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TT NGHIP I HC
ti:
: HONG TH VIT
Lp T9 K51
H Ni - thng 6 nm 2011
B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
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NHIM V N TT NGHIP
.....
3. Ni dung cc phn thuyt minh v tnh ton:
...
...
...
...
4. H tn ging vin hng dn :..
5. Ngy giao nhim v n: .
6. Ngy hon thnh n:
Ngy
thng
nm
Ch nhim B mn
thng
nm
Cn b phn bin
B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
---------------------------------------------------
BN NHN XT N TT NGHIP
H v tn sinh vin: ....................................................................... S hiu sinh vin: ...........................
Ngnh: .................................................................................................. Kho: ....................................................
Ging vin hng dn:..............................................................................................................................................
Cn b phn bin: .......................................................................................................................................
1. Ni dung thit k tt nghip:
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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Ngy
thng
nm
Cn b phn bin
( K, ghi r h v tn )
Li ni u
Trong truyn thng ni chung th c hai vn cn phi quan tm l: tc
d liu v tin cy truyn tin. Vi truyn thng khng dy th hai vn ny l
quan trng hn c v mi thit k u phi da trn hai thng s ny lm sao cho
tc d liu ngy cng tng v tin cy ngy cng cao. Trong truyn thng
khng dy th c hai hin tng gy tr ngi cho h thng ca chng ta l:
Fading v giao thoa gia cc k hiu. Do , nng cao tc truyn d liu th
cn phi c bng thng ln nhng iu ny b hn ch v di tn s l mt ti
nguyn khan him. ng thi, mun cht lng tn hiu c ci thin v gim nh
hng ca phading th my pht phi t c cng sut ln hoc tng kch
thc anten duy tr hiu sut bc x; tuy nhin, i vi nhng thit b di ng
cm tay nh in thoi di ng, my tnh xch tay c kch thc nh gn th khng
th p dng phng php ny c. Hin nay, h thng anten s dng nhiu phn
t bc x c pha pht v pha thu hay cn gi l k thut a u vo a u ra
(MIMO) c ng dng trong k thut anten. N em li nhiu u th v cht
lng truyn tn hiu cng nh tc truyn ti d liu. K thut MIMO ra i
nhm mc ch khc phc nhng nhc im trn trong h thng thng tin v
tuyn.
Bng thng rng khng cn l mt iu mi m trong thng tin di ng na,
m n tr thnh mt c im thit yu trong rt nhiu ng dng khc nhau, v d
nh: truyn hnh cht lng cao, truyn hnh di ng, Internet bng thng rng,
game trc tuyn, gii tr a phng tin hay giao tip gia cc thit b trong khong
cch ngn. Mt gii php c a ra l s dng cc thit b hot ng mt di
tn siu rng t 3.1Ghz n 10.6Ghz, gi l di tn siu rng (UWB). y l di tn
khng phi ng k v c cc tiu chun xy dng mt h thng UWB hon
chnh. Tuy nhin. nhu cu con ngi khng ngng gia tng v trong tng lai
khng xa khi bng tn ca h thng UWB khng cn ph hp na th cng ngh
mi phi ra i. Khi , cng ngh Extremely Wide-band (EWB) s l hng i
1
Hong Th Vit
Tm tt n
Khi k thut a u vo a u ra (MIMO) c ng dng cho anten bng
thng siu rng, n em li cho h thng kh nng truyn ti mt khi lng d liu
ln hn mc d khng c s m rng v bng thng. Tuy nhin, vic thit k h
thng ny gp phi nhiu kh khn trong vic gim nh hng tng h gia cc
phn t bc x m tc ng ca n ti cht lng tn hiu l ng k.
Mc ch ca n ny l nghin cu v thit k m hnh anten vi di lm vic
di tn siu rng t xp x 2.7Ghz n 20Ghz. ng thi kt hp vi k thut
MIMO, tnh ton, nh gi v tm cch gim thiu tc dng tng h gia cc anten
t c th ch to th nghim. Trn thc t, ti tin hnh thit k thnh
cng m hnh cho mc tng h gia cc anten thnh phn tha mn yu cu t
ra, trong , cc thng s truyn t, th bc x phng hng v c bit l
kch thc h thng c ti u. Trong m hnh ti xut, h hai anten nm
trn cng mt bn dn v cng mt mt. Vi hai phin bc x kim loi c
cu to bi nhng ng gp khc hot ng nh mt cu trc bin i u c tc
dng lm tng bng thng m bng thng ca anten MIMO hot ng di tn s
rt rng t 2,7 GHz n 20 GHz. gim tc ng tng h gia cc phn t anten
n th cu trc hai stub c thm vo gia hai phin bc x. Cui cng, nh vo
kch thc nh, anten c xut c th tch hp vo cc thit b di ng cm
tay.
Abstract
Once the Miltiple-input Multipe-output technology is applied in the field of
Ultra Wideband antena technique, this will offer the ability of data transmitting with
a huge amount of capacity though the bandwidth of the channel is limited.
However, in the process of designing this system, we could suffer the problem in
reducing the mutual coupling proportion between antenna elements so that the
signals in the operating system cant be interfered.
The aim of this project is a method of designing and simulating an antenna
model which operates at the extremely wide band of frequency from 2.7 Ghz to 20
Ghz after finishing the process. In addition, by futher development with Multi input
Multi output, the antenna system with much higher effeciency will be offered. The
caculation, analysis, estimation of the system can be difficult because of the effect
of mutual coupling between antenna elements. After reseaching deeper of antenna
field, I did success of producing a model which has a low mutual coupling, low
return loss, omnidirectional radiation partern and the optimum dimensions of the
system. In the proposed system, MIMO model is constructed by placing two single
antennas side by side. With the radiation patchs is structured by broken lines for
producing a gradually variant structure to increase bandwidth, the designed antenna
satisfies the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) requirement of less than 2.0 in an
extremely wide frequency band ranging from 2.7 GHz to 20 GHz. To reduce mutual
coupling to be used in diversity antenna environment, two stubs are added between
two patches. And then, this antenna can be intergrated in lots of handheld devices
because of its compact dimensions.
Mc lc
Li ni u .................................................................................................................... 1
Tm tt n ................................................................................................................ 3
Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 4
Danh sch cc hnh v .................................................................................................. 8
Danh sch cc bng biu............................................................................................ 10
Bng danh sch cc t vit tt v i chiu thut ng Anh Vit ........................... 11
Phn m u ............................................................................................................... 14
Chng 1 Gii thiu................................................................................................... 16
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Kt qu mong i ........................................................................................... 19
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.1.4.1
ng dng v radar............................................................................. 27
2.1.4.2
2.1.4.3
UWB.. .......................................................................................................... 28
2.1.5
Kt lun .................................................................................................... 31
2.2
2.2.1
nh ngha v c im ........................................................................... 31
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.2.4.1
2.2.4.2
2.2.5
2.2.5.1
2.2.5.2
2.2.6
Kt lun .................................................................................................... 41
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
Cc iu kin bin.................................................................................... 48
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
Ni dung .................................................................................................. 50
3.2.3
ng dng ................................................................................................. 51
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
M phng ................................................................................................. 52
a.
b.
c.
Chng 4 Thit k anten vi di bng thng siu rng p dng k thut MIMO . 57
6
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.1.1
4.1.1.2
Kt qu m phng v o c............................................................. 63
4.1.1.3
4.1.1.4
4.1.2
4.2
4.1.2.1
4.1.2.2
Kt qu .............................................................................................. 73
4.1.2.3
Nhn xt v nh gi ......................................................................... 76
Kt lun........................................................................................................... 83
Kt lun chung .................................................................................................. 84
10
COFDM
Coded OFDM
OFDM m ha
DFT
Bin i Fourier ri rc
DSSS
Spectrum
Federal Communications
Commission
bang
GPS
H thng nh v ton cu
GSM
Communication
cu
Vin k s in v in t
FCC
IEEE
Electronics Engineers
LAN
Mng cc b
MB-
Multi Band-OFDM
OFDM a bng
MB-UWB
Multi Band-UWB
UWB a bng
NB
Narrow Band
Bng hp
OFDM
Multiplexing
s trc giao
PSD
Mt ph cng sut
UWB
WLAN
Mng cc b khng dy
WPAN
MIMO
Multi-input multi-output
OFDM
u ra
11
SNR
T l tn hiu trn tp m
LOS
Light of sight
Tm nhn thng
CCI
Co-channel interference
Nhiu ng knh
ISI
Inter-Symbol Interference
TDMA
FDMA
SDMA
access
CDMA
SISO
n u vo n u ra
STC
STBC
STTC
LSTC
ML
MRC
B t hp t s ln nht
PSK
BLAST
H-Blast
Horizontal blast
M blast ngang
V- Blast
Vertical blast
M Blast dc
SC
B t hp qut v la chn
EGC
B t hp cng li
AOA
Angles of Arival
Gc n
DOA
Angles of Departure
Gc ti
FDTC
DFT
Bin i furie ri rc
12
FFT
EBG
13
Phn m u
Trong thp k qua, chng ta chng kin s pht trin vt bc v khng
ngng tin ti ca cng ngh truyn thng. Cc thit b ngy cng c ci tin
nng cp tin dn ti s hon thin v thit k, tnh nng cng nh tc x l tn
hiu. Do vic giao tip gia cc thit b l mt iu kin khng th thiu trong
mt h thng i hi tnh ng dng cao v mm do trong nhiu hon cnh khc
nhau. Hy hnh dung rng chic my tnh bn ca bn hon ton khng dy, tt
c cc thnh phn ca n lin lc vi nhau bng cng ngh khng giy tc cao
hay bn ch cn mt vi giy ti mt b phim ln n vi Gbs xung thit b cm
tay nh in thoi di ng
Cng ngh UWB ra i nhm tha mn nhng yu cu nh vy. Thm vo ,
vi s kt hp ca nn tng MIMO, h thng MIMO UWB em li cho cng ngh
truyn thng nhng ng dng mang tnh t ph v tc . Nhng trong tng lai
khng xa khi m cc ng dng khng dy i hi tc truyn ln hn, bng thng
cng i hi cao hn th hin nhin yu cu mi v cng ngh s c t ra v
cng ngh Extremely Wide-band (EWB) vi di tn hot ng ln hn rt nhiu s
p ng c nhng nhu cu trn. Theo , anten l mt yu t v cng quan trng
trong mt h thng hon chnh, n l thit b chung gian chuyn i tn hiu in
thnh sng in t mang thng tin lan truyn trong khng gian v ngc li. Vy,
bi ton t ra l thit k mt h thng anten MIMO EWB tha mn c nhng
yu cu k thut theo cc tiu chun chung cng vi vic gim kch thc h
thng ny c th c tch hp trn cc thit b di ng nh gn.
Trong phm vi n ny, ti trnh by lm 4 chng:
chng I s gii thiu chung v hin trng cng ngh hin nay, ng lc pht
trin, hng i mi trong tng lai v kt qu mong mun t c trong thit k
anten cho cng ngh bng thng siu rng.
14
n chng II, nhng kin thc tng quan v cng ngh bng thng siu rng
v h thng a u vo a u ra (MIMO) s c trnh by.
Nhng l thyt, kin thc v phng trnh Maxwell, iu kin bin v phn
mm m phng HFSS c cp n chng III.
Cui cng, m hnh cc anten c xut phn tch v thit k, cng nh
cc kt qu m phng, o c s c trnh by chi tit trong chng IV.
15
Chng 1
Gii thiu
1.1
17
1.2
ng lc pht trin
- Cc ch tiu k thut, m hnh h thng c cc t chc trn th gii c
18
1.3
cao, bng thng rng khng ngng ra tng th c th khng nh rng trong tng
lai nhng cng ngh hin nay s khng p ng. Gii php t ra l: khi cng
ngh khng cn p ng c nhng nhu cu trn ca con ngi th cng ngh
bng thng rng hn phi c hnh thnh. V cng ngh EWB s l hng i cho
tng lai khi m di tn ca cc rng ca n (c th ln n hng chc GHz) hon
ton bao trm di tn hot ng ca cc h thng khc nh: WLAN, WiMAX
trong c c h thng UWB th nhiu ng dng khng dy tc cao u c th
c p ng. Cng ngh ny s c ng dng vi cc thit b u cui a bng
tn. Tuy nhin, vi tng ng dng c th khng gy nhiu gia cc h thng vi
nhau khi chng cng hot ng th yu cu thit k anten trong cng ngh ny l
phi loi b mt s bng tn khng mong mun ca h thng khc khi c ng
dng trong cc h thng khc nhau.
1.4
Kt qu mong i
n ny hng ti pht trin, nghin cu, thit k mt h thng anten hon
chnh ng dng cho cng ngh MIMO EWB. Khi ch tiu thit k s l: thit k
anten MIMO hot ng tt di tn siu rng, ng thi phi gim tc ng tng
h gia cc phn t ring l ca anten.
Qu trnh thit k s gp nhiu tr ngi trc tin l vic la chn loi anten
ph hp nht p ng c nhng yu cu nh gi thnh r, d ch to, bng thng
rng, tnh tch hp cao cho cc thit b di ng. Sau l giai on p dng mt s
phng php k thut iu chnh cc thng s anten: h s tn hao ngc, bc x
ng hng, band rejectingv cui cng l ghp cc anten tr thnh mt h
19
thng hon chnh trong khi vn m bo cc thng s anten thay i trong iu kin
cho php.
Sau y chng ta s i su tm hiu chi tit hn v mt l thuyt ca cng ngh
EWB v MIMO, t to nn hng thit k cho h thng anten.
20
Chng 2
Cng ngh bng thng siu rng v h thng
a u vo a u ra
2.1
Thng 7 nm 2003, IEEE 802.15.3a xut hp nht 2 k thut : DS-UWB v MB OFDM, nhm a ra mt k thut x l tn hiu duy nht cho chun 802.15.3 k
tha cc u im ca cc k thut c.
Thng 5, 2004 : IEEE a ra chun 802.15.4a cho cc ng dng tc thp tiu
tn cc t nng lng cng da trn cng ngh bng thng cc rng.
Thng 8 nm 2004 : FCC chp thun cho cc h thng s dng cng ngh bng
thng siu rng ng c lp, khng ph thuc vo cc cng ngh khc cng s
dng bng thng siu rng.
T y, cng ngh bng thng siu rng tr thnh mt cng ngh mi ha hn
nhiu tim nng cho cc ng dng khng dy v n cn pht trin theo nhiu hng
khc nhau.
22
23
24
Cng ngh bng thng siu rng l mt cng ngh khng dy mi, c nhiu u
im so vi cc cng ngh khng dy ang tn ti. Trong phn ny, ta ch a ra so
snh nhng thng s c bn nht ca cc cng ngh khng dy : khong cch tng
tc, nng lng bc x ng hng, tc truyn d liu.
So snh v khong cch tng tc v tc truyn d liu : so snh vi cc
cng ngh khng dy cng khong cch tng tc, cng ngh bng thng siu rng
vt tri v v tc truyn d liu. Nh Blucetooth l cng ngh khng dy bng
hp c khong cch tng tc ngn, hot ng di tn 2.4GHz n 2.483 GHz,
nhng tc truyn d liu ch t 1Mb/s l ln nht. V th cng ngh UWB ra
i s l th h tip theo ca Bluetooth. Mt s cng ngh khc ang tn ti trong
cc chun cng ngh cao 802.11a,b,g c khong cch tng tc ln nhng li hn
ch v tc truyn d liu.
Bng 2.1 biu din cc tham s ca cng ngh UWB tng ng vi cc chun
truyn thng quc t khc vi chun truyn thng UWB.
25
IEEE
802.11b
802.11g+
1 Mb/s
11Mb/s
Khong cch
10m
Bng tn
Thng s
Tc truyn
(max)
rng bng
tn
BlueTooth
IEEE 802.11a
UWB
54Mb/s
24Mb/s
480Mb/s
100m
100m
50m
3m
2.4GHz
2.4GHz
2.4GHz
5.5GHz
1MHz
25MHz
25MHz
20MHz
3.110.6GHz
500MHz
COFDM
iu ch
GFSK
QPSK
OFDM
QPSK,
16 QAM
Cng sut
pht (max)
10mW
100mW
1W
26
1W
< 0.56mW
Chi ph
~1
~4
~4
~6
~1
ng dng v radar
27
UWB
Trn thc t, c rt nhiu nhng nghin cu v thit k anten dng trong h
thng thong tin bng thng siu rng. c nhiu loi anten c dng thit k
cho h thng UWB, sau y l mt vi loi anten UWB c ng dng nhiu
trong thc t(tham kho ti liu: UWB theory and application ca tc gi Ian
Oppermann, Matti Hamalainen and Jari Iinatti):
28
rng bng tn
Hiu sut bc x
Pha
ng hng
th bc x
Thp
H s nh hng
29
Thp
H s tng ch
Hnh dng
30
2.1.5 Kt lun
chng ny, ta trnh by s lc v lch s pht trin, cc c im c
bn, nhng ng dng ca cng ngh bng thng siu rng v so snh cng ngh
UWB vi cc cng ngh khng dy hin ti. cui chng, nhng yu cu ca
anten cho cng ngh UWB cng c nhc n. thit k mt anten vi di p
ng yu cu cho cng ngh UWB, ta phi nm r v anten vi di v cc k thut
thit k anten bng rng. Chng sau s gip ta hiu r hn v anten vi di, ng
dng ca n, cc nguyn l v cc k thut m rng bng tn cho anten.
2.2
2.2.1 nh ngha v c im
Trong thng tin v thuyn, MIMO l vic s dng nhiu anten c b pht v
b thu nng cao cht lng truyn tin. y l mt trong nhng dng ca cng
ngh anten thng minh.
H thng MIMO l mt h thng m my pht v my thu u s dng nhiu
anten. Anten my pht v anten my thu u cch nhau mt khong cch nht
nh.
Trong m hnh MIMO, ta gi s rng:
- Cc symbol
c truyn t
l s tng hp ca
cc tn hiu c truyn
Mi quan h u ra v u vo ca h thng
anten c th c
vit nh sau:
(2.1)
hay
(2.2)
vi
gi l ma trn knh.
32
Phaing l s suy gim bin thin gia max v min mt cch khng u n.
Khi thit b u cui di chuyn qua mt khu vc no c nhiu chng ngi vt, c
kch thc khc nhau, v d: i, ni, to nh, hm Nhng chng ngi vt ny
s che ph hay ct hon ton tn hiu. Mc d kt qu ca hiu ng ny ph thuc
vo kch c ca vt chn v khong cch n n. Do vy, cng ca tn hiu thu
c bin thin mt cch tt yu. Loi phaing ny gi l shadow phaing. Cch
khc phc l t cc trm BS cao v gn nhau th ta c th trnh c cc vt cn
trong khi truyn dn.
Ngoi ra cn c cc loi phading khc nh: Rayleigh phaing, multipath
phaing, shortterm phaing. y cng l cc loi khc ca hin tng phaing gy
ra s suy gim ca cng tn hiu thu c.
Rayleigh phaing l kt qu ca vic thu vi tn hiu ca my thu. Cc tn hiu
ny c phn x t nhiu vt v nhiu hng khc nhau trong mt khu vc. Do
khong cch khc nhau nn cc tn hiu thu c khc nhau v pha nn chng c
th lm tng thm hay lm trit tiu tn hiu tng hp. S di chuyn ca cc thit b
u cui cng gy ra s bin thin khng th d on c ca pha, tn hiu theo
thi gian lm cho s suy gim bin thin mnh. Rayleigh phaing thng c trong
khu vc th. Hin tng phaing su thng xy ra cc vng tn s cao v khi
cc thit b di chuyn nhanh. trnh hin tng phaing su th gi tr trung bnh
ca cc tn hiu thu c phi cao hn vi dB so vi nhy my thu.
33
b hn ch, nh c vic s dng nhiu anten pht v nhiu anten thu lm tng tc
truyn d liu nh vo k thut phn knh khng gian trong khi khng cn m
rng bng thng.
Cht lng truyn dn tt hn hay ni cch khc t l li bit
gim do s
dng nhiu anten bn thu gip chng c phaing. V vi vic s dng k thut
dy anten c th gip gim nhiu.
li phn knh khng gian: li cng sut thu c t vic s dng nhiu
anten c hai pha ca knh truyn v tuyn m khng cn tng cng sut my pht
hay m rng bng tn.
34
li phn tp: Nng cao tin cy knh truyn bng cch pht trng d liu
trn nhng nhnh phaing c lp.
Nh vy
u ra gp
ln
u vo.
Chng ta c th phn loi h a anten lm hai loi: loi s dng chung phn t
pht x v loi s dng cc phn t pht x c lp. Loi s dng chung phn t
bc x, c nhiu ngun tip in, s dng chung mt phn t bc x, tuy nhin, mi
ngun vo s dng cc thuc tnh bc x khc nhau: nh l tnh phn cc khc
nhau, tn s khc nhau hay ch khc nhau ( Multimode antenna, Multipolarized
antenna). Loi th 2, s dng cc phn t bc x c lp nhau, nh hnh v. Mc
ch l gim nh hng gia cc cng (port).
nh hng tng h, thng thng l nhng nh hng khng mong mun.
Trong h a anten s dng n phn t s c nh hng tng h gia cc cng
(port) l rt ln, v t c s dng d c u im l nh gn hn. H a anten s
35
36
2.2.4.2
37
Ti khong cch bng khng, th tng quan gia cc thnh phn anten l ln
nht.
Hnh 2. 12 Hm tng quan gia cc anten thnh phn nh l hm ca khong cch theo
bc sng
Phn tp tn s:
39
2.2.6 Kt lun
H thng a anten l mt h thng ngy cng c s dng ph thng. Nh v
h thng a anten, m ngi ta c th tng dung lng thu pht tn hiu. Tuy nhin,
trong h thng MIMO, cc anten c th b nh hng tng h rt ln, do khong
cch gia cc anten khng ln hn kch thc h thng. c bit trong xu hng
s dng cc thit b di ng kch thc b hin nay, nh hng tng h cng tr
nn trm trng, gy nhiu ln. Trong chng 3, chng ta tm hiu h thng anten
trong h thng MIMO, phn tch qu trnh gy nhiu ng thi a ra phng php
phn tp anten gim nh hng tng h. Tip theo, chng ta s tm hiu c bn
l thuyt phng php FEM v phn mm HFSS s dng phng php ny.
41
Chng 3
Thit k anten vi phn mm HFSS
3.1
L thuyt c bn trng in t
(3.2)
(3.3)
(3.4)
(3.5)
(3.6)
Trong cc phng trnh ny:
l vc-t in trng
l vc-t t trng
l vc-t mt thng lng t
l mt thng lng in
l mt dng in dn
l mt in tch
42
(3.7)
Mt dng v cng in trng
, t phng trnh
(3.2) ta c:
(3.10)
43
(3.11)
Khi gii phng trnh Maxwell thun tin ta nh ngha hm v hng
hm vector th
tho mn:
(3.12)
(3.13)
Thay (3.12) v (3.13) vo (3.1) v (3.2) ta c:
(3.14)
(3.15)
Do
(3.16)
Trong mi trng suy hao th phng trnh sng s dng dng sau:
(3.17)
Cui cng phng trnh sng thu c c dng:
44
(3.18)
(3.19)
Phng trnh (3.18) v (3.19) c dng tnh ton sng bc x ca anten,
trng tn x ca vt liu v s truyn sng trong ng dn sng hay cc thit b in
t khc.
Trng cn bng
Khi bi ton c xt trong iu kin trng bin i theo thi gian rt chm
th trng thi cn bng xp x c s dng.Tiu chun c gi l chm nu n
tho mn iu kin sau:
(3.20)
l tn s gc ca tn hiu hnh sin.
Tiu chun ny c ngha rng dng dn chim u th v dng dch c th
c b qua. Do , t trng xoy sinh ra bi in trng khng tn ti. Khng
c mi lin h gia s thay i v tr v bin i theo thi gian ca trng. V vy
khng c s truyn sng.
Thng thng, trong cc bi ton trng cn bng i lng
(r,t) v
(r,t), (r,t),
45
(3.24)
Khi
l hng s th
(3.25)
(3.26)
v vc-t
l:
(3.27)
Trong
(3.29)
46
l c lp vi thi gian, v d
(3.30)
(3.31)
Da vo phng trnh
v vc-t t th
, c in th, t th v hng
(3.32)
(3.33)
47
Thng thng trong trng tnh v gn tnh th tiu chun Coulomb c tho
mn nh sau:
(3.34)
(3.35)
v l mt ca dng mt v th mt.
48
(3.36)
(3.37)
tho mn:
(3.39)
c biu
(3.40)
Phng trnh trn c th c phn tch thnh 2 phng trnh:
(3.41)
(3.42)
Phng trnh (3.41) v (3.42) ch ra rng cc iu kin bin cho t trng 3
chiu l phc tp hn so vi trng v hng. Do s la chn m hnh ton hc
49
xp x i vi bin cha bit v tiu chun bin l phng php chnh gii bi
ton trng in t trong khng gian 3 chiu.
3.2
3.2.2 Ni dung
Phng php phn t hu hn c ni dung nh sau: gii mt bi ton
bin trong min W, bng php tam gic phn, ta chia thnh mt s hu hn cc
min con Wj (j = 1,..., n) sao cho hai min con bt k khng giao nhau v ch c th
chung nhau nh hoc cc cnh.
Mi min con Wj c gi l mt phn t hu hn (phn t hu hn).
Ngi ta tm nghim xp x ca bi ton bin ban u trong mt khng gian
hu hn chiu cc hm s tho mn iu kin kh vi nht nh trn ton min W v
hn ch ca chng trn tng phn t hu hn Wj l cc a thc. C th chn c s
ca khng gian ny gm cc hm s 1(x),..., n(x) c gi tr trong mt s hu hn
phn t hu hn Wj gn nhau. Nghim xp x ca bi ton ban u c tm di
dng:
c11(x) + ... + cnn(x)
50
(4.43)
3.2.3 ng dng
Vi s h tr ca my tnh in t, phng php phn t hu hn ang c s
dng rng ri v c hiu qu trong nhiu lnh vc nh tnh ton trng in t, l
thuyt n hi v do, c hc cht lng, c hc vt rn, c hc thin th, kh tng
thu vn, v.v
3.3
51
3.3.2 M phng
a. Phng php phn t hu hn
HFSS c da trn phng php phn t hu hn ba chiu. l mt phng
php min tn s (cc li gii c tnh cho tng tn s ring bit). Phng php
phn t hu hn chia c khng gian thnh cc phn t hu hn (tam gic hoc t
din) v m t trng trong mi min con bng mt hm cc b. Vi th tch tng
cng ca
52
phng t l vi
(nu ma trn h
(a)
(b)
Hnh 3. 2 Cch chia phn t hu hn trong HFSS: (a) thnh cc tam gic trn b mt, (b)
thnh cc t din trong khng gian ba chiu
b. Tnh ton
Qu trnh phn tch thch ng
53
Cc vt liu
Cc tnh cht ca vt liu tuyn tnh:
-
H s t thm tng i
H s in mi tng i
in dn khi
ng bo ha t
H s Lande G
Delta H
Loi li gii
1. Li gii Driven Modal
La chn loi li gii Driven Modal khi bn mun HFSS tnh cc h s S
da trn cch thc ca linh kin th ng, cc cu trc tn s cao nh vi di, cc
ng dn sng v cc ng truyn dn. Cc li gii ma trn S s c biu din
thnh cch s hng ca cc nng lng ti v phn x ca cc mt ng dn sng.
2. Li gii Driven Terminal
La chn loi li gii Driven Terminal khi bn mun HFSS tnh ton cc
tham s S da trn u cui ca cc cng truyn dn a cht dn. Cc li gii ma
trn S s c biu din thnh cc s hng ca cc in p u cui v cc dng
in u cui.
3. Li gii mt ring
La chn loi li gii mt ring tnh cc mt ring, hay cc cng hng
ca mt cu trc. B gii mt ring tm cc tn s cng hng ca cu trc v cc
trng cc tn s cng hng.
55
56
Chng 4
Thit k anten vi di bng thng siu rng p
dng k thut MIMO
4.1
Ton b qu trnh thit k v phn tch c thc hin theo nhng bc sau
y:
Xem xt cc yu cu k thut ca anten la chn anten thch hp
57
58
Hnh 4. 1 Kt cu bin i t t
59
b
a
t
h
r
Mode chn
Mode l
(4.1)
(4.2)
60
Vi :
(4.3)
(4.4)
(4.5)
(4.6)
(4.7)
(4.8)
Tnh ton thit k v s dng phn mm m phng
T cc nguyn l c bn v cc k thut to bng thng siu rng cho anten vi
di, gii php a ra l kt hp s dng phng php phn t hu hn FEM (Finite
Element Method) tnh ton thit k anten v s dng phn mm Ansoft HSFF
m phng kt qu.
W=24.2
M2 = 3
M1 = 16
M4=2
M3=7.5
M6=0.3
g=0.2
s=1
t=0.035
60
N=1
60
L=16
M5=3.2
h=1.6
62
Ngoi ra, khc vi cc phn mm m phng khc, HFSS s dng phng php
tnh ton trng in t FEM (Phng php phn t hu hn) nn phi b sung
AirBox chng trnh c th tnh ton, phn tch trong phm vi bn trong hnh
khi ny. Nu khng bo li th sau mt thi gian nht nh d cho phn mm x l
v a ra kt qu, ta c th quan st c rt nhiu cc thng s ca anten: h s
tn hao ngc, tr khng, gain, th bc x phng hng hay phn b dng b
mt
4.1.1.2
Kt qu m phng v o c
63
VSWR
2.7Ghz
10
12
14
Tn s [GHz]
16
18
20
64
0
10
330
10
30
330
30
-10
300
-10
60
300
60
-20
-20
-30
-30
-40
270
90
-40
270
90
-30
-30
-20
240
-10
120
0
210
10
-20
Mt phng E
Mt phng H
150
240
-10
120
Mt phng E
180
210
10
150
Mt phng H
180
(a)
(b)
0
10
330
10
30
300
-10
60
-20
60
-30
270
90
-40
-30
270
90
-30
-20
-20
240
120
-10
0
10
300
-20
-30
-10
30
-10
-40
330
210
150
180
Mt phng E
Mt phng H
10
240
120
210
150
Mt phng E
Mt phng H
180
(c)
(d)
Hnh 4. 7 th phng hng bc x ta cc ti (a) 3GHz, (b) 10 GHz, (c) 7.5GHz v (d)
15GHz
(a)
(b)
Hnh 4. 8 th phng hng bc x trong khng gian ba chiu ti (a): 7.5GHz v (b):
10GHz
65
12
H s tng
ch nh
H s tng ch
nh [dB]
10
0
2
10
12
14
16
18
20
Tn s [GHz]
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
66
S11 [dB]
-15
-20
-25
-30
S11 ti gc m 750
S11 ti gc m 300
S11 ti gc m 600
-35
-40
-45
-50
2
10
12
14
16
18
20
Tn s [GHz]
67
S11 ti d=1mm
S11 ti d=3mm
S11 ti d=5mm
-5
-10
S11 [dB]
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
2
10
12
14
16
18
20
Tn s [GHz]
68
f notch
eff _ slot
eff _ slot
(4.10)
Vi:
(4.9)
0.45c
L slot
tc nh sng.
T cng thc trn vi: r bit v tn s trung tm ca di tn cn loi b ta
s d dng tnh ra c chiu di ca khe. Cng vi qu trnh ti u cc tham s
khc nh: chiu rng, chiu di on gp khc trong qu trnh m phng th di
tn cn loi b s c tm ra.
y, ti thc hin loi b hai bng tn ca h thng WLAN v WiMAX khi
anten c lm vic trong h thng UWB. Hnh dng v kch thc ca tng khe
c th hin trong hnh 4.13 v bng s liu 4.1:
W=24.2
Ws1
Ws2
Ls
M3=7.5
L=16
Lh
M4=2
M2 = 3
M1 = 16
Ws
M6=0.3
g=0.2
s=1
Hnh 4. 13 Anten vi cu trc khe
69
t=0.05
60
N=1
M5=3.2
h=1.6
Ws1
Ws2
Lh
Ws
0.3
0.3
8.54
11.6
0.7
0.2
8.8
11.7
WLAN
2.65
WiMAX
6.5
6
M phng
VSWR
(3)
o c
(1)
M phng
(2)
VSWR
o c
(2)
4
2
1
10 12 14
Tn s [GHz]
16
18
20
(a)
10 12 14
Tn s [GHz]
16
18
20
(b)
Hnh 4. 14 T s sng ng vi cu trc khe dng loi b bng tn cho (a) WLAN v (b)
WiMAX
70
0
10
330
10
30
330
30
-10
300
-10
60
-20
300
60
-20
-30
-30
-40
270
90
-40
-30
270
90
-30
-20
-20
240
-10
120
240
-10
Mt phng E
Mt phng H
0
210
10
150
120
Mt phng E
Mt phng H
0
210
10
180
150
180
(a)
(b)
0
10
330
0
10
30
330
30
-10
300
-10
60
-20
-30
-40
300
60
-20
-30
270
90
-40
270
90
-30
-30
-20
-10
240
0
10
-20
120
210
150
-10
Mt phng E
Mt phng H
240
120
180
10
210
150
Mt phng E
Mt phng H
180
(c)
(d)
71
10
14
8
12
H s tng
ch nh
[dB]
H s tng
ch nh [dB]
H s tng ch
nh
H s tng ch
nh
10
8
6
4
2
0
2
10
12
14
16
18
20
Tn s [GHz]
10
12
14
16
18
Tn s [GHz]
(a)
(b)
4.1.1.4
M hnh ch to ca cc anten
72
20
M hnh anten
0.8 mm
6.65 mm
2.1 mm
16 mm
4.2 mm
11.4 mm
0.2 mm
1 mm
4.2 mm
18.8 mm
35um
1.6 mm
4.1.2.2
Kt qu
Trong h thng nhiu anten ny, ta phi phn tch nh hng tng h gia cc
phn t anten, v vy cn phi c mt thm thng s ngoi h s tn hao ngc
(hoc t s sng ng) ca anten n. Trong ma trn tn x 2 phn t, thng s S21
73
l h s truyn t ca ca 1 n ca 2, tc l nh hng ca ca 2 n ca 1. H s
ny c a ra nh gi s tc ng gia cc anten, S21 cng nh cng tt.
Trc tin ta s cn kim tra xem vi cu trc MIMO th anten cn hot ng
di tn s siu rng hay khng. V hnh 4.19 cho thy anten MIMO vn m bo
c yu cu trn. C hai m hnh anten MIMO u c di tn hot ng nh trong
m hnh anten n. c bit, m hnh anten MIMO vi cu trc hnh V ngc th
bng tn cho h thng WLAN c loi b.
m bo s nh hng tng h gia cc anten khng qu ln th h s
truyn t gia cc anten khng c vt qu -15dB. Trn hnh 4.20 ta c th thy
rng h s S12&S21 trn di tn t 2 n 20 Ghz u nh hn -15dB, tha mn yu
cu ti thiu t ra anten hot ng bnh thng.
5.0
VSWR ca anten n
4.5
4.0
3.5
(1)
VSWR
3.0
(2)
(1): 5 GHz
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
2
10
12
14
16
18
20
Tn s [GHz]
74
-10
-15
S12&S21
[dB]
-20
-25
-30
-35
10
12
14
16
18
20
Tn s [GHz]
330
10
30
300
-10
60
-20
-20
-30
-30
270
-40
90
-30
60
270
90
-20
240
120
210
-10
Mt
phng E
Mt
phng H
0
10
300
-30
-20
-10
30
-10
-40
330
150
180
240
120
0
210
10
150
180
(a)
Mt
phng E
Mt
phng H
(b)
0
10
330
30
0
-10
300
60
-20
-30
-40
270
90
-30
-20
-10
240
120
0
10
210
150
Mt
phng E
Mt
phng H
180
(c)
Hnh 4. 21 th bc x phng hng tn s 10GHz ti (a) Anten n, (b) Anten
MIMO, (c) Anten MIMO loi b bng tn WLAN
75
Nhn xt v nh gi
(a)
(b)
76
24.22+D (mm)
16 mm
16 mm
D (mm)
11.4 mm
0.2 mm
1 mm
S12&S21 [dB]
-15
-20
-25
-30
2
10
12
14
16
18
20
Tn s [dB]
77
Stub
16 mm
16 mm
11.4 mm
0.2 mm
1 mm
4.2 mm
18.8 mm
35um
1.6 mm
S12&S21 ca anten
MIMO
-15
S12&S21
[dB]
-20
-25
-30
-35
10
12
14
16
18
20
Tn s [GHz]
79
(a)
(b)
Hnh 4. 28 Mt dng in ca (a) m hnh MIMO khng c Stub v (b) m hnh MIMO
c Stub
80
S11 [dB]
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
8
16
Tn s [GHz]
(1)
(2)
-10
S11[dB]
-20
-30
(1): 5 GHz
(2): 6.2 GHz
-40
-50
10
12
14
16
18
20
Tn s [GHz}
81
0
330
10
30
330
10
30
0
0
-10
300
60
-10
300
60
-20
-20
-30
-40
-30
270
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
90
-20
240
120
-10
0
10
270
-30
210
150
Mt phng E
Mt phng H
180
240
120
0
10
210
150
Mt phng E
Mt phng H
180
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
82
10
H s tng ch
nh [dB]
12
H s tng
ch nh [dB]
H s tng ch nh ca anten
MIMO c cu trc khe
12
H s tng ch nh ca anten
MIMO
14
10
8
6
4
2
0
2
10
12
14
16
18
20
Tn s [GHz]
10
12
14
16
18
20
Tn s [GHz]
(a)
(b)
Hnh 4. 33 H s tng ch ca (a) anten MIMO v (b) anten MIMO loi b bng tn
4.2
Kt lun
Nh vy, h thng anten c m phng tha mn cc iu kin v thng
s m bo cho anten hot ng n nh, ng thi khi hot ng, anten s khng
gy can nhiu ti cc thit b khc ang hot ng di bng tn WLAN. Vi kch
thc kh nh gn, dng anten vi di c th d dng c tch hp trong cc thit b
cm tay nh in thoi di ng, my chi game cm tay, my nghe nhc v mt s
cc thit b gii tr khc dng ch yu trong mng c nhn (PAN).
83
Kt lun chung
Anten thit k cho h thng MIMO EWB 2 x 2 bao trm di tn t 2.7GHz n
20 GHz, bc x c ng hng cao trn ton b bng tn, li b bng tn
WLAN, kch thc nh, cu hnh n gin, d ch to. m bo yu cu tin
hnh sn xut hng lot.
Cng vic thit k cng m ra nhng kh nng pht trin trong tng lai. Cc
phng hng pht trin bao gm: gim kch thc anten MIMO EWB n t
lm gim kch thc h anten, cng nh c th nng cao khong cch anten m
khng lm tng kch thc h thng, lm gim hn nh hng tng h. Mt khc,
ngoi phng php s dng a anten ta cng c th s dng phng php phn cc
trc giao hoc s dng cu trc EBG trit tiu dng b mt cng l mt phng
php gim nh hng tng h gia cc anten.
84
85
86