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Trong qu trnh sn xut thc phm, thng thng nguyn vt liu phi qua cc cng on gia cng ch bin bng nhiu my mc thit b khc nhau, do nguyn vt liu cn phi c chuyn t cng on ny sang cng on khc. Qu trnh ny c thc hin nh cc my vn chuyn ph hp vi tnh cht ca nguyn vt liu. Thng thng, my vn chuyn lm vic lin tc, chuyn ch vt liu theo hng nh, c th lm vic trong mt thi gian khng gii hn, khng dng li khi np v tho liu. Cc my v thit b vn chuyn lin tc bao gm cc loi chnh nh: gu ti, bng ti, xch ti, co ti thuc nhm my c b phn ko v vt ti, vn chuyn bng khng kh v thy lc thuc nhm my khng c b phn ko.
VT TI
Vt ti l my vn chuyn vt liu ri ch yu theo phng nm ngang. Ngoi ra vt ti c th dng vn chuyn ln cao vi gc nghing c th ln ti 90o, tuy nhin gc nghing cng ln hiu sut vn chuyn cng thp. Vt ti gm c mt trc vt xon c quay c trong lng mt mng hnh na tr. Trng hp gc nghing ln, vt ti quay trong ng tr thay cho mng. Mng ca vt ti gm nhiu on di t 2 m n 4 m, ung knh trong ln hn ng knh cnh vt khong vi mm, c ghp vi nhau bng bch v bulng. Trc vt lm bng thp ng trn c cnh vt. Cnh vt lm t thp tm c hn ln trc theo ng xon c to thnh mt ng xon v tn. Trc vt v cnh quay c nh cc hai u mng. Nu vt qu di th phi lp nhng trc trung gian, thng l treo, cch nhau khong 3-4 m. Khi trc vt quay s y vt liu chuyn ng tnh tin trong mng nh cnh vt, tng t nh chuyn ng ca bulng v ai c. Vt liu trt dc theo y mng v trt theo cnh vt ang quay. Vt ti ch c th y vt liu di chuyn khi vt liu ri, kh. Nu vt liu m, bm dnh vo trc s quay theo trc, nn khng c chuyn ng tng i gia trc v vt liu, qu trnh vn chuyn khng xy ra. c th chuyn c cc nguyn liu dng cc hoc c tnh dnh bm, cn chn loi cnh vt c dng bng xon hoc dng bi cho, tuy nhin nng sut vn chuyn b gim ng k.
Hnh I - 1. Cu to vt ti
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Chiu di chuyn ca vt liu ph thuc vo chiu xon ca cnh vt v chiu quay ca trc vt. Nu o chiu quay ca trc vt s lm i chiu chuyn ng ca vt liu. Hai trc vt c chiu xon ca cnh vt ngc nhau s y vt liu theo hai hng ngc nhau nu quay cng chiu. Vt ti thng c truyn ng nh ng c in thng qua hp gim tc. S vng quay ca trc vt trong khong t 50-250 vng/pht. Chiu di vn chuyn ca vt ti thng khng di qu 15-20 m. Nng sut vn chuyn ca vt ti c tnh theo cng thc: (D 2 d 2 ) Q = 60 Sn * C 1 , kg/h 4 trong : Q: nng sut vn chuyn, kg/h D: ng knh ngoi ca cnh vt, m n: s vng quay trc vt, v/pht : khi lng ring xp ca vt liu, kg/m3 : h s np y. i vi vt liu dng ht chn = (0,3-0,45); i vi vt liu nghin nh = 0,45-0,55 S: bc vt, m. vn chuyn ht ri, thng thng S = (0,8-1) D C1: h s xt ti dc ca vt ti so vi mt phng ngang (bng 1.1)
15 0,9
H s C1 20 45 0,8 0,7
60 0,6
75 0,5
Vt ti c cc u im sau: Chng chim ch rt t, vi cng nng sut th din tch tit din ngang ca vt ti nh hn rt nhiu so vi tit din ngang ca cc my vn chuyn khc. B phn cng tc ca vt nm trong mng kn, nn c th hn ch c bi khi lm vic vi nguyn liu sinh nhiu bi. Gi thnh thp hn so vi nhiu loi my vn chuyn khc. -2-
Nhng nhc im ca vt ti: Chiu di cng nh nng sut b gii hn, thng thng khng di qu 30 m vi nng sut ti a khong 100 tn/gi Ch vn chuyn c vt liu ri, khng vn chuyn c cc vt liu c tnh dnh bm ln hoc dng si do b bm vo trc. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn vt liu b o trn mnh v mt phn b nghin nt khe h gia cnh vt v mng. Ngoi ra nu qung ng vn chuyn di, vt liu c th b phn lp theo khi lng ring. Nng lng tiu tn trn n v nguyn liu vn chuyn ln hn so vi cc my khc.
BNG TI
Bng ti l mt my vn chuyn vt liu ri theo phng ngang bng cch cho vt liu nm trn mt mt bng chuyn ng. Vt liu s c mang t u ny ti u kia ca bng v c tho ra cui bng. Bng ti gm mt bng bng cao su hoc vi hoc bng kim loi c mc vo hai puli hai u. Bn di bng l cc con ln gip cho bng khng b chng khi mang ti. Mt trong hai puli c ni vi ng c in con puli kia l puli cng bng. Tt c c t trn mt khung bng thp vng chc. Khi puli dn ng quay ko bng di chuyn theo. Vt liu cn chuyn c t ln mt u bng v s c bng ti mang n u kia. Trong nhiu trng hp cn phi tho liu gia chng c th dng cc tm gt hoc xe tho di ng. Thng thng puli cng l puli v tr np liu, cn puli dn ng pha tho liu v vi cch b tr nh vy nhnh bng pha trn s l nhnh thng gip mang vt liu i d dng hn. trnh hin tng trt, gia puli v bng cn c mt lc ma st ln, do bng cn phi c cng thng nh puli cng c t trn mt khung ring c th ko ra pha sau c.
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Bng ti c cc c im nh sau: Khng lm h hng vt liu do vt liu khng c chuyn ng tng i vi mt bng C th p dng cho nhiu loi sn phm khc nhau nh cc loi vt liu ri, vt liu n chic hoc cc loi vt liu khng ng nht. C kh nng vn chuyn tng i xa. Chim nhiu din tch v khng gian lp t. Tiu tn nng lng trn mt n v khi lng vn chuyn tng i cao Nng sut ca bng ti c th tnh theo cng thc Q = 60 vA * = 60 DnA * , kg/h trong Q: nng sut vn chuyn ca bng ti, kg/h v: vn tc chuyn ng ca bng, m/pht A: din tch mt ct ngang trung bnh lp vt liu trn bng, m2 *: khi lng ring xp ca vt liu, kg/m3 D: ng knh puli truyn ng, m n: s vng puli truyn ng, v/pht
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GU TI
Gu ti l thit b vn chuyn vt liu ri theo phng thng ng. Cu to ca gu ti gm c hai puli t trong mt thn lm bng thp mng. Mt ai dt trn c bt cc gu mc c mc vo gia hai puli. Puli trn cao c truyn ng quay nh ng c in thng qua hp gim tc, cn puli di c ni vi b phn cng ai c nhim v gi cho ai c cng cn thit bo m lc ma st gia ai v puli. Vt liu c mang ln cao nh cc gu mc di chuyn t di ln. Gu mc vt liu t pha chn gu i ln pha trn v ra ngoi theo hai phng php ch yu l nh lc ly tm v nh trng lc. phng php ly tm, gu cha y vt liu khi i vo phn bn knh cong ca puli trn s xut hin lc ly tm, c phng thay i lin tc theo v tr ca gu. Hp lc ca trong lc v lc ly tm lm cho vt liu vng ra khi gu v ri xung ng vo ming ng dn vt liu ra. Lc ly tm sinh ra ph thuc vo vn tc quay ca puli, nu s vng quay ca puli ln, lc ly tm ln lm vt liu vng ra ngoi sm hn, ri tr li chn gu. Nu quay chm, lc ly tm nh vt liu ra khi gu chm v khng vng xa c, do vt liu khng ri ng vo ming ng dn vt liu. S vng quay ca puli phi ph hp mi c th vt liu ng vo ming ng dn vt liu ra.
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trong
Q: nng sut vn chuyn ca gu, kg/h v: vn tc chuyn ng ca ai gu, m/pht n: s vng quay puli, v/pht V: th tch cha ca 1 gu, m3 *: khi lng ring xp ca vt liu, kg/m3 D: ng knh puli truyn ng, m : h s np y
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khng kh), sut tiu tn khng kh kh ln. Trong nhiu trng cho php kt hp vn chuyn vi mt vi qu trnh cng ngh khc nh lm mt, phn loi, sy, v.v...
Nguyn liu ht c t hoc tu ch ti, vo thng cha ri c ht theo ng dn vo bung lng ht. Ti y do vn tc dng kh gim, ht lng xung y bung, sau c tho ra nh b phn tho liu lp y bung. Khng kh c dn vo xycln lng ri vo my lc ti lm sch bi. T my lc khng kh sch c ht vo qut v ra ngoi tri. c th ly nguyn liu ti nhiu v tr khc nhau cn c cc on ng mm. Nh h thng ny c th ht nguyn vt liu t nhiu v tr trong cng mt lc. m bo cho cc h thng vn chuyn bng khng kh lm vic khng b ngng tr v ng tin cy, cn chn tc khng kh nh sau: - Trng hp vn chuyn ht trong cc ng dn thng ng ly v = 22m/s khi nng l 4 kg /kg v v =25m/s khi > 4 kg/kg. - Trng hp vn chuyn ht trong cc ng dn nm ngang khi = 1- 4 kg/kg v 18 - 22 m/s.
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2. TC DNG CA MI TRNG RA
Nguyn tc lm vic ca my ra sch bao b thc phm l da trn c s gia cng bng dung dch nng cc ho cht ty ra. Ph bin nht ra chai l l dung dch NaOH c nng 1,53%.Tc dng ca dung dch NaOH l : - ha tan cc cht bn, dung dch c tc dng ha hc ln cn bn, v d nh x phng ha cht bo trn thnh chai - lm n cn kh n trng thi mm, b - st trng Nhit c tc dng lm cho cc phn ng ho l xy ra nhanh hn, tc thm t nhanh. Chai hay l ra sch c l nh c tc dng ha hc v tc dng nhit ca dung dch. i vi nguyn liu thc phm, vic s dng nhit v ho cht ty ra c nhiu hn ch do lm nh hng ti cht lng sn phm, v d lng ho cht c th gy nguy c nh hng ti iu
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kin an ton v sinh thc phm. V vy khi ra nguyn liu thc phm, ch s dng nhit ngm khng cao lm, v ch s dng cc loi ho cht an ton mc cho php.
3. MY RA BAO B
3.1 My ra hp st
Hp st thng bm du, bi trong qu trnh gia cng v bo qun, do cn ra sch trc khi s dng. Do hp trc khi ra hon ton l hp mi nn cc loi cn bn khng nhiu v tng i d ra. c tnh cu cc loi bao b st l khng chu c cc loi ho cht mnh, tuy nhin c kh nng chu nhit tt, do thng thng cc my ra hp s dng nc nng v hi nc bo ho lm sch hp. Qu trnh ra nhit cao cn c tc dng tiu dit cc vi sinh vt c sn trong hp, lm gim c hin tng h hng sn phm sau ny. Nguyn tc lm vic ca cc my ra hp st l phun nc nng c nhit 90 -95 oC vo trong hp, lm cho cc ht bi trng n rt nhanh, bong ra khi b mt hp v c mang ra ngoi nh dng nc. Sau khi ra bng nc nng, hi c nhit cao 105-120 oC c phun vo bn trong hp. Mc ch ca vic phun hi l tiu dit tt c cc vi sinh vt cn st li trong hp trc khi cho thc phm vo, nh tng kh nng bo qun ca hp. cui qu trnh ra, hp c sy kh bng khng kh nng.
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i vi chai nha, thng khng cn phi ra bng cc loi ho cht m ch cn sc trng bng tia nc mnh, bi v chai nha ch s dng mt ln khng quay vng, nn bn trong chai tng i sch. My ra loi ny c hai dng: dng my thng v dng bn quay. Dng thng thch hp cho cc qui trnh nng sut nh, cn dng bn quay p dng cho nng sut ln
4. MY RA NGUYN LIU
C nhiu loi my ra nguyn liu khc nhau v cu to, tuy nhin nguyn tc hot ng gn nh ging nhau.Cc loi nguyn liu c th ra bng my rt a dng nh rau, c, qu, nguyn liu thy sn, v.v.. - 11 -
Ty thuc loi nguyn liu v mc bn, c th iu chnh tc di chuyn ca bng chuyn cho ph hp. Nu nguyn liu qu bn, cho bng chuyn i chm li, lm tng thi gian ra. Ngc li, nu cn bn bm trn ngoi nguyn liu t, c th cho bng chuyn i nhanh hn nhm tng nng sut qu trnh. Nc sch t vi phun vo thng ngm s b sung nc cho h thng, cn cn bn c tho ra lin tc qua van x v nc tha theo mng chy trn ra ngoi. Tuy nhin, cht lng ra ca my cha cao, do cn kim tra v ra li bng tay khi cn thit.
4.2 My ra thi kh
My ra thi kh gm hai ngn c y hnh phu, ngn th nht ln, ngn th hai nh hn, cha y nc. Trong ngn th nht c dn ng thi kh mnh lp pha di, ngn cch gia ngn th nht v th hai c ng li quay, cui ngn th hai c ng li quay th hai. Khi lm vic, khng kh t dn ng thi kh ni ln lm xo trn rt mnh nc trong ngn th nht. Nguyn liu ni trong nc nh rau, tri cy nh cho vo u ngn th nht. Nc xo ng mnh lm cc cht bn nhanh chng ht nc, b ti v tch ra khi b mt nguyn liu.ng quay th nht a nguyn liu sang ngn th hai, ti y nc khng b xo ng nhiu nn cc cht bn cn bm trn nguyn liu s tch ra hon ton v lng xung y hnh phu ca ngn. Cui my, nguyn liu c ng li quay th hai vt ln v chuyn ra ngoi. Nguyn liu cn c phun nc sch ra ln cui trc khi ri ra khi ng li th hai. Nc t cc ngn c lc v bm tr li ngn u s dng li. Cn lng ch yu ngn u c x ra ngoi. My ra thi kh thch hp ra cc loi rau, cc loi tri cy nh. Cc nguyn liu nng, chm su khng ra c trn my loi ny.
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4.3 My ra cnh o
My ra cnh o l loi my ra lm vic lin tc, thng c dng ra cc loi c qu cng. Nguyn tc lm vic ca my l o trn tch cc nguyn liu trong khi ra. Cu to ca my gm mt mng c l hnh bn tr t nm ngang, bn trong c trc quay. Trn trc c cc cnh o c b tr theo ng xon c. Bn trn mng l mt h thng ng phun nc p sut cao. Qu trnh ngm v ra tri c tin hnh ng thi bng cch phun nc ra lin tc trong khi o trn nguyn liu. Nc ngm v lm mm cc cht bn bm trn b mt, s o trn lm cc nguyn liu va chm vi nhau lm cht bn ri ra, ng thi dng nc s mang ra ngoi theo cc l y mng. Thi gian cn thit ra sch c th gim ng k do kch thc ca my tr nn gn nh hn. Tuy nhin do o trn mnh nn my ch c th lm vic vi cc loi nguyn liu c qu cng.
Hnh II - 1 . My ra cnh o
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Chng III
MY PHN LOI - LM SCH VT LIU RI I. KHI NIM CHUNG V PHN LOI - LM SCH
Vt liu ri l cc vt liu dng ht nh ng, bt, ht ng cc, v.v.. Thng thng vt liu ri bao gm nhiu thnh phn khc nhau v thng khng hon ton ng nht. S phn chia khi vt liu ri theo mt tnh cht vt l no c gi chung l qu trnh phn loi-lm sch vt liu ri. Tuy nhin ty theo cng vic c th, cc my phn loi-lm sch c th c gi l my phn loi hay my lm sch. My phn loi v my lm sch c th c phn bit nh sau: My lm sch tch phn vt liu c xem l tp cht ra khi khi ht nguyn liu ban u thu c khi ht c tnh cht cng ngh nh nhau. Th d nh tch cc loi tp cht rm r ra khi khi ht thc la. My phn loi chia khi vt liu ban u thnh nhiu loi khc nhau da trn mt s c im, tnh cht no , th d nh phn chia ht thc thnh loi ht di v ht ngn. Trong cng ngh thc phm, cc my phn loi c chia thnh hai nhm: Nhm n gin: Cc my phn loi thuc nhm ny c nhim v phn loi hn hp thnh hai thnh phn theo mt du hiu ring, th d mt sng vi mt loi l (cng kch thc v hnh dng l), my chn theo c ht, ng phn loi,... Nhm phc tp: Cc my phn loi theo nhm ny c cu to gm hai hoc nhiu my n gin trong mt h thng hon chnh v c th tch mt hn hp thnh ba hoc bn thnh phn tr ln theo nhng tnh cht ring. Th d sng qut c th phn loi hn hp thnh nhiu thnh phn theo kch thc khi lng ring v tnh cht kh dng ca cc cu t (cc loi tp cht nh rc, bi, ht lp c tch ring ra khi khi ht chnh. Hin nay trong sn sut, qu trnh phn lai c th thc hin trn mt s my theo cc nguyn l sau: Phn loi theo kch thc hnh hc ca ht: dng cc loi my sng, my ry v ng phn loi ht kiu ng tr Phn loi theo trng thi b mt ca ht: my gn thc khi go lc (my sng Pakis, my sng kiu khay) Phn lai theo khi lng ring: dng bng ti nghing, mt xon c, cc lai my gn , sng Pakis, sng kiu khay, Phn loi theo tnh cht kh ng ca ht: dng qut thi hoc ht Phn lai theo t tnh: dng nam chm vnh cu v nam chm in tch cc tp cht st Phn loi theo mu sc: dng cc my phn loi bng in t v quang in
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Hnh III - 2. th phn chia hn hp thnh hai cu t a- Hai cu t khng c chung phn t cng tnh cht b- Hai cu t c mt phn phn t cng tnh cht c- Hai cu t chung nhau hon ton cc phn t cng tnh cht
Ty theo yu cu vt liu ri cn phn loi, c th b tr cc h thng sng gm nhiu lp. Th d, sng 2 lp s phn chia nguyn liu thnh 3 loi kch thc khc nhau, sng 3 lp s phn chia vt liu thnh 4 c kch thc... Kch ca l sng lp trn ln hn lp sng di. Qu trnh chuyn ng sng gip cho c qu trnh phn loi-lm sch xy ra tt hn do to c hi cho ht tip xc vi l sng. Trong trng hp lm vic lin tc, sng c t nghing mt gc t 2 - 7o, ht s c khuynh hng di chuyn xung pha di. Qu trnh di chuyn nh vy gip cho ht c kch thc nh s chui qua l sng. Phn ht khng qua sng s c hng pha u thp ca sng. Ty theo b tr h thng truyn ng, chuyn ng ca sng c th khc nhau lm cho chuyn ng ca ht trn sng cng khc nhau. Thng thng sng c thit k sao cho ht c c chuyn ng xung v ln nhng vi khong i xung di hn khong i ln. Cc yu t nh hng n nng sut ca sng c th k n l: Din tch b mt sng, l thng s quan trng nht. Din tch cng ln, nng sut cng ln. Tng din tch l sng cng ng hng trc tip n nng sut sng. Tc chuyn ng ca sng. Tc cng ln, nng sut cng ln S vt liu qua l sng. Lng vt liu nh hn l sng cng nhiu, nng sut sng cng gim do cn nhiu thi gian hn tch phn vt liu ny. i vi mt sng c sn, din tch mt sng v tc chuyn ng ca sng hu nh khng iu chnh c, do iu chnh kh nng lm vic ca sng, ngi ta thay i lng nhp liu.
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Sng ng quay thng dng lm sch cc loi ht nng sn, tch bi, ct v cc tp cht ln, rm, r,Thng sng ng quay c kt hp nhiu ng v c qut ht lm sch tt hn.
thp ca ng v ri ra. Ty theo v tr ca mng hng, kch thc ca cc ht di v ngn c phn ring s thay i. Nng sut v cht lng lm vic ca ng phn loi tng khi ng di hn. Ngoi ra kch thc l cn chnh xc v ng nht, nu khng rt kh phn loi.Trong trng hp quay nhanh, lc ly tm qu ln s lm ht bm cht ln thnh ng lm gim kh nng phn ring hoc i khi khng phn ring c. ng phn loi thng c ch to thnh cm gm 2 ng lm vic ni tip nhau, ng trn xung ng di. Nh vy cho php iu chnh 2 Hnh III - 7. ng phn loi ht ngn ng khc nhau nhm t hiu sut phn ring cao nht. ng phn loi thng c dng phn ring go-tm sau khi xay xt, cho php tch hu ht cc ht gy ra khi khi ht t c th u trn tr li c c hn hp go tm theo ng t l yu cu
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Nguyn tc phn loi ca sng zig- zag da theo khi lng ring v nhm b mt. Mt sng l mt tm kim loi phng v nhn bng, c t hi nghing, gc nghing c th iu chnh c. Trn mt sng c cc g hnh zig- zag lp song song nhau to thnh mt khe cng c dng zig-zag. Sng c truyn chuyn ng theo phng vung gc vi cc g vi tn s trong khong 90-120 ln/pht. Hn hp thc go c vo gia sng. Khi sng chuyn ng, hn hp thc go do lc qun tnh b va p mnh ln cc g. Do s khc bit v khi lng ring v nhm, dn n hin tng phn lp, go c khuynh hng di chuyn xung pha di thp, cn thc c a ln pha u cao.
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Mt tng sng c nhiu khe, thng thng t 5 n 20 khe v mi mt my sng c th c ti 5 tng sng song song nhau. S khe v tng sng cng nhiu, nng sut sng cng ln. iu chnh phn loi bng cch iu chnh gc nghing ca sng. Gc nghing cng ln, thc cng c khuynh hng di chuyn xung di v ngc li gc nghing nh s lm go i ln pha trn cao cng vi thc. Qu trnh iu chnh ny cn tin hnh thng xuyn, thng thng i hi ngi iu chnh c kinh nghim. Trong thc t, sng Pakis thng c iu chnh sao cho hon ton khng cn thc theo go, do s c mt s lng kh ln go theo thc ln pha trn sng quay li. V vy, mt my xay khc c b tr xay ring cho lng thc-go hi lu. Sau khi xay lng hi lu cng c a qua cng sng Pakis, nh vy nng sut ca sng theo qui trnh ny phi ln hn, tuy vy y l qui trnh c hiu qu xay t cao nht.
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Hnh III - 11. Nguyn l hot ng ca sng khay v ng i ca thc, go trn mt sng
B mt sng cn phi tht phng bo m qu trnh phn loi xy ra chnh xc. Trng hp b mt sng b g, lp go mng i, khi sng git c thc cng chy ln theo go v ngc li mt phn go b trt xung. ch lm, lp go ln dy hn nn mt phn go khng c y ln v s trt xung theo thc. * u nhc im ca sng git Do nng sut mt lp sng nh nn nng sut chung ca c my sng c th t rt nh n ln. Cu to nh, gn, d lp t, iu chnh. Do c nhiu lp sng c b tr chng ln nhau nn kh t ng nht cho tt c cc lp.
h gia hai dy cp, khi cp chuyn ng s di chuyn cng vi cp. Khi khong h gia 2 si cp tng dn, cc tri c kch c khc nhau s ri xung cc ngn cha c b tr bn di. My phn c kiu cp ch s dng ch yu phn c cc loi qu ln, khng phn loi cc loi qu hoc ht c kch thc nh. My phn c nguyn liu thy sn (tm) cng lm vic theo nguyn l tng t: hai trc hnh cn song song quay ngc chiu nhau vi s vng quay thp to thnh mt khe h c kch thc ln dn. Nguyn liu cho vo u khe h nh. Do c dc nn khi trc quay, nguyn liu s trt dn xung pha di, n khi khe h ln hn nguyn liu ri xung bn di. Tu v tr hng c th phn lm nhiu c khc nhau. My c thit k c mng dn pha trn vi h thng phun nc lm sch bo m
tch tp cht st thng s dng nam chm vnh cu hoc nam chm in. Nam chn c lp trn ng i ca nguyn liu, tp cht st s c gi li cn cc vt liu khc i qua. Phn tp cht ny c ly ra nh k bo m kh nng lm vic ca nam chm.
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II.7 My tch ht mu
Ht ng cc c mu khc khng c trng thng l cc ht khng tt hoc h hng. tch cc ht c mu khc thng ra khi khi ht, c th dng my tch ht mu. My tch ht mu lm vic da theo nguyn tc phn bit ht mu bng cm bin mu ca dng ht ang trt trn rnh. Nu pht hin ht c mu khc l, mt ng thi kh s thi ht mu ra khi rnh v ri xung mng hng bn di. My c th tch hu ht cc ht c mu sm ra khi khi ht c mu sng. i vi go, nng sut my c th t ti 200 kg/h/rnh. Thng thng mi my c th c t 6080 rnh lm vic ng thi.
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VT NH LNG
Vt nh lng l thit b nh lng vt liu ri vi chnh xc trung bnh. Cu to ca vt nh lng tng t nh mt vt ti, tuy nhin thng c kch thc tng i nh v khng qu di. Khi vt nh lng quay vi s vng quay khng i, lng cung cp cng khng thay i theo thi gian. thay i lng cung cp, tc quay ca vt nh lng c iu chnh nh mt b bin tc v cp. Nng sut ca vt cp liu c xc nh theo cng thc :
Q = D2 d 2 S n C1 * 4
, kg/pht
trong D: ng knh ngoi vt xon, m d : ng knh trong vt xon, m S: bc vt, m, thng thng S = (0,81) D : h s np y = 0,60,8 n: s vng quay ca vt xon, v/pht thng thng n = 40-80 v/ph, khi linh ng ca sn phm gim xung th n= 20-40 v/ph. trnh vt liu tch t trong vt nh lng cn phi m bo t l : D [4 - 5]dC dC : kch thc ln nht ca sn phm. *: khi lng ring xp ca vt liu, kg/m3
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Lng cung cp ca vt nh lng khng hon ton ng u theo thi gian do cu to ca vt v tnh cht kh chy thnh dng lin tc ca vt liu ri. Trong thc t, lng cung cp thng xc nh bng o c ti ch.
BNG NH LNG
Cu to ging bng ti vn chuyn nhng ngn hn do ch dng nh lng hn l vn chuyn. Phu cha nguyn liu c lp pha trn bng gip cho vic cung cp c ng u. Ca ra ca phu np liu c tm chn iu chnh din tch ca ra thay i lng cung cp. Dc theo hai bn bng c lp thm tm chn khi mt ct ca lp sn phm trn bng l mt hnh ch nht, gip cho qu trnh nh lng c chnh xc. Lng cung cp c th xc nh theo cng thc: Q = v b h k * = D n b k h * , kg/pht trong n: s vng quay puli, v/pht b, h: b rng v chiu dy lp vt liu trn bng, m v: vn tc chuyn ng ca bng, m/s D: ng knh puli ch ng, m : khi lng ring xp ca vt liu, kg/m3 k: h s trt gia puli v bng c th t ng ho qu trnh nh lng, mt h thng cm bin thng c lp nhn bit s thay i trng lng hoc th tch vt liu trn bng. Khi trng lng vt liu trn bng thay i, h thng cm bin s lm thay i tn s rung ca mt my rung cp liu t ca ra ca phu np liu lm thay i tng ng lng cung cp hoc lm thay i s vng quay ca puli bng ti. Hnh 3 m t mt h thng cm bin nhn bit s thay i chiu rng lp vt liu nh mt chm tia gamma hp chiu t bn di. Cm bin lp pha trn nhn bit do d thay i cng bc x gamma khi di xuyn ngang lp vt liu, t c th tnh c khi lng vt liu cung cp.
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DA NH LNG
Da hay mm nh lng l mt da quay nm ngang, bn trn l phu cha vt liu. Trn mt da c thanh gt c nh, ng c in v b gim tc c b tr bn di. Sn phm t phu chy xung da quay, v phn vt liu tip xc vi thanh gt c ly ra ri xung pha di. Lng vt liu nh lng c iu chnh bng cch dch chuyn ng tip liu di ng ph bn ngoi on ng tho ca phu cha hoc thay i v tr thanh gt vo su hay li ra khi da quay. ng c in lm quay trc thng ng qua c cu truyn ng. Nng sut ca my nh lng ph thuc vo th tch sn phm trn da, vo chiu cao v v tr t ng iu chnh v s vng quay ca da. S vng quay ca da trong khong vi vng/pht nhm trnh khng vt liu b vng ra do lc ly tm.
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TRNG NH LNG
L mt thit b nh lng theo th tch. Cu to gm mt trng hnh tr t nm ngang, trn b mt trng c hc hoc cc ngn. Trng c truyn ng quay vi s vng quay thp v c th thay i c. Pha trn trng l phu cha nguyn liu cn nh lng, pha di l ng dn nguyn liu ra. Khi trng quay, vt liu trong phu ri vo hc v c mang xung tho ra pha di. Do kch thc cc hc l bng nhau v s vng quay ca trng l c nh nn lng nguyn liu tho ra pha di l khng thay i. Ty thuc vo s vng quay ca trng, nguyn liu c nh lng khc nhau. Ngoi ra cn c loi trng nh lng c bit: -Trng trn: S dng nh lng nguyn liu lng nh, nguyn liu c kch thc ht nh. - Trng c hc ln: nh lng nguyn liu c s lng ln (vi trm kg/gi) Tc vng ca trng t 0,025 n 1m/s. Thng thng cc trng nh lng thay i lng cung cp bng cch thay i s vng quay trng nh cc bin tc v cp hoc thay i s vng quay ng c bng b bin tn. Nng sut trng nh lng c th tnh theo Q = n m V * , kg/pht trong D: ng knh trng, m n: s vng quay trng, v/pht m: s hc trn trng V: th tch 1 hc, m3 : khi lng ring xp ca vt liu, kg/m3 Ngoi ra cn c th tnh nng sut nh lng ca trng bng cng thc Q = vF k * , kg/pht trong F : din tch tit din l, m2 v : tc trung bnh ca sn phm chy ra qua l, m/s k : h s np y ca l ra : khi lng ring xp ca sn phm, kg/m3 tnh ton tc trung bnh ca sn phm chy ra c th ly bng tc vng ca thng. H s np y ca l ra k ph thuc vo trng lng th tch v thnh phn c ht ca vt liu, trung bnh ly k = 0,7. Khi lng ring ca sn phm cng ln v thnh phn ca n ng u th i lng k cng ln.
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x s ng bt li, dng vt liu chy xung chm hn. Khi va trng lng, ca x ng li, sau ca tho vt liu m ra ton b lng vt liu vo bao b.
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L cc my dng tch lp v cng bn ngoi ca cc loi ht ng cc. Lp v ny thng khng dnh qu cht vo nhn ht, v cng tng i d v, v vy phn ln cc my xay lm vic theo nguyn l dch trt hay va p nhm lm tch phn v tru cng ra khi nhn ht bn trong..
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Hnh V- 1. My xay 2 da
Ty theo c ht em bc v m khe h gia hai da c iu chnh bng cc im treo ca da trn. Khe h phi tht ng u qu trnh tch v c thc hin trn ton b mt da. Nu khe h khng u, nguyn liu theo ch rng i ra ngoi, do khng tch v c. Sau mt thi gian lm vic, b mt lm vic b mn, lm cc ht c th b bong ra, khi cn lm li b mt . Vic khc phc ny c th tin hnh ngay ni sn xut. Nng sut my thng t 1 t/h n 4 t/h. My lm vic n nh, t h hng, d sa cha. Nng sut ln so vi cc my xay khc. Tuy nhin qu trnh iu chnh khe h lm vic gia 2 da tng i kh, i hi phi c tay ngh, kinh nghim. Ngoi ra do b mt lm vic cng nn d lm gy nt nhn ht, gim t l ht nguyn sau khi xay, v c nguy c ln sn trong go v vy hin nay ngy cng t c s dng.
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thi gian lm vic, lp cao su mn lm b rng khe h ln dn, dn n gim hiu qu tch v ht, khi cn phi iu chnh gim bt khe h gia hai mt trc. Vi thc khe h c khng ch t 0,4mm n 0,75mm. Khi i trc cao su mn ti gii hn nht nh th thay c cp trc. Vic tip liu cho cp trc bc v rt quan trng. Lp ht t trong hc cha liu chy xung hoc qua mng cp liu hoc qua trc ri liu phi c to thnh lp mng v u di sut chiu di trc. Nu lp liu dn vo gia hoc ra hai u trc th mt trc cao su s mn nhanh hn, to khe h khng u trn chiu di trc, dn n c ch bc v khng trit , ch ht b chn gy nhiu, lm gim hiu sut tch v v nng sut my. ng thi trc mau chng phi thay v b mn khng u. My xay 2 trc cao su thng c lp kt hp vi qut ht v tru, ng thi gim c lng bi thot ra ngoi. y l mt trong nhng lai my dng thch hp vi thc, c hiu sut bc v cao, t l gy nt thp. Nng sut my trong khong 0,5 t/h n 2,5 t/h. Qu trnh vn hnh, iu chnh d dng, khng i hi nhiu k nng, tuy nhin b mt cao su nhanh mn khi lm vic vi cc ht c b mt nhm, cn phi thay sau mt thi gian lm vic nht nh.
II. MY XT
Tip theo qu trnh tch v tru ca la cn bc tip lp v la mng ca go, ch yu l cellul. Qu trnh xt ch yu da vo ma st nn c nhiu kiu my xt khc nhau; cht lng my c nh gi da vo mc tch cm, nng sut v t l gy v.
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Thng thng, cc lp v la bm rt chc vo trong phi nh, qu trnh tch v la rt kh so vi tch v tru. Cc my xt thng s dng nguyn l lm mn bng cch cho cc khi ht chuyn ng, ht ma st vi thnh my hoc ma st vi nhau, lp v la mn dn v bong ra khi ht.
II.1 My xt trc cn
Gm mt rto hnh nn ct c y ln pha trn, y nh pha di (cng c th ngc li) c bao bc bng mt lp nhm. Rto c lp trn trc thng ng v truyn ng quay. Bao bc xung quanh trc l lp li xt to ra mt khoang trng gia rto v li, gi l khoang xt. Li gm nhiu phn ghp, gia hai phn li l mt thanh bng cao su (gm 6 thanh), khong cch gia cc thanh cao su vi mt nhm ca rto nh hn so vi li. Pha di khoang xt l ca thot ht xt c lp cn iu chnh m ca ca thot. Bn ngoi li l khoang cha cm gn vi qut ht ht cm ra ngoi ng thi lm ngui ht. iu chnh khe h gia trc v li, c th iu chnh nng trc ln hoc h xung c nh tay quay iu chnh, qua lm tng hoc gim khe h xt gia rto v li. Thanh cao su cng c th iu chnh ra vo c.
Ht c a vo my t pha trn, vo khong trng gia rto v li xt.Trc rto quay lm lp ht tip xc vi b mt nhm b mi mn. Khi ht i qua khe h gia thanh cao su v b mt trc, s mi mn din ra tch cc hn do ht chu lc n hi ca thanh cao su p mnh v pha mt nhm. Ngoi ra s chuyn ng ca c khi ht lm tng s c xt cng lm lp v la b mn nhanh chng. Nh vy, do ma st gia v la v trc cn, gia cc ht vi nhau, v la mn v bong ra. Lp v la b mi mn gi l cm go c kch thc tng i mn. Qut ht cm, ht khng kh ngang lp ht, xuyn qua li mang theo cm go, v lm ngui khi ht xt. Do trc xt t thng ng, ht c khuynh hng di chuyn xung pha di v thot ra ngoi theo ca thot. thay i trng ht sau khi xt, ngi ta thay i din tch ca thot
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tng thi gian lu li trong my ca ht. Tuy nhin khi tng trng lm gim nng sut lm vic ca my. S vng quay trc t n= 400 600 v/p. nng sut thay i theo ging la, thng t 2,5 t/h n 8 t/h, ty theo kch c my v theo trng go xt.
Hnh V- 5. My xt nhiu da
Ht c cho vo khoang xt gia li v da . Da quay lm khi ht chuyn ng. Khi qua ngang khong h nh gia thanh cao su, ht tip xc mnh vi b mt lp nhm, lm mn lp v la bn ngoi ht. Ngoi ra tc ng t mi mn khi ma st gia ht vi ht cng c tc ng ng k ti qu trnh xt trng ht.
Hnh V- 6. My xt trc vt
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II.3 My xt trc vt
My xt trc vt gm c mt trc xt c 2 on: on u c cnh dng vt, on sau c cnh thng, c truyn ng quay nh ng c in qua b truyn ai thang. Bao bc xung quanh trc xt l bao li hnh lc gic hoc bt gic c ghp t nhiu tm ring r. Li lm t thp tm, c l gia cng nghing mt gc so vi cnh ca tm li, c dng di, chiu rng nh hn kch thc ht xt Phu np liu c c cu rung cp liu c lp pha on trc cnh vt, cn pha cui on trc cnh thng l ca thot sn phm xt. Mt tm chn ng kn ca thot ht xt nh cc khi i trng lp pha ngoi. Trong nhiu trng hp, trc quay c l rng dn khng kh nn hay nc a vo khi ht. Khi lm vic, ht t phu np liu i vo trong khoang xt. Do tc ng cnh vt, khi ht s c y vo trong to mt p sut ln khi ht. Bn trong, on trc cnh thng quay lm khi ht quay theo, ma st vi l li v ma st vi nhau lm cho lp v la b mn, bong ra. p sut ca khi ht cng ln, ma st cng ln. Do lp bao li quanh trc xt c hnh lc gic hoc bt gic nn c s xo trn mnh lm cho qu trnh xt xy ra ng u vi c khi ht. i khi gia 2 tm li c lp thm mt thanh chn nh vo pha trong dc theo sut chiu di my, lm chuyn hng dng ht ang di chuyn lm tng ng k xo trn ca khi ht. Tm chn ca thot c tc dng iu chnh p sut trong khoang xt, t iu chnh trng ca ht xt. Khi p sut trong khoang xt ln s y tm chn lm ht thot ra, cn khi p sut gim, i trng s tc ng lm tm chn ng lm gim ca thot ht.
Hnh V- 8. My xt trc vt
My xt trc vt cn c th dng nh bng ht. Khi mt lng nh nc c a vo khi ht gip cho b mt ht bng p hn sau khi xt. Khng kh cng c thi vo lm khi ht ngui hn ng thi gip thot cm nhanh chng cng gp phn lm sch, bng b mt ht.
III. MY NGHIN
Trong cc dy chuyn sn xut ca nhiu ngnh cng nghip cn c nguyn liu dng ht nh cung cp cho cc cng on ch bin. My nghin l cc my lm nh kch thc vt liu ban u.
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Cc loi my nghin u nghin nh vt liu bng mt hoc vi dng tc dng c hc. Cc phng php tc dng bao gm: 1. va p, 2. nn p, 3. mi mn, 4. ct. Ty theo yu cu v tnh cht c l ca vt liu m chn phng php nghin thch hp. Trong qu trnh nghin, nguyn liu chu tc dng lc s b bin dng n hi, sau , khi vut qu bin dng n hi, nguyn liu s b ph hy thnh nhiu thnh phn mi c kch thc nh hn. Nh vy cng cn thit cho qu trnh nghin bao gm cng lm bin dng vt liu v cng lm nh kch thc vt liu. Cng bin dng ph thuc vo tnh cht c l ca vt liu, cn cng bin dng ph thuc vo mc nghin, mc nghin cng ln, cng tiu tn cng nhiu.S ht mi sinh ra t l theo cp s nhn vi mc nghin. Gi s mt ht hnh lp phng kch thc cnh l D sau khi nghin cn kch thc D/2s sinh ra 8 ht mi, cn nu l D/4 s l 8 x 8 = 64 ht, D/8 s l 64 x 8 = 512 ht, v.v.. Nh vy do s ht mi sinh ra cng nhiu, thi gian nghin s cng ln nu nghin cng mn.
III.1 My nghin ba
Ty theo kch c vt liu em nghin, kch thc yu cu ca sn phm v cn c vo cng vt liu, vo yu cu thot v vn chuyn sn phm v.v.. chn lai my nghin thch hp, sao cho t nng sut m chi ph nng lng li thp. Do nhiu loi my nghin c kt cu khc nhau t n gin n phc tp c ch to.
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Cu to my nghin ba gm mt roto, trn roto c cc cnh ba. Cnh ba c th c nhiu dng khc nhau tu theo yu cu nghin v c l tnh ca nguyn vt liu. Roto quay trn mt v my c lm bng gang c, c ch lp li hoc ton b xung quanh l li. Loi c bng gang bn trong thng lp g. Loi bao xung quanh l li bn trong c g hoc khng. Nguyn liu cn nghin cho vo bn trong my qua ca np liu. Do s va p ca vt liu vi cc cnh ba ang quay v vi thnh trong ca my, vt liu s bin dng ri v ra thnh cc thnh phn c kch thc nh hn. Ngoi ra khi nguyn liu ban u c kch thc ln, cn c thm s ch xt ca vt liu vi thnh trong ca my. Do b va p nhiu ln gia cnh ba v v my, nguyn liu gim kch thc n khi nh hn l li, ht s theo l li ra ngoi.Cc ht vt liu nh lt qua li t thot ra ngoi hoc c qut ht ra khi my, cn cc ht vt liu to cha lt qua li li c cc ba tip tc nghin nh. nghin c, ng nng ca ba khi quay phi ln hn cng lm bin dng ph v vt liu. Do vy, khi nghin vt liu ln cn c trng lng ba ln, cn khi nghin vt liu nh cn ba nh hn. Trong trng hp vt liu nghin kch thc khng u hoc qu cng, ngi ta dng loi c cnh ba xp. u im ca cnh ba loi ny l c th xp c khi qua ti hoc vt cng; khi vt qua ti hay vt cng ny, cnh ba s m ra nh lc ly tm. Nguyn liu c th c a vo my theo hng tm trc hay c th nhp liu theo phng tip tuyn vi r to. Phng php ny khng c thun li lm do nguyn liu c th b vng ln theo ng nhp liu. Trong qu trnh nghin, nu l li b bt, vt liu khng thot ra c, nng sut s gim rt nhiu hoc bng 0. V vy my hot ng tt th vt liu nghin khng c lm bt l li. My nghin ba thng khng lm vic c cc loi vt liu m, do, hoc bm dnh.
Cc my nghin ba c s ba t, trng lng ca mi ba G=200-700 N, rto quay chm vi tc vng khong 15-25 m/s th thng dng nghin th v va c ht sn phm c kch thc d>20mm. Cc my nghin ba c trng lng mi ba G=30-50 N vn tc vng khong 25-60 m/s dng nghin nh c sn phm c kch thc d<1-5mm. Vi my nghin c nhiu ba trng lng mi ba G=5-10 N v vn tc rt ln ti 100 m/s dng nghin mn ht sn phm t kch thc d= 10-100 m.
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My nghin ba khi hot ng to ra lung khng kh rt ln, gip ht sau khi nghin qua l li d dng. Tuy nhin, sau khi ra khi my cn phi c h thng lng thu hi sn phm.Vi cc sn phm nghin thng dng cyclon lng v ti thu hi bng vi. Vi h thng lng bng xyclon thng s dng mt xyclon ln dng lng cc ht c kch thc ln v mt cyclon nh lng bi trc khi cho khng kh thi ra ngoi. Ht sau khi nghin c kch thc trung bnh nh hn nhiu so vi kch thc l li. Khi cn thay i mn ca sn phm nghin, c th thay li c kch thc l thch hp.
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III.3 My nghin da
My nghin da nghin bt vi mc nghin va v mn. My gm c hai da nghin c lp trong v my, gia hai da l khe nghin c th iu chnh c bng cch dch chuyn mt trong hai da. Vt liu c cho vo khe nghin qua l np liu tm da v b nghin nh khi di chuyn trong khe nghin t tm ra n pha chu vi ca da. Cc da nghin thng c ch to bng kim loi hoc bng hn hp v c cng. Do lc lin kt ca cc da km hn da kim lai nn phi lm thm ai thp v thng cho da lm vic vi vn tc vng l 10m/s i vi trc quay thng ng, ti 18m/s i vi trc quay nm ngang. Da gang c th vn tc vng c th ti 28m/s cn da thp c t ti 68m/s. Da nghin m bo cc yu cu b mt nghin cn c cng cao, nhm ln, c tnh ng u trn ton b b mt da nghin khi lm vic th mn u, khng b st m. Loi da nghin bng thng c ch to t hn hp cc loi bt oxt kim loi cng. tng kh nng nghin ca da, tng kh nng vn chuyn bt ra khi khe nghin v tng iu kin thng gi vv... ngi ta thng gia cng mt da thnh cc vnh, cc rnh chm c prfin hnh tam gic trn hai mt da.
IV. MY P
IV.1 My p trc vt
Dng p du ra khi cc ht c du. Nguyn tc lm vic ca my p trc vt l s dng 1 vt p nguyn liu. Vt c hnh dng c bit, lng p cng c thit k c hnh dng c bit sao cho th tch rng gia lng p v trc p cng v sau cng nh. Lng p l mt ng hnh tr ghp li bng nhiu thanh ri gi l thanh cn, ngay gia 2 thanh cn l khe h nh du c th chy ra c. Nguyn liu cho vo my p b nn dn v pha cui my, cng v sau th tch
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khoang p cng nh, p sut s tng, du s thot ra khi nguyn liu theo khe h thanh cn chy ra ngoi pha di, b s thot ra cui lng p. Cui lng p c b phn hnh cn iu chnh khe h ra (cn iu chnh). Nu khe h ln, p sut p nh v ngc li. Nguyn liu trc khi p thng c chun b trc: nghin s b, sau tin hnh chng sy bng phng php nhit m a nguyn liu c du n nhit , m thch hp cho qu trnh p, trch ly. Qu trnh p thng gp phi hin tng nguyn liu dnh vo trc v quay theo trc (bm y vo khong trng xung quanh trc vt), khi trc vt p khng cn tc dng p na v phi dng my lm sch trc vt p.
V. MY NG HA
Dng to h nh tng t 2 cht lng khng tan vo nhau th d nh pha du b vo sa trong cng nghip lm sa bt, hay to h huyn ph t huyn ph th ban u c c huyn ph c kch thc ht tng i nh v ng nht, th d lm mn nc p tri cy trnh hin tng phn lp trong hp.
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Nguyn tc lm vic ca my ng ho l tng p sut cht lng (nguyn liu ban u) n 150500 atm, sau cho cht lng thot qua mt khe h hp. Khi , do gim p sut t ngt nn tc ca cht lng rt ln, cc cht lng khuch tn vo nhau to h nh tng. Trng hp lm mn huyn ph, cng do s gim p sut t ngt lm cho tht qu b x nh. Sau khi i qua my ng ho, ta thu c sn phm ng nht.
My ng ho bao gm mt bm cht lng, cc van mt chiu, van v van ng ho, l xo p van ng ha. Thng thng van ng ha p cht ln van nh l xo. Khi cht lng c bm ln p sut cao thng lc l xo, van ng ha c nng ln khi van to ra mt khe h hp gia van v van, cht lng s thot ra khi khe h. Khi mt lng cht lng thot ra, p sut s gim, l xo y van ng ha h xung, t cht vo van. Chu k c lp li lin tc. Van ng ha v van phi tht phng v kn c th chu p sut ln n 150- 500 atm m khng b r r. Trng hp cc h nh tng kh phn tn hoc h huyn ph kh lm mn cn s dng my ng ho hai cp, trong nguyn liu c ng ho hai ln lin tc nhau trong my.
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VI. GHP NP HP ST
Hu ht hp st s dng mi ghp 5 lp, sau khi ghp xong mi ghp c 5 lp kim loi. Mi ghp phi bo m kn cn thit khng cho khng kh v vi sinh vt t bn ngoi xm nhp vo trong hp. to c mi ghp kn, thn v np hp s c mc li vi nhau v p cht. Pha trong np c trng mt lp cht do, khi ghp c tc dng nh mt m lm kn. Nu kim loi c n hi thch hp, v lc p , phn kim loi ca mi ghp s p cht vo nhau gia l lp cht do m, do bo m c kn cho hp. Np c to hnh trc, ming thn hp cng c b cong ra pha ngoi trong qu trnh gia cng hp. Thng thng qu trnh ghp c tin hnh qua 2 giai on: Ghp s b: mi ghp c nh hnh nhng cha kn. to mi ghp s b dng mt con ln ghp s b chy quanh ming hp. Trong khi ln, do hnh dng ming rnh trn con ln lm np hp b b cong vo pha trong, mc vo thn hp, nh dng cho mi ghp. Ghp kn: Sau khi ghp s b, s dng con ln khc Hnh V - 17. Mi ghp 5 lp hon chnh c dng rnh khc ghp kn. Do mi ghp nh hnh, con ln ghp kn ch p cht cc lp li vi nhau. Hp c t trn b nng, cc con ln lc u pha ngoi, sau con ln va quay trn quanh hp v tin gn hp. Khi tip xc np hp th cc con ln tin hnh ghp s b sau ghp kn. Sau khi ghp kn, b nng h xung v hp c ly ra khi my ghp. Qu trnh con ln chy vo v ra do h thng iu khin t ng. C hai phng php ghp: con ln quay, hp ng yn hoc hp quay, con ln ng yn.
Thng thng, ngi ta b tr h thng con ln ghp u nhau quay quanh hp, c th gm c con ln ghp s b v ghp kn. Nu np lm bng kim loi qu dy, con ln khng c kh nng p cht, mi ghp s khng kn. Nu kim loi mng qu, b mt np b nhn li do kim loi dn, mi ghp h ra, mi ghp s khng kn
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Hnh V - 19. Np, thn hp v tr trn my ghp (lc cha ghp) v qu trnh ghp s b
Mt s trng hp c bit, qu trnh ghp c tin hnh trong bung kn vi mi trng kh N2 hoc CO2 ui khng kh ra. Thng thng, cc trng hp ghp np c bi kh s dng hi nc ui khng kh.
Bng V- 1. Kch thc hp v mi ghp Tn kch thc h1 ng knh danh ngha hp , (mm) 202 (52) Kch thc, mm 1,90 0.20
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cht
207.5 - 401 (60 - 99) 404 - 603 (105 - 153) 202 - 211 (52 - 65) 300 - 401 (74 - 99) 404 - 603 (105 - 153) 202 (52) 207.5 - 303 (60 - 78) 307 - 404 (83 - 105) 502 - 603 (127 - 153) 202 - 401 (52 - 99) 404 -502 (105 - 127) 603 (153)
2,03 0.20 2,08 0.25 1,65 min. 1,78 min. 1,90 min. 0,89 min. 1,02 min. 1,14 min. 1,27 min. 70 - 100% 80 - 100% 90 - 100%
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My nh lng-chit rt sn phm lng gm nhiu c cu rt, mi c cu rt c b tr chit cho 1 chai. Cc c cu rt c th c b tr thng hng, lm vic cng lc (my chit c c cu chit thng) hoc b tr trn bn quay, lm vic tun t (my chit bn quay)
II.
CC C CU CA MY CHIT RT
.
Hnh VI - 1. C cu rt kiu van
v tr np, nt van ba ng xoay ni ng dn cht lng trong bnh cha chy vo bnh lng, y khng kh trong bnh ra qua ng thng hi. Khi u di ca ng ngp di mc cht lng th khng kh khng thot ra c na, cht lng dng ln cao hn ming ng mt on nh, ri dng li. Khong dng cao hn ming ng thng hi ph thuc vo mc cht lng trong thng cha. Khi p sut khng kh trong bnh b nn ti p sut bng vi p sut cht lng c su tnh t mt thong trong thng cha v mt thong trong bnh lng, cht lng khng chy vo bnh lng c na. Cht lng trong ng thng hi s dng ln v theo quy tc bnh thng nhau n bng mc cht lng trong thng cha. tho cht lng vo bao b cha, xoay van ba ng ti v tr tho. Cht lng trong bnh nh lng s theo ng dn chy xung bao b cha bn di. Th tch cht lng trong bnh c th iu chnh bng cch nng hoc h ng thng hi xung.Ty theo cch quay van m nhng my dng c cu rt ny thuc loi quay tay, bn t ng v t ng. Cht lng chy ra cng nhanh th nng sut my cng ln
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II.2 C cu rt ti mc nh trc
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Hnh VI - 4. C cu rt ng p
Vi qui trnh np nh vy, sn phm trong chai cn gi c hm lng kh CO2 cn thit. Thng thng qu trnh rt ng p c tin hnh nhit thp gim thiu s thot CO2 ra khi sn phm lng. - 51 -
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I.1 Lng ly tm
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Hnh VII- 2. Qu trnh lng ly tm: Lng trong huyn ph v phn ring nh tng
Rto ca my ly tm lng c dng hnh tr, kn, thnh ca rto khng c c l. Khi rto quay di tc dng ca lc ly tm, huyn ph hay nh tng c phn thnh cc lp ring bit ty theo khi lng ring ca n. Lp khi lng ring ln st thnh rto, lp c khi lng ring nh pha trongLy tm lng gm hai qu trnh: qu trnh lng pha rn tin hnh theo nhng quy lut ca thy ng lc hc; qu trnh nn b tin hnh theo nhng qui lut c hc. Qu trnh lng trong my ly tm khc qu trnh lng trong trng trng lc. Lng trong trng trng lc, vn tc lng coi nh bng nhau cc v tr khc nhau v gia tc trng trng khng ph thuc vo ta ri - ht lng theo phng song song vi nhau. Trong trng lc ly tm vn tc lng v gia tc ly tm thay i ph thuc vo vn tc gc v bn knh quay r (a= 2r), ht lng theo phng ng knh rto
I.2 Lc ly tm
My ly tm lc dng phn ring huyn ph c kch thc pha rn tng i ln. Trn thnh rto ca my ly tm hc khoan nhiu l hoc lm bng li. ng knh l trn thnh rto thng trong gii hn 3-8 mm. Bn trong thnh rto c li c kch thc nh lc c ht cc huyn ph. Nu ng knh cc ht rn 1-2 mm, th vch ngn lm bng thp tm mng v c khoan cc l nh c ng knh khong 1- 1,5 mm. Nu cc ht rn nh hn na th phi dng li kim loi c l hnh vung vi kch thc l li 0,1-0,5 mm. Nu kch thc ht rn nh hn dng lp vi bng si bng, si gai hoc len v.v..
III. MY LY TM LC
III.1 Cc my ly tm lm vic gin on
III.1.1 My ly tm ba chn
y l loi my lm vic gin on, c th tho b bng tay, bng dao hoc bng kh ng, thng dng ly tm huyn ph cha cc ht rn nh, trung bnh hoc lm kh b lc. My gm c rto c bao bc bi v. Thn my gn vi v c t trn 3 l xo cnh nhau 120O. ng c lp trn thn my ni vi bnh ai pha di ri truyn sang trc my lm quay rto. u im ca my l c th lm vic vi ti trng lch tm tng i ln nh c cc l xo gim chn. im treo ca kt cu nm trn trng tm phn treo nn khi lm vic my rt n nh. Trc my ngn nn my gn, chc chn, tin li cho vic tho b bng tay. Nhc dim ca my l trc v b phn truyn ng t di nn d b n mn ho hc
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ly tm treo, trc c th o xung quanh phng thng ng khi phanh, do c cu phanh phi cu to sao cho khi phanh p lc gy ra hai pha ca phanh phi u nhau. khc phc nhc im tho b bng tay nng nhc, nng sut thp ngi ta ch to loi my ly tm treo tho b t ng. Loi my ny ch khc my ly tm treo bnh thng l phn di c dng hnh nn vi gc nghing ln hn gc ri t nhin ca b. Khi rto dng li th b t trt xung theo thnh nn v ra khi rto.
Sau khi m my cho rto quay th cho huyn ph vo rt theo ng tip liu (trn ng c lp mt van c bit). Sau khi huyn ph vo lng yu cu th van ng li v xy ra qu trnh ly tm. Lp b trong rto ngy cng dy ln v khi m bo chiu dy quy nh th xy lanh lc h pittng xung ko theo dao co b, co thnh lp mng ri xung mng hng pha di. Nh vy dao ly b ra mt cch gin on v chuyn ng xoay ca dao l nh chuyn ng tnh tin ca pittng.
My gm c mt pittng chnh lp cht ln mt u ca cn y, cn u kia ca cn y th lp pittng ca xylanh lc iu khin bng du hoc kh nn. Cn y nm trong trc rng, mt u trc rng lp cht rto, u kia lp bnh ai chuyn ng. Cn y cng quay vi trc rng phn phi u huyn ph, ng thi chuyn ng tnh tin qua li 12-16 ln/gi y b ra khi roto.
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Gc nghing ca rto lc phi bo m cho huyn ph chuyn ng ln pha trn, di tc ng ca p sut phn nguyn liu mi a vo. L ca li lc ca roto lc hnh cn dng khe c chiu rng khong 0,04-0,15mm. V th m sc cn ca li lc rt ln, tng ng vi sc cn ca b (c chiu dy khong vi milimet).
IV. MY LY TM LNG
IV.1. My ly tm lng nm ngang tho b bng vt xon
Loi ny dng phn ly huyn ph mn c nng trung bnh v ln. Trong cng nghip thc phm loi my ny dng tch tinh bt ra khi nc qu, trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc dng phn ring pha rn v pha lng. My gm c hai rto. Rto ngoi c dng hnh nn hoc tr-nn, rto trong c dng hnh tr m mt ngoi ca n c gn vt ti. Rto trong v rto ngoi quay cng chiu nhng rto trong quay chm hn rto ngoi 1,5-2 % (khong 20-100vg/ph) nh hp gim tc vi sai. Rto trong c c cc l dn huyn ph nhp liu. Gc nghing phn hnh nn ca rto khong 9-10O . Qu trnh lng xy ra trong khong khng gian gia hai rto, b bm vo mt trong ca rto ngoi v c vt ti y v pha ca tho b. Nc trong i v pha ngc li, chy qua cc ca trn y ri i ra ngoi. Trong phn rto khng b ngp nc, b va c a ra khi rto va c lm kh.
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C th iu chnh ch lm vic ca my bng cch thay s vng quay hoc thay chiu di lng khi ta xoay cc ca chy trn. L chy trn cng gn trc quay th lp nc cng su, chiu di lng cng di, lng c cc ht c kch thc nh. u im ca my ny l phn ly c huyn ph mn, nng sut ln. Nhc im l tn nhiu nng lng tho b, tn tht trong hp gim tc vi sai ln, b b vn nt, nc trong cn ln nhiu ht rn; my lm vic nng n, n o.
My c th lm vic gin on hoc lin tc. My lm vic gin on trong trng hp tho b bng tay. Do dung tch khong khng gian ca lp bn phn li khng ln nn my ly tm tho b bng tay s dng hiu qu khi thnh phn ht l lng n 0,05% th tch. u im ca loi ny l mc phn ly cao, th tch roto ln. Nhc im l cu to v lp rp kh, nht l vi mi trng n mn.
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Khi phn ly nh tng cho pha nng v pha nh khng trn ln nhau th dng tm tch sao cho bn knh lp phn chia phi nm trong vnh khn ca tm tch.
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