RcvWindow}.
( LastByteSend LastByteAcked: l lng d liu cha c bin nhn m ngi gi gi qua kt ni.) Ngng k hiu l Threshold s nh hng ti qu trnh tng ca CongWin. CongWin c nhim v l tng nhanh theo cp s ly tha khi cha vt ngng. Khi xu ra hin tng tt nghn (ConWin>= Threshold) th ConWin tng theo cp tuyn tnh n khi xy ra mt mt d liu. iu ny dn n s kin TimeOut pha gi. Lc ny ngng (Threshold) = CongWin, CongWin = 1 MMS. Bn gi s tip tc tng nhanh gi tr CongWin theo hm m cho n khi vt ngng 11. Cho bit s khc bit gia 2 chc nng Forwarding v Routing ca 1 Router trong lp mng. Forwarding Routing

Chc nng: Di chuyn cc gi t u vo n u ra thch hp ca Router

Chc nng: Xc nh ng i cho cc gi t ngun n ch bng cc gii thut Routing (gii thut tm ng).

Nhim v: Tin trnh lp k hoch chuyn i t ngun n ch. -

Nhim v: Tin trnh vn chuyn qua mi giao im.

Thuc Transport Plane -

Thuc mt phn ca control panel ca IP internet,

Forwarding v Routing hot ng ny c ng nht trong cc IP router truyn thng, nhng by gi chng c tch bit mt cch lun l nh trong mi trng MPLS. Vic tch bit cho php nhiu thnh phn mng hn thay th cc IP router thc hin cc hot ng control plane, cho php vic nh tuyn phn tn vi hiu sut c ci thin. Thm vo , vic tch bit gia cc chc nng ca routing v forwarding cho php tch bit hiu sut gia chng, ng thi cho php chng ta theo di r hn s ci tin ca cc l thut c k thut forwarding v cc gii thut nh tuyn. 12. V v gii thch cng vo v cng ra ca 1 Router ?

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University of Information Technology a. Cng vo (Input Port):

2010

b. Cng ra (Output Port):

Qu trnh s l cng ra hnh trn l ly gi d liu c lu tr trong b m (buffer) ca cng ra v truyn qua ng lin kt ra. Cc chc nng x l giao thc lin kt d liu l chc nng ca tng lin kt d liu( data link processing) v tng vt l (line termination) lm vic vi u vo bn kia ca ng truyn vt l. Chc nng qun l vng m (buffer management) v hng i c s dng khi tc d liu m kt cu chuyn chuyn ti nhanh hn tc gi i ca cng ra.

The end.

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