I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH

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NI DUNG CHNH
A. M u
B. Ni dung I. Nt khi qut 1. Khi nim 2. iu kin hnh thnh & qu trnh hnh thnh

3. Thnh phn & tnh cht

4. Phn loi II. Hin trng khai thc v s dng

III. Cc vn mi trng
IV. Gii php C. Tng kt

A. M U
Mi loi t mang mt s c im ring v c gi tr s dng khc nhau. Do tnh cht m mi loi cy ch thch hp vi mt loi t nht nh nn ngi ta nghin cu tnh cht c im s dng cho ph hp. t ct l loi t c tim nng rt ln v cng nghip v nng nghip

Tuy nhin ti nguyn ny ang b s dng lng ph bt hp l do thiu kin thc ca mt s ngi.

B. NI DUNG
I.NT KHI QUT

1. Khi nim
Ct l dng vt liu gc t nhin bao gm cc ht v khong vt nh v rt mn. t ct l loi t thuc nhm entisol (cha pht trin). Tuy ngho dinh dng nhng li mang gi tr kinh t ln. t ct ven bin Nam Trung B

2. iu kin v qu trnh hnh thnh

iu kin hnh thnh:

Hot ng a cht

IU KIN HNH THNH

Cc qu trnh t nhin

Tc ng ca con ngi

 Qu trnh hnh thnh:

Theo nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc, s hnh thnh t ct bin Vit Nam lin quan mt thit n cc hot ng a cht trong khu vc. t ct ven bin c hnh thnh t 2 qu trnh chnh.
Qu trnh nng cao b bin: Nng cao b bin l hin tng ph bin, iu ny chng t qu trnh nng cao b bin Trung B trc y l mt qu trnh to nn nn ca ng bng ct ven bin ngy nay: bng chng l cc bi s Din Chu (Ngh An) .

Bi s Din Chu( Ngh An)

Qu trnh bi t to lp:

Do cc yu t sau: a hnh gm 2 loi chnh: bi t, xi mn

nh hng trc tip thng qua cc c trng nh cao, dc

nh hng gin tip thng qua yu t kh hu v sinh vt . S bi lp Sng ngi vn chuyn vt liu trm tch

Th nhng v v phong ha:

C s th nhng v cc lp trm tch ca v phong ha: t ct bin pht trin trn m cn bn l ct nn ri rc,ngho dinh dng
Phn b cc lp th nhng: gy ra bi qu trnh trm tch phc tp, di nhng iu kin nht nh. Du vt hot ng ca con ngi: Khi dng, chuyn dng, p p ngn nclm thay i thnh phn th nhng ca t. nh hng ca ch nhit m: Tc ng n cc qu trnh phong ha, ra tri, xi mn v bi t vng t ct bin.

3. Thnh phn v tnh cht

a) Thnh phn: - t ct bin nh, t l ct chim ti (85% 90%). - t ct b ri, th, mu vng, trng hay xm - Hm lng silic cao, st v limon thp (0% - 6%). - N, P, K v lng mn rt thp. - pH dao ng ty ni khong 4,5 7,5.

b) Tnh cht: Tnh cht vt l: - t ct bin c thnh phn c gii nh, c bn l ct, trong hm lng ct mn rt cao (71% - 94%), hm lng st thp (10% - 15%). Ct ch yu l quartz, ngoi ra cn c cc ht c nh vi, mica thch cao
-

- Dung trng ca t ct bin 1,4 1,7g/cm3 , t trng (2,6 2,7). xp khong (35% - 45%). m khong (2,5% - 12.5%).

 Tnh cht ha hc:

- Hm lng silic rt cao (70% - 90%). Hm lng Fe2O3(1,2% 9,7%);MnO (0,08%-1,13%);Na2O<0,9%. - t ct bin ngho mn,m tng s trong t thp (0.07%0.09%). Hot tnh sinh hc: Hm lng vi sinh vt trong t ct bin thp, nhng cao hn so vi t bc mu.Trong h sinh vt, vi khun chim u th v s lng (75-80%),sau l nm v x khun.

4. Phn loai:
Nhm t ct bin Vit Nam c th phn chia ra cc n v sau y:

t cn ct trng v vng (Cc) Luvic Arenosols (ARl).

t cn ct (C) Rhodic Arenosol (ARr). t ct bin in hnh (C) Haplic Arenosols (ARh). t ct mi bin i (Cb) Cambic Arenosols (Arb). t ct Gly (Cg) Gleyic Arenosols (Arg)

a) t cn ct trng v vng (Cc): Tn theo FAO-UNESCO: Luvic Arenosols (ARl). Din tch: - 149.754 ha (NIAPP, 2003) - Phn b t Qung Bnh ti Bnh Thun.

S hnh thnh:
- Ch yu lin quan n hot ng ca bin v thy triu. - Cn ct mi mu vng, nhng cng vi thi gian cc phn t st b ra tri ht, cho nn cc cn ct c ch cn li silic mu trng. - Do ng bng ln bin dn dn m nhiu ni c nhng di cn ct song song nh Thi Thy (Thi Bnh), Tr C (Tr Vinh).

 Tnh cht:

- Ch yu l nhng ht thch anh (SiO2 >95%)

- Ti xp, ri rc, khng c kt cu, thm thot nc nhanh.

- t t chua, c ph nhiu rt thp, kh nng gi nc v gi cc cht dinh dng km. - N, P, K v cc cation trao i u rt ngho. - Gi tr CEC ca t rt thp (thp nht trong cc loi t Vit Nam) ch t mc xp x 1 ll/100g t. - Hm lng OC% trong t rt thp, thng <1%.

Phu din t cn ct trng v vng:

c im phn tng:
-

Ap (0- 30CM): mu vng sng,

hi m, c nhiu r cy phi lao, chuyn lp t t. - C (30- 150CM): vng cam

xn, m, c nhng nh ct lp
lnh.

Hnh thi phu din

 Hng s dng v ci to: - Trng phi lao lm rng chn gi v c nh ct, chng ct bay v di ng, gi ngun nc ngt.

Rng phi lao bo v t - Nhng cn ct vng thp c th trng cy hoa mu v cy Trng khoai m Hm Tn( Bnh Thun) cng nghip ngn ngy

Mt s hnh nh t ct trng v vng:

t cn ct trng

t cn ct vng

b) t cn ct (C):
Theo FAO-UNESCO Rhodic Arenosol (ARr) Din tch: - 80000 ha

- Phn b ch yu vng ven bin cc tnh Ninh Thun,

Bnh Thun. S hnh thnh: - t cn ct c iu kin hnh thnh tng t nh t cn ct trng vng nhng c hnh thnh giai on sm hn. - Hnh thnh cao ln hn so vi cn ct trng vng do hot ng nng ln ca a i Lt vo k t - Qu trnh tch ly Fe2O3 lm cho t c mu .

 Tnh cht: - Cn ct tp trung thnh di cao (c khi ti 200m). - Cn ct c t l st v limon cao hn cc cn ct trng vng (st vt l khong trn 10%). - t thng t chua n chua, hm lng N, P, K u mc ngho n rt ngho. - Ngho cation trao i (Ca2+, Mg2+); CEC ca t thp, tuy

nhin t c BS% vo loi kh.

- t nhiu ct nn d b xi mn, kh nng gi phn v nc km.

Phu din t cn ct c im phn tng: - Ap (0- 20cm): Nu ti, nhiu ct mu vng, t vt than en. - Ac (20-35cm): Nu , nhiu r cy nh, t vt than en.

- C1 (35- 90cm): Nu, t r c,c

cc hang ng vt. - C2 (90- 120cm): Nu, c cc vt than en; c t ct v hang mi. - C3 (120- 160cm): Nu , c t Hnh thi phu din r c nh; b hn tng trn.

 Hng s dng v ci to:

i vi nhng cn ct di

ng phi trng phi lao ngn s di

chuyn ca ct. t cn ct vng i cao, dc phi trng v bo v rng phng h. t cn ct Bnh Thun c th trng bng vi nng sut 10-12 t/ ha, v c th trng thm: u xanh, khoai lang, da ly hat. Trng da trn t cn ct

c) t ct bin in hnh (C): Tn theo FAO-UNESCO: Haplic Arenosols (ARh).

Din tch:
- 197.802 ha (NIAPP, 2003)

- Phn b ch yu dc ven b bin Bc Trung B t Thanh

Ha n H Tnh, ri rc dc ven bin Trung v Nam Trung B v mt s din tch ven bin Nam B.

S hnh thnh:
t ct bin c hnh thnh do s bi lng ph sa bin kt hp vi nhng cn ct thp.

 Tnh cht : - t ct bin c thnh phn c gii t ct pha n ct pha

st, ri rc, kt cu km gp ma thng b lng r nh t

bc mu. - t ngho mn (OC% < 1%), cht hu c phn gii mnh (C/N < 5). Ngho N%:(0,03 - 0,08%), P2O5%:(0,02 - 0,04%), K2O%: (0,3 - 0,5%). - CEC trong t thp (< 9 ll/ 100g t). -Phn ng ca t bin ng trong phm vi trung tnh n

hi kim (pH: 7,5- 8).

- kh nng gi phn v nc ca t yu.

Phu din t ct bin in hnh:

c im phn tng: - Ap (0- 20cm): Nu, c r cy nh; chuyn lp r v mu sc. - AB (20- 40 cm): Nu vng, c hang mi, chuyn lp r v mc kt von.

- Bc1 (40- 90 cm): Nu vng, nhiu kt von mu tm kh cng, t l khong 30%.

- Bc2 (90-150cm): Nu, c nhiu kt von mu nu tm mm hn tng trn, t l khong 30%, xut hin mch nc ngm. Hnh thi phu din - C (150- 170cm): en hi nu vng.

 Hng s dng v ci to:

+ Trc ht phi quan tm n vn thy li gii quyt yu cu nc ti cho cy trng. + Bn phn:Tng cng lng phn hu c cho t tng cng lng mn v to kt cu ca t. Phn ha hc khng nn bn tp trung mt lc v kh nng hp ph ca t thp cy trng khng ht kp d b ra tri gy lng ph + La chn nhng ging cy trng ph hp vi iu kin t ngho dinh dng, kh hn. + Nn u tin cc cy h u trong h thng lun canh tng hiu qu s dng t ng thi tng bc ci thin cc tnh cht ca t.

t ct ven bin in hnh

Trng u phng trn t ct

bin.
II. HIN TRNG KHAI THC V S DNG
CY TRNG:

Cy ly g v cy n qu: - Phi lao: c trng thnh gii rng phng h ngn nn ct bay, ct di ngtrng st mp nc c tc dng ln bin tch cc. - Bch n: ly g,p ly du,trng lm rng phng h - Da: qu gii kht, lm bnh, p ly du, b da lm dy thng - Mt: mi lm mt, thn ly g,l nghin lm thc n cho gia sc.. Cy cng nghip v cy xut khu - Lc: ly c, gp phn ci to t, thn l lm thc n cho gia sc - K:chng ct ru, xut khu mang li li ch kinh t ln. - Cy hng lau:chng ct ly du, b lm trm hng,thn lm bt giy Hoa mu khc v rau: ng, thuc l.u xanh, vng, da hu

 NUI TRNG THY SN TRN CT:

- C hn 100.000 ha ang hoang ha, c kh nng nui tm. - Nm 1990, ln u tin m hnh nui tm trn ct c th nghim thnh cng ti Ninh Thun. - n nay din tch nui tm min Trung hin c khong 1.100 ha, nm ri rc nhiu a phng, cho sn lng tm tht hng nm gn 5.000 tn. C mt s d n ln (quy m hn 100 ha), ang v sp c trin khai nh: d n 2000 ha vt ngang hai huyn Thch H, Cm Xuyn (H Tnh) v d n 2.800 ha ti Mt ao nui tm trn ct "t pht" (M An - Ph M) hai huyn L Thy v Qung Ninh (Qung Bnh)

 KHAI THC KHONG SN, CHT PH RNG:

- Ct c khai thc i titan, lm vt liu xy dng, sn xut thy tinh, dng to cnh quan, dng cho hot ng ngh thut - Cc khu rng phng h ang b ngi dn cht ph ba bi khai thc titan
Khai thc titan Bnh nh

III. CC VN MI TRNG

Ct bay, ct nhy, ct chy l mt thm ha, cho n nay cn nhiu vng ct l hoang mc, nn ct bay,chy vn cn e da i sng v rung ng.Mi nm ct di ng ln chim gn 20 ha t canh tc. nhim mi trng do nui tm : - Cn kit ngun nc ngt v nc ngm - nhim bin v nc ngm do cht thi t nui trng - Mn ha nc ngt v nc ngm - Thu hp rng phng h, lm tng hot ng ct bay, bo ct Xy dng c s h tng Cht ph rng Hot ng du lch.

Hnh nh i ct bay

Hnh nh cht ph rng phng h

IV. GII PHP K lt mi: y l gii php cng ngh dng cc loi vt liu bn vng lm lp o ph pha ngoi, gi cho t b khng b xi tri, bo v trc tip mi l.

Gim vn tc ven b: y l mt gii php quan trng, nht

l i vi nhng trng hp vn tc ven b ln, y sng su,

mi b dc ln. Chuyn hng dng chy: i vi nhng vng b b xi

qu di, phng php bo v trc tip c khi lng cng vic

qu ln hoc do cc iu kin khc kh thc hin, ta dng gii php cng trnh chuyn hng chy.

 nh gi tc ng mi trng. Phc hi v pht trin rng phng h.

Quy hoch v thit k m

hnh ng tri ( vng nui tm trn ct hp l)

Rng phng h ven bin

C. KT LUN
T nhng h qu ca vic khai thc s dng t gy nh hng nhiu n mi trng v cuc sng ca chng ta. t ct l mt loi

ti nguyn qu gi chng ta cn phi s dng mt cch hp l i

i vi bo v, ngy cng tm ra c nhng loi vt liu thay th vic khai thc & s dng t hiu qu hn.

Ti liu tham kho:

Mt s trang mng sau:

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Mi trng ti nguyn t Vit Nam - L Huy

B

CM N THY V CC BN CH LNG NGHE