http://giaotrinh-dethi.blogspot.com/p/nganh-hoc.html http://my.opera.com/LopMinhUi/blog/tai-lieu-co-so-khoa-hoc-vat-lieu Cu hi chng mn vt liu hc i cng I. Cu hi chng 1 A.

L thuyt: Cu 1:Th no l lin kt cng ho tr, lin kt ion, lin kt kim loi Tr li: a, Lin kt cng ha tr: - Khi nim: Lin kt ny to ra khi hai hoc nhiu nguyn t gp chung nhau mt s in t c tm in t lp ngoi cng (in t ho tr). - V d: Cl2 , N2 ,GaAS Lin kt ng ho tr trong vt rn c thc hin nh s tp th ho in t gia mt nhm cc nguyn t ln cn. - c im ca lin kt cng ha tr: +Lin kt c tnh nh hng, ngha l xc sut tn ti cc in t tham gia lin kt ln nht theo phng ni tm cc nguyn t . +Cng lin kt ph thuc rt mnh vo c tnh lin kt gia cc in t ho tr vi ht nhn. +L loi lin kt mnh +Phn loi: Lin kt ng ha tr ng cc: Lin kt ng ha tr c th xy ra gia cc nguyn t cng loi (ca mt nguyn t ha hc trong cc nhm t IVA n VIIA) VD: Lin kt cng ha tr d cc: Lin kt ng ha tr gia cc nguyn t khc loi (cc nguyn t ha hc nhm IIIA vi VA hoc nhm IIA vi VIA). V d GaAs, GaP VD: Cacbon dng th hnh kim cng c lin kt ng ha tr rt mnh v 4 in tch ha tr lin kt gn nh trc tip vi ht nhn =>kim

cng c nhit nng chy trn 3550 oC.Kim cng cn chu c p sut gia 167 v 231 gigaPascal trong nhng t kim tra khc nhau b, Lin kt ion: - Khi nim: l mt lin kt ha hc c bn cht l lc ht tnh in gia hai ion mang in tch tri du. Nguyn t nguyn t kim loi, c m in nh, d mt electron to ra ion dng (anion). Cc nguyn t phi kim c m in ln, d nhn electron to ra ion m (cation) - c im ca lin kt ion: + Lin kt khng c tnh nh hng, ngha l xc sut tn ti cc in t tham gia lin kt theo cc phng khc nhau l nh nhau. + Tinh th thng khng mu, cng v d v + Cng lin kt ph thuc rt mnh vo c tnh lin kt gia cc in t ho tr vi ht nhn. + L loi lin kt mnh V d: NaCl, LiF, Al2O3, MgO, CaO, Fe3O4, NiO VD: Hydro (H) to vi F, Cl, Br, I cc hp cht HF, HCl, HBr, HI bng nng lng lin kt ion tng ng l 5.81 , 4.44 , 3.75 , 3.06 eV/mol. => lin kt ion l lin kt khng nh hng. c, Lin kt kim loi: - Khi nim: S lin kt cc nguyn t kim loi nh kh in t t do. V d: Cu, Ag, Mg, Ca -c im ca lin kt kim loi: + Tnh do, dn in, dn nhit, nh kim +Nng lng lin kt l tng hp lc y v lc ht tnh in gia cc ion dng v m my in t t do +To nn t nhng nguyn t c t in t ha tr +Cu trc tinh th c tnh i xng rt cao

Cu 2: K tn mt s cu trc mng tinh th vt rn. Nu c im chnh ca mng tinh th lp phng tm mt ( A1), mng kim cng ( A4) Tr li: a, Mt s cu trc mng tinh th vt rn: -Cu trc tinh th in hnh ca vt rn vi lin kt kim loi: + Mng tinh th lp phng tm khi (A2 bcc) + Mng tinh th lp phng tm mt (A1 fcc) + Mng tinh th su phng (A3) - Mng tinh th ca vt rn c lin kt ng ha tr + Mng tinh th kim cng (A4) + Mng graphit(than ch) + Cu trc si cacbon v fullerene +Cc cu trc mng tinh th lin kt ng ha tr khc - Mng tinh th ca vt rn c lin kt ion + Mng tinh th hp cht dng MX + Mng tinh th hp cht dng MX2 (hoc M2X) + Mng tinh th hp cht dng Mm Nn Xp - Cu trc Polymer - Dng th hnh b, c im chnh ca - Mng tinh th lp phng tm mt ( A1) + S lng nguyn t trong 1 s cp l n =1/8*8+1/2*6=4. + Ta cc nguyn t gc l [[0 0 0]] [[

+ S sp xp ca mng A1 l K=12 + Trong mng A1 phng xp cht l <110>, mt xp cht {1 1 1} + Quan h bn knh nguyn t r v kch thc c s a l R=

1 1 1 1 11 0]] [ 0 ]] [[0 ]]. 2 2 2 2 22

a 2 2

+Trt t xp cht nguyn t trong mng A1 l (ABC) +C hai loi l hng: Bn l hng khi tm mt kch thc 0,414d nm trung tm khi v im gia cc mt bn, Tm l hng khi bn mt nm trn

nh c kch thc 0,225d. Vd: Cc nguyn t kim loi Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Al c trng bi cu trc mng A1. - Mng kim cng ( A4) +Kim cng l 1 dng th hnh ca cacbon. - L mt dng th hnh ca C + S sp xp K = 4 + c s mng kim cng (hnh 1.14a), c to thnh trn c s ca c s A1 c thm bn nguyn t bn trong vi cc ta (xem hnh 1.14b): 1/4, 1/4, 1/4 (1); 3/4, 3/4, 1/4 (2); 1/4, 3/4,3/4 (3); 3/4, 1/4, 3/4 (4) + Khi lng ring ca kim cng l 3,52g/cm. + Kim cng cn chu c p sut gia 167 v 231 gigaPascal + Kim cng c rt nhiu mu sc: khng mu, xanh dng, xanh l cy, cam,, ta, hng, vng, nu v c en + Kim cng c kh nng tn sc tt, do c chit sut bin i nhanh vi bc sng nh sng + Ngoi tr kim cng xanh dng vn l mt cht bn dn, mi loi kim cng cn li l cht cch in tt. + Khng ging nh nhng cht cch in tt khc, kim cng l mt chttruyn nhit tt

1 cc ng cho <111> tnh t 4

Cu 3: Polyme l g, Phn loi cu trc ca polyme Tr li: a, Khi nim Polyme: Polyme l nhng cht c trng lng phn t ln v cha nhng nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t lp i lp li. Tc cht ban u to nn polyme gi l monome. Nhm nguyn t lp li trong Polyme gi l mt xch c s hoc mer. b, Cu trc ca polyme: + Theo cu to mch -Polyme mch Carbon: trong mch chnh ch cha cacbon V d: Cu trc mt s vinyl polyme Polyetylen PE Polyvinyl clorua PVC Polyvinyl alcol PVA -Polyme d mch: c cha cc nguyn t khc (O, N, S, Si ) trong mch chnh. V d: Polyeste (polyuretan)

O(CH2)4 O C N (CH2)6 N C OH H O

+ Theo cu trc lp th -Polyme iu ha v khng iu ha lp th iu ha lp th: cc mt xch sp xp trong khng gian theo trt t nht nh Khng iu ha lp th: cc mt xch sp xp khng trt t -Cc ng phn cis- trans: V d: Cao su Isopren

. . . CH H 2
H3C H
H3C H2C CH2 H H3C H2C CH2 H H3C CH2 . . .

. . . CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 . . .

H3C H H3C H

ng phn cis-cis ng phn trans- trans Nu cc gc cng cis, cng trans kt hp: iu ha lp th Nu cc gc cis, trans kt hp ngu nhin: khng iu ha lp th -Cc ng phn quang hc: ng phn quang hc R, S l do s c mt ca cacbon bt i trong mch Polyme A R, R': hai pha ca mch ni vi cacbon R C* R' bt i B A, B: hai nhm th Nu c s lp li chu k trn mch chnh cc nhm A-C*-B cch nhau s thu c polyme isotactic: iu ha lp th.
A B A B A B A B

Nu cc nguyn t C bt i trn mch chnh c kiu hnh khng gian i nhau s to polyme syndiotactic: iu ha lp th.
A B B A A B B A

Nu cc nhm sp xp khng theo quy lut, thu c polyme atactic: khng iu ha lp th

V d: Polypropylen c 3 loi isotactic, syndiotactic v atactic

Cu 4: C my loi sai lch ng trong tinh th. Nu c im ca sai lch xon, sai lch bin. Tr li: a, Cc loi sai lch ng trong mng tinh th: C 3 loi sai lch ng trong tinh th: Sai lch ng l sai lch c kch thc b theo 2 chiu v ln hn 1 chiu - Sai lch bin - Sai lch xon - Sai lch hn hp b, c im: - Sai lch xon: C th hnh tng tng bng cch trt v p mt phng Ct tinh th l tng theo 1 mp P tc dng 1 lc F ln pha trn mp. Pha di mp P tc dng 1 lc F, F v F l 2 lc trc i. Khi mt trn p v mt di p lch nhau 1 khong l a gi bng s mng th gi l lch xon - Sai lch bin: C th hnh tng tng bng cch trt v p mt phng Ct tinh th l tng theo 1 mp P tc dng 1 lc F ln pha trn mp. Nu mt pha trn v mt pha di cu mp P trt v lch nhau 1 khong a= hng s mng th gi l lch bin. Mp P c gi l mp trt - Lch hn hp: l tng hp ca lch bin v lch xon.

Cu 5:Trnh by sai lch im trong tinh th.

Tr li: - Khi nim sai lch im: L sai lch c kch thc b theo c 3 chiu - Phn loi + Nt trng v nguyn t xen k Cc nguyn t trong tinh th lun dao ng nhit. Khi nhit tng, cc nguyn t dao ng mnh. Khi tng ti 1 nhit ti hn no cc nguyn t c kh nng bt ra khi v tr nt mng to thnh nt trng ti v tr nt mng to thnh sai lch Nguyn t b bt ra c th to thnh l trng Schottky v Frenkel Cc nt trng v nguyn t xen k khng ng yn m lun trao i v tr vi cc nguyn t bn cnh theo cc c ch khuch tn trong cht rn (khuch tn nh cc ion xen k di chuyn v nh s trao i gia cc nt trng).

+ Nguyn t tp cht Cc nguyn t tp cht c th thay th nguyn t chnh cc nt mng hoc xen k gia cc nt mng. Ni chung cc l trng, cc nguyn t xen k, tp cht u lm mng tinh th b x lch to ra cc khuyt tt im.

Sai hng Schottky Khi b kch thch, vs cc nguyn t gn st b mt nhy ln v tr mi to l trng L trng s to c hi cho nguyn t pha trong nhy ln chim ch => l trng s i su vo trong cu trc 1 nt trng cation lun tn ti song song vi 1 nt trng anion

Sai hng Frenkel Khi b kch thch, cc nguyn t khi di chuyn ln v tr mi li 1 l trng => mng k hon ho. V khi cc nguyn t di chuyn ln v tr mi lin tc => to ra

nhiu l trng 1 cation xen k cnh 1 nt trng Mt sai hng c biu din theo cng thc: n=A.N.e^(-E/kT) Trong : k-hng s Boldzman t-nhit tuyt i E-nng lng cn thit to lk N-s nt mng trong tinh th ns=A.N.e^(-Es/kT) nf=A.N.e^(-Ef/kT)

Cu 6: C my loi sai lch mt tinh th trong mng tinh th. Nu c im ca bin gii ht Tr li: a,Sai lch mt tinh th: Sai lch mt l loi sai lch c kch thc ln theo hai chiu v nh theo chiu th 3. Trong tinh th, sai lch ch yu l bin gii ht, bin gii siu ht, sai lch xp, mt i tinh v mt ngoi tinh th. b,c im bin gii ht: - K/N: Bin gii ht l vng tip gip gia cc ht trong a tinh th.Ti bin gii ht c cu trc v nh hnh Sc cng mt ngoi() : l i lng c trng cho phn gia tng t do khi c lch - Tnh cht +Ti bin gii ht c nhit nng chy thp hn vng bn trong +Ti BGH d b n mn ha hc +BGH nh hng ln n in tr sut +BG siu ht: l nhng vng tinh th nh c m c ngn cch bi BGH + Sai lch xp: l s ph v cht t xp cht ca tinh th + Mt i tinh l 1 dng ca sai lch xp + Mt ngoi tinh th

Cu 7: Th no l n tinh th, a tinh th. Nu c tnh v ng dng ca chng Tr li: a, n tinh th: - Khi nim: l vt tinh th c cu trc mng thng nht v cc phng khng i trong khng gian. - c tnh: tnh d hng ngha l tnh cht vt l hoc ha hc khc nhau theo cc phng khc nhau. - ng dng: Ch yu c s dng trong cng nghip bn dn v vt liu k thut in. b, a tinh th: - Khi nim: l vt liu gm rt nhiu n tinh th ghp li mi n tinh th c kch thc c m c gi l ht tinh th mi ht tinh th ny c nh hng khc nhau mang tnh ngu nhin. - c tnh: C tnh cht ng hng, tnh cht vt l ha hc theo cc phng khc nhau l nh nhau. Ngi ta c th ni a tinh th c tnh ng hng gi - ng dng: c dng ch to ra cc li bin th nhm gim tn tht in nng.

B.Cu hi v bi tp: Bi 1: Xc nh ch s phng sau ca cc vct A, B, C, D sau:

a, b, Li gii: a, A Cc hnh chiu Quy ng mu s, rt gn X Y Z 0 0

2 3 4

1 2
3

t trong du ngoc B Cc hnh chiu Quy ng mu s, rt gn t trong du ngoc C Cc hnh chiu Quy ng mu s, rt gn t trong du ngoc D Cc hnh chiu Quy ng mu s, rt gn t trong du ngoc b, A Cc hnh chiu Quy ng mu s, rt gn t trong du ngoc B Cc hnh chiu Quy ng mu s, rt gn t trong du ngoc C

[43 0 ] Y

2 3
2 X

2 3
2 Z

3
[2 3 2] Y

1 3
1 X Y

1 3 [1 3 3 ] 1 2

1 3
Z

1 6
1

1 6
Z

3 [1 3 6 ] X 0 0 Y

1 1 [01 1]

1 1
Y Z 1 2 Z

1 2 [2 1 2 ]

1 2
Y

Cc hnh chiu Quy ng mu s, rt gn t trong du ngoc D Cc hnh chiu Quy ng mu s, rt gn t trong du ngoc

1 1 [1 1 2 ] X Y

1 2

1 2

1 2 Z

1 1 [1 1 2 ]

1 2

1 2

1 2

Bi 2: Xc nh ch s Miller ca cc mt A, B sau:

Li gii: a,Hnh 1 -Mt (A1) // vi ( A 1) nn (hkl)A1 = (hkl)A1 Mt phng ( A1) Ax + By + Cz= 1 c to thnh bi 3 im M [[0 1 1]] ; N[[2/3 1 1/2]]; P[[0 0 1/2]]

 3 B + C = 1 A= 2 2 A C + B + = 1 => B = 1 2 3 C = 2 C =1 2
( A1) l:

3 x - y- 2 z = 1 2

(1) 2 ox y = 0 => x= => [[ 2/3 0 0 ]] 3 z = 0 x = 0 oy | (1) => y = -1 => [[ 0 -1 0 ]] z = 0 x = 0 1 y=0 oz => z = => [[ 0 0 1/2 ]] 2 (1)
Lp t l h:k:l

1 1 1 : : 3 2 1 1 = : 1 : 2 = 3: 2 :4 2 3 2 (hkl)A1 = (hkl)A1 = (3 2 4),

-Mt (B1)

( B1) ox = [[ 1/2 0 0 ]] ( B1) oy = [[ 0 1/2 0 ]] ( B1) oz = [[ 0 0 1 ]] Lp t l h:k:l

(hkl)B1 = (2 2 1) b, Hnh 2

1 1 1 : : 1 1 1 = 2:2:1 2 2

-Mt (A2):

1 0 0 ]] 2 (A2) oy =[[ 0 0 ]] 2 (A2) oz =[[ 0 0 ]] 3 1 1 1 3 Lp t l h:k:l= 1 : : 2 =2:0: = 4:0:3 2 2 3

(A2) ox =[[

(hkl)A1=(403) -Mt (B2): [[ 1 0 0 ]] [[ 1 1

[[ 0 1 0 ]]

1 ]] 2

A = 1 A = 1 C A + B + = 1 B = 1 2 C = 2 B = 1
(B2) l: x+y-2z=1

(1) (B2) ox = y = 0 [[100]] z = 0 x = 0 oy = (1) [[010]] (B2) z = 0 x = 0 1 oz = y = 0 [[00 ]] (B2) 2 (1) 1 11 Lp t l h:k:l= : : 1 =1:1: 2 11 2

(hkl)B2=(11 2 ) c, Hnh 3

-Mt (A3):

[[ 0 1 ]], [[ 0

1 1 1 1]], [[ 0 0 ]] 3 2 2 A 3 +C =1 A = 3 B + C = 1 B = 2 2 C = 2 C 2 =1

(A3) l: -3x-2y+2z=1

(1) 1 ox = y = 0 [[ 00]] (A3) 3 z = 0 x = 0 1 oy = (1) [[0 0]] (A3) 2 z = 0 x = 0 1 oz = y = 0 [[00 ]] (A3) 2 (1) 1 1 1 Lp t l h:k:l= 1 : 1 : 1 = 3 : 2 :2 3 2 2 (hkl)B2= ( 3 2 2),
-Mt (B3):

1 1 1 [[1 0 ]] ; [[ 1 0]] ; [[1 1 ]] 2 2 2 C A+ =1 2 A = 2 A + B =1 => B = 0 2 C = 2 C A + B + 2 = 1

(B3) l: 2x - 2z =1

(1) 1 1 ox y = 0 => x = => [[ 0 0]] 2 2 z = 0 x = 0 oy (1) => [[ 0 0 ]] z = 0 x = 0 1 1 oz y = 0 z = - => [[ 0 0 ]] 2 2 (1)

Lp t l:

1 1 1 : : 1 1 = ( 2: 0 : 2 ) = (1:0: 1) 2 2 (hkl)B3 = (1 0 1)

Bi 3: Xc nh ch s Miller - Bravais ca mt sau: Li gii:

Mt phng (A) oa3 [[ 1 0 0 0 ]

1 Mt phng (A) oa1 [[ 0 0 0 ]] 2 Mt phng (A) oa2 [[ 0 0 1 0 ]] 1 oz [[ 0 0 0 Mt phng (A) ]] 2 1 1 1 1 Lp t l : 1 : : 1 = 1: 2:1 :2 1 1 2 2 Ch s Miller (hkil) = (1 2 1 2)

Bi 4: Tnh mt thng ca nguyn t theo phng [110] ca Cu (Fcc). Li gii:

Phng [110] = AC

4R Ta c: AC = a 2 = x 2 =4R 2
Mt thng ca nguyn t:

l 4R M = = = 1= 100 % L 4R
L

( Lineardensity) LD =

2 a 2

2 = 3,9 x 107 ngtu / cm (3,61.10 8 ) 2

Bi 5: Tnh mt phng ca nguyn t theo phng [112] ca: a) Fe (Bcc) c rFe = 1,241 A0 b) Ni( Fcc) c rNi = 1,245 A0.. Li gii: Phng [112]= AO

Chiu di nguyn t l: l= 2R Chiu di s cp L= AO

2 a 2 =a 3 AO= AA'2 + AO 2 = a 2 + ( ) 2 2 a, Mt phng ca nguyn t F e ( BCC )

2R 2R l 1 M = = = 70,712% 3 = 4R 3 = . 2 L a 3 2 2 b, Mt phng ca nguyn t N i ( F CC )

L

2R 2R 1 l M = = = 57,735% 3 = 4R 3 = . 3 L a 2 2 2
L

Bi 6: Tnh mt phng ca nguyn t theo mt (112)ca: a) Fe (Bcc) c rFe = 1,241 A0 b) Ni( Fcc) c rNi = 1,245 A0.. Li gii:

Mt (111)=(ABD) -S nguyn t ng gp

1 1 3. + 3. = 2 ( nguyn t) 2 6

- Din tch nguyn t chim ch: s= 2 R 2 - Din tch c s:

2 1 1 B' D' S= AH. BD= a 2 . ( AB ') ( ) 2 2 2 2 a2 3 1 a 2 = = a 2. ) ( a 2 )( 2 2 2 a) Fe (Bcc) r Fe = 1,241 Ao - mng lp phng tm khi 2 2

Mt phng ca nguyn t:

2 R2 2 R2 3 s 2 2 = 136,035% M s = = a 3 = 4R 3= 4 3 S ( ) . 2 2 3

b) Ni( Fcc) c rNi = 1,245 Ao mng lp phng tm mt

a) 1,42. 107 nguyn t / cm b) 2,32. 1077 nguyn t / cm

2 R2 2 R2 s = 90,69 % M s = = a2 3 = 4R 2 3 = 2 3 S ( ) . 2 2 2

Bi 7: Tnh mt phng trn (100), (111), ca Pb (Fcc) Li gii: Mt phng = s nguyn t / 1 n v din tch (mm2 )

T ph lc rPb = 1,750 Ao Cch 1 chun: a)Mt ( 100)=(DCCD) S nguyn t ng gp:

1 + 1=2 4 => s=2 R 2

4.

- Din tch c s S= a 2 => Mt phng:

78, 54% - Mt (111) = ABD S nguyn t ng gp:

s 2 R 2 M s = = 2 = 4R 2 = = S ( ) 4 a 2

2 R2

1 1 3. + 3. =2 6 2 => s=2 R 2

- Din tch c s

1 S= AH .B ' D ' = 2 1 B' D' 2 a 2. ( AB')2 ( ) 2 2

2 2 1 2 a 2 =a 3 = a 2. (a 2 ) ( ) 2 2 2

=> Mt phng:
-

Cch 2:

2 R2 2 R2 s = 90,69% M s = = a2 3 = 4R 2 3 = 2 3 S ( ) . 2 2 2

4r 4(1,750) = = = 4,95 Ao aPb = 2 2 1 nS (100) = x 4 +1 = 2 nguyn t 4

S = a2 PD (100) =

2
-7 2

(4,95 x 10 mm) 1 1 nS (111) = x 3 = nguyn tu 6 2 1 3r S = bh = 2r. = 3r 2 2 2 1 1 PD (111) = 2 = = 0,095 nguyn t / A2 = 9,5. 1012 2 3r 2 3.(1,75) 2
nguyn t / mm2 Bi 8; Tnh mt xp th tch Mv ca NaCl, bit r(Na+) = 0,98 Ao, R(Cl-) = 1,81 Ao Li gii:

= 8,2. 1012 nguyn t/mm2

Cch 1:

1 1 - S nguyn t trn s cp: 8. + 6. = 4 8 2

- Th tch nguyn t chim ch:

4 4 16 3 3 3 ) + ( 4. . 3 )= v = ( 4. . R .( r + R ) r 3 3 3
- Th tch s cp: V= a3 = ( 2r + 2 R )3 - Mt xp cht th tch

3 3 v 16 ( r 3 + R3) 16 (0,98 + 1,81 ) M v= = 3 = 3 = 66,262% V 3 ( 2r + 2 R ) 3 (2.0,98+ 2.1,81)

Bi 9: Tnh lp li trn phng [211] ca Cu ( Fcc). Li gii:

 lp li theo mt phng l khong cch gia cc nguyn t trn phng . -Cch 1: [ 211]= AO A =[[0 0 0]]

1 1 O=[[1 ]] 2 2
AO:

- lp li AO= ( A' H )2 + (O ' H )2

a 2= a 2 2 a 2= a 6 = ( A' D ') + ( DH ) + ( ) ( ) +a +( ) 2 2 2 2
2 2

- Cch 2: Phng [211]: ng thng ni t gc O n im (1, 1/2, 1/2) : im K gia ca mt ABCD.

D C K [211] A B [110] a/2 D K O A a/2 M B a C

OK2 = OM2 + MK2 = OA2 + AM2 + MK2 OK = a + a4 + a4 = a 26 =

2 2 2

3,61 6 = 4,43A 0 2

Bi 10: Ag ( Fcc) c r = 1,444 A0 . Tnh hng s mng v th tch c s. Li gii:

Ta c: Mng lp phng tm mt c hng s mng

4 4.1,444 a= = = 4,084 A0 2 2

Th tch c s: V= a3 = ( 4,084 )3 = 68,117 A0 Bi 11: ng (Fcc) c bn knh nguyn t l 1,278 Ao. Tnh khi lng ring ca Cu v so snh vi s liu trong ph lc ( Theo ph lc dCu = 8,96 g/cm3 ) Li gii: - Cu (Fcc) mng lp phng tm mt S nguyn t/ 1 c s = 4

a 2 4r 4 x1.278 a= = = 3.61Ao 4 2 2 + Th tch c s : V= a3 = (3,614 )3 = 47,202 Ao

+ Hng s mng r = + Khi lng ring ca Cu:

NA = V = Ta c 1 Ao = 108 cm=10 24 cm3 d 'Cu =8,934.10 24 (g/ Ao)= 8,934.10 24 (g/ cm3 )
Theo ph lc d Cu = 8,96 g/cm3 => d 'Cu < d Cu Bi 12: Au ( Fcc) c a = 4,078 A0 , nguyn t lng 197. Tnh khi lng ring ca n. Li gii:

d 'Cu

n.

4.

63,5 6,023.1023 10 24 47,202 = 8,934. (g/ Ao)

Au (Fcc) mng lp phng tm mt + Th tch c s : V= a3 = ( 4,078 )3 = 67,817 Ao + Khi lng ring ca Cu:

d ' Au

NA = V =

n.

197 4. 6,023.1023 10 23 67,817 = 1,929. (g/ Ao)

Bi 13: Zn ( Hcp) c c = 4,94 A0 , khong cch gia tm 2 nguyn t k nhau trn mt y c s l 2, 665 A0 . Tnh : a) S nguyn t trn c s b) Th tch c s c) Tnh khi lng ring. Li gii:

Zn (Hcp) hnh lc gic

1 1 a, S nguyn t trn c s: n=12. +2. +3=6 6 2

b, Th tch c s:

1 1 a 2 .c = 3.a. 3 .c= 3. 3 . 2 V= 6. a.h.c=6. a. a ( ) a ( 2,665)2 .4,94 2 2 2 2 2

V=91,153 A0= 9,153.10-23 cm3 c, Khi lng ring

d Zn

NA = V =

n.

n.

NA V =

65 6. 6,023.1023 10 23 91,153 =7,104 g/ A0= 7,104. g / cm3

Bi 14: Nguyn t lng ca Na l 22,990 v Cl l 35,453 .Nu khi lng ring l 2,165 g/cm3 . Tnh: a) Hng s mng a b) ng cho mt c) ng cho khi ca c s NaCl Li gii:

M Cl + M Cl nCl d NaCl NA NA V Ta c: = = 2,165 22,990 35,453 . M Cl + nCl M Cl 4. +4 n Na 23 6,023.10 6,023.1023 NA NA 2,165 d NaCl => V= = =1,793. 0 22 (cm)3 =179,3 A 10 n Na .
a, Hng s mng C V= a3 => a= 3 179,3 =5,639 A0 b, ng cho mt ca c s DC= a 2 =5,639. 2 =7,97 A0 c, ng cho khi ca c s BD= a 3 =5,639. 3 = 9,767 A0 Bi 15: St thay i t Bcc sang Fcc 9100 C. nhit ny, bn knh nguyn t ca st trong hai cu trc l 1,258 A0 (Bcc) v 1,292 A0 (Fcc). Tnh % th tch thay i Li gii:

C s tnh : 4 nguyn t Fe, hoc 2 c s ca (n / c s = 2) hoc 1 c s ca Fe (Fcc) (n / c s = 4) - Th tch ca Fe (Bcc) i vi Bcc V0 = a3 = [ - Th tch ca Fe (Fcc) Fcc V1 = a3 = [

4 . R 3 4 x 1,258 3 ]= [ ] = 24,521 A0 3 3

4 . R 3 4 x 1,292 3 ]=[ ] = 48,8 A0 2 2 V1 V0 48,8 24,521 .100% = x 100% = 99,013% V = V0 24,521

Bi 16: Hp kim cha 80% khi lng Al v 20 % khi lng Mg. Tnh % nguyn t mi loi. Li gii: Gi s ( m Al + m Mg ) = 100 g

Theo bi ta c: m Al = 80 g m Mg = 20 g S nguyn t ng gp

m Al 80 = = 2,963 M Al 27 m Mg 20 n Mg = = = 0,833 M Mg 24 => N Al = n Al . N A = 2,963. 6,02.10 23 = 1,785. 1024 N Mg = n Mg . N A = 0,833. 6,02.10 23 = 5,019. 1023 Tng s nguyn t = 1,785.1024 + 5,019. 1023 =2,2869. 1023 1,785. 1024 % nguyn t Al = x 100% = 78,05% 23 2,2869.10 5,019. 1023 % nguyn t Mg = x 100% = 21,19% 23 2,2869.10 n Al =

Bi 17: Trong cu trc MgO, cc ion Mg2+ b thay th bi Fe2+ theo t l Mg2+ / Fe2+ = 17 / 10. Tnh t s khi lng MgO / FeO. Li gii: Xt cu trc hp cht MgO = Mg 2+ + O 2

FeO = Fe2+ + O 2 Nh vy c mi 1 mol MgO thu c 1 mol Mg 2+ c mi 1 mol FeO thu c 1 mol Fe2+ Mt khc theo bi

n MgO 17 Mg 2+ 17 => = = = 2+ n FeO 10 10 Fe MgO => T s khi lng FeO m MgO 17.( 24 + 16) 680 17 = = = m FeO 10.(56 + 16) 720 18 MgO Vy t s khi lng l FeO m MgO 17 = m FeO 18

II.Cu hi chng 2 Cu 1: Trnh by cu trc vng nng lng trong cc vt rn. Tr li: -Trong mi nguyn t tn ti cc mc nng lng gin on. Cc in t xp thnh cc tng(Cng vi cc s lng t chnh n=1,2,3,.)v cc

lp c ch bi cc ch s, p, d, f (ng vi cc s lng t qu o l=0,1,2 v 3,). Trong mi lp li c tng ng 2l+1=1,3,5 hoc 7 qu o khc nhau. -Khi cc nguyn t cng xch li gn nhau th cc in t cng b kch thch bi cc in t v cc ht nhn ca nguyn t ln cn. nh hng lm cho mi trng thi in t ca nguyn t nm st nhau hnh thnh nn vng nng lng in t. S gin n t mt mc nng lng in t trng nguyn t thnh mt vng nng lng trong vt rn ty thuc vo khong cch gia cc nguyn t. trong mi vng, cc mc nng lng ny l gin on, tuy nhin khong cch gia cc mc k nhau l ht sc nh. khong cch nguyn t cn bng, s to thnh vng nng lng c th xy ra vi cc lp in t gn ht nhn nht. Gia cc vng k nhau tn ti khe nng lng(vng cm): bnh thng th cc in t khng c chim lnh. - 0 k tn ti bn kiu vng nng lng khc nhau: +Th 1: vng ha tr ch b lp y mt phn. nng lng cao nht b chim d 0 k l E Fermi -> cu trc im hnh ca kim loi. +Th 2: Vng ha tr b lp y v cn ph ln vng dn -> cng tm thyowr kim loi. +Th 3,4: Hai cu truc ny tng t nhau. mi cu trc th tt cacr cc trng thi trong vng ha tr b chim d hon ton. Tuy nhin y ko cn dnh vi phn cn trng nn to khe nng lng. S khc nhau gia hai vng l rng ca khe nng lng. E Fermi nm chnh gia khe. -V th vt liu dn in l vt liu c in t d vt qua vng nng lng Fermi. Vt liu ko dn l vt liu c nng lng vng cm rt ln n mc in t khng th no vt qua E Fermi.

Cu 2: Da vo khi nim linh ng ca in t v cu trc vng nng lng hy nu c im ca in tr kim loi, in tr ca bn dn tinh khit Tr li: a, c im ca in tr kim loi:

Tnh cht dn in, hay cn tr in ca nhiu vt liu c th gii thch bng c hc lng t. Mi vt liu u c to nn t mng li cc nguyn t. Cc nguyn t cha cc electron, c nng lng gn kt vi ht nhn nguyn t nhn cc gi tr ri rc trn cc mc c nh. Cc mc ny c th c nhm thnh 2 nhm: vng dn v vng ha tr, vng ha tr thng c mc nng lng thp hn vng dn. Cc electron c nng lng nm trong vng dn c th dy chuyn d dng gia cc mng li nguyn t./Khi c hiu in th gia 2 u ming vt liu, mt in trng c thit lp ko theo cc electron vng dn dy chuyn nh lc Coulumb to ra dng in. Dng in mnh hay yu ph thuc vo s lng electron cng dn/Cc electron ni chung sp sp trong nguyn t t mc nng lng thp n cao, do vy hu ht nm vng ha tr. S lng electron nm vng dn ty thuc vo vt liu v iu kin kch thch nng lng (nhit lng , bc x in t t mi trng). Chia theo tnh cht cc mc nng lng ca electron c 3 loi vt liu chnh sau:

Trong kim loi lun c sn electron nm cng dn. Trn thc t hok c khong cch gia vng dn v vng ha tr, v c th coi 2 vng l mt i vi kim loi/Kim loi c vng dn v vng ha tr ph ln nhau(khng c vng cm) do lun c in t trn vng dn v th m kim loi lun lun dn in Mng li ca kim loi thc t hok hon ho: cc ch b st m trong mng li tn x electron, gy nn s cn tr vi s dy chuyn ca electron(in tr). Khi nhit tng, cc nguyn t dao ng mnh hn v d va chm vo cc electron hn khin

in tr tng theo. Vt dn in cng di, s lng va chm ca electron trn ng y cng tng. b, c im in tr ca bn dn tinh khit: Trong bn dn v cch in cc nguyn t tng tc vi nhau khin cho khong cch nng lng gia vng dn v vng c ha tr ln, hu ht cc electron khng nm vng dn. c electron dn in, cn cung cp nhu nng lng cho e nhy ln vng dn, v d nhit nng hay quang nng. Mt hiu in th ln ch to c dng in yu do c it in t dn in, do cht bn dn v cht cch in c in tr sut cao. Trong bn dn khi tng nhit , cc e c th nhn nhit nng nhy ln vng dn. Hiu ng ny mnh hn hiu ng cn tr do dng dao ng mng, khin in tr gim khi nhit tng.. tng t c th chiu nh sng hay bc x in t ni chung vo mt s cht bn dn truyn nng lng cho cc e(sau khi hp th cc photon) nhy ln vng dn v tng tnh dn in nh trong CCD ca camera hay pin Mt Tri C th thay i kh nng dn in ca cc cht bn dn bng vic pha thm tp cht la chn c bit to ra cc li trong mng tinh th c tha e t do(bn dn loi n). Nng tp cht quyt nh s l trng hay in t t do trong vt liu, do quyt nh tnh dn in ca vt liu Cc cht bn dn c vng cm c 1 rng xc nh. 0 tuyt i(0 K), mc Fermi nm gia vng cm, c ngha l tt c cc in t tn ti vng ha tr, do cht bn dn khng dn in. Khi tng dn nhit , cc in t s nhn c nng lng nhit( l hng s Boltzmann) nhng nng lng ny cha vt qua vng cm nn in t vn vng ha tr. Khi tng nhit n mc cao, s c mt s in t nhn c nng lng ln hn nng lng vng cm v n s nhy ln vng dn v cht rn tr thnh cht dn in. Khi nhit cng tng ln, mt in t trn vng dn s cng tng ln, do tnh dn in ca bn dn tng dn theo nhit (hay in tr sut gim dn theo

nhit ). Mt cch gn ng c th vit s ph thuc ca in tr cht bn dn vo nhit nh sau: Vi Ro l hng s, l rng vng cm Ngoi ra tnh dn ca cht bn dn c th thay i nh cc kch thch nng lng khc, v d nh nh sng. Khi chiu sng cc in t s hp th nng lng t photon v c th nhy ln vng dn nu nng lng ln. y chnh l nguyn nhn dn n s thay i v tnh cht ca bndn di tc dng ca nh sng(quang-bn dn)

Cu 3: Nu v gii thch tnh cht dn in ca bn dn tp cht loi p. Tr li: Xt bn dn nguyn t silic. Mt nguyn t silic c 4 in t vng ngoi mi in t ny lin kt ng ha tr vi 4 nguyn t silic ln cn. Gi s 1 nguyn t tp cht c ha tr 3 c thay th vo( nguyn t nhm III A: Al, B, Ga). Ta ly bo.Mt trong cc mi lin kt ng ha

tr xung quanh mi nguyn t ny s b thiu 1 in t. Ch thiu c th xem nh 1 l trng lin kt yu vi nguyn t tp cht. C th gii phng l trng ny khi nguyn t tp cht bng cch l in t v l trng i ch cho nhau. Mt l trng chuyn ng c coi nh l trng thi kch thch. Vy trong trng hp ny tp cht bo lm cho l trng trong tinh th tng ln rt nhiu: ch cn mt s nguyn t tp cht bng mt phn triu s nguyn t bn dn tinh khit cng lm cho s l trng tng ln hng vn ln, do dn in ca bn dn c tp cht ln hn dn in ca bn dn tinh khit hng vn ln. Mi 1 nguyn t tp cht a vo khe cm mt mc nng lng nm st pha trn nh ca vng ha tr. Mi l trng s c to ra trong vng ha tr khi kch thch nhit 1 in t chuyn t vng ha tr ln trng thi in t tp cht. Vi 1 chuyn di nh th ch c 1 ht ti (1 l trng) c sinh ra trong vng ha tr m khng c in t t do no c to ra hoc mc tp cht hoc trong vng dn. Tp cht ny c gi l acxept (tp cht nhn). bi v n c kh nng nhn in t t vng ha tr v li 1 l trng . i vi bn dn tp cht loi ny, l trng c mt vi nng cao hn nhiu so vi in t (p>>n) v trong trng hp vt liu c gi l cht bn dn loi p bi v tnh dn in ch yu do cc in tch dng m nhim. L trng c gi l ht ti a s, in t l ht ti thiu s. Cu 4: Nu v gii thch tnh cht dn in ca bn dn tp cht loi n. Tr li: Xt bn dn nguyn t silic. Mt nguyn t silic c 4 in t vng ngoi mi in t ny lin kt ng ha tr vi 4 nguyn t silic ln cn. Gi s 1 nguyn t tp cht c ha tr 5 c thay th vo( nguyn t nhm V A: P, As, Sb). Ch c 4 trong 5 nguyn t tp cht ny c th tham gia vo lin kt. Mt in t tha ra ch nh 1 cch lng lo xung

quanh nguyn t tp cht bi lc ht tnh in yu nng lng lin kt ca in t ny tng i nh (0,01 eV) =>d b tch khi nguyn t tp cht =>n tr thnh in t t do (tc in t dn). Nh vy, trong trng hp ny (tc ) lm cho s in t t do trong bn dn tng ln rt nhiu. V ch cn mt s nguyn t tp cht bng mt phn triu s nguyn t bn dn tinh khit cng lm cho s in t tng ln hng vn ln, ngha l dn in ca bn dn c tp cht ln dn in ca bn dn tinh khit hng vn ln. Mi in t lng lo chim mt mc nng lng ng nm trong khe cm v ngay di y vng dn. kch thch in t nhy t 1 trong cc trng thi (mc) tp cht ny ln 1 mc trong vng dn i hi 1 nng lng tng ng vi nng lng lin kt trong in t. C mi ln kch thch s cp 1 in t n vo vng dn. Tp cht loi ny gi l n (tp cht cho).Bi mi in t n c kch thch t 1 tp cht nn khng to ra l trng trong vng ha tr do trong bn dn c tp cht mt in t rt ln so vi mt l trng. V l bn dn c tp cht c gi l bn dn in t hay bn dn loi n. Trong bn dn loi n cc in t l nhng ht ti a s, cn l trng l nhng ht ti thiu s. Cu 5:Nu c ch dn nhit ca vt liu. T gii thch tnh cht dn nhit ca kim loi, gm v polyme Tr li: a, C ch dn nhit ca vt liu Trong cc vt liu rn,nhit c truyn bi c song dao ng mng v in t t do. dn nhit ton phn l tng ca 2 thnh phn theo 2 c ch . K=Kl +Ke Kl: dn in bi dao ng mng

Ke: dn in bi dao ng in t -Thng thng th 1 trong 2 thnh phn chim u th.nng lng nhit cc phonon,tc l song mng c truyn i theo hng chuyn ng ca chng. -Thnh phn Kl gy bi chuyn ng thun ca cc phonon t vng nhit cao ti vng c nhit thp trong vt th. -Cc in t t do cng tham gia dn nhit. vng nng ca vt liu in t t do c ng nng ln hn,chng di chuyn n nhng vng lnh hn vaf1 phn ng nng c chuyn b thm cho cc nguyn t nh l kt qu cc va chm vi phonon hay l vi khuyt tt mng.Phn ng gp tng i ca Ke tng theo nng in t t do v c nhiu in t hn tham gia vo qu trnh dn nhit. b, Gii thch tnh cht: - Kim loi: +Trong kim loi vi sch cao,c ch in t vn chuyn nhit c u th hn phn ng gp ca photon v in t khng d b tn x nh photon v c tc ln hn.Kim loi l cht bn dn ht sc tt do c s lng kh ln in t t do tham gia dn nhit. dn nhit thng dng ca kim loi l vo khong:20-40 w m.K. +v in t t do chu trch nhim c dn nhit v dn in trong kim loi tinh khit,biu thc: L=k T L:Hng s L=2,44.10 ^-8 W/(k^2) T:Nhit tuyt i : dn nhit +Tp cht trong kim loi lm gim dn nhit,c th l trong cc nguyn t tp cht,c bit l trong dung dch rn hot ng nh nhng tm tn x,h thp hiu qu ca chuyn ng in t.V vy thp khng d dn nhit km hn st hoc thp hp kim thp

- Gm: + Cc vt liu phi kim loi u l nhng cht cch nhit v chng khng c nhiu in t t do.Nh vy,phonon chu trch nhim ch yu trong dn nhit: K rt nh so vi K.phonon vn chuyn nng lng nhit khng hiu qu nh in t t do,do phonon b tn x rt mnh bi khuyt tt mng. + dn in ca 1 s vt liu gm nm trong khong 2->50W/m.K nhit phng .Thy tinh v cc gm v nh hnh khc c dn in thp hn gm tinh th v tn x phonon mnh hn nhiu khi cu trc nguyn t c mc khng trt t cao. +Tn x ca cc dao ng nhit tr nn ni bt hn khi nhit tng.Do vy, dn nhit ca a s vt liu gm bnh thng u gim dn dn khi nhit tng,t nht l nhit tng i thp. +L xp trong vt liu gm c th gy nh hng mnh n dn nhit trong a s trng hp,s tng th tch l xp lm gim dn nhit.Trong thc t:nhiu gm s dng lm vt liu cch nhit u c xp cao.S truyn nhit qua cc l xp l chm v khng c hiu qu.Cc l xp bn trong cn cha khng kh,kh ny c dn nhit cc k thp,khong 0,02W/m.K.Hn na s i lu kh trong cc l xp cng khng c hiu qu ng k. - Polyme: +a s cc polyme l vo c 0.3 wm.K.i vi vt liu ny,nng lng truyn theo dao ng,tnh tin v quay ca cc phn t mch. ln ca dn nhit ph thc vo mc kt tinh:Polyme c cu trc tinh th v trt t cao s c dn nhit ln hn so vi cc vt liu v nh hnh tng ng. l dao ng hiu dng hn ca cc mch phn t trng thi tinh th. +Polyme thng c ng dng lm cht chs nhit nh c dn nhit thp,tnh cc nhit ca chng cng nh ca gm,c th c nng cao hn bng cch a vo nhng l xp nh,thng c to ra bng cch

khuy bt trong khi polyme ha.Polystryren to bt c dng ph bin dng lm cc ung v hp cch nhit.

III.Cu hi chng 3 Cu 1: Th no l cht thun t, nghch t, st t, phn st t, feri t. Nu c im ca chng: Tr li: ng cong t ha

a, Thun t, nghch t: - Thun t:

l nhng cht c t tnh yu (trong ngnh t hc xp vo nhm phi t, c ngha l cht khng c t tnh). Tnh cht thun t th hin kh nng hng ng thun theo t trng ngoi, c ngha l cc cht ny c mmen t nguyn t (nhng gi tr nh), khi c tc dng ca t trng ngoi, cc mmen t ny s b quay theo t trng ngoi, lm cho cm ng t tng cng trong cht tng ln. -c im Vt liu t khng vnh cu Cc vc t momen lng cc t cng chiu

momen t qu o (L )ng gp l chnh t c ng dng Xm 10 6 n 105 -Nghch t:

c cu to t mt loi phn t khng c t tnh. Khi t vo t trng ngoi trong cc phn t s xut hin dng in ph v to ra t trng ph ngc chiu t trng ngoi (v vy c tn l cht nghch t).Do cm ng t tng cng nh hn cm ng t ca t trng ngoi (<1). -c im Vt liu t khng vnh cu Cc vc t momen lng cc t ngc chiu momen t qu o (L )ng gp l chnh trong chuyn ng ca vt liu ny t c ng dng Xm -10 6 n -105 b, st t

l cc cht c t tnh mnh, hay kh nng hng ng mnh di tc dng ca t trng ngoi, m tiu biu l st (Fe), v tn gi "st t" c t cho nhm cc cht c tnh cht t ging vi st. Cc cht st t c hnh vi gn ging vi cc cht thun t c im hng ng thun theo t trng ngoi. - c im: L vt liu t vnh cu Cc momen lng cc t cng chiu vecto ngoi Momen t S ng gp l chnh c s dng nhiu trong li bin th, lm nam chm in Xm 105 n 106 T bo ha: Loi 1: Vt liu t cng Loi 2: Vt liu t mm c,Phn st t: - nh ngha: l nhm cc vt liu t c trt t t m trong cu trc gm c 2 phn mng t i song song v cn bng nhau v mt gi tr.

S sp xp cc momen t trong vt

liu feri t khi T < TN khi khng c t trng ngoi - c im: +C ch ca tnh phn st t vt liu c trt t t. l vt liu phi t bi t tnh ca chng cng yu. Tnh cht phn st t bt ngun t tng tc trao i gia cc spin Phn st t l tng tc trao i m, lm cho cc spin phn song song vi nhau. +Cc tnh cht c bn khng tuyt i (0 Kelvin), cc spin ca vt liu phn st t sp xp i song song nhau nn t . Nhit tng dn dn n vic ph v trt t t kiu phn song song lm tng t ha (v cm t, ) ca vt liu phn st t. T trng ngoi cng l nguyn nhn ph v trt t phn song song ca vt liu. d, Feri t: - nh ngha: l tn gi chung ca nhm cc vt liu c trt t t m trong cu trc t ca n gm 2 phn mng i song song nhng c ln khc nhau. Ferri t cn c gi l phn st t b tr khng hon ton.

S sp xp cc momen t trong vt

liu feri t khi T < TC - c im: + Cu trc ca feri t Feri t t c tn gi xut pht t nhm vt liu ferrite ,l nhm cc vt liu gm c cng thc ha hc chung l: XO.Y2O3 X l mt kim loi ha tr 2, Y l kim loi ha tr 3 . + Tnh cht ca feri t Feri t c 2 phn mng t b tr khng hon ton, nn n c t t pht v t ny c b tr t mmen t ca 2 phn mng: .MA (1 ).MB MA, MB ln lt l mmen t ca 2 phn mng A v B, l t phn gia 2 phn mng. Nhn chung, tnh cht t ca feri t gn ging vi st t, im khc bit c bn nht l do n c 2 phn mng ngc chiu C mt nhit m ti mmen t t pht ca 2 phn mng b b tr nhau gi l "nhit b tr". Nhit b tr thp hn nhit Curie (i khi nhit Curie ca feri t cng c gi l nhit Nel, trn nhit Curie cht b mt trt t t v tr thnh thun t

Cu 2:Hy nu ngun gc momen t ca vt liu.Nu c im ca vt liu t cng. Tr li: a, Ngun gc momen t ca vt liu: + Vt liu c cu to t cc nguyn t, mi nguyn t c cu to t cc in t chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn v ht nhn. + Mi in t trong mt nguyn t u c cc momen t vi hai ngun gc: -Mt lin quan n qu o ca n chuyn ng quanh ht nhn -Mi in t cn c mt chuyn ng ring l chuyn ng xung quanh trc ca bn thn ( gi l spin) T trng tng:

+ Momen t n v l Magneton Bohr( 9,27.10-24 A.m2 ) + i vi mi in t trong nguyn t - Momen t spin ch c th nhn mt trong 2 gi tr ( cng cho spin hng ln v tr cho spin hng xung).

- Cn momen t qu o th bng l s lng t t ( s lng t khng gian) ca in t. + i vi mt nguyn t c cc lp in t hon ton y, momen tng ca n b trit tiu => khng th b t ha vnh cu. v d cc kh tr ( He, Ne, Ar.) cng nh nhiu vt liu in khc. + Trong vt liu tn ti cc dng t tnh sau: Thun t, nghch t, v st t. Ngoi ra phn st t v feri t c xem l nhng dng ph ca st t b, Nu c im ca vt liu t cng: Vt liu t cng l vt liu st t, kh kh t v kh t ha,c lc khng t cao c cu trc tinh th c tnh i xng km hn so vi cc vt liu t mm, chng c d hng t tinh th rt ln. -Lc khng t. k hiu l Hc l i lng quan trng c trng cho tnh t cng ca vt liu t cng. -Tnh nng lng t cc i L i lng c trng cho mnh yu ca vt t, c c trng bi nng lng t cc i c th tn ti trong mt n v th tich vt t.i lng ny c c n v l n v mt nng lng J /m^3 -Nhit kurie y l nhit m ti vt liu b mt t tnh, tr thnh cht thut t. Mt s vt liu t cng c dng trong cc nam chm hot ng nhit cao nn n i hi nhit crrie rt cao. Loi vt liu t cng c nhit curie rt cao hin nay l nhm cc vt liu trn nn SmCo c nhit curie t 500-1000 c -ng dng :dng ch to cc nan chm vnh cu hoc c s dng lm vt liu ghi t trong cc a cng, cc bng t

Cu 3: Th no l vt liu t mm, nu tnh cht, c im ca vt liu t mm Tr li: a, khi nim: Vt liu t mm l vt liu st t, "mm" v phng din t ha v kh t, c ngha l d t ha v d kh t. b, Tnh cht: Vt liu p in c t trng bo ha v t ha ch ph thuc vo thnh phn ca vt liu. H s t ha v kh t ca Hc li ph thuc vo cu trc ca vt liu ch khng phi thnh phn ca vt liu. Tn hao nng lng t ph thuc vo in tr sut v n th l nghch vi in tr sut. c, c im: C t thm cao C kh t thp. C tn hao nng lng t tr thp. D b t ha.

Cu 4: Gii thch ng cong t tr thng qua khi nim domen t.So snh s ging v khc nhau gia vt liu t cng v vt liu t mm Tr li: ng cong t ha ban u v ng cong t tr ca vt liu st t

- Khi nim: l nhng vng th tch nh trong vt liu y. Trong vng ny cc vec t momen lng cc t sp xp theo 1 trt t nht nh. Vng th tch gi l domen t hay min t ha t nhin. Trong 1 vt liu t gm rt nhiu cc domen t , cc domen t ngn cch nhau bi vch domen Mi vt liu st t v feri t nhit di Tc c cu to bi nhng vng th tch nh, trong tt c cc momen lng cc t u nh hng song song vi nhau vi t ha t bo ha. Mi vng gi l mt min t (men) mt min t ha t nhin. Cc men ln cn phn cch nhau bi cc vng bin hay vch. - Qu trnh t ha: l qu trnh xoay v dch cc vch domen Nu ( H o , P) thnh gc nhn th tch domen m rng

Nu ( H o , P) thnh gc t th tch domen gim bt - Kch thc v hnh dng ca ng cong t tr ca cc vt liu st t v feri t c tm quan trng, Din tch bn trong vng t tr biu th tn hao nng lng trong mt n v th tch vt liu, trong mt chu trnh t ha kh t. - Tn hao nng lng c tnh bng lng nhit sinh ra trong vt liu v lm tng nhit ca n. - Cc vt liu st t v feri t c phn ha thnh vt liu t mn hoc vt liu t cng ty theo c tnh t tr ca chng

Cu 5: Nu c im ca siu dn, ng dng ca siu dn Tr li: a, c im: -Vt liu siu dn c in tr bng 0 -Nu vt liu siu dn c dng in chy qua th dng in ny c th duy tr lu sau khi b ngun in i b, ng dng: -Ch to nam chm in c cun dy bng vt liu siu dn, to ra t trng mnh m khng hao ph nng lng v ta nhit - To ra cc vt liu siu dn nhit cao. c bit ngi ta to ra c hp ct c nhit Tc = 134 k

IV.Cu hi chng 4 Cu 1: Laser l g, ng dng ca laser. Nu s b cu to my pht laser Tr li: a, Khi nim: Laze l mt ngun sng pht ra mt chm sng cng ln da trn vic ng dng hin tng pht x cm ng .b, ng dng: + Thng tin lin lc v tuyn (nh truyn thng thng tin bng cp quang, v tuyn nh v, iu khin con tu v tr, ...) + Y hc dao m trong phu thut mt, cha mt s bnh ngoi da (nh tc dng nhit), ... + Dng trong cc u c a CD, bt ch bng, ch bn , dng trong cc th nghim quang hc trng ph thng, ... + Dng khoan, ct, ti, ... chnh xc cc vt liu trong cng nghip. c, Cu to my pht laser: Rubi (hng ngc) l Al2O3 c pha Cr2O3. Laze rubi gm mt thanh rubi hnh tr. Hai mt c mi nhn vung gc vi trc ca thanh. Mt (1) c m bc tr thnh gng phng (G1) c mt phn x quay vo pha trong ( phn x 100%). Mt (2) l mt bn m, tc l m mt lp mng cho khong 50% cng chm sng chiu ti b phn x, cn khong 50% truyn qua. Mt ny tr thnh gng phng (G2) c mt phn x quay v pha G1. Hai gng G1 v G2 song song vi nhau. Dng n phng in xenon chiu sng rt mnh thanh rubi v a mt s ln ion crm ln trng thi kch thch. Nu c mt ion crm bc x theo phng vung gc vi hai gng th nh sng s phn x i phn x li nhiu ln gia hai gng v s lm cho mt lot ion crm pht x cm ng. nh sng s c khuch i ln nhiu ln. Chm tia laze c ly ra t gng bn m G2.

Cu 2: Nu tnh cht quang hc ca vt liu phi kim loi. Trnh by c ch pht quang ca vt liu Tr li: a, Tnh cht quang hc ca vt liu phi kim loi -c trng cu trc vng nng lng ca in t, cc vt liu phi kim c th trong sut vi nh sng kh kin -Ch trng n cc hin tng phn x, hp th, khc x, truyn qua -Khc x l khi nh sng i vo vt liu b gy b mt v thay i vn tc trong vt liu ch s khc x (chit sut n)

c n= = = r r v o o

- Hng s in mi - t thm - Phn x l khi nh sng i vo vt liu c mt phn b phn x tr li mt phn cch (thm ch khi c 2 vt liu l trong sut) phn x R l t s cho bi (vi I0 v IR l cng chm tia ti v chm tia phn x) R=

IR IO
2

- Khi chm sng chiu ti l bnh thng (trc giao)

R= ( n 2 n1) n 2 + n1

n1 v n2 l chit sut ca 2 mi trng - Khi chm sng chiu ti l khng bnh thng, R s ph thuc vo gc chiu ti. Khi nh sng chiu vo mi trng s - Hp th - cc vt liu phi kim c th dng c khng cho nh sng i qua. Nu trong sut, chng thng c mu sc

-Bc x nh sng c hp th theo 2 c ch Hp th do phn cc in t ng vai tr quan trng tn s nh sng ln cn tn s hi phc (relaxation) ca nguyn t Hp th do s chuyn mc in t t di ha tr v di dn - ph thuc vo cu trc di nng lng ca vt liu - Hp th ca photon nh sng c th xy ra khi to s kch thch in t gn di ha tr c in y i qua vng cm ln ti trng thi trng di dn to thnh in t t do di dn v l trng di ha tr -Nng lng kch thch E lin quan ti tn s photon hp th E = h. S kch thch hp th ch xy ra khi nng lng photon ln hn nng lng vng cm Eg - Vi bc sng kh kin cc tiu (min) khong 0.4m, bit c v h xc nh nng lng vng cm cc i Eg(max) c th hp th nh sng kh kin l

- Vi bc sng kh kin cc i (max) khong 0.7m, bit c v h xc nh nng lng vng cm cc tiu Eg(min) c th hp th nh sng - Hp th photon do kch thch in t t di ha tr ln di dn vi mc tp cht nm trong vng cm (a), S pht x ca 2 photon vi in t u tin nhy xung mc tp cht v sau mi nhy xung mc trng thi nn (b) v s sinh cp photon khi in t nhy xung mc nng lng tp cht v sau nhy xung mc trng thi nn (c)

Cu 3: Nu tnh cht quang hc ca kim loi, gii thch Tr li:

Hy kho st s vng nng lng in t kim loi minh ha trn hnh 5.3a v5.3b:trong c hai trng hp u c mt vng nng lng cao ch mi b cc in tchim mt phn .Bc x nh sng ti s kch thch cc in t chuyn ln trng thi nnglng cha b chim nm trn mc Fermi,nh cc biu th trn hnh 5.58a kt qu l nhsng ti b hp th ph hp vi biu thc (5.56).Chnh v vy m kim loi l c.S hpth hon ton ch xy ra trong mt lp mt ngoi rt mng thng thng nh hn0,1m:nh vy ch c nhng mng kim loi mng hn 0,1m mi c kh nng truyn nhsng nhn thy .Kim loi hp th c mi tn s ca nh sng nhn thy bi v lin tc c nhngtrng thi in t cn trng ,chng cho php chuyn ri cc in t nh ch trn hnh 5.59a.Thc ra cc kim loi u c i vi tt c cc bc x in t vng tn s thp ca pht sng v tuyn in ,qua hng ngoi ,nh sng nhn thy cho n khong gia bc x tngoi .cc kim loi u trong sut i vi tt c cc bc x c tn s cao(Tia Rnghen vtia gamma).Phn ln bc x b hp th s c th pht b mt di dng nh sng nhn thyc cng bc sng,ta c nh sng phn x .S chuyn ri in t c trn hnh5.59b. phn x cu phn ln cc kim loi nm gia 0,90 v 0,95 ,mt phn nh nnglng ca qu trnh ny nhy xung ca in t b chuyn thnh nhit . Bi v cc kim loi u c v phn x mnh nn mu cm nhn r ca chng cxc nh phn b bc sng ca chm tia phn x .S xut hin ca mu bc khi chiu nhsng chng t kim loi c phn x mnh trn ton b gii ph nhn thy .Ni cch khc,i vi chm tia phn x ,thnh phn tn s v s lng photon th pht ny cng gnging nh i vi chm tia ti .Nhm v bc l hai kim loi c tinh phn x nh vy .Cnng v vng li th hin hai mu -da cam v mu vng bi v c mt phn nng lnggn vi cc photon nh sng c bc sng ngn khng c th pht Cu 4: Tng tc nh sng vi vt rn Tr li:

Khi anh sng i t mi trng ny sang mi trng khc (chng hn t khng khvo vt rn )th mt s bc x nh sng c th truyn qua mi trng .mt s b hp th vmt s b phn x trn b mt phn cch gia hai mi trng .cng Io ca chm sngtruyn qua .hp th v phn x tng ng l IT,IA v IR .tc l I0= IA+IT+IR . Trong T,A,R tng ng biu din truyn qua (IT/I0), hp th (IA/I0) v phn x (IR /I0).tc l nhng t phn ca nh sng ti c truyn qua ,phn x v hp th bi vt liu . Nhng vt liu c kh nng truyn sng vi hp th v phn x tng i nh lnhng vt ph trong sut .ngi ta c th nhn qua chng .Nhng vt trong m l nhngvt liu m khi nh sng i qua chng s b tn x vo trong vt liu n mc m khi quamt mu vt liu th khng phn bit r rng c i tng .Cn nhng vt khng chonh sng nhn thy truyn qua gi l vt c .Cc kim loi khi u c vi ton b ph nhn thy c ,ngha l tt c bc xnh sng u b hoc l hp th hoc l phn x.Mt khc ,cc vt liu cch in u cth lm trong sut .Ngoi ra mt s vt liu bn dn l trong sut cn s khc l c

Cu 5: Tng tc nguyn t v in t

Cc hin tng quang hc xy ra bn trong vt rn u c lin quan n nhngtng tc gia bc x in t v nguyn t ,ion v in t.Hai hin tng quan trng nhttrong nhng tng tc ny l s phn cc in t v s chuyn ri nng lng in t. Phn cc in t Mt trong hai thnh phn ca song in t l in trng bin thin nhanh . phmvi tn s thy c in trng ny tng tc vi am my in t bao quanh trngnguyn t v gy ra s phn cc in t .C mi ln thnh phn in trng thay ihng l mt ln lm lnh m my in t so vi ht nhn nguyn t ,nh biu th trnhnh 5.28a .Hai h qu ca s phn cc ny l 1)mt phn nng lng bc x b hp th v2) sng nh sng b chm li khi i qua mi trng .H qu th hai biu hin s khc x s tho lun trong mc 5.4.3a Chuyn di in t S hp th v pht x in t c th gy nn s chuyn di cc in t t trng thiny sang trnh thi nng lng khc . d tho lun ta xt ring mt nguyn t , th nng lng nguyn t ca n c biu din trn hnh 5.58.Mt in t c th b kchthch chuyn t mt trng thi chim mc nng lng E 2 ln mt trng thi nm mc nng lng cao hn ,E 4 chng hn bng ch hp th mt photon nng lng hv=Trong l hiu nng lng gia hai mc . y c mt s khi nim quantrng cn lu :-Th nht ,cc trng thi ca nguyn t l gin on nn ch tn ti nhng khongcch ring gia cc mc nng lng :nh vy ch c nhng photon no c tn stng ng vi nhng cho php th mi c hp th bi cc chuyn di in t.Hn na ,trong mi ln kch thch .phi l tt c (ch khng th mt phn ) nng lng photon c hp th-Th hai:in t ny khng th lu li v thi hn

trng thi kch thch :sau mtthi gian ngn ,n li nhy tr v trng thi c bn ca mnh hoc mt mc nng lngthp hn v pht x in t (thut ng bc x gi l s th pht ).c th c nhiu conng nhy tr v ,nhng trong bt c trng hp no cng phi c s bo ton nnglng cho cc chuyn di in t hp th v pht x . Nh s trnh by sau ,cc c tnh quang hc ca vt rn lin quan n hp th v pht x in t u c gii thch nh cu trc vng nng lng in t ca vt liu vcc nguyn l lin quan n s chuyn di in t nh nu trn