TRNG I HC S PHM THNH PH H CH MINH Khoa Sinh Hc Chuyn : Cng ngh vi sinh

GVHD: TS. Trn Thanh Thy SVTH: Trn Th Trc o Nam c V Lp: Sinh 3B. Kha 33 (2009-2010)

 Nht nc, nh phn, tam cn, t ging phn bn lun gi vai tr quyt nh trong trng trt. Khi phn bn ha hc ngy cng gy hi cho t trng th nhu cu v mt loi phn bn c hiu qu cao cho cy trng li thn thin vi mi trng t cng tng cao. Phn bn hu c vi sinh ra i p ng nhng yu cu cn thit trn.

Tng quan v phn bn hu c vi sinh vt 1. Khi nim phn bn 2. Khi nim phn bn hu c vi sinh (phn vi sinh) 3. Lch s pht trin phn vi sinh 4. Qu trnh sn xut phn vi sinh. 5. u, nhc im ca phn vi sinh II. Phn loi phn hu c vi sinh v vai tr ca chng 1. Phn VSV c nh m 2. Phn VSV phn gii Kali 3. Phn VSV phn gii hp cht photpho kh tan 4. Phn VSV phn gii cellulose 5. Phn VSV tng hp cht kch thch, iu ho sinh trng thc vt 6. Phn VSV chc nng I.

Phn bn l thc n do con ngi b sung cho cy trng. Trong phn bn cha nhiu cht dinh dng cho cy: m (N), ln (P), kali (K) v cc nguyn t vi lng.

 Phn bn vi sinh vt l sn phm cha cc VSV sng tn ti di dng t bo sinh dng hay bo t. Cc VSV ny qua tuyn chn, thch nghi vi mi trng sng m chng c s dng, c mt theo qui nh.

 Cc VSV ny c kh nng to cht dinh dng cho cy trng t khng kh, nc, t gp phn nng cao nng sut, phm cht cy trng. Phn vi sinh khng gy nh hng xu n sc khe ngi, ng, thc vt, mi trng sinh thi v cht lng nng sn.

 Phn bn vi sinh do Noble Hiltner sn xut u tin ti c nm 1896 v c t tn l Nitragin. Sau pht trin sn xut ti mt s nc khc nh M (1896), Canada (1905), Nga (1907), Anh (1910) v Thy in (1914).

 Vit Nam, phn VSV c nh m cy h u v phn VSV phn gii ln c nghin cu t nm 1960. n nm 1987, phn Nitragin trn nn cht mang than bn mi c hon thin. Nm 1991 c hn 10 n v trong c nc tp trung nghin cu phn vi sinh vt.

 sn xut phn bn vi sinh cn thc hin cc bc sau: 1. Phn lp v tuyn chn vi sinh vt ph hp 2. Xc nh c tnh sinh l, sinh ha, xc nh xem chng vi sinh vt phn lp c c an ton vi ngi, ng thc vt v mi trng sinh thi khng. 3. Ln men thu sinh khi vi sinh vt.

4. Chun b cht mang: Cht mang y c th l than bn hoc l mn hu c ca nh my x l rc thi. Cht mang c ng bao, c th thanh trng hoc khng. Cht mang l cht vi sinh vt c cy tn ti v (hoc ) pht trin, to iu kin thun li cho vn chuyn, bo qun v s dng phn vi sinh. Cht mang khng c cha cht c hi cho ngi, ng thc vt, mi trng sinh thi v cht lng nng sn. 5. Phi trn cc vi sinh vt sau tim vi sinh vt vo cc bao cht mang.

 sinh trng: ty thuc vo c im ca cc chng vi sinh vt m c ch khc nhau, nhng thng l trong t 3-5 ngy nhit xc nh khong 300C. Kim tra mt vi sinh vt xem c t yu cu khng ri a vo s dng hoc bn ra ngoi th trng.

a. u im Tng nng sut cy trng ln rt nhiu. t gy nhim c ho cht trong cc loi nng sn thc phm so vi s dng phn bn ha hc. Gp phn quan trng trong vic ci to t, p ng cho mt nn nng nghip hu c bn vng, xanh sch v an ton. Gi thnh h. C th sn xut c ti a phng v gii quyt c vic lm cho mt s lao ng, ngoi ra cng gim c mt phn chi ph ngoi t nhp khu phn ho hc.

b. Nhc im Phn hu c vi sinh l loi phn bn hiu qu chm, nn c s dng ch yu bn lt vi liu lng thch hp. Vic phn thng dng th cng v l thin to s phn cm v m quan v pht tn mi hi. iu kin bo qun kh nghim ngt. Phn vi sinh vt thng ch pht huy tc dng trong nhng iu kin t ai v kh hu thch hp.

1. Phn VSV c nh m L cc loi ch phm c cha VSV c nh N c a vo t hoc r cy tng cng s c nh N ca mi trng nhm cung cp thm m cho cy trng. C 3 loi phn VSV c nh m (N):

Loi 1: Phn VSV c nh m cng sinh vi cy h u Vi sinh vt c s dng: Rhizobium, Bradirhizobium

Rhizobium

V d: Phn Nitragin, Rhidafo... c tc dng lm tng kh nng xm nhp ca cc VSV vo h r ca cc cy h u lm tng kh nng c nh N ca cy, cung cp nhiu N cho cy trng. Loi 2: Phn VSV c nh N sng t do. Vi sinh vt c s dng: Azotobacter, Beijerinskii, Clostridium.

Azotobacter

Clostridium

 V d: Phn Azotobacterin c tc dng 1) X l ht ging 2) Lm tng nng sut t 5 - 10% Loi 3: Cc vi khun Lam c nh m Cyanobacterium

Cyanobacterium

 Cung cp cht dinh dng, nng cao hiu qu s dng phn m khong. C tc dng tch cc trong vic ci thin mi trng t trng. Hin nay, phn vi sinh vt c nh m c bn di cc tn thng phm sau y: Phn Nitragin cha vi khun nt sn cy u tng Phn Rhidafo cha vi khun nt sn cy lc. Azotobacterin cha vi khun ht m t do. Azozin cha vi khun ht m t khng kh sng trong rung la. Loi phn ny c th trn vi ht ging la.

2. Phn VSV phn gii Kali L phn hay ch phm c cha cc chng VSV c kh nng phn gii cc hp cht cha kali kh tan ( v d: Silicat) thnh cc mui kali d tan cy c th s dng c. Yu t dinh dng ny lm tng cht lng v mi v ca qu. Vi sinh vt s dng: Bacillus (loi vi sinh vt c th chu ng c cc chua ca t)

L cc loi phn c cha cc chng VSV c kh nng phn gii cc hp cht hu c c cha ln (Phosphore), phn gii cht ln kh tan thnh d tan cho cy trng c kh nng hp thu c. VSV c s dng: Aspergillus niger, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Micrococens, Thiobaciluss v Penicillium

Aspergillus niger

Pseudomonas

Thiobaciluss

Penicillium

 Tng cng cung cp thm ln (P) d tiu cho cy trng. Tng cng sc hot ng ca cc loi VSV khc trong t. Cung cp cc cht iu ha sinh trng. Cung cp cc cht khng sinh phng chng su bnh hi.

Cytophaga hutchinsonii

Cellulomonas

Clostridium

Aspergillus

Cung cp cht dinh dng cho t v cy trng, to iu kin nng cao nng xut v cht lng nng sn, tng mu m ca t. Phn vi sinh vt phn gii cellulose khng nh hng xu n ngi, ng thc vt, mi trng sinh thi v cht lng nng sn.

 Phn VSV kch thch, iu ho sinh trng thc vt l phn cha cc VSV c kh nng sn sinh cc hot cht sinh hc c tc dng iu ho, kch thch qu trnh trao i cht ca cy. Nhm ny c cc nh khoa hc phn lp ra t tp on vi sinh vt t. V d: Agrobacterium, Flavobacterium, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Azotobacter, Gibberella

Agrobacterium

Flavobacteriu m

Enterobacter

Bacillus

Azotobacter

Gibberella

iu ho, kch thch qu trnh trao i cht ca cy. Tng kh nng ny mm ca ht, tng trng lng ht, thc y b r cy pht trin mnh Ch phm ny c tc ng tng i tng hp ln cy trng.

Phn VSV chc nng l sn phm c cha khng ch cc VSV lm phn bn nh c nh nit, phn gii ln, kch thch sinh trng thc vt m cn c cc loi VSV c kh nng c ch, tiu dit VSV gy bnh cy trng. VSV: Streptomyces, Bacillus... tng sc khng cho cy trng, phng tr vi sinh vt gy bnh vng r.

Streptomyces

Phn bn hu c vi sinh ra i vi nhng u im vt bc: tng nng sut cy trng, ph hp ti tin nng dn Vit Nam, quan trng nht l thn thin vi mi trng v sc khe con ngi. Phn vi sinh tr thnh gii php hu hiu cho mt nn nng nghip xanh sch, bn vng v pht trin.

Trn Th Thanh, Cng ngh vi sinh, 2009, NXB Gio Dc. L Vn Nhng, Nguyn Vn Cch, C s Cng ngh sinh hc, tp 4, Cng ngh vi sinh, 2009, NXB Gio dc. Nguyn Ln Dng v cng s, Vi sinh vt hc, 2002, NXBGD. PGS.TS Nguyn Tin Thng, Gio trnh Ha Sinh i cng, 2008 Nguyn Thnh t, C s sinh hc vi sinh vt, 2005, NXBGD.

Ngun t internet:
www.epa.gov. www.micrologylabs.com. www.nongnghiep.com/phanhuucovisinh www.google.com.vn/phanhuucovisinh. www.tuvanonline.com www.caycanhvietnam.net www.dongthap.gov.vn www.techmartvietnam.vn

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