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B CNG THNG TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP THC PHM TP.

HCM KHOA CNG NGH THC PHM

B Mn: CNG NGH CH BIN TR, C PH, CA CAO

GVHD: Th.S NGUYN TH CC

TP.HCM 9/2011

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

DANH SCH NHM 01 H v Tn L Th Hu Nguyn Th Dim My Nguyn Th Kim L MSSV 3005090211 3005090325 3005090302 Lp 09CDTP1 09CDTP2 09CDTP3

Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

M U
T xa n nay, ch mt loi thc ung quen thuc i vi mi ngi, c bit l i vi ngi ng. Ch c s dng trn ton th gii, v c xem l mt loi thc ung mang tnh ton cu. Cng vi s pht trin khoa hc k thut, nhiu cng trnh nghin cu chng minh li ch ca ch. Bn cnh chc nng gii kht, ch c tc dng sinh l rt r rt i vi sc khe con ngi. Thnh phn caffein v mt s alkaloid khc trong ch c tc dng kch thch h thn kinh trung ng, v i no lm cho tinh thn minh mn, gim mt nhc sau khi lao ng. Ch cn c tc dng phng v tr c nhiu loi bnh khc nhau, c bit l cc bnh v tim mch, ung th. Hn hp tanin c trong ch c kh nng gii kht v cha nhiu loi bnh nh t, l, thng hn, si thnNgoi ra trong ch cn cha rt nhiu cc loi vitamin nhm A, B c bit l vitamin C c nhiu trong l ch ti, l ngun dinh dng qu bu i vi con ngi. Bn cnh , ch cn l nt truyn thng ca nhiu dn tc, n mang mt gi tr v cng thing ling, cao qu trong i sng tinh thn ca con ngi. L mt trong nhng qu hng ca cy ch vi nhng vng ch ni ting nh Thi Nguyn, Vnh Phc, Ph Th, Ty Nguyn, Lm ng, cy ch c mt v tr c bit trong ngnh kinh t v trong i sng ca ngi dn Vit Nam t lu, ch Vit Nam c xut khu n nhiu ni trn th gii, em li lng ngoi t ng k cho t nc. Vit Nam, ch l mt trong nm mt hng xut khu ch cht ca nn nng nghip. Hng nm, kim ngch xut khu ch ln n hng trm triu la M. Trong cc sn phm ca ch nh ch xanh, ch en, ch vng, ch , ch trngth trong , ch en l loi ch chim 80-90% tng sn lng trn th gii. V ch bin ch en, chng ta mi ch trng n vn khi lng, cha ch n cht lng nn sn phm ch en ca Vit Nam c gi tr thp hn so vi mt s nc xut khu ch en khc. Vy trong ch c nhng thnh phn no? K thut sn xut ch en nh th no? Ch en khc ch xanh im no?...th bi tiu lun ny s gip chng ta hiu r v nhng vn . Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin 3

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

MC LC
M u
I/ TNH HNH SN XUT V TIU TH CH TRN TH GII V VIT NAM .... 6 1.1/ Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th ch trn th gii ........................................................ 6 1.1.1/ Tnh hnh sn xut .............................................................................................. 6 1.1.2/ Tnh hnh tiu th................................................................................................ 7 1.2/ Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th ch ti Vit Nam....................................................... 9 1.2.1/ Tnh hnh sn xut .............................................................................................. 9 1.2.2/ Tnh hnh tiu th.............................................................................................. 10 II/ THNH PHN HA HC CA CH ....................................................................... 15 2.1/ Nc ........................................................................................................................ 16 2.2/ Tanin ....................................................................................................................... 17 2.3/ Gluxit....................................................................................................................... 18 2.4/ Pectin ....................................................................................................................... 18 2.5/ Cc vitamin v khong cht trong ch .................................................................... 19 2.6/ Du thm ................................................................................................................. 19 2.7/ Protein v cc aminoacid trong l ch .................................................................... 20 2.8/ Cc hp cht alcoloit ............................................................................................... 21 2.9/ Cc loi enzyme trong ch ...................................................................................... 21 2.10/ Cht tro trong ch .................................................................................................. 22 2.11/ Cc acid hu c ..................................................................................................... 23 2.12/ Cht bo v sc t ................................................................................................. 23 III. K THUT CH BIN CH EN THEO PHNG PHP C IN ................. 24 3.1/ Quy trnh ch bin ch ............................................................................................ 25 3.2/ Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh ch bin ch en ............................................... 25 3.2.1/ Nguyn liu ....................................................................................................... 25 3.2.2/ Lm ho l ch .................................................................................................. 27 3.2.3/ V ch v sng ch v ...................................................................................... 32 Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin 4

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

3.2.4/ Qu trnh ln men ch en ................................................................................ 36 3.2.5/ Sy ch .............................................................................................................. 39 3.2.6/ u trn ch ..................................................................................................... 44 3.2.7/ Phn loi ch bn thnh phm .......................................................................... 44 3.2.8/ ng thng v bo qun ................................................................................... 45

Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

I/ TNH HNH SN XUT V TIU TH CH TRN TH GII V VIT NAM 1.1/ Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th ch trn th gii
1.1.1/ Tnh hnh sn xut Ch c sn xut gn 40 nc trn th gii vi din tch 2.25 triu ha, tp trung mt s nc ch yu nh: Trung Quc 1.1 triu ha, n 486 nghn ha, Srilanca 190 nghn ha, Th Nh K 80 nghn ha, Kenia 120 nghn ha. Sn lng ch ca cc quc gia ny cng chim khong 70% tng sn lng ch th gii. Xu th hin nay ca cc nc trng ch ch yu l ch nhiu n vic tng sn lng v tng nng sut lao ng. Vic m rng din tch trng ch nhiu nc khng cn l ch tiu chnh. Trong 20 nm gn y (1980 2000) din tch ch t 2.34 triu ha tng ln 2.55 triu ha (tng 6.8%), trong khi sn lng tng t 1.85 triu tn ln n trn 2.98 triu tn (tng 61%). Nng sut bnh qun trn 1 tn/ha cao nht l Papua New Gin t gn 3 tn ch kh/ha, tip theo l Kenya 2.2 tn/ha. Vit Nam t khong 0.9 tn/ha vn thp hn nng sut bnh qun ca th gii. Nm 2000, sn lng ch th gii t 2.95 triu tn. n l nc c sn lng ch cao nht, hng nm t 850 870 ngn tn; tip n l Trung Quc 680 ngn tn; Srilanca, Kenya trn 300 ngn tn; Indonesia, Th Nh K, Nht Bn trn 100 ngn tn. Vit Nam khong 80 ngn tn, xp th 8 trong tng s cc nc c sn lng ch trn th gii. V cng ngh ch bin, hin nay cc nc ch yu l sn xut ch en (chim 75% tng sn lng). Phng php sn xut ch en ph bin l Orthodox v phng php CTC. Trong sn xut bng phng php CTC ang c s dng ph bin. Cc nc Kenya Malavi, Banglades 100% ch c sn xut theo cng ngh CTC, n 84.8%, Indonesia 10% l ch CTC. Trung Quc, Achentina v cc nc Lin X c 100% ch en sn xut theo phng php Orthodox, Srinlanca ch Orthodox chim 97% tng sn lng ch en.

Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph 1.1.2/ Tnh hnh tiu th

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

C mt s nc, ch l mt hng xut khu thun ty, trong khi mt s nc khc phn ln sn lng ch li c tiu th trong nc. Hu nh ton b sn lng ch Argentina, Kenya, Srilanca c xut khu, trong khi phn ln sn lng ch ca n v Trung Quc li c tiu th trong nc. Do dn s tng nhanh, trong tng lai 2 nc n v Banglades c th l cc nc nhp khu ch. Mc d nhu cu v ch Trung Quc d kin s tng nhng do chnh sch dn s cng rn v nng sut tng mnh trong nhng nm gn y dn n vic ngy cng nhiu ch Trung Quc c xut khu ra th trng th gii. S pht trin kinh t ti nhiu nc tiu th ch ln cng nh hng n th hiu v khu v ca ngi tiu dng. Ch gi cao, c lng gi tr tng ln, ang dn thay th cho ch ri gi thp, cht lng km. Nhu cu ch ti, ch ha tan, ch ung lin ngy cng gia tng c bit l cc nc cng nghip pht trin. Cc hng sn xut nc ngt c gas ln ang thm nhp vo th trng ch nc ng lon (hp Ice tea). Loi ch ny ph bin M, Nht, Ty u, v bt u c gii tr cc nc Chu quan tm. c bit ti M, nhu cu tiu th ch dc tho ph bin nht, l ch bc h, cam tho, l hivi nhu cu gia tng v s lng cng nh cht lng ca ch th vn v sinh an ton thc phm c ngi tiu dng cng nh cc nc nhp khu ch ln rt quan tm v ch trng. nm c tnh hnh sn xut ch ca cc nc v kinh nghim sn xut ca nc , trong phn ny s gii thiu s lc tnh hnh mt s nc nh sau: Trung Quc Trung Quc l mt nc trng ch v ch bin ch sm nht th gii, l qu hng ca ch. Trung Quc sn xut ra hng chc loi ch v c kinh nghim sn xut phong ph. Trc y Trung Quc ng hng u v sn lng ch trn th gii v chim ti 90% sn lng ch xut khu trn th trng quc t. Nm 1936, tng din tch trng ch ca Trung Quc l 364 nghn hecta, ch bin c 309 nghn tn ch. Nhng tri qua nhiu nm chin tranh v di chnh quyn Tng Gii Thch, ngnh sn xut ch ca Trung Quc b sa st nghim trng. Sau ngy gii phng, ngnh sn xut ch ca Trung Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin 7

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

Quc dn dn c hi phc: nm 1952 c 244 nghn hecta (khng k 40 nghn hecta i Loan), nm 1950 ch sn xut c 60 nghn tn ch, n nm 1955 ln ti 104.5 nghn tn v ti nm 1956 din tch trng ch ln ti 300 nghn hecta, sn xut c 120.4 nghn tn. Vo nhng nm 1964 1965 sn xut c 200 nghn tn, ng th 3 trn th gii v sn lng ch, sau n v Srilanca. n n l nc c lch s pht trin ch cha lu, nhng nh hc tp kinh nghim ca Trung Quc v cc nc, do iu kin kh hu th nhng thch hp vi s sinh trng ca cy ch nn ngnh sn xut ch ca n pht trin kh nhanh. Hin nay, n ng hng u th gii v sn lng ch sn xut hng nm. Nm 1955, tng din tch trng ch ca n l 320 nghn hecta, sn xut 300.4 nghn tn ch. Nhng iu ng ch l gn y cng nghip sn xut ch en ca n c nhiu thay i v k thut sn xut ch yu l p dng cc bin php mi sn xut ra cc loi ch en ph hp vi yu cu ca th trng quc t. Ch en sn xut bng phng php CTC (sn phm ch yu l loi ch mnh) tng ln vi t l cao, cn ch en sn xut bng phng php truyn thng (sn phm gm hai loi ch cnh v ch mnh) gim xung r rt. ng thi, ch en lm bng phng php khng lm ho cng tng ln v t nm 1960 p dng phng php v lin tc. Nguyn nhn ch yu ca phng php ny l ch, khng nhng dng phng php ny lm cho qu trnh ln men ch c tin hnh u n v su sc, m cn nng cao c mu sc ca nc ch. Nh mi ngi u bit, ch en c s dng ph bin cc nc Chu u, nht l Anh v Lin X c, ch en thng c pha thm ng hoc sa ung. Cch pha ch en cng khc cch pha ch xanh, ch pha mt ln ri b i, nhng yu cu trong mt ln pha phi rt chit c gn nh ton b cc cht c trong ch, nc ch phi m c v c nng cao. t c yu cu ch c loi ch mnh (nhng khng phi l ch vn), phng php CTC p ng c yu cu ny v nguyn liu ca n l cc loi ch mnh (FBOP, BOP, BP). Trong mt s nh my ch en ca Trung Quc (nh Nh my ch en Thiu Hng) cng s dng my ct CTC vo sn xut v ang c nghin cu vo p dng rng ri. Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin 8

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph Srilanca

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

Srilanca l nc sn xut ra cc loi ch en ni ting. V sn lng, hin nay Srilanca ng hng th hai trn th gii. Nm 1955, Srilanca c 229 nghn hecta ch, sn xut 173 nghn tn. Nm 1962, sn xut 210150 nghn tn v ti nm 1963 sn xut 217025 nghn tn ch. Srilanca hng nm xut khu khong 90% lng ch trong nc sn xut ra. Nht Bn Nht Bn ch yu sn xut ch xanh, ch en ch chim 13% tng sn lng ch hng nm. Nm 1961, Nht Bn sn xut khong 72 nghn tn ch, tng ln khng nhiu lm so vi nm 1955 (39 nghn hecta, 70 nghn tn ch). Lin X c Vng ch ch yu ca Lin X c l Gruzia, min Kratnoda thuc Nga v Adecbaidan. Nm 1955, din tch trng ch Lin X l 74.5 nghn hecta, ch bin c 36.5 nghn tn ch. Ring vng ch ca Gruzia Lin X, nm 1955 c 63.1 nghn hecta, ch bin c 33.7 nghn tn ch, trong c 28.7 nghn tn ch ri, cn li l ch bnh. Indonexia Vng ch ch yu ca Indonexia l o Giava, ch yu sn xut ch en, ng hng th ba trong cc nc t bn v sn xut ch. Nm 1951, c 138.5 nghn hecta. Nm 1955 ch cn 64 nghn hecta (bng 46.2% so vi trc chin tranh) v sn xut c 43.5 nghn tn ch. Ngoi ra trn th gii cng c nhiu nc trng v sn xut ch, v d Pakistan cng l mt vng ch ln. Cc nc Uganda, Tanganica, Congo hng nm cng sn xut c khong t 3.7 n 4.8 nghn tn ch.

1.2/ Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th ch ti Vit Nam


1.2.1/ Tnh hnh sn xut Him c ni no trn th gii li c u i nh Vit Nam, hu nh c th trng ch khp ni. V phn a l 32/61 tnh thnh trong c nc c th trng ch, t trung du min ni pha Bc, ng bng Bc B, Bc Trung B, n Duyn Hi Min Trung, 5

Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

tnh Ty Nguyn Nhng vng c din tch trng ch ln nh trung du min ni pha Bc v cao nguyn Lm ng thng tp trung lin i, lin khonh. Din tch trng ch nc ta t 10500 ha (1995) tng ln 70000ha (1998), sn lng ch kh t 5200 tn (1995) tng ln 49580 tn (1998). Nm 2005 l nm thng li ln ca ch Vit Nam, sn xut v xut khu t mc k lc. Do thng thong th trng v cc chnh sch pht trin cy ch cc a phng, nm 2006 c nc trng thm khong 92000ha, a tng din tch ch ln gn 100000ha, trong din tch ch kinh doanh khong 80000ha. D kin nm 2010, din tch trng ch ln gn 110000ha. Sn lng ch c nc t 80000 tn, tng 15% so vi nm 2000. n nay Vit Nam ng th 8 tng tng s 34 quc gia sn xut ch trn th gii sau n , Trung Quc, Srilanca, Kenya, Indonesia, Th Nh K v Nht Bn. 1.2.2/ Tnh hnh tiu th Th trng ni tiu Loi ch tiu th ch yu trong nc l ch xanh nh ch H Giang, ch Thi Nguyn, ch Tuyn Quang, ch Lm ng Do nhu cu th hiu ca ngi tiu dng ngy cng cao, n nay cc loi ch c p hoa ti cng c tiu th mnh: ch hoa nhi, ch hoa sen, ch hoa si, Ch en dng ti cng c ngi tiu dng a chung. Nm 1996, tng lng ch ni tiu l 20000 tn, bnh qun 0.274kg ch/ngi/nm. Nm 2000, tng lng ch ni tiu tng gp i so vi nm 1996. Theo E TradeNews Trong 2 thng u nm 2007, tnh hnh xut khu ch ca Vit Nam tng i kh quan vi lng ch xut khu c t 14 nghn tn, kim ngch t 16 triu USD, tng 27% v lng v 45% v gi tr so vi cng k nm 2006. D bo trong nm 2007, vi s quan tm ng mc ca nh nc v nhng n lc u t ca cc n v sn xut, ngnh ch Vit Nam s t mc tng trng cao nh nm va qua. Theo s liu thng k ca Tng cc Hi quan, tnh ring thng 1/2007, c nc xut khu c 8.4 nghn tn ch cc loi vi kim ngch t trn 8 triu USD, gim 21.6% v lng v 24% v gi tr so vi thng 12/2006, tng 62,3% v lng v 51% v tr gi so vi cng k nm 2006.

Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin

10

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

Trong thi gian ny, gi ch xut khu ca Vit Nam tip tc c xu hng gim, ch ng mc 954 USD/tn, gim 29USD/tn so vi thng 12/2006. Tuy nhin trong thi gian ti, d bo gi ch s tng do sn lng ch th gii hin ang gim mnh trong khi nhu cu tiu th li tng, nht l ti cc quc gia Hi gio. Thng k ca B Nng nghip Pht trin nng thn (NN PTNT) cho thy, ti 20 tnh vng ch tp trung ca c nc c 240 c s ch bin cng nghip, tng cng sut trn 3100 tn bp ti/ngy (600000 tn bp ti/nm), mi p ng c 88% nhu cu nguyn liu ch bp ca cc c s ch bin cng nghip. Theo b NN PTNT, ti cc tnh vng ch min ni pha Bc, s pht trin qu nhiu c s ch bin khng cn i vi nguyn liu nn tnh trng tranh chp nguyn liu kh gay gt trong nhiu nm qua, c bit Ph Th, Thi Nguyn, Tuyn Quang Ring Ph Th c 75 c s ch bin. Song, ch tnh nhu cu nguyn liu ti ch ca cc cng ty ch Ph Bn, Ph a v ca t nhn ln ti 175000 tn ch bp ti/nm. Trong khi , sn lng ch bp nm 2005 mi t 63700 tn, ch p ng c 36% nhu cu nguyn liu ca cc c s ch bin trn a bn. B NN PTNT cho bit, min ni pha Bc l vng ch pht trin sm nht, c din tch ln nht nc. Ti y, c nhng loi ch ni ting trong nc v trn th gii nh Tn Cng (Thi Nguyn), Thanh Ba (Ph Th), Mc Chu (Sn La), Shan tuyt Sui Ging (Yn Bi), Tng din tch ch ton vng nm 2005 xp x 90800ha, chim 80,7% din tch ch ton quc. Trong , Thi Nguyn l a phng c din tch ch ln nht vng vi 16400ha (18.1%). Mc d tc tng din tch ch cao n chng mt trong vng 10 nm qua (1996 2005), ln ti gn 15%, nhng sn lng ch vn thiu ht do khng chy theo ni s lng nh my, c s ch bin v do nng sut ch khng cao. Trn 70% din tch ch hin s dng cc ging ch cht lng trung bnh. Hu ht din tch ch phn tn ca cc h dn cn lm t bng th cng. Din tch ch c ti nc ch chim khong 2%. Theo Hip hi ch Vit Nam, d thng hiu ch Vit Nam c ng k ti 77 quc gia v vng lnh th nhng nng cao v th ca ch Vit Nam trn thng trng quc t i hi cc nh sn xut ch trong nc phi tip tc ch trng nng cao cht Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin 11

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

lng ch v ngy cng i vo tiu chun ha. Vit Nam hin ang ng th 9 v sn lng, chim 4% sn lng ch trn ton th gii v xp th 7 v xut khu (nm 2004). Tuy nhin sn phm ch ch bin ti Vit Nam th n iu cha phong ph v chng loi, mu m, t li n tng i vi ngi tiu dng trong nc v quc t. Theo ng o Vn Khng, Gim c D n Pht trin ch v cy n qu, gp phn nng cao cht lng ch, ngnh ch cng a ra nhiu gii php nh m cc lp o to nng cao k thut chm sc ch; tng cng nng lc nghin cu to ra cc ging ch c nng sut, cht lng cao, ph hp vi iu kin sinh thi ca mi vng min trong nc; cung cp vn tn dng u t trng mi, thm canh, ch bin theo hng cht lng cao. Th trng xut khu: ng u danh sch nhp khu ch Vit Nam l Irag, Pakistan, i Loan, Nga, n , Ba Lan, M vi 90.86% khi lng v 89.9% tr gi. Tuy nhin, th phn ch ca Vit Nam cc nc ny vn cn nh v ang b cnh tranh gay gt. Irag l th trng c ngha c bit quan trng do gi xut khu cao hn cc nc v lng xut khu ln (14.3 nghn tn nm 2002), nhng do nh hng ca chin tranh, xut khu ch cng gp kh khn. Ti Chu , Vit Nam c 2 khch hng ln l Nht Bn v i Loan. Ch Vit Nam ch chim 6.5% t trng v gi thnh ch bng 35% so vi gi nhp khu t cc nc khc. Vi EU, ch Vit Nam ch chim 1- 1.5% tng kim ngch. Gi ch Vit Nam ti y ch bng 40% so vi mt bng gi nhp khu t cc nc khc nhau. Mt khc, trong 15 nc thnh vin EU ch c Hy Lp v Luxembour l khch hng thng xuyn, 13 nc cn li c nhp ch ca Vit Nam nhng khng n nh. u nm 2003, ch Vit Nam mt th trng Italia, B o Nha v Phn Lan. Ro cn ln nht ca Vit Nam khi vo cc nc ny l vn kim dch. Vi th trng M nm 2002, ch Vit Nam xut khu sang M 2200 tn (chim 3% th trng ch ti M) trong ch en chim khong 80% tng gi tr xut khu vo th trng ny. Th trng Pakistan: nm 2002 Vit Nam xut khu 12400 tn vo th trng ny nhng ch yu l ch xanh. Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin 12

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

Cc loi ch xut khu ch yu ca Vit Nam l ch en chim 60 70%, ch xanh 25 - 30% v cc loi khc 5 10%. Xt v mt cht lng v uy tn trn th trng th gii th ch Vit Nam vn l loi khng c tn tui v thng xp sau ch Indonesia. Ch ca ta thng c u trn vi ct ca cc loi ch khc hoc chit xut. y cng l l do ch cao cp ca ta bn rt kh. Do vy nu gi ch ca th gii gim th ch Vit Nam gim nhanh hn v nu gi ch tng tr li th gi ch ca ta cng tng chm hn. Tuy nhin, theo Hip hi ch Vit Nam cho bit, hin nay cng c nhiu thng hiu ch ca cc doanh nghip trong nc c ngi tiu dng a chung, l: long Thun ca Cng ty TNHH Tra C ph Tm Chu, Lm ng; Tri m tr ca Cng ty TNHH Hong Bnh, Thi Nguyn; Ch Long t qu ca X nghip ch bin hng xut khu Cu Tre, Theo s liu thng k, trong 2 thng u nm 2007, lng ch xut khu ca Vit Nam t 14 nghn tn, kim ngch t 16 triu USD, tng 27% v lng v tng ti 45% v tr gi so vi cng k nm 2006. Trong , phn ln l ch en vi sn lng chim khong 75%. Gi xut khu ch en trung bnh trong thng 2/2007 mc 816 USD/tn, gim 11 USD/tn so vi thng trc. Xut sang th trng Phn Lan t mc gi cao nht vi 1590 USD/tn (FOB), tng 60 USD/tn so vi thng trc. Cc th trng xut khu ch en nhiu nht trong thi gian ny l Nga, Pakistan, M, Anh, i Loan v UAE. Trong , Nga l th trng tiu th ch en nhiu nht vi sn lng c t 1088 tn, tr gi 1830 USD (FOB), tng 11% v lng v 86% v tr gi so vi thng 1 2007. Thng 3 2007, kim ngch xut khu ch vo Pakistan t 600 nghn USD, gim 48% so vi thng 2/07 v gim 57% so vi cng k nm trc. C cu th trng xut khu ch ca Vit Nam trong thng 3 thay i, xut khu ch vo Pakistan gim mnh v i Loan vn ln l th trng xut khu ch ln nht ca Vit Nam. Trong thng ny, Pakistan ch l th trng xut khu ch ln th 4, ng sau i Loan, Nga v Trung

Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin

13

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

Quc. Tuy nhin, tnh c qu I nm 2007, xut khu ch vo th trng ny vn t cao nht vi kim ngch t 2.9 triu la M. Tnh chung, trong qu I nm 2007 ca c nc vn tng i kh quan vi kim ngch xut khu t gn 19 triu USD, sn lng t xp x 20 nghn tn, tng 2% v tr gi v 4% v sn lng so vi nm 2006. Xut khu ch vo Nga v Trung Quc tng cao tr li sau khi st gim vo thng 2 2007 v tng mnh so vi cng k nm trc. c bit l xut khu vo Srilanka, trong thng 3 2007 kim ngch xut khu ch vo th trng ny t 305 nghn USD, tng 241% so vi thng trc v tng gp 16 ln so vi cng k nm trc. Trong thng 1 2007, lng ch xut khu ca Vit Nam sang hu ht cc th trng ln u gim so vi M l tng. C th, lng ch xut khu sang cc th trng truyn thng nh Pakistan, i Loan, Nga, Trung Quc v n gim ln lt 24%; 24.3% so vi thng 12/2006. Trong khi , lng ch xut khu sang Indonexia v M tng 44.7% v 31.4%. Mc d xut khu ch sang Pakistan gim mnh c v lng v tr gi, nhng y vn l th trng xut khu ch ln nht ca Vit Nam. Trong thng u nm 2007, kim ngch xut khu ch ca Vit Nam sang th trng ny t xp x 1.8 triu USD vi sn lng t 1.6 nghn tn, gim 30% v tr gi v 24% v lng so vi thng 12 2006. Trong , ch en l chng loi c xut khu ch yu sang th trng ny vi sn lng t trn 1000 tn, tr gi 1.1 triu USD, gi xut khu ch en trung bnh mc 1078 USD/tn (FOB), gim 42 USD/tn so vi thng 12/2006. Cng vi Pakistan, lng ch xut sang i Loan v Nga hai th trng xut khu ch ln th 2 v th 3 ca Vit Nam trong thng 1/2007 cng c mc gim ng k. Lng ch xut sang i Loan t 1.3 nghn tn tr gi 1.2 triu USD, gim 24.3% v lng nhng li tng 8.1% v tr gi so vi thng 12/2006, lng ch xanh tng 108% v lng v 80% v tr gi so vi cng k nm 2006. Lng ch en xut sang i Loan trong thi gian ny t 800 tn, tr gi 390 nghn USD, gim 31% v lng v 32% v gi tr so vi thng 12/2006.

Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin

14

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

Lng ch xut khu sang Nga trong thng 1/2007 t xp x 1100 tn, tr gi trn 1 triu USD, gim 24.2% v lng v 22% v tr gi so vi thng 12/2006, tng 73% v lng v 63% v tr gi so vi cng k nm 2006. Ch xanh l chng loi xut khu duy nht sang th trng ny. V n gi: Trong thng 1/2007, gi trung bnh xut khu ch en ca Vit Nam mc 1287USD/tn (FOB), n nh so vi thng 12/2006. Th trng xut khu ch en t mc cao nht l c vi 1420 USD/tn (FOB), thp nht l i Loan vi 309 USD/tn (FOB). Gi xut khu ch xanh mc 1406 USD/tn (CFR), trong , xut sang th trng Philippin t mc gi cao nht vi 2980 USD/tn.

II/ THNH PHN HA HC CA CH


Bng: Thnh phn ha hc ca l ch ti Thnh phn Nc Flavanol: (-) Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (-) Epicatechin gallate (ECG) (-) Epigallo catechin (EGC) (-) Epicatechin (EC) (+) Catechin (C) (+) Gallocatechin (GC) Cafein Acid hu c (Citric, Malic, Oxalic) ng ( Glucose, Fructose, Saccarose, Rafinose, Starchiose) X (Xenlullose, hemixenlullose. Lignin) Protein v acid amin Lipid Khong Cht mu Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin 47 14 17 35 56 0.5 0.6 15 8 12 36 36 13 12 34 34 0.5 0.6 45 Hm lng (%) 75 80

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph Enzyme

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

2.1/ Nc
Trong l ch nc tn ti hai dng: nc t do v nc lin kt. Nc l thnh phn ch yu trong bp ch. Nc c quan h n qu trnh bin i sinh ha trong bp ch v n s hot ng ca cc men, l cht quan trng khng th thiu c duy tr s sng ca cy. Hm lng nc trong bp ch thay i ty theo ging, tui cy, t ai, k thut canh tc, thi gian hi v tiu chun hi Trong bp ch (tm + 3 l) hm lng nc thng c t 75 82%. trnh khi s hao ht nhng vt cht trong bp ch qua qu trnh bo qun v vn chuyn, phi c gng trnh s gim bt nc trong bp ch sau khi hi. Nc trong nguyn liu ch l mi trng xy ra tng tc gia cc cht c trong nguyn liu ch khi em ch bin. Nc tham gia trc tip vo nhiu phn ng thy phn, oxi ha kh. Hm lng nc c quan h mt thit i vi qu trnh ch bin ch. Nu nguyn liu ch b mt nc qu nhanh th bin i sinh ha din ra nhanh v khng trit , i khi enzyme b c ch nu hm lng nc qu thp (<10%). Nc trong nguyn liu ch nhiu hoc t u lm cho l ch b nt khi v. Trong qu trnh ch bin ch cn khng ch s bay hi nc, c bit l trong sn xut ch en. Hm lng nc ph thuc vo: non gi ca nguyn liu: Ch cng non th hm lng nc cng cao v ngc li. Trong mt t ch, hm lng nc cng > bp > l 1 > l 2 > l 3. Ph thuc vo lin v: Hm lng nc trong l ch vo ma xun >vo ma h >vo ma thu. Ch hi vo u v v gia v c hm lng nc ln hn ch hi vo cui v. Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin 16

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

Ph thuc vo cht kch thch sinh trng: Khi cy ch c bn nhiu phn m th hm lng nc tng ln do cht lng ch thp cn khi cy ch c bn nhiu phn ln v phn kali th hm lng nc gim do vy m cht lng ch cao.

2.2/ Tanin
Tanin l hp cht quan trng trong l ch, n c tnh cht quyt nh n mu sc nc pha, hng thm v v cht ca nc ch. c bit l ch en. Tanin c c tnh d b oxi ha di tc dng ca enzym v c cung cp oxi y . V vy, ch nguyn liu cha cng nhiu tanin, c bit l tanin ha tan th sn phm ch en c cht lng cng cao. Flavanoids l thnh phn quan trng ca Tanin, trong Catechin v Flavanoids chim t l ln. Tanin thng c hai loi: Tanin ngng t: tc dng vi FeCl3 cho mu xanh en. Tanin thu phn: tc dng vi FeCl3 cho mu xanh da tri. V hu ht tanin trong ch l tanin ngng t, cht tiu biu cho tanin ngng t l catechine bao gm catechinen v gallo-catechinen. Trong sn xut ch en, Catechin c v tr quan trng trong vic to mu sc, mi, v cho ch thnh phm. Catechin l hp cht khng mu, tan trong nc, c v ng, cht. Hp cht polyphenol thng chim khong 27-34% cht kh trong ch. Theo kt qu nghin cu cc ging ch, thnh phn t hp ca tanin ch trong nguyn liu ch ti gm c: Nhm cht catechin (tin cht ca tanin) n phn t (thuc nhm cht polyhydroxylphenol - monomer) chim khong trn 80% tng lng tanin ch, c v cht- ng mnh hn so vi tanin c bit. Nhm tanin c bit: Chnh l polyphenol a phn t, chng to mu v v cht du cho ch. Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin 17

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

Nhm cht phi tanin: Nhm ny gm 7 catechin khc nhau l Epicatechin (EC), Epigalocatechin (EGC), Galocatechin (GC), Epicatechingalat (ECG), Epigalocatechingalat (EGCG), Galocatechingalat (GCG) v Catechin.

2.3/ Gluxit
Trong t ch ti c cha hu ht cc loi gluxit khc nhau nhng cn ch 2 im sau: Tng lng gluxit khng cao, n chim khong 20% cht kh trong ch non. Cha rt t cc gluxit ha tan, trong ng monoza (nh glucoza, fructoza) chim khong 1-2% cht kh v saccaroza chim khong 0,5-2,5% cht kh. Nu thy tng lng gluxit cao c ngha l phn gluxit khng tan (nh xenlluloza, licnhin, hemixenlluloza) tng ln lm cht lng ca ch gim xung. Thc t, nhm cht ny c quy lut bin i hm lng ngc vi quy lut bin i hm lng cc cht c li cho cht lng ch nh protein, tanin. Trong l ch hm lng gluxit khng nhiu v thay i theo gi non ca l. Tng lng ng trong l ch thng l 1.63-4.33% so vi lng cht kh trong ch. Trong hm lng ng kh l 0.99-1.91%. Lng ng trong l ch non c t v l ch cng gi cng c nhiu.

2.4/ Pectin
Hm lng pectin trong l ch kh cao t 11-17% so vi lng cht kh trong l ch v ch cng gi hm lng pectin cng cao. Trong ch, cc hp cht pectin tn ti cc trng thi l ho tan trong nc, ho tan trong axit oxalic v ho tan trong amon-oxalat. Pectin tham gia vo vic to thnh hng v ch, lm cho ch c mi to chn trong qu trnh lm ho. Hm lng pectin trong ch chim khong 2% cht kh v lun thay i ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh trng thnh ca l ch, l cng non th hm lng pectin ho tan trong nc cng tng nhng lng pectin ho tan trong hai dung mi cn li gm. Ngoi ra trong cng ch cng rt giu cht pectin. Pectin c tnh keo, khi b hydrat ho th tnh keo tng ln. Do , tnh dnh ca l ch tng ln, nh l ch cun chc li giai on v hay giai on to hnh cnh ch Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin 18

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

v s lm cho c khi ch bn thnh phm bm cht vo nhau, di tc dng ca lc p khi sn xut ch bnh m sn phm s theo hnh dng ca khun p. Do c tnh keo nn pectin cn c tc dng lm tng nht ca nc ch v lm cho cc nc ch snh, hp dn, ng thi pectin cng lm cho v ch d chu hn. Pectin cng c tnh ht m mnh, v vy n nh hng xu trong qu trnh bo qun ch.

2.5/ Cc vitamin v khong cht trong ch


Cc loi vitamin c trong ch rt nhiu. Trong bp ch cha hu ht cc loi vitamin nh vitamin A, B1, B2, PP, c bit vitamin C c rt nhiu trong ch. Chnh v vy gi tr dc liu cng nh gi tr dinh dng ca ch rt cao. Theo cc ti liu ca Trung Quc, hm lng mt s vitamin trong ch tnh theo mg/1000g cht kh nh sau: Vitamin A: 54.6; B1: 0.70; B2: 12.20; PP: 47.0; C: 27.0 v.v ng ch nht l hm lng vitamin C trong ch, nhiu hn trong cam chanh t 3 n 4 ln. Qu trnh ch bin ch en lm cho vitamin C gim i nhiu v n b oxy ha, cn trong ch xanh th n gim i khng ng k. Trong ch thnh phn khong chim t 4 7%, ch yu l K, chim gn 50 % tng lng khong. Trong l ch gi, l ch xu th thnh phn cht khong thng cao hn l ch non v trong cc loi ch c cht lng cao.

2.6/ Du thm
Hm lng tinh du thm trong ch, theo ti liu nghin cu ca Nht Bn, hm lng du thm trong l ch ti khong 0.02%. S tch lu cc cht thm ph thuc vo ging ch, iu kin kh hu v t ai. Trong thnh phn ca du thm hm lng ru 6 cacbon chim 60%, cc loi ru ny trong l ch ti c mi hng v nhit si l 157-158 0C. Trong qu trnh sn xut, ch thnh phm c qua nhiu qu trnh gia cng nhit nn cc cu t du thm c nhit si nh hn 2000C d b mt i. Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin 19

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

Ngoi cc cu t tinh du hng thm ca ch cn lin quan n cc cht c tnh hp ph v gi hng trong thnh phn ca ch lm cho sn phm bn hn. Nh vy, hng thm ca ch c hnh thnh t cc ngun sau: Lng tinh du c sn trong nguyn liu. Lng cc cu t thm mi c to thnh trong qu trnh ch bin. Nhng cht c tnh hp ph v gi hng. nh hng ca nhit cao khi dng nc si pha ch n cc cht khng to mi nhit thng. Hng thm ca ch en thnh phm c to thnh ch yu do s oxy ho hoc kh cc cht thm sn c to nn, bao gm cc cht ch yu l: n-butylandehit, izobutylandehit, izo-valerandehit, benzandehit, linaleol...v cc este ca chng. i vi c th con ngi du thm c tc dng kch thch thn kinh v nng cao hiu sut lm vic cc c nng ca c th.

2.7/ Protein v cc aminoacid trong l ch


Thnh phn cc hp cht protein trong ch rt cao, khong 25-30% so vi lng cht kh. L ch cng non hm lng cht kh cng cao. Trong ch protein ni chung ho tan trong nc, n t nh hng ln n cht lng ch, tuy nhin, phn no cng lin quan n cht lng ch v hm lng tanin trong ch thp khi b tc dng vi protein to thnh cc hp cht khng tan. Protein c th kt hp trc tip vi Tanin, polyphenol, to ra nhng hp cht khng tan lm c nc ch en. Ngi ta tm thy 17 acid amin c trong ch. Trong 10 acid amin c bn l: Theanine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, Tyrosine, glutamine, serine, glutamic, aspartic. Cc acid amin ny c th kt hp vi ng, tanin to ra cc hp cht aldehyde, alcol c mi thm cho ch en. Cc aminoaxit trong ch khng nhiu, thng Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin 20

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

khong 0.2-0.3% cht kh, n c tc dng tt i vi cht lng ch en. Cc aminoaxit tc dng vi tanin trong qu trnh ch bin to thnh cc andehit thm. Cng nh cc thnh phn ho hc khc, hm lng cc cht cha nit cng nh protein trong l ch lun lun thay i v ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nhng u tun theo quy lut l l cng non th hm lng ca chng cng cao, ch u v c cha nhiu protein hn ch cui v. Ch chm sc bn nhiu phn m th hm lng protein cng cao.

2.8/ Cc hp cht alcoloit


Cc hp cht alcoloit trong ch phn ln khng tan trong nc v tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c, trong cc hp cht alcoloit quan trng nht l cafein, sau l teobromin v teofelin, xantin, adenin, cholin, tetrametyluric... Cafein trong ch chim 3-5% tng lng cht kh, ch cng non hm lng cafein cng cao. Cafein l cht kch thch thn kinh, gy nghin, c kh nng tn ti kh lu trong mu, cafein b thng hoa nhit 1800C nn t b tn tht nhiu khi sy. Trong qu trnh ch bin cafein t b thay i, nhng i vi sn xut ch en n tc dng vi tanin to thnh tanat cafein c mi thm v v d chu. Khi pha nc, hp cht tanat caffein b kt ta khi nc ch ngui to thnh vng ch.

2.9/ Cc loi enzyme trong ch


L nhn t quan trng trong qu trnh sinh trng v ch bin ch, c bit trong ch bin ch en. Enzyme c vai tr quyt nh chiu hng bin i cc phn ng sinh ha trong giai on lm ho, v, ln men. Trong bp ch c 2 loi enzyme ch yu l: Nhm enzyme thy phn: amilase, protease, glucosidase Cc men ny u gi vai tr quan trng trong s phn gii cc hp cht phc tp, a phn t, khng ho tan thnh cc cht c phn t thp, ho tan. Do , gp phn lm tng cht ho tan trong ch. Hn na, cc cht ny cn l tin cht ht sc cn thit cho s to thnh cc cht mi, to hng v c trng cho ch sn phm sau ny, c th nh sau: Pectinaza thu phn protopectin thnh pectin ho tan.

Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin

21

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

Amilaza thu phn tinh bt khng tan thnh ng, cc ng kh ny va c vai tr to v, va tham gia vo cc phn ng to cht thm, cht mu cho ch. Proteaza phn gii protein thnh cc axit amin, cc axit amin ny trc tip tham gia vo to v cho ch v c bit l chng tham gia vo cc phn ng to hng thm nh to cc aldehyt thm mi hoa qu lm tng mi hp dn ca ch. Nhm enzyme oxi ha kh: peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase Trong , men catalaza tn ti c hai trng thi l t do v lin kt, n xc tc cho phn ng phn gii cc hydroperoxyt to ra cc nguyn t xi (O) gp phn y mnh tc dng ca men peroxydaza v polyphenolxydaza. Enzyme peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase ng vai tr quan trng nht v c tc dng khc nhau trong qu trnh ln men ch en. Cc enzyme ny u hot ng mnh 45C, n 70C th hot ng yu hn i v nhit cao hn s b v hot hon ton. V trong sn xut ch quan trng nht l nhm enzyme oxy ho -kh. Enzyme peroxidaza xc tc cho qu trnh oxy ho tanin to thnh sn phm mu sa v hng v ca ch en.

2.10/ Cht tro trong ch


Cc nguyn t tro gi vai tr quan trng trong hot ng ca c th sng, chng l nhng nhn t ca s thay i trng thi cc cht keo v nh hng trc tip n s trao i cht ca t bo. Hm lng cht tro trong ch khng nhiu, trong ch ti khong 4-5% v trong ch thnh phm l 5-6%. Hm lng cht tro trong ch lun thay i v ph thuc vo nhiu yu t trong ph thuc rt ln vo non gi ca t ch ti, thi k sinh trng ca cy ch. Do , da vo hm lng cht tro cng c th nh gi s b c cht lng ca nguyn liu v sn phm. Cht tro chia lm hai nhm: nhm ho tan v nhm khng ho tan. Ch loi tt cht tro ni chung t hn ch loi sng, cht tro ho tan trong ch loi tt li nhiu hn.

Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin

22

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

2.11/ Cc acid hu c
Trong thnh phn ha hc ca ch c cha cc axt hu c nh a.malic (c trong qu to), a.limonic (c trong qu chanh), a.xucxinic v a.fumaric. Trong giai on v ch en, hm lng cc axt malic v xucxinic tng ln r rt, cn a.oxalic ch tm thy dng mui canxi-oxalat. Cc acid ny bin i trong cc qu trnh ch bin.

2.12/ Cht bo v sc t
Trong l ch, cht bo chim khong 5-6% cht kh v cc cht mu ha tan trong cht bo nh clorofin (c mu xanh), caroten (c mu vng), xantofin (c mu da cam), antoxianidin (c mu hng) chim khong 0,3% cht kh. Hm lng cht bo trong ch cng lun thay i v ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh ging ch, thi v thu hi, v tr ca l trn cy. Vo u v, hm lng cht bo cao nht sau gim dn vo gia v v n cui v li tng ln nhng khng bng gi tr ban u. Cht bo c nh hng n cht lng ch, n tham gia vo s hnh thnh hng thm do trong thnh phn cht bo cng c mt s cu t c mi thm hoc di tc dng ca nhit s chuyn thnh cht thm. Cht bo c tnh hp ph mi v gi mi, tnh cht ny ca cht bo gip cho qu trnh p hng b sung cho ch bng hng liu hoc hoa ti c thun li, gip trnh tn tht v mt mi ch khi bo qun nhng cng c hi khi v ch tip xc vi vt c mi l s lm cho ch b nhim mi l v rt kh kh b mi l ny. Clorofin v cc cht mu km theo ho tan trong cht bo ca ch l nhng cht c vai tr khc nhau i vi cy ch v ch bin cc loi ch. Trong cy ch, clorofin gi vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh quang hp. Trong ch bin ch xanh, caroten v xantofin to mu xanh ti hoc xanh vng t nhin cho nc ch nhng trong ch bin ch en, clorofin nh hng khng tt n mu nc v b ch thng c mu xm. Trong cng ngh ch bin ch xanh th clorofin b mt nhiu nht giai on hp v sy, cn caroten v xantofin bin i khng ng k. Trong mi trng kim, clorofin tn ti tt v cho mu xanh, cn trong mi trng axt th cho mu vng do nhn Mg ca clorofin b mt i v bin thnh feofitin c mu xm tro. Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin 23

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

III/ K THUT CH BIN CH EN THEO PHNG PHP C IN


Trong qui trnh sn xut ch en, ngi ta tn dng trit enzym c trong nguyn liu. Nc ch pha c mu nu, v m, cnh ch c mu en t nhin. Ch en c nhiu nc trn th gii a chung. Ty theo cht lng ch en m ngi ta chia sn phm ch en thnh cc cp loi khc nhau. Theo TCVN, ch en c phn thnh cc cp loi nh OP, BOP, FBOP, PS, P, BPS, F v DUST. C yu cu k thut c th cho tng loi. Hin nay, c hai phng php sn xut ch en:

iu chnh qu trnh sinh ha nh tc dng ca enzym c sn trong nguyn liu. Phng php ny c nhc im l thi gian ch bin di v cht lng sn phm khng cao.

phng php ny vn cha c nhiu ni p dng. C s ca phng php ny l vic iu chnh qu trnh sinh ha khng ch nh enzym c trong nguyn liu m cn c qu trnh nhit luyn nn s dng trit hot tnh ca enzym.

Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin

24

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

3.1/ Quy trnh ch bin ch theo phng php c in

3.2/ Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh ch bin ch en theo phng php c in
3.2.1/ Nguyn liu Nguyn liu dng trong sn xut ch l nhng bp ch 1 tm (bp ch) 2 hoc 3 l non. Nguyn liu ch tt hay xu nh hng rt ln n qu trnh ch bin v cht lng ch thnh phm. Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin 25

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

Qua nghin cu ngi ta thy mt s tnh cht ca l ch c lin quan ti cht lng ch nh sau: to nh v nng nh ca nguyn liu ch: Nguyn liu ch nu c hi trn cng mt cy th bp ch cng nh v bp ch cng tt, bp cng to cht lng cng xu v nhng bp ch cng to trng thnh v dn c xu hng chuyn thnh bp ch gi, thnh phn ho hc ca n km hn bp ch non. Xt v nng nh: Trong cng mt bp ch tm nh hn l v l th nht nh hn l th 2...Nn nu cng mt ging ch, bp cng nh cht lng ch cng tt v t l hng tt cng cao. Mu sc ca l ch ti: mu sc ca l ch ti ph thuc vo ging ch, ni trng v iu kin chm bn. Nhn chung mu sc ca l ch c lin quan n cht lng ch thnh phm. L ch c mu xanh thm th hm lng tanin khng cao, hm lng clorofin v protein tng i cao. L ch c mu xanh hoc vng nht mng th hm lng clorofin thp, hm lng tanin cao. Ngoi ra, di ca bp, dy mng ca l cng lin quan n cht lng ca ch. Bp ch cng di, l ch cng mng th cht lng cng tt v khi ch bin cht lng ch thnh phm cng cao. Thu hi vn chuyn v bo qun ch: Thu hi, vn chuy n Ch nguyn liu c thu hi dng 1 tm, hai hoc ba l. iu kin thu hi cng nh hng n cht lng ch thnh phm. Cht lng ch tt nht l c thu hi vo bui sng nhng hi qu sm sng nhiu cng nh hng xu n qu trnh vn chuyn v bo qun l ch. Khi vn chuyn, ch c ng vo cc st, khi lng khng ln hn Thit b phn loi ch 26

Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

15 kg/st. Xe cng nng ch khong 1 tn/xe, phi lm gin trn xe v c mi che ma nng. Trnh cht ng, ln p, lm dp nt, bc nng nguyn liu. Khi v n xng phi nhanh chng gii phng ch ra khi phng tin vn chuyn v dng c cha ng. Sau cn nhn v tin hnh phn tch cht lng, nguyn liu c chuyn dn sang khu lm ho. Bo qu b t Bo qun bng phng php thong gi tch cc: Ch ti c ri thnh lp trn sn li vi b dy 20 cm. Khng kh trc khi thi vo lp ch c lm m n m tng i W = 92 n 95% bng cch phun m b sung. Nhit ca khng kh gim i khong 1 n 2oC do c tip xc trc vi dng nc phun, c qut ly tm thi theo hng t di ln vi lu lng 6 m3 cho 1 kg ch ti/gi. Thi gian bo qun 24 gi. Bo qun theo phng php ny, s bin i xy ra rt chm, m ca l ch, hm lng cht tan, hm lng tanin, hot tnh ca men PPO gn nh khng thay i. Trong sut 18 gi bo qun, nc ch vn xanh cha chuyn sang mu vng, chng t trong l ch hu nh cha xy ra s chuyn ha ha hc. S tn tht cht kh ch tn tht 0,9% (sau 24h bo qun cn 99,1% so vi ban u) v 0,3% (sau 24h bo qun cn 99,7% so vi ban u). 3.2.2/ Lm ho l ch 3.2.2.1/ Mc ch ca qu trnh lm ho Lm gim bt nc trong nguyn liu, l ch mt i lc trng, to ra tnh n hi, bp ch tr nn mm, do, dai hn to iu kin tt cho qu trnh v ch. Qu trnh ho cn l qu trnh sinh ho, lm bin i su sc thnh phn ho hc ca bp ch, phn gii cc cht c phn t ln thnh cc cht c phn t nh, c li cho cht lng ch en. Trong qu trnh ho cc cu t hng thm c tng c v s lng v cht lng. Qu trnh ho cn lm tng hot ng ca cc enzyme oxy ho c bit l Polyphenol oxydase, c tc dng tt cho qu trnh ln men tip.

Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin

27

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph 3.2.2.2/ Yu cu ca qu trnh lm ho

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

Ch phi c lm ho ng u, v c lm ho ng mc. Nu lm ho qu cc qu trnh bin i sinh ho b ngng li, l ch b kh v vn cn v ng mi hng ban u. Cc thng s k thut ch yu ca qu trnh lm ho : Nhit v m ca khng kh: trnh ngng t nc trn b mt l v hi nc c thot ra d dng, yu cu nu lm ho t nhin khng kh c nhit 380C v m 60-70%. Nu lm ho nhn to, khng kh c nhit 46-490C v m 28-30%. Trong qu trnh lm ho cn m bo lu thng khng kh lm gim m xung quanh l ch v cung cp oxy cho qu trnh h hp.Vn tc lu thng khng kh thng l 100150m/pht. Cht lng l ch khi lm ho cn ph thuc vo ng u ca l ch v non gi khc nhau th kh nng bay hi nc khc nhau, l ch cng non bay hi nc cng mnh. Tiu chun nh gi mc lm ho l ch nh sau: T l l ch c lm ho ng mc > 80% l ch ho loi tt . T l l ch c lm ho ng mc 70-80% l ch ho loi trung bnh. T l l ch c lm ho ng mc 70% l ch ho loi xu. 3.2.2.3/ Nhng bin i ca nguy n liu ch hi c lm ho Bc hi nc: khi lm ho, nc s bc hi v n s i qua cc mao qun di l ch ra ngoi lm cho l ch mm v do dai hn. Khi lng v th tch nguyn liu ch gim. Qu trnh ny chia lm ba giai on: Bc hi nc t do: tc bc hi nhanh, chim 15 20 % tng lng nc c trong nguyn liu. Tc bc hi chm v nc cc dch bo b cn tr bi cc dch keo c trong l ch. T bo mt kh nng hot ng bnh thng, lng nc bay hi tip tc gim. Qua ba giai on ny ta thy khng th lm ho nguyn liu ch giai on cui vi tc ln v nh vy s lm chy nguyn liu do tc bay hi trn mt Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin 28

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

nguyn liu ch khng ph hp vi tc dch chuyn ca nc trong h thng ng mao qun trong mi phn ca cc m l. Cng ko di thi gian lm ho, cht lng ch thnh phm s gim do hm lng tanin c trong nguyn liu ch gim. Trong qu trnh lm ho, hm lng clorofin trong nguyn liu ch gim, iu ny rt c li trong sn xut ch en v mu xanh ca clorofin s lm cho mu sc ca nc pha ch en khng p. Trong qu trnh lm ho, hm lng vitamin C gim (cht chng oxy ha), do lm tng qu trnh oxy ha sc t antoxianidin to ra nhng sn phm tan c trong nc lm cho mu sc ca nc pha ch en tr nn p. Qu trnh lm ho lm tng kh nng hot ng ca cc enzyme, c th: Theo ti liu ca A.Cursanp, trong thi gian lm ho hot tnh ca enzyme glucozidaza tng t 100-200%, hot tnh ca enzyme invertaza tng 50-70%. Theo ti liu ca Vivrxvi v R-Vrnxvai hot tnh ca enzyme peroxidaza thay i trong khi lm ho l ch nh sau: l th 1 v tm tng 12%, l th 2 tng ln 55,5%, l th 3 tng 144,2%. Qu trnh lm ho ch yu l qu trnh vt l, nhng bin i sinh ha xy ra trong qu trnh ny cng c nhng khng nhiu lm. 3.2.2.4/ i u in thu t Nhit v m tng i ca khng kh (kk): hai yu t ny nh hng ln n tc lm ho. Nu lm ho chm th cht kh tn hao t 4 5 %. Nu kk thp th tc lm ho nhanh, nhng nu thp qu th vic lm ho s khng u. Thc t nu lm ho t nhin th kk < 60 %. Nu lm ho nhn to th kk t 28 30 % l tt. Nu nhit cao, tc lm ho s nhanh, nhng nu nhit qu cao s nh hng n hot tnh ca cc enzym c trong nguyn liu v nhit cao, cc cht hng to thnh s khng tch ly c, cc cht bay hi c mi thm b

Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin

29

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

tn tht lm gim cht lng ch thnh phm. Do , nhit lm ho thng l 40 450 C. iu kin lu thng khng kh: lu thng khng kh nhm mc ch gim m ca mi trng lm ho. Trong qu trnh lm ho, m trong nguyn liu ch thot ra lm mi trng lm ho nhanh chng bo ha nc. V th cn phi lu thng khng kh ca mi trng lm ho tng tc lm ho ng thi cp cho nguyn liu ch mt lng oxy cn thit cho qu trnh sinh ha (du t) xy ra trong qu trnh ny. Ngi ta khng ch tc lu chuyn khng kh khong 2m/s. ng nht ca nguyn liu: tc thot hi nc nhng phn non, gi ca nguyn liu ch c khc nhau, do trc khi lm ho cn phi phn loi v nguyn liu non thng ho trc. 3.2.2.5/ Cc phng php lm ho Ch c lm ho theo hai phng php ch yu: Lm ho t nhin. Lm ho nhn to. Lm ho t nhin Ho trong nh hoc trong bng rm: Yu cu din tch nh xng phi rng, v thi gian ho iu kin ny phi ko di t 17- 24 gi mi c mt m. Ch c ri mng vi lng ch t 2- 2,5 kg ch ti/m2, trn nn nh sch, thong kh hoc trn cc gin tre na, li kim loi, sau 2-3 gi phi o r mt ln, cho ti khi mc ho t yu cu th a i v. Ho ch bng cch ny th ch ho u nhng thi gian ko di, tn nhn cng, tn din tch, Dy chuy n ho ch 30

Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph nn ch s dng kt hp khi c iu kin. Lm ho nhn to Ho bng my

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

T ni thu nhn, bo qun, ch ti c chuyn vo bng ti np ca my ho, chiu dy lp ch trn bng ti ph thuc vo tc ca my, thng dy t 18- 22 cm. Dung lng tc thi trn 5 bng chuyn t 1500- 2250 kg ch bp ti. My c c kh ho kiu bung kn, c 5 tng bng ti li chun lm vic mt mt trn. Ch c lm ho theo nguyn tc dng song song (cng chiu) gia khng kh nng v ch. Lu lng gi nng thi vo my t 55000- 60000 m3/gi. Gi nng c trn vi khng kh lnh bung ho kh v c qut y vo bung my ho tng trn cng v thot ra tng cui. My c 4 tc vn hnh, tng ng thi gian ho t 2- 3- 4- 6 gi, cng sut t 13- 15 tn ch bp ti/ngy (500- 800 kg/gi) Ho hc T ni thu nhn ch c ri ln mng lm ho, dy lp ch ri t 25- 30 cm. Cn m bo ch c ri u, ti xp, ph kn li, ch t ri mng hn, phi r ti, trnh dnh bt vo nhau. Khi ri xong, khng nn cp nhit ngay m phi bt qut lm mt nguyn liu trong vng 10- 20 pht. Nhit khng kh nng a vo hc ho t 35380C, m khng kh khong 40- 50%. Khi lm ho, nh k sau 1- 2 gi o ch 1 ln (dng tay o), ln u lt p, ln sau o tung, m bo ti xp, tng mc ho u cho ch. Ch : Thao tc khi ri v o r cn trnh lm dp nt ch ti. Mi mng ch u c biu k theo di thi gian bt u ho, tnh trng ch ti quyt nh thi im kt thc ch ho nhm m bo cht lng v th t thu ch a sang v. Khi kt thc ho ch, phi qut mt cho ch ho trong thi gian 30 pht, sau mi vn chuyn ch ho sang v. Ht m ho phi v sinh dn ht ch ho ca m c, trnh ln sang m sau.

Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin

31

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

3.2.2.6/ Kim tra qu trnh lm ho vic kim tra qu trnh lm ho c thc hin bng cch ly mu i din ca nguyn liu ch em lm ho ri tin hnh xc nh m cn li ca nguyn liu ch sau khi lm ho. 3.2.3/ V ch v sng ch v 3.2.3.1/ Mc ch V ch lm dp cc t chc t bo cc m lm cc thnh phn trong l ch thot ra b mt ca l ch sau khi sy cc dch bo s bm ln b mt l lm cho cnh ch ng nh hn v d dng ha tan vo nc pha to ra hng v c bit ca ch en. Hn na, do dch bo thot ra ngoi nn tanin v cc hp cht hu c khc c iu kin tip xc vi oxy khng kh xy ra qu trnh oxy ha to ra mi v, hng v mu sc ca sn phm. V lm cho l ch b cun li, to ra nhng bp ch xon nn hnh dng p, gim th tch, d dng cho vn chuyn v bo qun. Trong khi v, do ma st gia cc l ch vi nhau hoc gia ch vi v my s lm pht sinh ra nhit, v th vic sng ch v nhm mc ch lm ngui khi ch sau khi v. Sng ch v cn nhm mc ch phn loi to iu kin thun li cho nhng ln v tip theo v cho qu trnh ln men sau ny. 3.2.3.2/ u cu Sau ba ln v, t l l ch b dp phi t 72 85 %. ln v cui cng, lng tanin trong l ch khng c gim qu 25 30 % (+/_ 5 %) so vi lng tanin c trong nguyn liu ch. T l ch vn thp, cnh ch xon cht nhng phi thng v nh. 3.2.3.2/ Nhng bin i y ra hi v ch Trong khi v, cc thnh phn trong ch ho u c nhng bin i ng k: Khi t bo l ch b v dp th lng oxy thm nhp vo nguyn liu ch tng gp ba ln so vi khi cha v. iu ny c th nhn thy qua s oxy ha mnh tanin trong nguyn liu ch di xc tc ca cc men oxy ha to nn cc sn phm Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin 32

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

mu. Sau ln v I, mu l ch ho t xanh vng chuyn sang mu hung hung v sau ln v th II, III chuyn sang mu ng . Trong qu trnh v do lc ma st v nhit sinh ra ca phn ng oxy ho, nhit khi ch tng ln 4-50C. S tng nhit khng u lm cho qu trnh oxy ha xy mnh v cc b, nh hng xu n phm cht ch. lm gim nhit khi l v iu chnh qu trnh oxy ho xy ra u n ng mc, ngi ta khng v ch lin tc qu lu m v ch nhiu ln. Sau mi ln u c sng phn loi v lm ngui Trong qu trnh v, lng tanin gim lin tc, nu trong ch ho hm lng tanin l 23,6 % th sau ln v I s cn 23,3 %, sau ln v II cn 19,8 % v sau ln v III cn 17,5 %. Trong qu trnh v, hm lng clorofin gim r rt, nu xem hm lng clorofin trong ch ho l 100 % th sau khi v ba ln, hm lng clorofin ch cn 30 %. iu ny rt thun li cho sn xut ch en. Trong qu trnh v, hm lng cc cht bay hi to hng thm tng ln r rt. Trong qu trnh ny c s tch ly cc sn phm d bay hi nh: benzaldehyt, benzylphenol, hexanol... Hm lng pectin gim trong khi v ch. Trong ch ho, hm lng pectin khong 3,4 %, sau khi v cn 2,2 %. Nguyn nhn l do c s ln men xy ra trong khi v ch, mt phn hydrat pectin bin thnh axit pectin lm cho hm lng pectin gim. Hm lng vitamin C cng gim rt nhiu sau khi v ch. Ngoi ra, trong khi v ch ho c nhng bin i vt l quan trng, nhng phin l ch xon cht, thng v nh, nh bng to nn ngoi hnh p cho sn phm. 3.2.3.3/ K thu t v ch: C hai phng php v ch V ch th cng: Cho ch ho vo trong cc ti vi tha ri dng tay v, phng php ny t c dng trong sn xut ch en. V ch c gii: Phng php ny cho cht lng sn phm cao, nng sut ln. Qu trnh v c thc hin trong nhng my v, my v ch gm mt thng hnh tr cha ch lm ho, bn v t y thng c b tr ca tho ch v, trn bn v c nhiu thanh g to nn nhng lc xon cun khi ch khi v. Nh c h Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin 33

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

thng g m thng v c th chuyn ng trn, lui ti trn mt phng ca y thng v, bn v ng yn hoc cng chuyn ng trn, lui ti trn mt phng song song vi mt phng ca y thng v nhng theo hng ngc li. Hin nay, ngi ta thng s dng cc loi my v sau: My v ch m: My ch khng c b phn bn p ln khi ch ho trong thng v. My v ch kn: c b phn bn p ln khi ch ho trong thng v. My v ch tc dng kp: My v ch m thng v v bn v u chuyn ng nhng ngc chiu nhau. My v ch tc dng n: l my v ch ch c thng v chuyn ng. 3.2.3.4/ Sng ch v Trong qu trnh v, nhit trong khi ch v tng ln do cc lc ma st gia ch v thit b v, do cc phn ng sinh ho khi ln men c to nhit. Mt khc ch cn b vn cc do tc dng kt dnh ca dch ch, nha ch lm cho ch kh b v dp v km xon. Do vy, phn loi ch v nhm mc ch: Lm gim nhit khi ch v. Tng cng b mt tip xc khng kh, nhm cung cp oxy qu trnh oxy ho ca enzyme pht trin ng u. Phn loi khi ch v theo non, gi v kch thc to, nh thnh 3 phn: Phn I + II (phn lt sng nh v non), phn III (phn trn sng to, gi) x l v li, ln men v sy ring. Lm ti khi ch v b vn cc trong khi v. My sng phn loi phi c lm sch thng xuyn, khng cho l ch, nha ch bm dnh vo li sng lm cho ch nhim mi chua, thiu.

Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin

34

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph 3.2.3.5/ u cu thu t

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

Lng ch ho a vo my v: Ty thuc vo th tch ca thng v, trong thc t, lng ch ho a vo thng v chim 75 85 % th tch ca thng v. Nu lng ch ho a vo my v qu nhiu th vic v ch s khng u v tn nhit s khng tt, gy nh hng n cht lng sn phm. Nu lng ch ho a vo my v qu t th nng sut my v s gim v p lc v c to ra do trng lng bn thn khi ch s gim nn kh lm cnh ch xon kt p. Tc quay ca mm v: tc quay ca mm v c nh hng n cht lng thnh phm. Ty theo cht lng ch ho em v v iu kin ca phng v m khng ch tc quay ca mm v cho thch hp. Nu tc quay ca mm v qu ln th cnh ch d gy vn nhng c u im l rt ngn c thi gian v v cht lng ca sn phm tt hn. Ngc li, nu tc quay ca mm v nh th c u im l cc l ch khng b t on nhng thi gian v s ko di, nng sut v ch thp, ch v trong my d pht nhit gy nh hng n cht lng sn phm. Do , nu my v v phng v c h thng thng gi tt, c th dng tc v nh, ngc li, phi tin hnh v nhanh. Thi gian v: nu tc v ln th thi gian v gim. Tuy nhin cn phi lm th no qu trnh v ch t c nhng yu cu ra v dp t bo, t l vn nt...L ch gi th cn thi gian v ln hn l ch non. nc ta thng dng ch v nh sau: Ln v Tc (v/pht) Thi gian (pht) I 50 II 55 (40 45 pht cho mi ln v) III 60

p lc v: nu p lc v qu ln th l ch d b tn thng, ch vn nhiu, ngc li nu p lc v qu nh th qu trnh v s khng trit , mu nc pha ch en thnh phm s nht, b ch c nhng m xanh. Do , trong thc t, ln v I, ngi ta v m (khng c p lc) v trong ln v II, III th v kn (c p lc) xen k vi v m nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh v d dng tn i. Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin 35

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph 3.2.3.6/ Kim tra c ng on v ch v y u cu

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc thu t ca ph ng v ch

Nhit ca phng v ch c nh hng rt ln n cht lng ca sn phm ch en, do , cn phi khng ch nhit ca phng v ch vo khong 20 24 0 C. Ngoi ra, tc dng ca men oxydaza trong nguyn liu ch ph thuc rt nhiu vo s c mt ca oxy trong phng v, do cn phi lu thng khng kh trong phng v; ng thi thun li cho qu trnh bin i ha hc ca ch v, cn khng ch m trong phng v khong 95 98 % bng cch phun m. Cht lng ch v c kim tra bng ch tiu dp ca t bo, sao cho ln v cui dp t bo phi t t 75 85 % tr ln. Ngoi cch kim tra cm quan ( xon cht v mc dch chy ra mt ch v) ngi ta cn kim tra bng phng php ha hc. Phng php ny da trn nguyn tc l cho l ch v vo dung dch kalibicromat 10 % trong thi gian 5 pht. Dung dch ny s lm xm nhng ni no l ch b dp (do tc dng vi tanin), t ta c th xc nh c t l dp ca t bo trong qu trnh v. 3.2.4/ Qu trnh l n men ch en 3.2.4.1/ Mc ch ca qu trnh ln men Ln men l giai on quan trng nht trong qu trnh ch bin ch en, y l qu trnh oxy ho su sc mt s thnh phn ca ch v nh xc tc ca nhm enzyme oxy ho kh v c s tham gia ca oxy khng kh. Trong giai on ny phi to c cc iu kin nhit , m v oxy khng kh thch hp nht cho enzyme oxy ho hot ng xc tin cc bin i ho hc cn thit v quyt nh nn cht lng, hng v c bit ca ch en thnh phm. Ton b qu trnh ln men c chia lm 2 giai on chnh : Giai on 1: K t khi v n khi v xong. Trong thi gian ny di tc dng ca enzyme oxy ho catechine ca tanin ch oxy ho chuyn thnh orthoquynone, l cht c hot tnh mnh c th oxy ho cc cht hoc ngng t vi nhau to thnh cc sn phm c mu.V vy khi v, l ch mu xanh chuyn sang mu hung hung (nu nht ). Giai on 2: k t khi v n trc khi sy vi thi gian khong 2-3h. Nguyn liu ch phng ln men lun c phun hi m v iu chnh nhit nht Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin 36

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

nh thch hp cho qu trnh ln men. Trong thi gian ny ch chuyn t mu hung hung sang mu ng v to hng thm d chu, v ch khng cht gt m mt du . 3.2.4.2/ u cu thu t Ch sau khi ln men phi t nhng yu cu sau: L ch mt i mu xanh, c mu Mi hng xanh mt i, c mi thm du Khng cn v cht, c v m du Hm lng tanin gim 50 % so vi lng tanin c trong nguyn liu ch. lc ny c th kt thc qu trnh ln men. 3.2.4.3/ Nhng bin i xy ra trong qu trnh ln men Cc cht ho tan: Trong qu trnh ln men cc cht ho tan b thay i rt ln do s chuyn ho cc cht ho tan thnh khng ho tan v do tc dng vi protein. Nhn chung hm lng cht tan gim t 42.9% sau khi lm ho xung cn 31.3% sau khi ln men . S bin i ca tanin: Hm lng tanin trong l ch gim dn trong qu trnh ln men. S gim hm lng tanin l do qu trnh oxy ho di s xc tc ca enzyme polyphenoloxydaza hnh thnh cc cht mi c v cht du v to nn cht mu. S tch lu hm lng Teaflavin c xu hng lin tc gim dn mt cch u n, iu chng t c s chuyn ho mnh m bin Teaflavin l cht c mu vng sng thnh Tearubigin. Trong thi gian ln men hm lng tanin gim 50% so vi ban u. Hm lng ca tanin dng poliphenol catechine c v ng gim t 8.91% khi v n cn 2.77% sau khi ln men. Cn tanin ring c v nht nh th gim i ng k t 9.06% khi v xung 5.96% sau khi ln men . Bin i ca du thm v s to thnh hng thm ca ch en thnh phm: Trong cc qu trnh ln men hm lng du thm thay i rt ln v t c cc i sau 3-4h ln men, t lm thay i cht lng v hng thm ca ch thnh phm. S thay i ca protein v cc cht khc trong khi ln men: Trong qu trnh ln men protein phc tp khng tan b thay i thnh protein ho tan v cc aminoacid. Cc Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin 37

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

aminoacid tham gia to thnh cc andehit thm ca ch. Mt khc, trong qu trnh ln men cc monosaccarit tng ln cn saccaroz gim xung gp phn vo to hng thm ca ch khi sy. S thay i ca pectin trong khi ln men: Hm lng pectin ho tan gim xung cn pectin khng tan tng ln. 3.2.4.4/ Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ln men Qu trnh ln men ch en chu tc dng rt ln ca nhit , m, v thnh phn khng kh xung quanh. Nhit : Nhit c nh hng rt ln n xc tc ca enzyme v tc ca cc phn ng ho hc. i vi sn xut ch en, nhit thch hp cho qu trnh ln men l 20-300C. Nu nhit cao qu s c ch s xc tc ca enzyme, ngc li nhit thp qu th lm chm qu trnh xc tc. m: L ch sau khi v em ln men yu cu phi c m thch hp l 60-62% v m khng kh trong phng ln men phi cao 95-98% trnh lm l ch b ho v lm cc phn ng ho hc b chm li. Khng kh : Qu trnh ln men cn c cung cp mt lng ln khng kh sch, nu thiu khng kh ch d b hi. Trong khng kh nu thnh phn CO2 nhiu cng gy nh hng xu ti qu trnh ln men. c bit kh H2S ch cn mt lng nh cng c th lm cho qu trnh ln men b nh ch. 3.2.4.5/ K thu t ln men Ch sau khi c v chia lm 3 loi c ri ring vo khay g v t vo phng ln men. dy ca tng phn ch c quy nh nh sau: Phn ch loi I dy 4cm , phn ch loi II dy 6cm , phn ch loi III dy 8cm . Dy chuy n ln men ch 38

Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thuten bin ch

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

Khi xp vo cc khay cn ch xp xen k m bo thong kh trong thi gian ln men. Nhit v m khng kh trong phng ln men l t0 = 22-24oC v m 9598%. Trong thi gian ln men, c 6-8 pht yu cu thng gi phng 1 ln. Tng thi gian ln men l 4-5h k t khi bt u v v 2-3h k t khi a ch vo ln men . kt thc qu trnh ln men ngi ta da vo nguyn tc sau: Khi ch ln men c mu ng , c hng thm v mi v d chu th c th a ch vo sy . Trong thi gian ln men, nhit ca khi ch tng dn v sau khi t cc i th bt u gim xung. Giai on ln men c kt thc khi nhit bt u gim. Trong qu trnh ln men hm lng tanin trong ch gim dn, tu theo tng loi ch m ngi ta cn phi gi hm lng tanin cn li sau qu trnh ln men trong mt gii hn nht nh. 3.2.4.6/ Kim tra giai on l n men C hai cch kim tra: kim tra bng phng php cm quan v bng phng php ha hc. y ch gii thiu mt vi phng php n gin nh sau: Theo di nhit ln men: khi nhit khi ch t cao nht bt u gim xung th ch c ln men y v c th kt thc qu trnh ln men. Theo di mu sc ch ln men: nu ch c mu ng th ln men y , mu nu th ln men qu mc v mu lm m xanh chng t ln men cha y , trng hp ny cn tm r nguyn nhn khc phc, c th do nhng cng an trc nh lm ho, v. Theo di mi v ch sau ln men: nu mi thm du l ln men ng mc, nu c mi chua l ln men qu mc, cn nu vn c mi hng xanh th ln men cha t. 3.2.5/ Sy ch 3.2.5.1/ Mc ch v ngha nh ch cc qu trnh hot ng ln men. Lm gim m lm kh ch. Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin 39

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

To iu kin cho qu trnh vn chuyn v bo qun ch c d dng. ng thi sy cn c nh nhng cht to thnh do qu trnh ln men v gi cht tan trn b mt l ch. Di tc dng ca nhit sy, cc hng thm ca ch c pht huy v mt s cht thm mi c to thnh. 3.2.5.2/ Yu cu Ch phi c sy u, kh v khng c mi kht, m cn li t 3 5 % 3.2.5.3/ Nhng bin i xy ra khi sy kh Trong qu trnh sy ch, di tc dng ca nhit v s oxy ho m mu ng ca ch ln men chuyn sang mu xm, sau mu en bng, mt s cht thm c mi to chn c to ra giai on ln men b mt i, thay vo l hng thm c bit ca ch en. Trong qu trnh sy, si ch kh v xon li, v trong khi sy cng xy ra bin i ho hc m ch yu l qu trnh oxy ho v caramen ho. Ngoi ra cng vi lng m thot ra, lng du thm trong ch cng b tn tht, ch yu l cc hp cht thm d bay hi v cc este ca du thm. Ngoi du thm ra, cc hp cht nit trong c cafein cng gim i tung i r. Trong thi gian sy, hydropectin gim i khong 1.59% trong khi protopectin gim i 0.77%, c bit ru metylic c trong ch ln men th sau khi sy hu nh khng cn na. Cc vitamin ca ch, c bit l vitamin C b ph hu kh nhiu trong qu trnh sy. Hm lng vitamin C b gim rt ln trong qu trnh sy. Nu khi ln men l 81.4mg% th sau khi sy ch cn 18.6mg%. Trong qu trnh sy, di tc dng ca nhit, tuy hm lng ca glucoza, saccaroza v tinh bt gim i khng nhiu lm nhng nhng bin i ca chng c ngha quan trng i vi cht lng ca ch, bi v do kt qu ca s caramen ho m mt phn gluxit b ho tan trong qu trnh pha, to nn nhng mi thm c o ca ch kh.

Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin

40

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph 3.2.5.4/ Cch tin hnh sy Cu to 1: L t 2: ng khi 3: Calorifer 4: Qut 5: Bung sy 6: Bng ti sy 7: Bng ti cp liu 8: Ca tho ch Nguyn tc lm vic

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

Thit b sy ch

Qut thi khng kh nng t calorife vo bung sy t di ln, bung sy l mt hp kim loi c 4 bng chuyn. Nguyn liu nh bng ti cp liu 7 vo bng chuyn trn cng ri ln lt i xung pha di. Sau khi qua khi bng chuyn di cng th ch ra khi my sy theo ca 8. Nng sut ca my thng l 120 kg ch/gi, vn tc khng kh nng 0,5 m/s. Tc bng chuyn 1 tng 47% v bng chuyn 2 tng 20% so vi bng chuyn 3, tc bng chuyn 4 gim 20 % so vi bng chuyn 3. V th, dy ca ch ri trn bng chuyn s tng t bng chuyn 1 n bng chuyn 4, ph hp vi thc t l ch s kh dn t trn xung di. Khi sy ch, ch phn III c a vo sy trc, ch phn I, II sy sau. Tu iu kin nguyn liu, nhit sy m iu chnh dy lp ch v tc sy cho ph hp. Thng thng ch non v ch t ri dy hn ch gi. Cn phi iu chnh cc thng s ca qu trnh sy cho hp l : Nhit v thi gian sy: Nhit sy cn cao dit enzyme v lm kh ch nhng cng trnh nhit qu cao gy mi ch chy. Thng thng ngi ta sy 2 ln vi nhit nh sau : Sy ln 1: Nhit 90-950C vi thi gian sy l 12-15 pht, m sau khi sy l 18-20%.

Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin

41

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

Sy ln 2: nhit 80-850C vi thi gian sy l 12-15 pht, m sau khi sy ln 2 l 3-5%. Gia 2 ln sy ch c ri mng, lm ngui v ch phn phi li m cho ng u, trnh hin tng kh cc b v trong t ngoi th kh. Ngoi nhit sy trn ngi ta cn p dng sy nhit 1280C, phng php ny sy nhanh, nng sut cao nhng kh khng ch cc ch tiu k thut. Tc khng kh sy: m bo thi gian sy v nng sut ca my sy, lng khng kh vo thit b thch hp l 16000m3/hv m bo tc chuyn ng ca khng kh qua lp ch l 0.5m/s. Nu lng khng kh sy t th tn tht hng thm t nhng lng nc bay hi chm v nh hng xu ti cht lng ch thnh phm. Ch : Tt c cc loi ch sau khi sy kh phi ngui mi c ng vo bao, cn bo qun sau t nht 1 ngy mi c tin hnh phn loi trnh gy vn do ch kh rn sau sy. 3.2.5.5/ Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh sy Nhit sy Nu tng nhit sy ch khong 140oC th s lm tng vn tc sy, ng thi lm gim thi gian sy 40-50%, nh vy, s gim c kch thc thit b, gim c gi thnh sn xut thit b, mang li hiu qu kinh t v s dng nhin liu, nng lng...do gim c gi thnh sn xut. Tuy nhin ng v quan im cht lng sn phm th phi k n tnh cht v cht lng ca ch, ngha l phi chn nhit sy thch hp cho tng giai on sy v cho tng loi sn phm. Nhit thch hp ca sy ch en nm trong khong 80-85oC. nhit sy nh hn 80oC c th do nhng qu trnh sinh ho c li cho cht lng ca ch xy ra cha hon ton, cn nhit sy ln hn 85oC m cht lng ch b gim l do s tn tht (thng hoa) mnh m cc tinh du c trong ch nguyn liu hoc sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men. Trong thc t sn xut, tu theo iu kin c th thng ngi ta cn c vo mc ln men quy nh nhit sy thch hp. Nu ch ln men ng mc th phi dng nhit cao sy nhanh, ngn nga s ln men qu mc, lm cho v ca ch nht Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin 42

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

i. Nu mc ln men cha nhng do iu kin sn xut yu cu phi sy th nhit sy phi thp. i vi ch en, ngi ta thng dng phng php sy hai ln. nh hng ca khng kh (tc nhn sy) Nu vn tc ca khng kh sy tng s lm tng cng bc m, gim c thi gian sy. Nhng nu vn tc sy tng qu mc s lm cho qu trnh kh qu nhanh, gy nh hng n hnh dng v cht lng ca ch, ng thi cn gy tn tht v hng thm ca ch v mc no gy tn tht nhit do khng kh mang ra ngoi. Nu nhit sy khng i ( to=80oC), mt ca ch trn bng chuyn sy c nh (1.5 kg/m2) th cng bc m ca lp ch sy ph thuc vo vn tc chuyn ng ca khng kh sy. Trong sn xut m bo cht lng ch, thi gian sy v nng sut ca thit b, cng nh tn tht nhit khng cn thit, thng ngi ta chn vn tc chuyn ng ca khng kh sy trong thit b sy cng nh xuyn qua lp ch <0.5 m/s. Ngi ta c th dng lu lng qut 16.000m3/h. nh hng ca chiu dy lp ch trn bng chuyn sy Trong sn xut ch en, ngay t giai on v ch ngi ta phn loi thnh hai phn ch to, nh khc nhau. Ni chung phn ch cng nh th non cng cao, thu phn cng ln, nhng xp cng km v ngc li phn ch to th gi hn, thu phn t hn, xp ln, cho nn trong qa trnh sy ngi ta phi chn chiu dy thch hp ca lp ch trn bng chuyn sy ng vi phn ch khc nhau v giai on sy khc nhau. ng v mt sn xut thi ngi ta phi m bo cht lng sn phm. V vy trong thc t sn xut ngi ta thng quy nh chiu dy ca lp ch trn bng chuyn nh sau: Sy ln th I: 2.0 2.5 kg/m2 Sy ln th II: 3.0 4.5 kg/m2 Ch : Mun thay i chiu dy lp ch trn bng chuyn sy ngi ta c th thay i chiu dy lp ch thc t hoc thay i tc ca bng chuyn. 3.2.5.6/ Kim tra c ng on sy ch - Kim tra m ca ch sy bng phng php sy n trng lng khng i. Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin 43

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

- Kim tra cm quan bng cch dng ngn tay nghin ch sy thnh bt vn m khng thy dnh tay l sy ng mc. 3.2.6/ Phn loi ch bn thnh phm Ch sau khi sy c a qua sng phn trn v sn bng phn loi ra cc loi ch c kch thc khc nhau. i vi cc loi ch to ngi ta cho qua dao ct ri li a ln sng phn loi tip. Sau khi phn loi thnh nhiu c khc nhau, ta ch nh s v xp thnh tng chng ring. T cc c ch trn ngi ta em pha trn v c cc loi ch khc nhau: Ch cnh hay ch si gm c: OP, P, PS. Ch mnh hay ch gy c: BOP, PB, BPS. Ch vn gm: F, D (dust). Nhng ch khi phn loi ch: Sng ch phi thng tho, nhn bit c v ly mt hng theo yu cu, ng chng loi. Khi sng ch cng gn c nhiu ch cnh cng tt. Mun vy khi ch vo my sng phi t t, m bo dng ch xung my sng u, lin tc (trnh qu nhiu hoc qu t) ch khng b ln loi. Thng xuyn kim tra cc s ch nh c li sng a vo my cho ph hp. Khi mun tng ng u v sng gn i vi 1 mt hng ch no th lp song song hai s li ging nhau lin k. Nhng phn ch ln nhiu tp cht, phi nht v tch tp cht trc khi em ct - cn. Nhng phn ch ln nhiu ru x, phi cho tch ru x qua my bng ht tnh in hoc sng tay. Cc my sng sch u phi c lp b nam chm tch tp cht st. 3.2.7/ u trn ch Ch sau khi sy c ng trong cc bao vi hoc bao PE, cn b KCS ly mu tng bao ch b vo ca khay g theo tng s tng ng sau tin hnh nht, chn trn khay g tng mt hng ch theo tiu chun v cho ra thc n phi trn ch. Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin 44

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

Cn c theo n u trn v s hng dn ca KCS, tin hnh vic u trn ch. Ch trn nhng bao ch cng tn, c hnh dng gn ging nhau, hoc nhng loi ch c quy nh u trn vi nhau cho ra mt mt hng ch c ngoi hnh v cht lng ng nht, t tiu chun theo yu cu. Vic u trn c tin hnh th cng hoc trn trong my trn thng quay, tc quay ca thng t 4-5 vng/pht. 3.2.8/ ng thng v bo qun 3.2.8.1/ ng thng Sau khi trn ch xong ,ch c em ng thng v bo qun.Thng lm bng g dn c lt giy thic, giy chng m v lp giy bn trng mn l lp tip xc vi ch. Nhn hiu dn vo thng ch phi ghi r: Ni sn xut , ni nhn hng, khi lng ch trong thng v ngy ng thng. V trong qu trnh bo qun trc khi ng thng, ch ht m tr li, v vy yu cu ch khi ng thng phi c m l W<=7.5%. 3.2.8.2/ Bo qun ch i vi ch s ch (BTP), sau khi sy kh v lm ngui c thu phn cn li t 34% c ly mu nh gi cht lng bng cm quan, phn ra phn ch c cht lng tt, xu. Ch BTP cng phi c ng bao trong ti PE, ngoi bao da trnh ch ht thm m. Cc phn ch I, II, ch phn III v ch c cht lng tt, xu phi c ng bao ring, ring tng khu vc trong kho bo qun, to iu kin thun li cho vic x l tip theo. i vi ch thnh phm sau khi c ng bao, bao ch c bo qun trong kho theo quy nh. Xp ring tng mt hng ch theo k m hiu, theo l m bo an ton v trnh lm ri, rch bao. Nh kho bo qun ch 45

Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

Cc bao ch trong kho c xp nm, cch nn kho 10-20 cm, cch tng 50 cm v gia cc l c li i li kim tra v vn chuyn d dng. Kho bo qun ch phi kh ro, sch s, khng c cng cc vt t hng ho khc trnh ch nhim mi l, phi thong kh, nhit khng kh khng c qu cao, khng nh nng mt tri chiu trc tip vo ch bo qun, m khng kh khng di 60%, nu c i kin th nn dng nu c i kin th nn dng iu ho khng kh trong kho.Kho bo qun ch phi c trang b y cc thit b v iu kin phng chng chy n, phng chng s xm nhp ca cc vi sinh vt lm mt v sinh an ton thc phm.

Tiu lun: Thnh phn ha hc ca tr v k thut ch bin

46

Mn: CNCB tr, c ph

GVHD: Nguyn Th Cc

TI LIU THAM KHO


1/ TS. Trnh Xun Ng, Cy ch & k thut ch bin ch, NXB Khoa Hc K Thut v Cng Ngh. 2/ Ngc Qu, Cy ch Vit Nam: sn xut, ch bin, tiu th 3/ Ks.Bi Th t - PGS.TS V Khc Nhng, K thut gieo trng ch bin ch v c ph 4/ K thut ch bin ch (http://voer.edu.vn/content/m10954/latest/), 5/ www.tailieu.vn 6/ www.ebook.com 7/ http://thuvienluanvan.com/decuong/DAN317.doc 8/ http://voer.edu.vn/content/m10955/1.1/

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