Tiểu luận: Tìm hiểu Wifi tầm xa

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG Khoa Vin thng 1 ------------o0o------------
TIU LUN MNG TRUY NHP
TM HIU WIFI TM XA
Gio vin hng dn : Th.S Dng Thanh T Sinh vin M s sinh vin Lp : Nguyn Ngc T : 091C650118 : C9VT1
H Ni, thng 03- 2012
WiFi tm xa
Li ni u
LI NI U
FPT Telecom thit lp cc thnh ph WiFi H Ni v TP. HCM
ICTnews - Cng ty FPT Telecom ngy 06/06/2007 cng b 5.000 im kt ni Internet khng dy min ph ca h thng WiFi FPT Telecom ti TP. HCM v H Ni.
Chng trnh c tng s vn u t 1,5 triu USD vi mc tiu bin TP. HCM v H Ni thnh cc thnh ph WiFi. Sng WiFi s ph khp bo m cho ngi s dng c th kt ni Internet mi ni, mi lc. ch ngm ca doanh nghip lm d n thnh ph Wi-Fi l mt cng ng s dng ln, to ngun thu cho cc dch v gi tr gia tng trn nn internet v di ng .
Nhng ngi s dng thit b cm tay tch hp WiFi nh my tnh xch tay, thit b tr gip c nhn (PDA), in thoi thng minh (smartphone) u c th kt ni Internet t cc im truy cp ca FPT Telecom. Trong thnh ph wifi, ngi dn c th thoi mi kt ni internet bt c a im no, trong nh hay ngoi ph, vi laptop hay in thoi di ng, bi v mng li wifi c ph kn. Cc a im cng cng tham gia chng trnh ny ca FPT Telecom s c: - Lp t min ph 1 ng truyn ADSL 4M - Cung cp min ph modem router WiFi Zyxel 660 H - Thng tin v a im trong dch v Tm kim im kt ni Cc khch hng kt ni Internet khng dy ca FPT Telecom ti cc a im ny s c tn hng tt c cc dch v gii tr v tin ch do FPT cung cp.
WiFi tm xa
Li ni u
tm im kt ni gn nht v xem hng dn s dng, xem ti wifi.fpt.net
Hnh nh minh ha Vic b ra 1,5 triu USD u t c s h tng cho thnh ph wifi s to ra nhiu li nhun khc cho nh u t v lu di. Vic to ra nhiu im kt ni internet min ph s kch thch ngi tiu dng khai thc ngun li min ph ny. y l c hi bn cc dng sn phm in thoi di ng c chc nng lt web, nh in thoi ca Nokia mt i tc chnh ca FPT Telecom trong d n Thnh ph wifi. ng nhin, in thoi di ng khng ch n gin l in thoi di ng na m s tr thnh thit b cm tay p ng nhu cu nghe, gi, nhn tin, truy cp internet, c bo, xem phim, xem chng trnh tivi, nghe nhc,... y l mnh t m mm cho ngnh cng nghip ni dung s pht
WiFi tm xa
Li ni u
trin m nhng mm u tin l cc dch v gi tr gia tng trn nn internet v in thoi di ng. y ch thc l li nhun lu di! ph sng c mt thnh ph vi mt din din rng v nhiu ngi dng, cn phi c gii php mng v thit b ph hp. Vy, Wi-Fi tm xa c th l nh th no? Hin ti v tng lai ca Wifi tm xa ti Vit Nam? Nhng thng tin trn thi thc em chn ti tiu lun ln ny l: "Tm hiu v Wifi tm xa". Em rt mong nhn c nhiu gp , ch bo, nhn xt t c gio v cc thnh vin trong lp chng em ngy mt hon thin kin thc hn na.
Em xin chn thnh cm n ! H ni, ngy 10/03/2012 Sinh vin:
Nguyn Ngc T
WiFi tm xa
Mc lc
MC LC LI NI U .......................................................................................................... 1 MC LC ................................................................................................................. 5 THUT NG VIT TT ....................................................................................... 8 CHNG I : GII THIU V WIFI TM XA .................................................. 9 1.1. S lc v Wifi .................................................................................................. 9 1.1.1. Lch s, nguyn nhn ra i Wifi .......................................................... 9 1.1.2. Khi nim ............................................................................................ 13 1.1.2.1. Mng khng dy - mng truy nhp v tuyn ............................ 13 1.1.2.2. Khi nim v mng WLAN ...................................................... 15 1.1.2.3. WMAN v mng di ng th h 3 ............................................ 18 1.1.2.4. Cc chun 802.1X ..................................................................... 19 1.1.2.5. c im ................................................................................... 28 1.2. Mt s cng ngh trong Wifi ............................................................................ 30 1.2.1. Cng ngh MIMO .............................................................................. 30 1.2.2. Tng quan v OFDM .......................................................................... 34 1.2.3 WDS l g ? .......................................................................................... 51 1.2.4 K thut tri ph chui trc tip DSSS .............................................. 52 1.2.5 CSMA/CA .......................................................................................... 54 1.2.6 K THUT IU CH KHA M B .......................................... 56 1.3. Wifi tm xa ........................................................................................................ 56 CHNG II : BO MT TRONG WIFI ........................................................... 72 2.1. Pha cung cp dch v........................................................................................ 72 2.2. Pha ngi dng ................................................................................................ 87 CHNG III : HIN TI V TNG LAI CA WIFI TM XA ............... 91 3.2. Hin ti v tng lai ca Wifi tm xa trn th gii .......................................... 91
WiFi tm xa
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3.2. Hin ti v tng lai ca Wifi tm xa ti Vit Nam ........................................ 99 KT LUN: ......................................................................................................... 103 TI LIU THAM KHO: ................................................................................. 105
WiFi tm xa
Thut ng vit tt
THUT NG VIT TT
K hiu AES BPSK BS CBC CCA CCM CPA CRC CS CSMA/CA CTR DES DSL ETSI FDD FDM FDMA FEC
T vit tt Advanced Encryption Standard Binary Phase Shift Keying Base Station Cipher Block Chaining Chosen ciphertext attack Counter with CBC-MAC Chosen- Plaintext attack Cyclic Redundancy Check Service-Specific Convergence Sublayer Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance Counter Data Encryption Standard Digital Subcriber Line European Telecommunications Standards Institute Frequency Division Duplexing Frequency Division Multiplexing Frequency Division Multiple Access Forward Error Correction
FM
Feedback Mode
WiFi tm xa
Thut ng vit tt
IEEE IFFT IP ISI IV KEK LMDS LOS MAN MCPS MD MPDU NLOS NNI NIST NSA OFDM OFDMA OSI OTP PDU PKM PN QAM
Institue of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Inverse Fast Fourier Transform Initial Permutation Intersymbol Interference Initialization Vector Key Encryption Key Local Multipoint Distribution Service Line-Of-Sight Metro Area Network MAC Common Part Sublayer Message Digest MAC Protocol Data Unit None Line-Of-Sight Network-to-Network Interface National Institute of Standards and Technology National Security Agency Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Open Systems Interconnection One time pad Protocol Data Unit Privacy Key Management Packet Number Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
WiFi tm xa
Thut ng vit tt
QoS QPSK RSA SA SC SHA SET SS TDD TDM TDMA TEK UNI VoIP WiFi WIMAX WLAN WMAN
Quality of Service Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman Security Association Single Carrier Secure Hash Algorith Secure Electronic Transmission Subcriber Station Time Division Duplexing Time Division Multiplexing Time Division Multiple Access Traffic Encryption Key User-to-Network Interface Voice over IP Wireless Fidelity Worldwide Interoperability Microwave Access Wireless Local Area Network Wireless Metro Area Network
WiFi tm xa
Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa
CHNG I: GII THIU V WIFI TM XA 1.1. S lc v Wifi

1.1.1. Lch s Wifi
S khi u Nm 1985, y ban lin lc lin bang M FCC (c quan qun l vin thng ca nc ny), quyt nh m ca mt s bng tn ca di sng khng dy, cho php s dng chng m khng cn giy php ca chnh ph. y l mt iu kh bt thng vo thi im . Song, trc s thuyt phc ca cc chuyn vin k thut, FCC ng th 3 di sng cng nghip, khoa hc v y t cho gii kinh doanh vin thng. Ba di sng ny, gi l cc bng tn rc (900 MHz, 2,4 GHz, 5,8 GHz), c phn b cho cc thit b s dng vo cc mc ch ngoi lin lc, chng hn nh l nng vi sng s dng cc sng v tuyn radio un nng thc n. FCC a cc bng tn ny vo phc v mc ch lin lc da trn c s: bt c thit b no s dng nhng di sng u phi i vng trnh nh hng ca vic truy cp t cc thit b khc. iu ny c thc hin bng cng ngh gi l ph rng (vn c pht trin cho qun i M s dng), c kh nng pht tn hiu radio qua mt vng nhiu tn s, khc vi phng php truyn thng l truyn trn mt tn s n l c xc nh r.
Hp nht tiu ch Du mc quan trng cho Wi-Fi din ra vo nm 1985 khi tin trnh i n mt chun chung c khi ng. Trc , cc nh cung cp thit b khng dy dng cho mng LAN nh Proxim v Symbol M u pht trin nhng thit sn phm c quyn, tc l thit b ca hng ny khng th lin lc c vi ca hng khc. Nh s thnh cng ca mng hu tuyn Ethernet, mt s cng ty bt u nhn ra rng vic xc lp mt chun khng dy chung l rt
WiFi tm xa
quan trng. V ngi tiu dng khi s d dng chp nhn cng ngh mi nu h khng cn b b hp trong sn phm v dch v ca mt hng c th. Nm 1988, cng ty NCR, v mun s dng di tn rc lin thng cc my rt tin qua kt ni khng dy, yu cu mt k s ca h c tn Victor Hayes tm hiu vic thit lp chun chung. ng ny cng vi chuyn gia Bruce Tuch ca Trung tm nghin cu Bell Labs tip cn vi T chc k s in v in t IEEE, ni m mt tiu ban c tn 802.3 xc lp ra chun mng cc b Ethernet ph bin hin nay. Mt tiu ban mi c tn 802.11 ra i v qu trnh thng lng hp nht cc chun bt u . Th trng phn tn thi im ng ngha vi vic phi mt kh nhiu thi gian cc nh cung cp sn phm khc nhau ng vi nhng nh ngha chun v ra mt tiu ch mi vi s chp thun ca t nht 75% thnh vin tiu ban. Cui cng, nm 1997, tiu ban ny ph chun mt b tiu ch c bn, cho php mc truyn d liu 2 Mb/giy, s dng mt trong 2 cng ngh di tn rng l frequency hopping (trnh nhiu bng cch chuyn i lin tc gia cc tn s radio, cn gi l truyn cho) hoc direct-sequence transmission (pht tn hiu trn mt di gm nhiu tn s, cn gi l truyn thng). Chun mi chnh thc c ban hnh nm 1997 v cc k s ngay lp tc bt u nghin cu mt thit b mu tng thch vi n. Sau c 2 phin bn chun, 802.11a (hot ng trn bng tn 5,8 GHz) v 802.11b (hot ng trn bng tn 2,4 GHz), ln lt c ph duyt thng 12 nm 1999 v thng 1 nm 2000. Sau khi c chun 802.11b, cc cng ty bt u pht trin nhng thit b tng thch vi n. Tuy nhin, b tiu ch ny qu di v phc tp vi 400 trang ti liu v vn tng thch vn ni cm. V th, vo thng 8/1999, c 6 cng ty bao gm Intersil, 3Com, Nokia, Aironet (v sau c Cisco sp nhp), Symbol v Lucent lin kt vi nhau to ra Lin minh tng thch Ethernet khng dy WECA.
Tm mt tn gi ph hp Mc tiu hot ng ca t chc WECA l xc nhn sn phm ca nhng nh cung cp phi tng thch thc s vi nhau. Tuy nhin, cc thut ng nh tng thch WECA hay tun th IEEE 802.11b vn gy bi ri i vi c cng ng. Cng ngh mi cn mt cch gi thun tin i vi ngi tiu
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dng. Cc chuyn gia t vn xut mt s ci tn nh FlankSpeed hay DragonFly. Nhng cui cng c chp nhn li l cch gi Wi-Fi v nghe va c v cng ngh cht lng cao (hi-fi) v hn na ngi tiu dng vn quen vi kiu khi nim nh u a CD ca cng ty no th cng u tng thch vi b khuch i amplifier ca hng khc. Th l ci tn Wi-Fi ra i. Cch gii thch Wi-Fi c ngha l wireless fidelity v sau ny ngi ta mi ngh ra. Gn y, nhiu chuyn gia cng vit bi khng nh li Wi-Fi thc ra ch l mt ci tn t ra cho d gi ban u.
i vo cuc sng Nh vy l cng ngh kt ni cc b khng dy c chun ha, c tn thng nht v n lc cn mt nh v ch thc y n trn th trng. Wi-Fi tm c Apple, nh sn xut my tnh ni ting vi nhng pht minh cp tin. Qu to tuyn b nu hng Lucent c th sn xut mt b iu hp adapter vi gi cha y 100 USD th h c th tch hp mt khe cm Wi-Fi vo mi chic my tnh xch tay. Lucent p ng c iu ny v vo thng 7/1999, Apple cng b s xut hin ca Wi-Fi nh mt s la chn trn dng my iBook mi ca h, s dng thng hiu AirPort. iu ny hon ton lm thay i th trng mng khng dy. Cc nh sn xut my tnh khc lp tc t lm theo. Wi-Fi nhanh chng tip cn vi ngi tiu dng gia nh trong bi cnh chi tiu cho cng ngh cc doanh nghip ang b hn ch nm 2001. Wi-Fi sau tip tc c thc y nh s ph bin mnh m ca kt ni Internet bng rng tc cao trong cc h gia nh v tr thnh phng thc d nht cho php nhiu my tnh chia s mt ng truy cp bng rng. Khi cng ngh ny pht trin rng hn, cc im truy cp thu ph cng bt u xut hin ngy mt nhiu ni cng cng nh ca hng, khch sn, cc qun cafe. Trong khi , y ban lin lc lin bang M FCC mt ln na thay i cc quy nh ca h cho php mt phin bn mi ca Wi-Fi c tn 802.11g ra i, s dng k thut di ph rng tin tin hn gi l truy cp a phn tn trc giao OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing - cn gi l ghp knh chia tn s trc giao) v c th t tc ln ti 54 Mb/giy bng tn 2,4 Ghz .
Hin ti
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thi im ny, Wi-Fi l cng ngh mng thng lnh trong cc gia nh nhng nc pht trin. TV, u a, u ghi v nhiu thit b in t gia dng c kh nng dng Wi-Fi ang xut hin ngy mt nhiu. iu cho php ngi s dng truyn ni dung khp cc thit b trong nh m khng cn dy dn. Kh d bo tng lai ca Wi-Fi nhng chc chn n to nn mt hng i cho nhiu cng ngh khc. Qu trnh pht trin ca cng ngh Wi-Fi cng cho thy vic thng nht cho ra mt chun chung c th to nn mt th trng mi. Thit b u cui c coi l mt mt xch quan trng nht lm nn thnh cng ca wifi.Wifi ni cng s, wifi trong qun cafe, thm ch wifi ti mi gia nh... nhng khng gian kt ni khng dy hin din mi ni khin ngi ta qun mt iu rng, cng ngh ny cng tng c n nhn kh "lnh nht" trong thi k u. Chui ngy m m ca cng ngh ny ch thc s kt thc khi nhng nh cung cp mang cng ngh kt ni n tng my tnh xut xng, thm ch trong cc thit b di ng cm tay. Laptop, my tnh bng, in thoi khng dy s dng mng Wi-Fi cng c mt khp ni.
Theo ng Thn Trng Phc - Trng i din Intel VN v ng Dng: "i vi wifi chng ta khng cn phi ch tn s; trong phm vi hp, tn s hay thit b pht sng vi wifi khng phi l vn qu ln, nn khi c nhiu thit b u cui, wifi tr thnh cng ngh ph bin v mi ngi s dng rt nhiu". Bi ton thit b u cui c gii thnh cng, tho b ro cn v a wifi tr nn ngy cng ph bin nh hin nay.
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1.1.2. Khi nim 1.1.2.1. Mng khng dy - mng truy nhp v tuyn Mng khng dy l h thng mng cho php cc thit b khng dy truy cp n h thng mng cc b cng nh mng internet thng qua mi trng truyn sng radio
Hnh 1: Mng khng dy Vi anten tch hp m rng vng ph sng v c ch chuyn vng linh hot m bo kt ni n nh khi di chuyn trong cng ty m khng cn i dy mng. Cc im truy cp khng dy ngoi tri c thit k gim thiu ti a nh hng ca thi tit, vi kh nng kt ni cc Anten nh hng v v hng gip kt ni khng dy gia tr s v cc chi nhnh ln cn tr nn n gin Phn loi mng khng dy :
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WiFi tm xa
Hai ch tiu k thut c bn phn loi mng khng dy l phm vi ph sng v giao thc bo hiu.
Trn c s phm vi ph sng , chng ta c 4 loi mng sau: Mng c nhn khng dy WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) : Nhm ny bao gm cc cng ngh v tuyn c vng ph nh tm vi mt n hng chc mt ti a. Cc cng ngh ny phc v mc ch ni kt cc thit b ngoi vi nh my in, bn phm, chut, a cng, kha USB, ng h,...vi in thoi di ng, my tnh. Cc cng ngh trong nhm ny bao gm: Bluetooth, Wibree, ZigBee, UWB, Wireless USB, EnOcean,... a phn cc cng ngh ny c chun ha bi IEEE, c th l nhm lm vic (Working Group) 802.15. Do vy cc chun cn c bit n vi tn nh IEEE 802.15.4 hay IEEE 802.15.3 ... Mng cc b khng dy WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) : Nhm ny bao gm cc cng ngh c vng ph tm vi trm mt. Ni bt l cng ngh Wifi vi nhiu chun m rng khc nhau thuc gia nh 802.11 a/b/g/h/i/... Cng ngh Wifi gt hi c nhng thnh cng to ln trong nhng nm qua. Bn cnh WiFi th cn mt ci tn t nghe n l HiperLAN v HiperLAN2, i th cnh tranh ca Wifi c chun ha bi ETSI. Mng th khng dy WMAN (Wireless Metropolitan Area Network) : i din tiu biu ca nhm ny chnh l WiMAX. Ngoi ra cn c cng ngh bng rng BWMA 802.20. Vng ph sng ca n ti vi km (tm 45km ti a). Mng khu vc WWAN (Wireless Wide Area Network): Nhm ny i din l cng ngh 802.22 ang c nghin cu v pht trin bi IEEE. Vng ph c n s ln tm 40-100km. Mc ch l mang cng ngh truyn thng n cc vng xa xi ho lnh, kh trin khai cc cng ngh khc. N s s dng bng tn m TV analog khng dng t c vng ph rng.
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WiFi tm xa
Hnh 2: Phn loi mng v tuyn Da trn giao thc mng ta c hai loi mng sau: Mng c s dng giao thc bo hiu c cung cp bi ngi qun l vin thng cho h thng di ng.V d mng 3G. Mng khng s dng giao thc bo hiu nh l Ethernet. Internet l v d in hnh cho loi mng ny. Mng s dng giao thc bo hiu c th m bo bng tn c nh v cht lng gi d liu vi c ch chuyn mch. Khi mt kt ni c thit lp chuyn mch s thc hin s trao i gia ngun v ch. Trong mng chuyn mch gi kt ni c thc hin thng qua chuyn mch o. Trong mng khng s dng giao thc bo hiu, cc gi trao i thng qua bng thng nh nhau v c s chia s. u im ca loi mng ny l n gin v d thc hin cng nh pht trin mng.
1.1.2.2. Khi nim v mng WLAN WLAN l g ?
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WLAN l mt mng khng dy gia nh in hnh. S d nh vy l do WLAN l mt mng LAN khng dy, tc mt nhm cc my tnh ni mng lin quan n nhau, c t gn nhau v mt vt l. Mng LAN c th tm thy trong nhiu gia nh, trng hc, doanh nghip. V mt k thut c th s dng nhiu mng LAN cho mt gia nh. Nhng thc t, iu ny rt t xy ra. Trong mng WLAN, ch c mng Hiperlan II mi p ng c yu cu ny. Mng ny s dng chun Wi-Fi.
H chun Wi-Fi cho php thit lp mng khng dy vi khong cch ngn. Chun ny c th kt ni trc tip theo kiu im - im. Mng WiFi thng kh khn trong vic thch nghi vi mng di ng. Khi thit b di ng vi tc cao(vi km/gi) chng s b mt tn hiu. C rt nhiu chun Wi-Fi c m t thng qua
Tng quan v cu hnh mng cc b khng dy (WLAN)
Cu hnh truy nhp c bn ca mt mng WLAN theo chun IEEE 802.11 bao gm mt nhm cc trm pht sng (Acccess Point - AP) c kt ni vi nhau trong vng dch v c bn BSS (Basic Service Set), c xc nh bi cc tnh truyn dn ca mi trng v tuyn. Mt trm AP trong min dch v c bn c th kt ni vi cc AP khc trong cng BSS hoc BSS khc. Cu hnh mng WLAN c th chia thnh 3 loi:
Cu hnh mng WLAN c lp (Independent basic service set (IBSS)) Cu hnh mng WLAN ph thuc : Infrastructure Basic service sets (BSS) Cu hnh mng WLAN m rng: Extended service sets (ESSs)
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1. Cu hnh mng WLAN c lp Cc trm trong IBSS kt ni trc tip vi nhau v do cn phi nm trong phm vi kt ni trc tip (xem hnh 3). Mt IBSS cn c xem nh l mt kiu cu hnh "ad hoc" v n khng cn thng qua mt h tng mng no c m ch l kt ni peer-to-peer (tng i mt). Hai my tnh c lp t card mng wifi (Network Interface Card NIC), s c th to thnh mt mng WLAN (ging nh kt ni 2 my tnh bng cp).
Hnh 3: Cu hnh mng WLAN c lp 2. Cu hnh mng WLAN ph thuc Mt BSS l mt nhm cc thit b 802.11 (station) kt ni vi nhau. Khc vi cu hnh ad hoc, cu hnh ph thuc i hi phi c mt thit b c bit lm tm im, gi l trm truy nhp AP (Access Point). AP l im trung tm lin lc cho mi thit b trong cng mt vng dch v c bn. Cc thit b s khng lin lc trc tip nhau, m lin lc thng qua AP. Thng tin s chuyn n AP, tip AP s chuyn tip thng tin n thit b n. AP c th kt ni vi mt mng c dy. Do phi c mt AP nn cu hnh ny cn gi l cu hnh "infrastructure" BSS. Xem hnh minh ha 4 di y.
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WiFi tm xa
Hnh 4: Cu hnh mng WLAN ph thuc 3. Cu hnh mng WLAN m rng Nhiu mng BSS ph thuc c th kt ni vi nhau thng qua giao din uplink. Trong th gii 802.11, giao din uplink kt ni vi mt h thng phn b DS (distribution system). Tp hp cc BSS m kt giao vi nhau qua DS c gi l Extended Service Sets (ESSs), hay cu hnh m rng. Hnh 3 th hin mt cu hnh mng WLAN m rng thng dng. Giao din uplink kt ni vi DS khng nht thit phi bng dy dn m c th s dng khng dy.
Hnh 5: Cu hnh mng WLAN m rng
1.1.2.3. WMAN v mng di ng th h 3 C ba h ln gm: WiMAX: WiMAX da trn chun IEEE 802.16 v chun ETSI HiperMAN chu u. Tc l thuyt 70 Mbit/s trong phm vi ti a l 50 km. Mng di ng th h th 3: Mng 3G l mng quc gia nhng yu cu quan tm n kch thc cc . Sau mng di ng th h th nht (mng in thoi tng t), mng di ng th h th hai (GSM) v GPRS (gi l 2,5G), mng di ng th h th 3 kt hp truyn c d liu
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v m thanh vi tc cao.Chun 3G c kt hp trong chun IMT2000. Mng di ng bng rng MBWA: Da trn chun IEEE 802.20, MBWA cho php thit lp mng di ng vi tc 250 km/h. Tn s s dng ca mng MBWA thp hn 3,5GHz, tc ti a 1Mbit/s cho ng xung v 300 Kbit/s cho ng ln vi phm vi mi ti a 2,5 km. Mt phin bn khc s dng tn s 5 MHz c th cho php t tc 4 Mbit/s ng xung v 1,2 Mbit/s cho ng ln vi mi ngi s dng. Mng MBWA c kh nng tng thch tt vi m thanh v d liu tng ng vi mng 3G. N c s dng tt trong k thut iu khin nh dch tn, OFDM, anten thch nghi....
Hnh 6: S pht trin ca cc mng t bo
1.1.2.4. Cc chun 802.1X
Tn gi 802.1X bt ngun t vin IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). Vin ny to ra nhiu chun cho nhiu giao thc k thut khc nhau, v n s dng mt h thng s nhm phn loi chng. Chun IEEE 802.16 l chun dng cho mng Wimax cn chun IEEE 802.11 l chun dng cho mng Wi-Fi
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Hnh 7. V tr 802.16 v 802.11 trong mng
802.16 v c bn l khc 802.11 v h thng di ng khng dy nh GSM, CDMA v UMTS. 802.16 l h thng truy cp khng dy cung cp cho vic truy cp bng thng rng vi nhiu thu bao. N s dng phng tin truyn dn c bn l sng vi ba. Ngoi ra n cn c kh nng thch nghi v chun ho vi cc k thut hin ti cho cc dch v bng rng.
Chun 802.16 Da trn k thut RF gi l phn chia a tn s trc giao (OFDM) c hiu qu cao trong vic truyn d liu. 802.16 bao gm cc chun 802.16, 802.16a, 802.16c, 802.16d, 802.16e, 802.16f, 802.16g .
Hnh 8 : Chun 802.16
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Chun 802.16 c a ra nm 2001 vi bng tn 10-66 GHz v ch ng dng trong phm vi nhn thng (LOS) im-im. Nm 2002 c thm chun 802.16, 802.16c. Nm 2003, c b sung chun 802.16a ch yu cho truy cp khng dy bng rng trong di tn 2-11GHz ng dng c c trong tm nhn hn ch (NLOS) im a im. 802.16d c a ra nm 2004 cho cc ng dng di ng v c nh trong di tn t 2-66GHz v cui cng chun 802.16e cung cp cho kh nng di ng tc cao vi bng tn t 2-66GHz c kh nng chuyn vng (roaming). Din n WiMax tha nhn cc tnh cht u vit ny v cho php chun 802.16 hot ng vi tn s 2.5GHz, 3.5GHz v 5.8GHz
Chun 802.11
Hnh 9: Cc chun thng dng trong chun 802.11
Nm 1997, Vin k s in v in t (IEEE- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) a ra chun mng ni b khng dy (WLAN) u tin c gi l 802.11 theo tn ca nhm gim st s pht trin ca chun ny. Lc ny, 802.11 s dng tn s 2,4GHz v dng k thut tri ph trc tip (Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum-DSSS) nhng ch h tr bng thng ti a l 2Mbps tc kh chm cho hu ht cc ng dng. V l do , cc sn phm chun khng dy ny khng cn c sn xut na. Chun IEEE 802.11 nh ngha tng vt l v tng MAC cho mt mng ni b khng dy. Thnh t c bn ca 802.11 l t bo (cell) vi tn gi
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WiFi tm xa
l BSS (basic service set - b dch v c bn). Mi BSS thng gm mt vi my trm khng dy v mt trm c s trung tm c gi l AP (access point im truy cp). Cc my trm (c th di ng hoc c nh) v trm trung tm lin lc vi nhau bng giao thc MAC IEEE 802.11 khng dy. C th kt ni nhiu trm AP vi nhau bng mng hu tuyn Ethernet hoc mt knh khng dy khc to mt h thng phn tn (DS - distributed system)
Cc my trm dng chun IEEE 802.11 c th nhm li vi nhau to thnh mt mng ad hoc - mng khng c iu khin trung tm . Trong trng hp ny, mng c hnh thnh tc thi khi mt s thit b di ng tnh c thy mnh ang gn nhau trong khi ang c nhu cu lin lc m khng tm thy mt c s h tng mng sn c ti ch (chng hn mt BBS 802.11 vi mt trm AP). Mt v d v mng ad hoc c hnh thnh l khi mt vi ngi mang my tnh xch tay gp nhau ti mt bn tu v mun trao i d liu m khng c mt trm AP gn .
802.11b T thng 6 nm 1999, IEEE bt u m rng chun 802.11 ban u v to ra cc c t k thut cho 802.11b. Chun 802.11b h tr bng thng ln n 11Mbps, ngang vi tc Ethernet thi by gi. y l chun WLAN u tin c chp nhn trn th trng, s dng tn s 2,4 GHz. Chun 802.11b s dng k thut iu ch kha m b (Complementary Code Keying - CCK) v dng k thut tri ph trc tip ging nh chun 802.11 nguyn bn. Vi li th v tn s (bng tn nghip d ISM 2,4GHz), cc hng sn xut s dng tn s ny gim chi ph sn xut. Nhng khi y, tnh trng "ln xn" li xy ra, 802.11b c th b nhiu do l vi sng, in thoi m bng con v cc dng c khc cng s dng tn s 2,4GHz. Tuy nhin, bng cch lp t 802.11b khong cch hp l s d dng trnh c nhiu. u im ca 802.11b l gi thp, tm ph sng tt v khng d b che khut. Nhc im ca 802.11b l tc thp; c th b nhiu bi cc thit b gia dng.
802.11a
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WiFi tm xa
Song hnh vi 802.11b, IEEE tip tc a ra chun m rng th hai cng da vo 802.11 u tin - 802.11a. Chun 802.11a s dng tn s 5GHz, tc 54Mbps trnh c can nhiu t cc thit b dn dng. ng thi, chun 802.11a cng s dng k thut tri ph khc vi chun 802.11b - k thut tri ph theo phng php a phn chia tn s trc giao (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing-OFDM). y c coi l k thut tri hn so vi tri ph trc tip (DSSS). Do chi ph cao hn, 802.11a thng ch c s dng trong cc mng doanh nghip, ngc li, 802.11b thch hp hn cho nhu cu gia nh. Tuy nhin, do tn s cao hn tn s ca chun 802.11b nn tn hin ca 802.11a gp nhiu kh khn hn khi xuyn tng v cc vt cn khc. Do 802.11a v 802.11b s dng tn s khc nhau, hai cng ngh ny khng tng thch vi nhau. Mt vi hng sn xut bt u cho ra i sn phm "lai" 802.11a/b, nhng cc sn phm ny ch n thun l cung cp 2 chun sng Wi-Fi cng lc (my trm dng chun no th kt ni theo chun ). u im ca 802.11a l tc nhanh; trnh xuyn nhiu bi cc thit b khc. Nhc im ca 802.11a l gi thnh cao; tm ph sng ngn hn v d b che khut.
802.11g Nm 2002 v 2003, cc sn phm WLAN h tr chun mi hn c gi l 802.11g ni ln trn th trng; chun ny c gng kt hp tt nht 802.11a v 802.11b. 802.11g h tr bng thng 54Mbps v s dng tn s 2,4GHz cho phm vi ph sng ln hn. 802.11g tng thch ngc vi 802.11b, ngha l cc im truy cp (access point AP) 802.11g s lm vic vi card mng Wi-Fi chun 802.11b...
Thng 7/2003, IEEE ph chun 802.11g. Chun ny cng s dng phng thc iu ch OFDM tng t 802.11a nhng li dng tn s 2,4GHz ging vi chun 802.11b. iu th v l chun ny vn t tc 54Mbps v c kh nng tng thch ngc vi chun 802.11b ang ph bin.
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WiFi tm xa
u im ca 802.11g l tc nhanh, tm ph sng tt v khng d b che khut. Nhc im ca 802.11g l gi cao hn 802.11b; c th b nhiu bi cc thit b gia dng.
802.11n Wi-Fi 802.11n (c cng nhn thng 12-2009) c s thay i t c tc truyn cao (thng l gp 4 ln so vi 802.11g) theo 2 cch. Trc ht, n s dng cng ngh MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) p dng cho anten c th truyn nhiu d liu ti cng mt thi im. Cc anten thng minh s kt hp cc lung d liu n t nhiu ng khc nhau thng qua tng, ca, trn nh. Router thng thng gm 2 anten cho vic nhn v truyn tn hiu; cc thit b tm trung v cao cp s c 3 anten.Khi chun ny hon thnh, 802.11n s h tr tc ln n 100Mbps. 802.11n cng cho tm ph sng tt hn cc chun Wi-Fi trc nh tng cng tn hiu. Th hai, Wi-Fi 802.11n dng knh ghp (dual-bands): thay v dng knh c bng tn 20MHz nh cc chun Wi-Fi trc y, 802.11n thm knh c bng tn 40MHz, v mt l thuyt n c kh nng tng gp i lng d liu. Tuy nhin, do gii hn bng thng trong tn s 2,4 GHz, ngha l ch mt router 802.11n dng knh ghp xem nh chim ht c tn s 2,4 GHz, v s khng cn ch cho cc router khc v y cng l nguyn nhn to ra nhiu. V l do ny, c t ca draft-n 2.0 quy nh mt chnh sch c tn thn thin vi lng ging, rng buc nu router c h tr bng tn kp th khi hat ng bng tn 40MHz nu pht hin c thit b 2,4GHz khc gn th s phi chuyn xung bng tn 20MHz . Mt im cn lu l tc truyn d liu bng tn 20MHz ch l 150Mbps.
Hnh 10: Chun 802.11g v chun 802.11n
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WiFi tm xa
Access Point 802.11n s tng thch ngc vi cc thit b chun 802.11a tn s 5GHz cng nh chun 802.11b v 802.11g tn s 2,4GHz. u im ca 802.11n l tc nhanh nht, vng ph sng tt nht; tr khng ln hn chng nhiu t cc tc ng ca mi trng. Nhc im ca 802.11n l cha c ph chun cui cng; gi cao hn 802.11g; s dng nhiu lung tn hiu c th gy nhiu vi cc thit b 802.11b/g k cn. Hai vn cn c cn nhc l in nng tiu th v kin trc mng WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network). Phn cng 802.11n ca nhiu hng yu cu in nng phi cao hn mc 12,95w theo chun PoE (Power over Ethernet) 802.3af v h chn gii php gim kh nng tit kim in ca Access Point (AP). V th vn kh quan trng khi chn gii php 802.11n - c 3x3 anten MIMO hot ng ng thi - l vn hot ng mc cao nht trn h tng mng theo chun PoE 802.3af hin c. Gii php HiPath Wireless ca Siemens l mt trong nhng gii php p ng yu cu trn. Mt khc gii php ny cng c th gii quyt vn th 2 l tng lu lng mng v thit b WLAN 802.11n tc cao v phn on mng (segmentation) nh kin trc HiPath Wireless VNS (Virtual Network Services). Lu lng c th c chuyn n mng cc b bng ch cu ni (bridge mode) hay c qun l ti trm iu khin bng cch dng ch ng hm (tunnel). HiPath Wireless gip chuyn sang h thng 802.11n d dng m khch hng khng phi nng cp h tng mng. Hin ti, 802.11n cung cp n 4 chui d liu, cho d phn cng khng yu cu h tr nhiu nh th. (xem hnh 11)
Hnh 11: Mi mu tng ng vi mt chui d liu
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WiFi tm xa
802.11n s h tr tt hn vi ch "mixed" ca 802.11g. Thc t, hiu sut mng ph thuc vo t l bng thng c s dng pht d liu ch khng phi gi tin u tin (Overhead) hay cc giao thc c s dng qun l vic truyn thng mng. Mt trong cc tnh nng quan trng nht trong c t k thut 802.11n draft ci tin hiu nng ch hp nht (mixed mode) l s tp hp. Thay v gi tng frame d liu, my trm pht mt gi gm nhiu frame chung vi nhau. Do , vic tp hp d liu s hiu qu hn
Hnh 12: S tp hp ci thin hiu qu trong ch Mixed
iu ny d dng cho cc thit b 802.11n cng tn ti vi 802.11g v 802.11a v tt c u dng phng thc iu ch OFDM. V th, c nhiu tnh nng trong c t k thut ca thit b nh tng hiu nng cho cc mng ch s dng OFDM. Chng hn nh tnh nng gim khong khng gia frame (Reduced Inter-Frame Spacing, hay RIFS), chi tit ny c thi gian tr hon gia 2 ln pht ngn.
t hiu nng tt, c t k thut ca 802.11n cung cp mt ch gi l "cnh ng xanh" (Greenfield) - ch cc thit b 802.11n hot ng trong mng.
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WiFi tm xa
Bng 1: Cc c t k thut ch yu ca 802.11n
802.11ac Ngy 6/1/2012, nh sn xut chip Wi-Fi Broadcom gii thiu chip u tin theo chun 802.11ac, cung cp vng ph sng v tc nhanh hn gp i so vi chip Wi-Fi chun 802.11n. Broadcom ngh gi tn cc sn phm dng chip Wi-Fi tiu chun 802.11ac l Wi-Fi 5G, v 802.11ac l tiu chun IEEE th h th 5 cho cng ngh mng khng dy ph dng. Cc th h trc gm: 802.11, 802.11b, 802.11a/g, 802.11n. Chip theo tiu chun 802.11ac cng s cung cp nhiu la chn cho cc nh sn xut thit b, tuy nhin thi im hin ti, chip 802.11ac s dng bng tn 5GHz, vi ph sng rng hn, t can nhiu tn hiu hn so vi tn s 2,4Ghz; v h tr knh 80Mhz (chun 802.11n h tr knh 40Mhz). Mt im m cc nh phn tch quan tm l chun 802.11ac s tiu th t in nng hn so vi cc chun Wi-Fi trc , iu ny rt hu ch cho cc thit b di ng.
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WiFi tm xa
Broadcom cho bit cc thit b dng chip 802.11ac ca hng s tng thch vi cc tit b dng chip 802.11n (tn s 2GHz, 5Ghz). Broadcom s cung cp cc mu chip Wi-Fi 5G: BCM4360 h tr 3 lung dng giao tip PCI; mu BCM4352, BCM43526 h tr 2 lung dng giao tip PCI, USB c tc truy cp Wi-Fi n 867Mbps; mu BCM43516 h tr 1 lung dng giao tip USB c tc truy cp Wi-Fi n 433Mbps. Chip dng giao tip PCI thng dng trn cc b nh tuyn, im truy cp khng dy (access point) v my tnh. Chip dng giao tip USB thng dng trn cc thit b in t gia dng nh TV, u Blu-ray, hp gii m (set-top box). Cc nh phn tch cho rng sn phm s dng chip 802.11ac s xut hin trn th trng vo cui nm 2012
Bng 2 : Cc c t k thut ch yu ca 802.11
1.1.2.5. c im WiFi thng c 2 m hnh: WiFi dn dng v WiFi chuyn dng
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WiFi tm xa
WiFi dn dng: Nhng thit b ny nh gn, d dng ci t v s dng.M hnh lp t ny thng s dng cho h gia nh vi nhu cu ph sng nh l, gn nh, din tch tng i nh. Thit b pht WiFi c th l b nh tuyn(Wireless Router) hoc Access Point ( im truy cp khng dy). Cc thit b ny kt ni vi modem ADSL, c sn khi ha mng thu bao Internet, bng cng RJ45, pht sng WiFi. Sng ny ging hnh cu, ty vo anten ca thit b m c ly sng xa hay gn. Sau khi kt ni thit b pht WiFi vi modem ADSL, bn thc hin cu hnh hoc nh ngi bn cu hnh sn. Xong bc cu hnh ny, bn c th lt web vi vu ri . Cc chng loi v gi c thit b trn th trng hin nay bn c th search google. C th k n l Linksys, LinkPro, Dlink, Netis, JCG
WiFi chuyn dng: Nhng thit b ny c cng sut hot ng cao, ph sng din rng. Thng c dng ph sng WiFi cho qun c ph, nh hng, khch sn, khu du lch hoc cc trng i hc hay trng hc nh vo u im c bit ca n. Thit b WiFi chuyn dng c th ph sng cho c mt khu vc rng ln , v d nh khu du lch Vn Thnh ch vi 2 thit b pht sng v 2 anten chuyn dng, hoc Lng c ph Trung Nguyn ch vi 3 thit b, trong khi nu dng nhng sn phm WiFi dn dng th con s thit b s nhiu v h thng s phc tp hn nhiu. Cu to v hnh dng thit b thng c thit k ph hp vi mi trng trong nh v ngoi tri, nh l chng thm, chng bm bi, chng st, nn d bo tr v s dng. C ly pht sng c th ln n 10km - 30km. Sng n nh, chng nhiu gip p ng nhng ai c nhu cu cung cp WiFi cho khch.
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WiFi tm xa
Bn cnh , kim sot lng ngi dng ln ( trn 50 ngi) cng cn c thit b kim sot truy cp WiFi gi cho mng WiFi c an ton v n nh. Cc thit b WiFi chuyn dng c th k tn l SINOCA, Browan, Ubiquitimun bit thm c th search google tm thm thng tin.
1.2. Mt s cng ngh trong Wifi 1.2.1 Cng ngh MIMO MIMO - Mt cch tip cn tng tc truyn vt l ca h thng khng dy s dng nhiu h thng ng-ten truyn v nhn. Cng ngh ny c gi l multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), hoc cc h thng ng-ten thng minh.
Hnh 13 :H thng c bn vi hai ng-ten MIMO c 2 lung SDM v d.
MIMO ci thin hiu nng: MIMO tn dng hin tng t nhin ca sng trung tn c gi l a ng: thng tin c pht xuyn qua tng, ca s v cc vt chn khc, anten thu tn hiu nhiu ln qua cc b nh tuyn khc nhau cc thi im khc nhau. Do , tn hiu a ng nguyn gc c th b "bp mo" dn n kh gii m v ko theo hiu nng Wi-Fi km. MIMO khai thc hin tng a ng vi k thut a phn chia theo khng gian (space-division multiplexing). Thit b pht WLAN chia gi d liu ra thnh nhiu phn, mi phn c gi l chui
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WiFi tm xa
d liu (Spatial Stream) v pht tng chui d liu qua cc anten ring r n cc anten thu.
Hnh 14: H thng MIMO NxM c N knh pht v M knh thu. Cc tn hiu t mi knh pht c th n knh thu thng qua mt ng duy nht, cho php ghp knh khng gian k thut gi nhiu lung d liu trong cng mt knh, nh vy tc truyn d liu s tng theo cp s nhn.
Cc c im ni bt ca MIMO : C 2 tnh nng trong c t k thut draft-n nhm tp trung ci thin hiu nng MIMO: cc to bp sng (Beam-forming) v s phn tp (Diversity). Beam-forming l k thut iu chnh tn hiu trc tip trn anten, gip tng vng ph sng v hiu sut bng cch hn ch nhiu. Diversity khai thc trn nhiu anten bng cch tng hp cc tn hiu u ra hoc chn tn hiu tt nht trong s cc anten. y l c t k thut quan trng do 802.11n draft c 4 anten, v th s gp phi trng hp thit b c s lng anten khc vi n. V v, my tnh xch tay dng 2 anten c th kt ni n access point (AP) c 3 anten. Trng hp ny, ch 2 chui d liu c dng d AP h tr n 3 chui d liu. Vi Diversity, thm cng nhiu anten cng tt. Thit b nhiu anten s c phm vi ph sng xa hn. V d, tn hiu pht ra ca 2 anten c th kt hp li thu mt chui d liu khong cch xa. tng ny c th c m rng kt hp cc tn hiu u ra ca 3 anten thu v 2 chui d liu c tc cao, vng ph sng rng... Diversity khng b gii hn trong 802.11n v c WLAN. Thc t, n c ci t cho cc sn phm chun 802.11a/b/g c 2 anten.
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WiFi tm xa
Hnh 15: S pht trin ca cng ngh MIMO
Hnh 16: Dual - bands
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WiFi tm xa
Draft-n dng knh ghp (dual-bands): Mt ty chn khc trong 802.11n d tho l nhn i tc bng cch tng bng thng knh truyn WLAN t 20MHz ln 40MHz. iu ny lm gim s lng knh gy bt li cho cc thit b khc. Tn s 2,4GHz c khng gian cho 3 knh 20MHz khng chng ln nhau (non-overlapping), cn knh 40MHz khng c nhiu khng gian cho cc thit b khc tham gia vo mng hay truyn d liu trn cng khu vc vi chng. Do , vic chn knh 40MHz s ci thin hiu nng cho ton WLAN.
Hnh 17: Cc knh 20MHz v 40MHz Lu : * Draft-n 2.0 quy nh mt chnh sch c tn thn thin vi lng ging, tc l ,khi hat ng bng tn 40MHz nu pht hin c thit b 2,4GHz khc gn th s phi chuyn xung bng tn 20MHz . * Tc truyn d liu bng tn 20MHz ch l 150Mbps.
Ngoi cng ngh MIMO, cc thit b cn c th c tch hp thm mt s k thut khc tng tc : u tin l k thut SGI (Short Guard Interval) cng c th gp phn ci thin tc bng cch gim kch thc ca khong cch gia cc symbol (k hiu). Bn cnh l mt s k thut trn lp vt l vi cc ci tin nhm gim overhead (gi tin mo u) - trc tip gp phn ci thin tc . gim overhead, 802.11n dng k thut tp hp khung (frame aggregation - FA) - ghp hai hay nhiu khung (frame) thnh mt frame n truyn i. Chun 802.11n s dng 2 k thut ghp frame: A-
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WiFi tm xa
MSDU (Aggregation - MAC Service Data Units) hay vit gn l MSDU lm tng kch thc khung dng pht cc frame qua giao thc MAC (Media Access Control) v A-MPDU (Aggregation - MAC Protocol Data Unit) - lm tng kch thc ti a ca cc frame 802.11n c pht i ln n 64K byte (chun trc ch c 2304byte). Mt cch ci thin thng lng b sung khc l gim kch thc frame ACK xung cn 8byte (chun c l 128byte). Ngoi ra, mt k thut c gi l SGI (Short Guard Interval) cng c th gp phn ci thin 10% tc bng cch gim khong cch gia cc symbol (k hiu) t 4 nano giy xung cn 3,6 nano giy. Cui cng l k thut GreenField Preamble c s dng rt ngn gi tin u tin ca frame (preamble) nhm ci thin hiu nng v cng sut tiu th cho thit b. Mt trong nhng xu hng ln nht trong vn kt ni mng ngy nay l vic truyn c tn hiu thoi v video trn cc mng d liu truyn thng, cc gi thoi v video cn phi phn phi n ngi nhn mt cch nhanh chng v c tin cy cao, khng c jitter v tr vt qu gii hn.Mt gii php gii quyt vn ny l s dng QoS. QoS, hoc Quality of Service, l mt cng ngh x l gi u tin. V bn cht, QoS cho php bn x l cc gi thng tin nhy cm vi mc u tin cao hn cc gi khc.
y l mt chun cng nghip ch khng phi chun thuc quyn s hu ca Microsoft. Microsoft ln u tin gii thiu QoS trong Windows 2000. Phin bn QoS ca Microsoft c pht trin dn ln t thi im nhng vn thch nghi vi cc chun cng nghip.
1.2.2 Tng quan v OFDM OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex): Nguyn l ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao 1.2.2.1 S lc v OFDM
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WiFi tm xa
OFDM nm trong mt lp cc k thut iu ch a sng mang (MCM) trong thng tin v tuyn. Cn trong cc h thng thng tin hu tuyn cc k thut ny thng c nhc n di ci tn: a tn (DMT). K thut OFDM ln u tin c gii thiu trong bi bo ca R.W.Chang nm 1966 v vn tng hp cc tn hiu c di tn hn ch khi thc hin truyn tn hiu qua nhiu knh con. Tuy nhin, cho ti gn y, k thut OFDM mi c quan tm nh c nhng tin b vt bc trong lnh vc x l tn hiu v vi in t. tng chnh trong k thut OFDM l vic chia lung d liu trc khi pht i thnh N lung d liu song song c tc thp hn v pht mi lung d liu trn mt sng mang con khc nhau. Cc sng mang ny l trc giao nhau, iu ny c thc hin bng cch chn gin cch tn s gia chng mt cch hp l. 1.2.2.2 Cc khi nim lin quan n OFDM a. H thng a sng mang H thng a sng mang l h thng c d liu c iu ch v truyn i trn nhiu sng mang khc nhau. Ni cch khc, h thng a sng mang thc hin chia mt tn hiu thnh mt s tn hiu, iu ch mi tn hiu mi ny trn cc sng mang v truyn trn cc knh tn s khc nhau, ghp nhng knh tn s ny li vi nhau theo kiu FDM.
Hnh 18: Cu trc h thng a sng mang b. Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s FDM Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s l phng php phn chia nhiu knh thng tin trn trc tn s. Sp xp chng trong nhng bng tn ring bit
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WiFi tm xa
lin tip nhau. Mi knh thng tin c xc nh bi tn s trung tm m n truyn dn. Tn hiu ghp knh phn chia theo tn s c di ph khc nhau nhng xy ra ng thi trong khng gian, thi gian.
f1 f2 fn f
Hnh 19: Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s
m bo tn hiu ca mt knh khng b chng ln tn hiu ca cc knh ln cn, trnh nhiu knh, i hi phi c cc khong trng hay cc bng bo v xen gia cc knh. iu ny dn n s khng hiu qu v ph.
c. Biu din ton hc ca tn hiu OFDM c.1 Trc giao
Cc tn hiu l trc giao nu chng c lp vi nhau. Trong OFDM, cc sng mang con c chng lp vi nhau nhng tn hiu vn c th c khi phc m khng c xuyn nhiu gia cc sng mang k cn bi v gia cc sng mang con c tnh trc giao. Xt mt tp cc sng mang con: fn(t), n=0, 1, , N-1, t1 t t2 . Tp sng mang con ny s trc giao khi:
t2 t1 * f n (t ) f m (t )dt
0, n K, n
m [7] m
(1.1)
Trong : K l hng s khng ph thuc t, n hoc m. V trong OFDM, tp cc sng mang con c truyn c th c vit l:
f n (t ) exp( j 2 f n t ) [7] f0 n / T [7]
(1.2) (1.3)
vi j
1 v
fn
f0
n f
vi f0 l tn s offset ban u.
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WiFi tm xa
Tn hiu OFDM c hnh thnh bng cch tng hp cc sng sine. Tn s bng gc ca mi sng mang con c chn l bi s ca nghch o khong thi k t, v vy tt c sng mang con c mt s nguyn ln chu k trong mi k t. iu ny ph hp vi kt qu tnh trc giao va c chng minh trn. Hnh 20 minh ho cu trc ca mt tn hiu OFDM c bn sng mang con.
Hnh 20 : Tn hiu OFDM c 4 sng mang con
Trong minh ho ny, mi sng mang c s nguyn chu k trong khong thi gian T v s chu k ca cc sng mang k cn nhau hn km nhau ng mt chu k. Tnh cht ny gii thch cho s trc giao gia cc sng mang. Mt cch khc xem xt tnh cht trc giao ca tn hiu OFDM l quan st ph ca n. Trong min tn s, mi sng mang con OFDM c p ng tn s l sinc hay sin(x)/x. Hnh 21 m t ph ca k t OFDM c 4 sng mang con l tng hp ph ca 4 hm sinc.
Hnh 21: Ph tn hiu OFDM vi 4 sng mang

con
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WiFi tm xa
c.2 To sng mang con s dng IFFT
Nu gi di l chui d liu QAM phc, N l s lng sng mang con, T l khong thi k t v fc l tn s sng mang, th k t OFDM bt u ti t=ts c th c vit nh sau:
N 1 2
s(t )
Re
i N 2
di
N /2
exp j 2
fc
i 0,5 t ts T
, ts
ts
T [20](1.4)
s(t )
0 ,t
ts
ts
cho d tnh ton, ta c th thay th k t OFDM trn nh sau:

N 1 2
s(t )
i N 2
di
N /2
exp j 2
i t ts T
, ts
ts
T [20]
(1.5)
s(t )
0 ,t
ts
ts
Trong biu thc trn, phn thc v phn o tng ng vi thnh phn cng pha v vung pha ca tn hiu OFDM, m s c nhn vi hm cos v sin ca tn s sng mang con ring r tng hp c tn hiu OFDM sau cng.
exp j N t ts T
data
Serial to parallel
OFDM signal
exp j ( N
2) t t s T
Hnh 22: B iu ch OFDM
38
WiFi tm xa
Khi tn hiu OFDM s(t) (1.5) c truyn i ti pha thu, sau khi loi b thnh phn tn s cao fc, tn hiu s c gii iu ch bng cch nhn vi cc lin hip phc ca cc sng mang con. Nu lin hip phc ca sng mang con th j c nhn vi s(t), th s thu c k t QAM d j
N /2
(c
nhn vi h s T), cn i vi cc sng mang con khc, gi tr s nhn bng khng bi v s sai bit tn s (i-j)/T to ra mt s nguyn chu k trong khong thi k t T, cho nn kt qu nhn s bng khng.
ts T
exp
ts
j j2 t ts T
N 1 2
di
i N 2
N 2
exp j 2
i t t s dt T
N 1 2
ts T
di
i N 2
N 2 ts
exp j 2
i T
t t s dt
dj
N 2
T [20]
(1.6)
Tn hiu OFDM c m t trong (1.5) thc t khng khc g hn so vi bin i Fourier ngc ca N k t QAM ng vo. Lng thi gian ri rc cng chnh l bin i ngc Fourier ri rc, cng thc c cho (1.7), vi thi gian t c thay th bi s mu n.
N 1
s ( n)
i 0
d i exp j 2
in [20] N
(1.7)
1.2.2.3 Khong thi gian bo v v m rng chu k Vi mt bng thng cho trc, tc k t ca OFDM thp hn nhiu so vi phng thc truyn dn n sng mang. V d, i vi kiu iu ch BPSK n sng mang, tc k t tng ng vi tc bit truyn dn. Cn i vi h thng OFDM, bng thng c chia nh cho N sng mang con lm cho tc k t thp hn N ln so vi truyn dn n sng mang. Tc
39
WiFi tm xa
k t thp ny lm cho OFDM chng li c nh hng ca nhiu ISI gy ra do truyn a ng. nh hng ca ISI ln tn hiu OFDM c th ci tin hn na bng cch thm vo mt khong thi bo v lc bt u mi k t. Khong thi gian bo v ny chnh l copy lp li dng sng lm tng thm chiu di ca k t. Khong thi bo v ny c chn sao cho ln hn tri tr c lng knh, cho cc thnh phn a ng t mt k t khng th no gy nhiu cho k t k cn. Mi sng mang con, trong khong thi gian k t ca tn hiu OFDM khi khng c cng thm khong thi gian bo v, (tc khong thi thc hin bin i IFFT dng pht tn hiu), s c mt s nguyn chu k. Bi v vic sao chp phn cui ca k t v gn vo phn u cho nn ta s c khong thi k t di hn. Hnh 23 minh ho vic chn thm khong thi bo v. Chiu di tng cng ca k t l TS pht tn hiu OFDM.
Copy IFFT IFFT
T , vi TS l chiu di tng cng ca k t,
chiu di khong thi bo v, v T khong thi gian thc hin bin i IFFT
Khong th
bo v
Ng ra IFFT
Khong th
thi
TFFT
Symbol N-1
Thi gian bo v Symbol N+1
Ts
Symbol N
Hnh 23: Chn khong thi gian bo v vo tn hiu OFDM
Trong mt tn hiu OFDM, bin v pha ca sng mang con phi n nh trong sut khong thi gian k t cho cc sng mang con lun trc giao nhau. Nu n khng n nh c ngha l dng ph ca sng mang con khng c dng sinc chnh xc. Ti bin ca k t, bin v pha thay i t ngt theo gi tr mi ca d liu k tip. Chiu di ca cc nh hng t bin ny tng ng vi tri tr ca knh v tuyn. Cc tn hiu t bin ny l kt qu ca mi thnh phn a ng n nhng thi im khc nhau. Hnh 24
40
WiFi tm xa
minh ho nh hng ny. Vic thm vo mt khong thi gian bo v lm cho thi gian phn t bin ca tn hiu gim xung. nh hng ca ISI s cng gim xung khi khong thi gian bo v di hn tri tr ca knh v tuyn.
Pha thu Khng nhiu
D liu
Bo v Symbol OFDM
Pha thu
Nhiu ng t
Hnh 24: Khong thi gian bo v gim nh hng ca ISI Chng ta c th thy rng nng lng pht s tng khi chiu di ca CP tng, trong khi nng lng ca tn hiu thu v ly mu vn gi nguyn. Nng lng ca mt sng mang nhnh l:
t
2
TS TS
[7]
(1.8)
V suy gim SNR do loi b CP ti my thu l:

SNRloss 10 lg 1
TS
[7]
(1.9)
Nh vy, CP c chiu di cng ln th suy gim SNR cng nhiu. Thng thng, chiu di tng i ca CP s c gi mc nh, cn suy gim SNR ch yu l do yu cu loi b xuyn nhiu ICI v ISI (nh hn 1 dB khi
/ TS 0,2 ).
Trong h thng OFDM, mi sng mang nhnh c th c biu din:

s n ,m t x n ,m exp j 2 f n t [7]
(1.10)
Trong xn,m l modul ca s phc tng ng vi sng mang nhnh th n

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WiFi tm xa
trong k t OFDM th m c gi tr khc 0 trn [(m -1)TS, mTS), vi TS l chu k tn hiu; fn l tn s sng mang nhnh th n. Biu din tn hiu di dng trung bnh ca cc sng mang phc lin tc theo thi gian, vi m cho trc:
sm t 1 N
N 1
x n ,m exp j 2 f n t [7]
n 0
(1.11)
Trong , fn = f0 + n f vi f0 l tn s gc v f l khong dn cch gia cc sng mang. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gn f0 = 0. Thay gi tr fn v ly mu sm(t) ti tn s 1/T, ta c:
sm k T 1 N
N 1
x n ,m exp j 2 n f
n 0
t [7]
(1.12)
Ta chn N mu tn hiu trn mt chu k tn hiu, v s dng quan h t = NT, so snh phng trnh trn vi dng tng qut php bin i IDFT:
g kT 1 N
N 1
G
n 0
n exp j 2 n f NT
t [7]
(1.13)
Chng ta thy rng, hm phc xn,m theo bin n chnh l nh ngha ca tn hiu c ly mu biu din trong min tn s v s(kT) l dng biu din trong min thi gian. Do mi quan h gia hai php bin i DFT v IDFT:
G[n]=G e j
2 n N
[7]
(1.14)
Nn phng trnh (1.13) v (1.14) tng ng vi nhau, nu:

f 1 NT 1
[7]
iu kin ny ging vi iu kin v tnh trc giao gia cc sng mang nhnh. Nh vy, c th duy tr tnh trc giao h thng OFDM c th s
42
WiFi tm xa
dng php bin i DFT. y l mt c im rt quan trng v hai l do chnh sau: Th nht, DFT l mt dng ca php bin i Fourier m tn hiu c ly mu v nh vy chng tr nn tun hon c trong min thi gian ln tn s. Php bin i ny cng vi vic chn thm cc di bo v nhm gip cho mi k t OFDM tun hon gip cho vic thc hin tch chp tun hon vi hm truyn t ca knh tr nn d dng hn. u im th hai ca vic s dng DFT l php bin i ny c th d thc kh n gin v hiu qu cao bng thut ton FFT.
1.2.2.4 iu ch trong OFDM a. iu ch QPSK y l mt trong nhng phng php iu ch thng dng nht trong truyn dn. Cng thc cho sng mang c iu ch PSK 4 mc nh sau:
2E cos[2 t T 0 (t ) ] t 0 t T 0; t T
Si (t )
[2]
(1.15)
Vi
pha ban u ta cho bng 0 (t ) (2i 1)
(1.16)
Trong : i = 1, 2, 3, 4 tng ng l cc k t c pht i l 00, 01, 11, 10 T = 2.Tb (Tb l thi gian ca mt bit, T l thi gian ca mt k t) E l nng lng ca tn hiu pht trn mt k t. Khai trin s(t) ta c :
2E 2E cos[(2i 1) ]cos(2 f ct ) sin[(2i 1) sin(2 f ct ) (0 t T ) [2](1.17) T 4 T 4 0 (t 0; t T )
Si (t )
Chn cc hm nng lng trc chun nh sau:
43
WiFi tm xa

2 sin[2 f c t ]; 0 t T T [2]
(t )
(1.18) (1.19) (1.20)
(t )
2 sin[2 f c t ]; 0 t Tb [2] T
2
Khi : Si (t )
(t ) E sin[(2i 1) ] 4
(t ) E cos[(2i 1) ] [2] 4
Vy bn im bn tin ng vi cc vector c xc nh nh sau :

E sin[(2i 1) ] 4 E cos[(2i 1) ] 4 Si1 Si 2
Si
(i 1, 2,3, 4) (1.21)
Quan h ca cp bit iu ch v to ca cc im tn hiu iu ch QPSK trong khng gian tn hiu c cho bng sau: Cp bit vo Pha ca tn hiu QPSK
/4 3 /4 5 /4
7 /4
im tn hiu Si
S1 S2 S3 S4
To cc im bn tin
1
E/2 E/2
2
E/2
00 01 11 10
E/2 E/2
E/2
E/2 E/2
Bng 3: Thng s ca iu ch QPSK
44
WiFi tm xa
Ta thy mt tn hiu PSK 4 mc c c trng bi mt vector tn hiu hai chiu v bn im bn tin nh hnh v:
Bin gii quyt nh bit
im bn tin (01)
E/2
im bn tin (00)
E/2
im bn tin (11)
im bn tin (10)
Hnh 25: Biu khng gian tn hiu QPSK. b. iu ch QAM h thng iu ch PSK, cc thnh phn ng pha v vung pha c kt hp vi nhau sao cho to thnh mt tn hiu ng bao khng i. Tuy nhin, nu loi b iu ny v cho cc thnh phn ng pha v vung pha c th c lp vi nhau th ta c mt s iu ch mi gi l iu bin cu phng QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation: iu ch bin vung gc). s iu ch ny, sng mang c iu ch c bin ln pha. iu ch QAM c u im l tng dung lng ng truyn dn s. Dng tng qut ca iu ch QAM m mc (m - QAM) c xc nh nh sau:
S1 (t ) 2 E0 ai cos(2 f c t ) T 2 E0 bi sin(2 f ct ) T (0 t T ) [2] (1.22)
Trong : E0 l nng lng ca tn hiu c bin thp nht. ai, bi: l cp s nguyn c lp c chn tu theo v tr bn tin.
45
WiFi tm xa
Tn hiu sng mang gm 2 thnh phn vung gc c iu ch bi mt tp hp bn tin tn hiu ri rc v th c tn l iu ch bin vung gc. C th phn tch Si(t) thnh cp hm c s:
(t ) (t ) 2 bi sin(2 f ct ) T 2 ai sin(2 f ct ) T (0 t T )
[2]
(0 t T )
64-QAM
(1.23)
16-QAM QPSK
Hnh 26: Chm tn hiu M-QAM 1.2.2.4 H thng OFDM bng gc a. H thng OFDM bng gc
D liu nh phn X(k) x(n) xf(n) h(n)
Sp xp S/P
Chn pilot
IFFT
Chn di bo v
P/S
Knh
Y(k)
y(n)
yf(n)
Sp
D liu ra
xp li
P/S
c lng knh
FFT
Loi b di bo v
AWGN
S/P
w(n)
Hnh 26: S h thng OFDM
46
WiFi tm xa
u tin, dng d liu vo tc cao c chia thnh nhiu dng d liu song song (S/P: Serial/Parallel). Mi dng d liu song song sau c m ho v c sp xp theo mt trnh t hn hp. Khi sp xp v m ho (Coding and Mapping) c th t trc u vo b S/P. Nhng k t hn hp c a n u vo ca khi IFFT. Khi ny s tnh ton cc mu thi gian tng ng vi cc knh nhnh trong min tn s. Sau , khong bo v c chn vo gim nhiu xuyn k t ISI. Cui cng, b lc pha pht nh dng tn hiu thi gian lin tc s chuyn i ln tn s cao truyn trn cc knh. Trong qu trnh truyn, trn cc knh s c cc ngun nhiu gy nh hng nh nhiu Gausian trng cng AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise),... pha thu, tn hiu thu c chuyn xung tn s thp v tn hiu ri rc t c ti b lc thu. Khong bo v c loi b v cc mu c chuyn i t min thi gian sang min tn s bng php bin i FFT. Cc k t hn hp thu c s c sp xp ngc tr li v c gii m. Cui cng, chng ta nhn c dng d liu ni tip ban u. b. Biu din tn hiu Tn hiu trc ht c tng hp li v sp xp hp l ri c iu ch. Sau khi i qua b chuyn i S/P thnh cc lung d liu song song. Khi IDFT c s dng bin i chui d liu c chiu di N {X(k)} thnh cc tn hiu ri rc min thi gian {x(n)}, vi cng thc sau:
x ( n) IDFT X (k ) 1 N
N 1
X (k )e j 2
k 0
kn / N
n 0,1, 2..., N 1
(1.24)
Trong : N l chiu di DFT.
47
WiFi tm xa
Sau khi IDFT, khong thi gian bo v c chn vo gim nhiu ISI. Di bo v ny gm phn m rng c tnh chu k ca k t OFDM nhm hn ch ICI. Kt qu l k t OFDM s c dng nh sau:
xf n xn N xn
n , 1,..., 1 n 0,1,..., N 1
l chiu di ca di bo v Tn hiu pht xf(n) s truyn qua knh fading bin i thi gian
chn lc tn s vi nhiu cng. Tn hiu thu c l:

y f (n) x f (n) * h(n) w(n)
(1.25)
y w(n) l nhiu trng Gaussian cng AWGN v h(n) l p ng xung ca knh truyn, h(n) c th c biu din:
r 1
h( n)
i 0
hi e
j 2 f Di Tn / N
) vi 0 n N-1
(1.26)
Trong : r l tng s ng truyn; hi l p ng xung phc ca ng truyn th i; fDi l dch tn Doppler ca ng truyn th i; l ch s tri tr ; T l chu k ly mu; i: tr c chun ho bng thi gian ly mu ca ng truyn th i. Ti pha thu, tn hiu sau khi c chuyn i n min thi gian ri rc bi b ADC v qua b lc thng thp, khong bo v c loi b:
yf n yn yf n
vi
n N 1 n 0,1,..., N 1
(1.27)
Sau , y(n) c a n khi DFT, thu c {Y(k)}:

N 1
Y (k )
DFT y(n)
n 0
y(n)e j 2
kn / N
(k
0,1, ..., N 1)
(1.28)
48
WiFi tm xa
Gi s khng c ISI, mi quan h gia Y(k) vi H(k) = DFT {h(n)} , nhiu ICI I(k) do s dch chuyn tn s Doppler v W(k) = DFT {w(n)} nh sau: Y(k) = X(k).H(k) + I(k) + W(k) vi k = 0, 1, ..., N-1 Trong :
r 1
(1.29)
H (k )
i 0
hi e j
f DiT
sin( f Di T ) f Di T
j 2 Ti k / N
r 1
N 1
I (k )
i 0 m 0; m
hi X (m) 1 e j 2 ( f Di k m ) e N 1 e j 2 ( f Di k m ) / N k
j 2 Ti m / N
Nu trc khi IDFT ta c a khi chn pilot c lng knh th sau khi DFT s c b c lng knh c hm truyn He(k). Khi , d liu pht c th c c lng nh sau:
X e (k ) Y (k ) vi k = 0, 1, ..., N-1 H e (k )
(1.30)
Sau tn hiu dng nh phn c a n khi Sp xp li (Remapping).
1.2.2.5 nh gi v k thut OFDM a. u im - S dng di tn rt hiu qu do php chng ph gia cc sng mang. Hn ch c nh hng fading v hiu ng a ng bng cch chia knh fading chn lc tn s thnh cc knh fading phng tng ng vi cc tn s sng mang OFDM khc nhau - Loi b c hu ht giao thoa gia cc k t (ISI) do s dng CP v giao thoa sng mang (ICI)
49
WiFi tm xa
- Nu s dng cc bin php xen r v m ho knh thch hp c th khc phc c hin tng suy gim xc sut li trn k t do cc hiu ng chn lc tn s knh gy ra. Qu trnh cn bng knh c thc hin n gin hn so vi vic s dng cn bng thch nghi trong cc h thng n sng tn. b. Nhc im - H thng OFDM s to ra cc tn hiu trn nhiu sng mang, cc b khuch i cng sut pht cao cn tuyn tnh, cc b khuch i cng sut thu nhiu thp i hi di ng ca tn hiu ln nn t s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh (PAPR: Peak-to-Average Power Ratio) ln, t s PAPR cao l mt bt li nghim trng ca OFDM nu dng b khuch i cng sut hot ng min bo ho khuch i tn hiu OFDM. Nu tn hiu OFDM c t s PAPR ln th s gy nn nhiu xuyn iu ch. - OFDM nhy vi dch tn v s trt ca sng mang hn cc h thng n sng mang. Vn ng b tn s trong cc h thng OFDM phc tp hn h thng sng mang n. 1.2.3 WDS l g ? WDS (Wireless Distribution System) l mt k thut mi dng pht trin mng WLAN. Lc trc pht trin mng WLAN chng ta ch c 2 cch c bn nh sau: 1. Dng nhiu AP (Access Point): mi AP c 1 ssid v channel ring. iu ny rt kh khn khi trin khai v vn giao thoa(nhiu) sng gia cc AP, v vy khng th lp bao nhiu AP cng c. Mt khc do c nhiu ssid nn vic chn mng kt ni vo gy kh khn cho ngi truy cp. 2. Dng booster hay dng cc APc chc nng repeater. Lc ny ton b mng WLAN s c duy nht 1 ssid v channel. Ci ny u im hn phng php dng nhiu AP l do ch c 1 ssid nn vic chn mng truy cp d dng, ci th hai l do dng chung 1 channel nn khng xy ra vn nhiu sng gia cc trm.
50
WiFi tm xa
WDS (Wireless Distribution System) c chc nng tng t nh b lp (repeater) cho php m rng vng ph sng bng cch thm Access Point (thng l ca cng mt hng)
1.2.4 K thut tri ph chui trc tip DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
Hnh 27 : Tri ph chui trc tip DSSS DSSS rt ph bin v c s dng rng ri nht trong s cc cng ngh tri ph v n d dng ci t v c tc cao. Hu ht cc thit b WLAN trn th trng u s dng cng ngh tri ph DSSS (nhng s b thay th bng OFDM c tc cao hn). DSSS l mt phng php truyn d liu trong h thng truyn v h thng nhn u s dng mt tp cc tn s c rng 22 MHz. Cc knh rng ny cho php cc thit b truyn thng tin vi tc cao hn h thng FHSS nhiu. 1.2.4.1 Nguyn l lm vic ca DSSS DSSS kt hp tn hiu d liu ti trm truyn vi mt chui bit d liu tc cao (qu trnh ny c gi l Chipping code hay Processing gain). Processing gain cao s lm tng tnh khng c ca tn hiu i vi nhiu. Processing gain ti thiu m FCC cho php l 10 v hu ht cc sn phm
51
WiFi tm xa
thng mi u hot ng di 20. Nhm lm vic IEEE 802.11 thit lp yu cu processing gain ti thiu l 11. Tin trnh ca DSSS bt u vi mt sng mang c modulate vi mt chui m (code sequence). S lng chip trong code s xc nh tri rng bao nhiu, v s lng chip trn mt bit (chip per bit) v tc ca code (tnh bng chip per second) s xc nh tc d liu.
1.2.4.2 Direct Sequence System Trong bng tn 2.4 GHz ISM, chun IEEE 802.11xc nh vic s dng DSSS tc d liu 1 v 2 Mbps. i vi chun 802.11b th tc ln n 5.5 v 11 Mbps Cc thit b 802.11b hot ng tc 5.5 v 11 Mbps u c th giao tip vi cc thit b 802.11 hot ng 1 v 2 Mbps bi v chun 802.11b cho php tng thch ngc. V th ngi dng khng cn nng cp thit b 802.11 trn ton b mng WLAN ca h sang thit b 802.11b. Hin nay th cc thit b theo chun 802.11a cho php tc ln n 54 Mbps nhng khng may l cc thit ca chun 802.11a khng th giao tip c vi cc thit b ca chun 802.11 v 802.11b (v chun mi 802.11g) bi v 802.11a s dng bng tn 5 GHz UNII trong khi 802.11 v 802.11b s dng 2.4 GHz ISM. iu ny c th gy ra nhiu vn bi v nhiu ngi s dng mun tn dng nhng li th ca cng ngh DSSS truyn d liu vi tc 54 Mbp nhng li khng mun tn thm chi ph cho vic nng cp ln mt mng mi. V th, mt chun mi l chun 802.11g ra i cho php h thng DSSS hot ng trong bng tn 2.4 GHz ISM c th truyn d liu ln n 54 Mbps. Cng ngh 802.11g l cng ngh 54 Mbps u tin c th tng thch ngc vi cc thit b 802.11 v 802.11b. Channels Khng ging nh h thng nhy tn s dng chui nhy xc nh knh, h thng DSSS s dng mt quy c nh ngha knh. Mi knh l mt bng tn s lin tc rng 22 MHz c tn s sng mang l 1 MHz (ging vi FHSS). V d, knh 1 hot ng t 2.401 GHz n 2.423 GHz (2.412 GHz +/- 11 MHz); knh 2 hot ng t 2.406 GHz n 2.429 GHz (2.417 GHz +/- 11 MHz) Hnh di minh ha iu ny FCC xc nh ch 11 knh i vi tn s khng c cp php c s dng ti M. Chng ta c th thy rng knh 1 v 2 trng lp vi nhau mt lng ng k. Mi tn s lit k trong bng c xem nh l tn s trung
52
WiFi tm xa
tm. T tn s trung tm ny, 11 MHz c cng thm hay tr i c c mt knh rng 22 MHz. Chng ta cng c th d dng nhn thy rng cc knh nm cnh nhau s trng lp vi nhau mt lng ng k. Vic s dng h thng DSSS vi cc knh trng lp trong cng mt v tr vt l s gy nn nhiu gia cc h thng. H thng DSSS vi cc knh trng lp khng nn co-located bi v gn nh chng lun lun gy nn mt s gim cp ng k i vi bng thng. Bi v sng mang c cch nhau 5 MHz v knh rng 22 MHz, nn cc knh ch nn co-located nu nh s knh cch nhau t nht l 5 knh. V d, knh 1 v 6 khng trng lp nhau, knh 2 v 7 khng trng lp nhau C ti a 3 h thng DSSS c th co-located l cc knh 1, 6 v 11 v cc knh khng trng lp ch trn l thuyt. Cc knh ch khng trng lp trn l thuyt l bi v trong thc t knh 1 v 6 (hay 6 v 11) c trng nhau mt phn nh (ty thuc vo thit b s dng v khong cch gia cc h thng). Cc knh khng trng lp ny c minh ha trong hnh di. 1.2.4.3 nh hng ca nhiu bng hp Cng ging nh h thng nhy tn, h thng DSSS cng c tnh khng c i vi nhiu bng hp bi v c tnh tri ph ca n. Mt tn hiu DSSS l d b nhiu bng hp hn so vi tn hiu FHSS bi v bng tn DSSS s dng nh hn so vi FHSS (rng 22 MHz so vi rng 79 MHz nh trong FHSS) v thng tin c truyn trn ton b bng tn mt cch ng thi thay v ch mt tn s ti mt thi im nh trong FHSS. Vi FHSS, s nhanh nhy ca tn s v rng bng tn s bo m rng nhiu ch nh hng ch trong mt thi gian ngn lm hng ch mt phn nh d liu. 1.2.344 Cc quy tc ca FCC lin quan n DSSS Cng ging nh h thng FHSS, FCC quy nh rng h thng DSSS s dng ti a 1 Watt cng sut pht trong cu hnh im-a im. Cng sut pht ti a khng ph thuc vo s la chn knh, c ngha l cho d knh no c s dng i na th cng sut pht ti a cng nh nhau. Quy tc ny p dng cho c cng ngh tri ph 2.4 GHz ISM ln 5 GHz UNII.
1.2.5 CSMA/CA(Carier sense multiple access/ collision avoidance) Vic pht hin xung t l iu khng th lm c trong mng khng dy. V l do ny, WLAN s dng giao thc CSMA/CA (Carier sense
53
WiFi tm xa
multiple access/ collision avoidance) trnh xung t. CSMA/CA cng tng t nh CSMA/CD c dng trong LAN. im khc bit ln nht gia CSMA/CA v CSMA/CD l CSMA/CA trnh xung t (CSMA/CD pht hin xung t) v s dng ACK xc nhn thay v ty s dng mi trng truyn khi c xung t xy ra. Vic s dng ACK rt n gin, khi mt thit b khng dy gi gi tin, u nhn s p li bng ACK nu nh gi tin c nhn ng v y . Nu u gi khng nhn c ACK th n xem nh l c xung t xy ra v truyn li gi tin. CSMA/CA pht ra nhiu d liu iu khin trn WLAN, lm cho chi ph chim n xp x 50% bng thng sn c ca WLAN. Chi ph ny cng vi cc chi ph ca cc giao thc khc nh RTS/CTS (c dng trnh xung t) l nguyn nhn chnh lm cho bng thng thc s ch t xp x 5.0 5.5 Mbps i vi mt mng 802.11b (tc l thuyt l 11 Mbps). Mc d CSMA/CD cng pht sinh chi ph, nhng n ch chim khong 30% bng thng ca mng. Khi mt mng Ethernet bt u nghn th CSMA/CD chim bng thng ln n 70%, trong khi mng khng dy lc b nghn vn cn 50-55% bng thng truyn dliu. Giao thc CSMA/CA trnh kh nng xung t ga cc trm dng chung ng truyn (sng v tuyn) bng cch s dng random back off time (khong thi gian bt k phi i trc khi c th ginh quyn s dng ng truyn) nu b cm bin vt l hay logic ca my trm pht hin ng truyn bn. Khong thi gian ngay sau khi ng truyn bn l khong thi gian d xy ra xung t nht, c bit l trong mi trng c nhiu ngi s dng. Ti thi im ny, cc my trm phi i cho ng truyn rnh v s c truyn d liu ti cng mt thi im. Mt khi ng truyn rnh, random back of time s tr hon vic truyn d liu ca trm, hn ch ti a kh nng xy ra xung t gia cc trm.
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WiFi tm xa
1.2.6 K THUT IU CH KHA M B (COMPLEMENTARY CODE KEYING - CCK) CCK s dng mt tp 64 word cc m 8 bit, do 6 bit c th c i din bi bt k code word no. V l mt tp hp nhng code word ny c cc c tnh ton hc duy nht cho php chng c bn nhn nhn ra mt cch chnh xc vi cc k thut khc, ngay c khi c s hin din ca nhiu. Vi tc 5.5 Mbps s dng CCK m ho 4 bit mi sng mang, v vi tc 11 Mbps m ho 8 bit mi sng mang. C hai tc u s dng QPSK (Quadrature Phase-shift keying) lm k thut iu ch v tn hiu 1.375 Mbps. V FCC iu chnh nng lng u ra thnh 1 watt Effective Isotropic Radiated Power(EIRP). Do vi nhng thit b 802.11, khi bn di chuyn ra khi sng radio, radio c th thch nghi v s dng k thut m ho t phc tp hn gi d liu v kt qu l tc chm hn. Chun ny c tc truyn thp nht nhng li c dng ph bin trong mi trng kinh doanh, sn xut dch v do chi ph mua linh kin thp, tc truyn dn p ng cc nhu cu trao i thng tin trn internet nh: duyt web, chat, email, nhn tin.
1.3. Wifi tm xa 1.3.1. Wifi tm xa khc g Wimax? Trong thc tin, cc anten Wi-Fi tm xa ny thc hin chc nng nh cng ngh khng dy ph sng trn din rng WiMax, mt loi cng ngh hin ang c rt nhiu hng, trong c Intel u t pht trin. Mt im khc bit ban u l trong khi cc thp pht sng ca WiMax c gi kh cao (t 15.000 USD n 20.000 USD) th gi cc thp truyn ca Wi-Fi ch khong t 700 USD n 800 USD.
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WiFi tm xa
ng Brewer cho rng, im khc na l mng Wi-Fi tm xa s truyn ti tn hiu nhanh hn. Thm na, sng radio m WiMax s dng do cc nh qun l vin thng iu phi, vic xy dng cc thp thu pht tn hiu cng nh cung cp dch v WiMax cn c s ng ca chnh quyn s ti.
Trong khi mng Wi-Fi hot ng khng cn xin php 1.3.2. Gii php ca WiFi tm xa
Hnh 28 : Wifi tm xa Vi nhng mng Wi-Fi thng thng, din ph sng tn hiu thng ch trong khong 100 mt. Mt mng v tuyn, nu mun ko di khong cch kt ni th phi la chn 1 hoc ng thi cc gii php: tng cng sut pht, tng nhy thu, tng li anten. m rng mng Wi-Fi, mi hng c cc gii php khc nhau nhng tu chung l ngi ta khng thc hin tng cng sut pht m thc hin tng li anten v cc gii php cn thit khc. Mt trong nhng khc bit ln nht gia mng Wi-Fi thng thng vi mng Wi-Fi din rng l cc tn hiu truyn ti tm xa u c nh hng: Chng s c iu chnh chuyn trc tip t anten ny sang anten khc ch khng c lc hng ra ngoi. Trong khi , mt anten Wi-Fi thng thng s truyn ti tn hiu ra mi hng theo vng trn 360deg.
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WiFi tm xa
Thit lp tn hiu c nh hng nh vy khng h d dng. lm c iu , cc anten cn phi c lp t kt ni chnh xc vi nhau. Bt c mt vt no chen ngang cng c th lm nh hng ti qu trnh truyn ti tn hiu. Tip theo, cc AP s cung cp dch v n ngi dng. Di y l gii php ca mt s hng ln s dng v nm 2011 xut p dng cho cc thnh ph ti Vit Nam:
Hng Motorola a ra gii php xy dng mng th Outdoor Mesh c s dng k thut cng ngh MeshConnex tng cng kh nng quan st h thng camera, phc v cng cng nh bo ng h in, nc. Cng ty KIT th a ra gii php Wireless ca Firetide c kh nng kt ni a im vi kh nng chuyn vng v hi t cao vi nh hng c th cho vic xy dng h thng Wifi ti thnh ph: - Cp pht Account truy cp h thng cho ngi dn v khch du lch. - Cung cp cc thng tin qung b du lch v gii thiu v TP Nng cho khch du lch thng qua cc trm thng tin cng ng. -ng dng dch v Game online - Cung cp dch v qung co trn nn tng h thng Wireless - To c s h tng cho h thng Wilan h tr cho vic cung cp v s dng dch v hnh chnh cng trc tuyn - To c s h tng cho h thng Camera quan st, phng chy cha chy v cu h - To nn tng cho vic cung cp dch v VoIP cho TP - To c s h tng cho vic qun l v thu ph giao thng.
Tp on Juniper Networks cung cp gii php mng v bo mt Juniper Networks a ra nguyn tc chung cho mt h thng Wifi cng cng bao gm 3 tiu ch: n gin - an ninh - linh ng. Cc u im m
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WiFi tm xa
nh , nhiu khch hng quyt nh chn gii php do Juniper Networks xut bao gm : bo mt rt tt v cho php trin khai a dng cc loi dch v gia tng trn nn h thng khng dy. Trong , Juniper Networks cng ch n vic s dng cc chun tn s sao cho t c ph sng vn xa, tiu tn t nng lng cho thit b u cui.
H thng ny cng cho php thc hin trng thi t ng chuyn mch khi c mt s c no , bt ng xy ra vi thit b trung tm. Khi , cc thit b d phng s t ng c kch hot v lm vic thay cho thit b trung tm.
Ch t ng thch nghi ny ca cc thit b do Juniper Networks nghin cu ch to cng c p dng cho yu cu sao lu hoc chuyn i d liu t mt thit b c sang mt thit b mi. Tnh nng thng minh ny cho php khi thay th thit b ( sa cha, hoc nng cp), h thng vn duy tr cc trng thi hot ng bnh thng, cho n khi mi d liu v thng tin c chuyn t c sang mi c update y trn thit b mi.
Juniper Networks cng gii thiu mt s phn mm (Ring Master, SmartPass) vi chc nng va h tr m rng va vn kim sot an ton h thng. iu ny cho php h thng tip nhn dung lng ln ca cc cuc trao i d liu v thng tin ra/vo h thng m khng s nghn mch, rt cuc gi; ng thi tnh bo mt cho tng lp d liu vn c bo m.
c bit, Tng cng ty Bo him Vit Nam (Bo Vit) i n quyt nh la chn sn phm truy cp bo mt t xa qua mng ring o (da trn lp bo mt gi-SSL.VPN) ca Juniper v s dng phng thc truy cp bo mt t xa ny cho ton b h thng mng li ca ton n v.
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WiFi tm xa
Hnh 29:Cu trc hot ng t duy mng WLAN theo xut ca Juniper Networks.
Cisco Systems Vit Nam xut m hnh Public Wifi c cc tnh nng vt tri, c tin cy, hiu nng, bo mt v kh nng qun l mng WLan cao. Cisco System gii thiu sng kin Connected Stadium WiFi, gm im truy cp Aironet 3500p v cng ngh CleanAir v cc ng ten nh hng mi nhm ci thin bao ph. Aironet 3500p c thit k da trn im truy cp Aironet 3500 c gii thiu hi nm ngoi. y l loi im truy cp c thit k ring cho nhng mi trng mt cao, ging nh sn vn ng. im truy cp ny c th ty chnh, v cng ngh CleanAir c thit k gim i s can nhiu bng cch tm ra v loi b nhng lu lng v tuyn trong khu vc. iu ny ci thin hiu nng v n nh ca cc mng wifi.
im truy cp cng thc y cc ng ten nh hng mt cao mi gip to ra nhng tiu im chnh xc ca sng m v tuyn trong mt khu vc tp trung. Mi thit b Aironet 3500p c th cung cp kt ni n 6 ng ten mi.
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WiFi tm xa
i tc ca hng Ruckus Wireless ti Vit Nam l Cng ty ng Qun li a ra cng ngh v gii php kt ni Wifi tin tin vi dng sn phm Ruckus Wireless (USA). Sn phm Ruckus Wireless c th s dng hiu qu nhiu mi trng hot ng gn kt gia nh v cng ng trn nhiu khng gian a l khc nhau. Cc thit b truy nhp ZoneFlex access point (AP) c tch hp cng ngh BeamFlex - cng ngh antenna thng minh c quyn c kh nng ch tp trung sng Wi-Fi n nhng ni cn thit. BeamFlex t ng la chn ng truyn sng ti u, lin tc nh tuyn ng i ca sng xunh quanh vng nhiu. y l l do ti sao trong cc khch sn s dng Ruckus Wi-Fi, cc than phin v sng Wi-Fi y gim n hn 80%, v nh khch lu tr nhn xt rng: Sng Wi-Fi mnh hn Sng ph n mi ni Kt ni tt hn v n nh hn Hiu sut n nh
Ruckus Wireless c 4 cng ngh ni bt, l: Cng ngh BeamFlex BeamFlex l cng ngh c p dng ch yu da vo h thng ng-ten thng minh (smart antenna). Nh c cc dy ng-ten nh hng thng minh nn thit b c th pht sng theo nhiu hng khc nhau v c tnh theo cng thc 2n -1 hng sng vi n l s ng-ten nh hng. BeamFlex tch hp tt c cc thit b pht sng (Acess Point -AP) ca Ruckus v hon ton da trn cc chun 802.11 a/b/g/n. Cng ngh SmartCast SmartCast bo m cht lng hnh nh tt nht v sn sng cho vic ng dng cng ngh xem truyn hnh qua Wi-Fi (IPTV). N c kh nng t ng d tm, qun l ngi dng, bng thng v loi d liu, tit kim nng lng ti u cho VoFi. Cng ngh SmartSec
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Tp hp y cc tnh nng bo mt ca Wireless nhng vic trin khai SmartSec rt n gin. Ngoi ra, cng ngh ny c thm nhng tnh nng ni bt nh: Dynamic PSK: Cung cp t ng cc key ti ngi dng v key c m ha trong sut qu trnh tham gia vo mng. Gip nng cao tnh bo mt, gim gnh nng cho b phn IT (khng phi i ti tng user g key); key c gi kn nh PSK (Pre-Share-Key) Chng thc bng phng thc chun 802.1x Chng thc ngi dng qua External Radius Server, LDAP & Active Directory: Khi tham gia vo h thng mng ngi dng phi chng thc bng username v password. Cp php truy cp cho ngi dng: Cho php ngi qun tr t ra cc chnh sch cp php cho ngi dng v nhm ngi dng tng ng vi cc SSID. Tch bit ngi dng trong mng LAN khng dy (Wireless LAN): Tch bit cc user tham gia vo mng c th trao i ln nhau. Tin ch ny rt c ch nhm nng cao bng thng s dng ng mc ch, ngn cn cc client tham gia trong mng gi dng cc dch v DHCP, DNS ... lm nh hng ti hiu sut hot ng ca h thng. Pht hin t nhp vo mng khng dy (WLAN): ng dng ny cho php ngi qun tr c th nhn bit c trong WLAN ca mnh c cc AP c mc ch gi mo SSID nhm mc ch xu v nh la cc user trong WLAN. M ha cc kt ni: Tt c cc kt ni gia AP v ZoneDirector u c m ha. Qun l truy cp: Qun l bng cch chia VLAN cho tng user truy cp, to cc danh sch qun l truy cp ACL (Access Control List) nhm phn quyn truy cp vo h thng server; gii hn bng thng cho cc SSID v qun l vic truy cp SSID i vi ngi dng bn ngoi (Guest). Cng ngh SmartMesh ph sng Wi-Fi cho mt din tch ln th cn rt nhiu s lng cc AP (Access Point). Cng ngh SmartMesh ca Ruckus cho php kt ni nhiu AP trong mng li (Mesh) thnh mt khi thng nht, to mt mng li ph sng rng ln hn. Cng ngh ny c mt s u im nh qun l thng
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minh cc kt ni AP qua tn hiu sng (khng s dng cable), to lin kt Mesh trn cc chun n/g, t ng d tm v xy dng cc thng s, t nhn bit cc thit b xung quanh Cu hnh v lp t nhanh chng Khng ging vi bt k sn phm Wi-Fi no khc, h thng WLAN thng minh ca Ruckus c cu hnh ch trong vi pht v c th c lp ch vi na thi gian v na chi ph so vi sn phm Wi-Fi khc. Cc AP ch cn cm in, khng cn thm dy cp.
Cng ngh Smart Mesh ca Ruckus gip cc khch sn d dng m rng vng ph sng Wi-Fi n gin bng cch mc cc ZoneFlex AP vo h thng Mesh (mng li) ti nhng v tr thch hp v cm in. iu ny s gip gim chi ph u t (CAPEX) v chi ph vn hnh (OPEX), ng thi y nhanh cng vic trin khai h thng. Thit b a truyn thng nghe nhn Ch c h thng Wi-Fi ca Ruckus mi c nhiu ng dng tim nng nh IP-based video, c truyn ti trong thi gian thc. iu ny m bo hnh nh khng b chp chn, m thanh r rng, trong tro. Ruckus cng l thit b Wi-Fi tt nht cho cc ng dng a truyn thng mi bao gm voice badge (mt dng b m k thut s), bng hiu k thut s (digital signage), cc dch v gaming a truyn thng, IPTV (hnh nh k thut s c phn gii cao, chun HD) , thu thp d liu, bo mt, cm bin v RFIDs. Cc dch v Wi-Fi c phn loi Mi AP thng minh ca Ruckus h tr n tm h thng mng khng dy ring l, v mi mng ny c th c cu hnh theo cch ring ca n. Vic phn quyn truy cp (bng cng vo bo v) cho cc user trn SSID m bo kh nng truy cp thch hp vo cc ti nguyn c chia s. Gii php Guest Pass ca Ruckus lm n gin ho vic lp trnh v qun l truy cp WLAN cho khch lu tr v cc user tm thi thng qua thit b ZoneDirector. iu ny gip cc khch sn lm hi lng khch hng hn vi dch v Wi-Fi cht lng tt bao gm dch v truy cp c u tin, dch v truy cp tc cao v cc dch v ng dng mng khng dy khc.
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Hon ton c kim sot t xa ZoneFlex c th c qun l v cu hnh t xa thng qua FlexMaster phn mm qun l cho c mng ZoneFlex WLAN v cc ZoneFlex AP ring l. Vi ZoneFlex, mt khch sn Aruba c th c cu hnh t Zanzibar hay bt c ni no khc. Hnh 30: S kt ni tng th:
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Gii php Ruckus Wireless cho nh my Hnh 31: S kt ni:
Phn tch gii php: Vi mi trng hot ng nh my vi rt nhiu my mc thit b cng nghip, khi cc thit b my cng nghip hot ng pht sinh ra nhit , ting n l nhng tc nhn gy ra ngun nhiu cho cc thit b thu pht sng, vi cng ngh pht sng BeamFlex thng minh ca Ruckus Wireless rt ph hp s dng trong mi trng hot ng nh th ny. Cng ngh BeamFlex l cng ngh pht sng dng "chm" (beam) hng ti cc kt ni trong mng, cng ngh ny c tch hp trn cc bng mch antenna thng minh ca Ruckus, l cng ngh Wi-Fi u tin trn th gii c kh nng trnh nhiu v i qua vng nhiu tt nht trn th gii. Vi cng ngh BeamFlex, Ruckus nhn c rt nhiu gii thng cng ngh, do cc t chc khoa hc cng ngh thng tin bnh chn. H thng c s dng gm thit b ZoneDirector (thit b qun l tp trung cc access point) v cc thit b ZoneFlex (thit b thu pht sng).
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Trong gii php ny chng ta cn cung cp dy cp cho hai thit b AP u tin (Root AP) ca h thng, cc AP cn li s kt ni khng dy (Mesh) vi n. i vi thit b chun N th thoughput t c trn tn s 5Ghz s > 150Mbps, vi chun G thoughput > 30Mbps, trong khong cch 100m. Da trn nn tng Wi-Fi tuyt vi ny chng ta c th kt hp trin khai h thng gim st s dng Camera IP khp mi ni trong nh my v khng gp bt k kh khn no trong vic thi cng cp, cng nh vic trin khai in thoi VoIP trn nn Wi-Fi ny.
Hnh 32: Hnh nh minh ha
u im: Vi cng ngh BeamFlex, SmartMesh, SmartCast v SmartSec, Ruckus Wireless p ng hon ho cc tnh nng kt ni Wi-Fi, ph hp vi cc mi trng i hi tnh phc tp cao, nh cc nh my, khu cng nghip. Vi tnh nng linh hot ca h thng Wi-Fi cho php chng ta linh hot, nhanh chng trong vic trin khai h thng mng, in thoi, camera m khng ph thuc vo thit k cu trc v a hnh
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Hng Intel thit k loi anten c th iu chnh c hng thu pht tn hiu. Tt nhin ngay ti anten th khng th li c tn hiu nhng khi tn hiu i gia hai thp truyn th c th iu chnh bng mt tn hiu in. Nh tn hiu in m cc anten khng nht thit phi xp thng hng vi nhau, ngay c khi x lch mt cht th tnh ton vn ca tn hiu vn c bo m.
c bit so vi qu trnh giao tip Wi-Fi tiu chun, mng Wi-Fi tm xa ca Intel lc b rt nhiu giao thc v th tc kt ni. C th, qu trnh bt tay (handshaking) qu trnh my tnh v b nh tuyn khng dy thit lp kt ni trong mng Wi-Fi thng thng v qu trnh d tm s tch sng cng c loi b. Tuy nhin, theo ng Eric Brewer, gim c phng th nghim Intel Research Berkeley, cc vin s v nh khoa hc thuc phng th nghim ca Intel thit lp thnh cng h thng Wi-Fi c kh nng truyn tn hiu ti tn ni cch xa hn 100km (hn 60 dm). Ngy 28 Thng Ba 2007,ng Eric cho bit: H thng ny bao gm cc thit b phn cng nh cc mng Wi-Fi thng thng khc nhng c chnh sa v phn mm. chng minh kh nng hot ng ca h thng, Intel thit lp kt ni gia phng th nghim ca hng trong khu vc ni th thnh ph Bay Area vi phng th nghim khoa hc khng gian ca i hc California, l mt phng t cao 1.200 b (365,76m) v cch 1,5 dm ti i l Grizzly Peak. Thit b nhn tn hiu trong phng ny gm mt anten c nh hng, kt ni vi thit b pht sng wifi Access Point (nh mi Acess Point khng dy bnh thng nhng qua chnh sa).
Phi ni ngay rng y khng phi h thng dng phc v khu vc chu u v M. Sng kin ny l mt phn trong nhng n lc a cng ngh my tnh ti ngi dn thuc cc nc th gii th ba. Bi l, a s nhng nc ny, c s h tng truyn thng cn kh yu km, hu nh tt c nhng g u vit nht u tp trung ti thnh ph, trong khi , lng mc vn l
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ni c s dn sinh sng ng nht th nhng phng tin lin lc vi th gii bn ngoi khng g hn ch c t, xe but v ng mn. Cng theo ng Brewer, cc anten Wi-Fi mi ny s ng vai tr nh mt mt xch quan trng trong dy chuyn truyn tn hiu qua rt nhiu Access Point. Ngi dn c th dng anten ny ngay ti khu vc lng qu ca h, bi chng s thu pht tn hiu qua mt s thp pht sng khc, cho ti khi cp bn cui cng l mt ng cp quang c th kt ni Internet v tn thn lng.
Trn th trng hin nay, ch yu c 2 loi anten dng cho Wifi: Anten nh hng (directional) c hng pht sng rt hp, thit b thu sng cn nm chnh xc trong phm vi pht sng hp ny ca anten nh hng mi c th thu c sng pht t anten. th bc x tng t nh nh sng ca n pin, tc khi chng ta chiu sng gn th chm sng s rng cn khi chiu sng vt xa th chm sng rt nh, nh l mt tia sng. li anten cng cao th bp sng cng hp, gii hn khu vc ph sng ca anten. Anten nh hng c li ln hn anten ng hng, t 12dBi hoc cao hn. Vic thay i li chnh l to ra cc anten khc nhau, mc ch l to ra cc bp sng vi gc pht khc nhau, gc pht theo chiu dc (vertical beamwidth) hay chiu ngang (horizontal beamwidth) cng nh th bp sng cng hi t v c ly pht s xa. ... Cc loi anten nh hng ny thng c gc pht theo chiu ngang khong 10 - 120 nn c li ln hn nh 18dBi, 21dBi...
Anten nh hng c nhiu kiu dng v kch thc khc nhau, in hnh c cc loi anten: Yagi, Patch, Backfire, Dish... Cc loi anten nh hng ny rt l tng cho khong cch xa, kt ni khng dy im-im.
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Anten Yagi l loi anten nh hng rt ph bin bi v chng d ch to. Cc anten nh hng nh Yagi thng s dng trong nhng khu vc kh ph sng hay nhng ni cn vng bao ph ln hn vng bao ph ca anten omni-directional.
Anten Yagi hay cn gi l anten Yagi-Uda (do 2 ngi Nht l Hidetsugu Yagi v Shintaro Uda ch to vo nm 1926) c bit n nh l mt anten nh hng cao c s dng trong truyn thng khng dy. Loi anten ny thng c s dng cho m hnh im- im v i khi cng dng trong m hnh im-a im. Anten Yagi-Uda c xy dng bng cch hnh thnh mt chui tuyn tnh cc anten dipole song song nhau (xem hnh). Anten Patch c hnh thnh bng cch t 2 vt dn song song nhau v mt ming m gia chng. Vt dn pha trn l mt ming ni v c th c in trn bng mch in. Anten Patch thng rt hu ch bi v chng c hnh dng mng.
Anten ng hng truyn tn hiu RF theo tt c cc hng theo trc ngang (song song mt t) nhng b gii hn trc dc (vung gc vi
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mt t). Anten ny thng c dng trong cc thit b tch hp Wi-Fi thng dng hin nay: , access point. Anten ng hng c li trong khong 6dB, thng c dng trong cc ta nh cao tng. Anten ng hng cung cp vng ph sng rng nht, to nn vng ph sng hnh trn chng chp ca nhiu AP bao trm c mt ta nh. Hu ht cc AP u s dng anten ng hng c li thp. Vic s dng anten c li cao hn s tng vng ph sng, do c th gim s lng AP tit kim chi ph .
Loi anten ny thng s dng trong m hnh im-im hay im-a im hay c th dng lp trn xe. Anten ng hng s l anten chnh pht tn hiu n my tnh hay cc thit b Wi-Fi khc, chng hn my in khng dy, PDA... Khi s dng ngoi tri, nn t antenna omni-directional gia nh ca ta nh. V d, trong khun vin ca mt trng i hc th anten c th c t trung tm ca trng c vng bao ph ln nht. Khi s dng trong nh, antenna nn c t gia nh ( trn nh) hay gia vng bao ph mong mun c vng bao ph ti u. Loi anten ny c vng bao ph theo dng hnh trn nn kh thch hp cho mi trng nh nh , trung tm trin lm... Cc loi anten ng hng: Rubber Duck, Omni-directional, Celing Dome, Small Desktop, Mobile Vertical, Ceiling Dome...
Anten Rubber Ducky (hay Rubber Duck hay Rubber Duckie) c sinh vin Richard B. Johnson ch to vo nm 1958. Hin nay, anten ny thng c s dng ph bin trn cc im truy cp (access point) hay cc b nh tuyn (router) do c cu to n gin, h tr phn cc ng hng
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Antenna omni-directional c li cao th vng ph sng theo chiu ngang ln v vng ph sng theo chiu dc nh. c im ny c th c xem nh l mt yu t quan trng khi lp t mt anten c li cao trong nh (trn trn nh). Nu nh trn nh qu cao th vng bao ph c th khng th ph n nn nh, ni m ngi dng thng hay lm vic
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Chng II: Bo mt trong Wifi
CHNG II : BO MT TRONG WIFI

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2.1. Pha cung cp dch v (Bo mt mng Wi-Fi gip ngn chn ngi l mt truy cp tri php vo h thng mng ni b.) Bo mt mng Wi-Fi c th xem nh vic gn kha vo ca, cch trao cha kha vo nh ng ngi. minh ha, chng ti a ra v d thit lp bo mt cho modem/router ADSL ca CISCO: LINKSYS WAG120N. y l mt trong nhng thit b c y cc ch m ha mnh nht v cc thit lp bo mt mng Wi-Fi cho c ngi dng c nhn, gia nh ln doanh nghip.
Hnh 33: Hnh minh ha CISCO 1 Trc tin, bn cn thay i ti khon ng nhp mc nh (username v password: admin) ca LINKSYS WAG120N v nu tin tc bit ti khon ng nhp mc nh, h c th truy cp vo thit b d dng v thay i cc thng s thit lp trn . Bn vo mc Administration.Management, nhn chn Modem Router User Name i tn, chn Modem Router Password i mt khu v nhp li mt khu ng nhp ln na vo Re-Enter to Confirm, sau nhn Save Settings lu cc thit lp.
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Hnh 34: Hnh nh minh ha CISCO 2 Tip theo l phn kh quan trng trong thit lp bo mt mng WiFi. Hin nay, hu ht cc modem/router Wi-Fi u h tr ch bo mt WPA2/WPA/WEP, trong WPA2 l ch bo mt cao nht, sau l WPA v cui cng l WEP - WPA/WPA2 dng kha m ha ng (thay i theo thi gian nh trc - mc nh l 3600 giy). Li khuyn l bn nn dng mc bo mt cao nht m thit b h tr m bo an ton d liu truyn qua mng WiFi.
Trn LINKSYS WAG120N, vo mc Wireless.Wireless Security, chn Security Mode l WPA2-Personal (thit lp c ngh cho ngi dng c nhn, gia nh. Vi doanh nghip c my ch xc thc Radius, nn chn WPA2-Enterprise), tip theo chn m ha TKIP or AES, v t kha t 8-63 k t trong Pre-Shared Key (bn s cung cp kha ny cho nhng ai c php truy cp vo mng Wi-Fi ca mnh), nhn Save Settings lu cc thit lp.
tng cng thm kh nng bo mt cho mng Wi-Fi, bn c th thit lp lc truy cp mng Wi-Fi theo a ch MAC (Media Access Control). a ch MAC l dy s v k t duy nht trn mi thit b mng T lc ny, truy cp vo LINKSYS WAG120N, bn cn ng nhp vi ti khon mi thay i trn. Tip theo, bn cn n v thay i tn mng Wi-Fi mc nh (SSID) - mc nh SSID s c modem/router Wi-Fi pht qung b v bt k ai cng c th nhn thy, nn vic n v thay i SSID l bc cn thit trong bo mt mng Wi-Fi (Bn ch nn n tn mng Wi-
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Fi nu ch mun cho mt vi ngi trong gia nh/cng ty s dng, cn trong trng hp bn thng xuyn c khch cn s dng Wi-Fi th ch cn i tn mng Wi-Fi mc nh l ).
Vo mc Wireless.Basic Wireless Settings, chuyn mc Wireless Configuration t Wi-Fi Protected Setup sang Manual, sau thay i tn SSID trong phn Network Name (SSID), chn Disable trong mc SSID Broadcast ri nhn Save Settings . Lc ny, cc thit b my khch kt ni khng dy (client): my tnh xch tay (MTXT), card mng khng dy, in thoi di ng, netbook... s khng th pht hin ra tn mng ca bn. client truy cp mng Wi-Fi, bn cn cung cp SSID v nhp th cng trn mi my. Vic lc a ch MAC gip bn xc nh c th my tnh no c php/khng c php truy cp mng Wi-Fi. Vo mc Wireless.Wireless MAC Filter, chn Enable, chn Permit. Nu cc client truy cp vo mng Wi-Fi, bn c th nhn ngay nt Wireless Client List ghi nhn cc a ch MAC, cn khng th bn nhp th cng tng a ch MAC cc client m bn cho php truy cp. Sau nhn Save Settings lu cc thit lp.
Ngoi ra, LINKSYS cn em n cho ngi dng tnh nng h tr thit lp nhanh kt ni bo mt mng Wi-Fi rt hu ch: Wi-Fi Protected Setup. Nu client h tr Wi-Fi Protected Setup, trn modem/router LINKSYS WAG120N, vo phn Wireless.Basic Wireless Settings, chn Wi-Fi Protected Setup ri nhn Save Settings, sau thc hin thit lp nhanh kt ni bo mt mng Wi-Fi trn client:
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Hnh 35: Hnh nh minh ha CISCO 3 - Nu client c nt Wi-Fi Protected Setup, nhn nt ny; sau trn WAG120N nhn vo biu tng trong mc 1 phn Wireless.Basic Wireless Settings hoc nhn nt mt trc modem/router.
- Nu client c s PIN Wi-Fi Protected Setup th nhp s PIN ny vo mc 2 v nhn nt Register trong phn Basic Wireless Settings ca WAG120N.
- Nu client yu cu s PIN ca modem/router, hy nhp dy s mc 3 trn WAG120N vo client.
Vic bo mt mng Wi-Fi gip ngn chn ngi l mt truy cp tri php vo h thng mng ni b. Vi tt c cc sn phm modem/router Wi-Fi, access point ca CISCO nh LINKSYS WRT610N, LINKSYS WRT320N, LINKSYS WAP610N, LINKSYS WRT160NL, LINKSYS WRT160N, LINKSYS WRT120N, LINKSYS WAG160N... bn u c th thc hin cc thit lp bo mt Wi-Fi tng t nh trn.
Cc ch bo mt ca thit b Wifi thng c:
* Wired Equivalency Privacy (WEP) s dng cng ngh m ha 64 bit hoc 128 bit. M ha 128 bit an ton hn. Nhng ai mun s dng mng
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c kch hot WEP u phi bit kha WEP, kha ny thng l mt khu dng dy s. * WiFi Protected Access (WPA) l mt bc tin ca WEP v hin gi l mt phn ca giao thc mng bo mt khng dy 802.11i. N s dng giao thc m ha ton b bng mt kha tm thi. Ging nh WEP, bo mt WPA cng phi ng nhp bng mt mt khu. Hu ht cc im truy cp khng dy cng cng hoc l m hon ton hoc bo mt bng WPA hay WEP 128 bit. * Media Access Control (MAC) bo mt bng cch lc a ch ca my tnh. N khng dng mt khu i vi ngi s dng, n cn c vo phn cng vt l ca my tnh. Mi mt my tnh u c ring mt a ch MAC c nht. Vic lc a ch MAC ch cho php nhng my ng k mi c quyn truy cp mng. Cn ng k a ch ca my tnh khi thit lp trong router.
M ha Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) l mt kiu m ngy nay khng cn an ton. Chun bo mt cho mng LAN khng dy u tin, c pht trin bi IEEE, xut hin l hng cho php cc k tn cng c th b kha. Nm 2003, Hip hi Wi-Fi pht hnh mt chun bo mt khc mang tn Wi-Fi Protected Access. Mc d phin bn u tin (WPA), phin bn s dng m ha TKIP/RC4, gy cho cc k tn cng i cht tht vng, nhng n vn khng c coi l an ton. Trong phin bn th hai (WPA2), c pht hnh vo gia nm 2004, kh nng bo mt c ci thin kh tt vi thc thi chun bo mt IEEE 802.11i v m ha CCMP/AES.
C 2 ch rt khc nhau trong truy cp mt mng Wi-Fi c bo v (Wi-Fi Protected Access) , v cch chuyn t ch Personal sang ch Enterprise:
Hai ch ca WPA/WPA2: Personal (PSK) v Enterprise
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C hai phin bn ca Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA/WPA2) u c th c thc thi trong hai ch : Ch Personal hoc Pre-Shared Key (PSK): Ch ny thch hp vi hu ht cc mng gia nh khng thch hp vi cc mng doanh nghip. Bn c th nh ngha mt khu m ha trn router khng dy v cc im truy cp (AP) khc. Sau mt khu phi c nhp vo bi ngi dng khi kt ni vi mng Wi-Fi. Mc d ch ny dng nh rt d thc thi, nhng n khng th bo m an ton cho mng doanh nghip. Khng ging nh ch Enterprise, truy cp khng dy khng mang tnh ring bit hoc c th qun l tp trung. Mt mt khu c p dng cho tt c ngi dng. Nu mt khu ton cc cn phi thay i th n phi c thay i trn tt c cc AP v my tnh. iu ny s gy ra rt nhiu kh khn khi bn cn thay i; cho v d, khi mt nhn vin no ri cng ty hoc, khi c my tnh no b mt cp hoc b tha hip. Khng ging nh ch Enterprise, mt khu m ha c lu trn cc my tnh. Mc d vy, bt c ai trn my tnh d l nhn vin hay ti phm cng u c th kt ni vi mng v cng c th khi phc c mt khu m ha. Ch Enterprise (EAP/RADIUS): Ch ny cung cp kh nng bo mt cn thit cho cc mng khng dy trong cc mi trng doanh nghip. Mc d phc tp trong thit lp, nhng ch bo mt ny cung cp kh nng iu khin tp trung v phn bit trong vic truy cp mng Wi-Fi. Ngi dng c gn cc thng tin ng nhp m h cn phi nhp vo khi kt ni vi mng, cc thng tin ng nhp ny c th c thay i hoc thu hi bi cc qun tr vin bt c lc no.
Ngi dng khng cn quan tm n cc kha m ha thc s. Chng c to mt cch an ton v c gn trn mi session ngi dng trong ch background sau khi mt ngi dng no nhp vo cc chng ch ng nhp ca h. iu ny s trnh c vic ai c th khi phc li kha mng t cc my tnh.
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Gii thiu thm nh 802.1X v cc my ch RADIUS Phng php thm nh c s dng thm nh cc thng tin ngi dng (v my ch) trn cc mng WPA/WPA2-Enterprise c nh ngha theo chun IEEE 802.1X. Cch thc thm nh ny yu cu mt my ch ngoi, vn c gi l my ch Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) hoc Authentication, Authorization, v Accounting (AAA), c s dng cho mt lot cc giao thc mng v cc mi trng c cha ISP. Mt my ch RADIUS cn phi hiu ngn ng Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) v c th truyn thng vi cc AP khng dy, m ch nh cc my khch RADIUS hoc cc b thm nh. My ch RADIUS v bn cht s phc v nh mt my trung gian gia cc AP v d liu ngi dng. t cc AP c th truyn thng trc tip vi my khch 802.1X, cng c ni n nh mt 802.1X Supplicant, trn my tnh hoc thit b ca ngi dng. Thm nh 802.1X khng da trn port. iu ny c ngha khi ai c gng kt ni n mt mng doanh nghip c bo v, s truyn thng s c php qua mt cng o truyn ti cc thng tin ng nhp. Nu qu trnh thm nh thnh cng, cc kha m ha s c gi i mt cch an ton v ngi dng lc ny s c trao quyn truy cp hon ton.
My ch thm nh (Authentication)
C mt s cch bn c th c c mt my ch thm nh 802.1X: FreeRADIUS: y l mt trong nhng my ch AAA ph bin nht trn th gii. D n l mt d n m ngun m, min ph, nhng my ch ny c nhiu im kh tin b. N c sn cho cc nn tng khc nhau, gm c Linux, Mac OS X, v Windows. Mc nh, bn thay i cc thit lp ny trong file cu hnh.
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Windows Server: Nu thit lp mt Windows Server, bn c th s dng mt Internet Authentication Service (IAS) c trong Windows Server 2003 hoc Network Policy Server (NPS) trong Windows Server 2008. Outsourced Services: Cc dch v hosting, chng hn nh AuthenticateMyWiFi, l mt trong nhng cch kh hay cho nhng ai khng mun u t nhiu tin ca hoc thi gian vo vic thit lp mt my ch RADIUS, c nhiu vn phng, hoc khng c chuyn mn k thut su. Cc dch v ny c th cung cp nhiu chc nng b sung cho cc my ch RADIUS truyn thng.
Cho v d, cc AP khng phi kt ni trc tip vi Internet; chng c th c t pha sau cc router NAT hoc gateway, cho php bn c th gn mt b mt duy nht no cho mi AP. Cc dch v ny cng c panel iu khin trn web, do d ngi dng c th d dng cu hnh cc thit lp thm nh.
Cc u im khc ca EAP
B c pha sau c ch thm nh 802.1X chnh l Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP). C kh nhiu u im khc ca EAP. Nn s dng nhng tnh nng no trong mi t chc l hon ton ph thuc vo mc bo mt mong mun, cng nh s phc tp mt mc no v cc chi tit k thut server/client.
y l cc kiu ph bin nht: PEAP (Protected EAP): y l mt trong cc phng php EAP ph bin nht v d thc thi. N c th thm nh ngi dng thng qua username v password m h nhp vo khi kt ni vi mng. My ch thm nh cng c th c hp l ha trong sut qu trnh thm nh PEAP khi mt chng ch SSl c ci t trn my ch. Kiu ny c h tr mc nh trong Windows.
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TLS (Transport Layer Security): L mt trong nhng kiu bo mt an ton nht, tuy nhin li kh phc tp trong vn thc thi v bo tr. Qu trnh hp l ha my ch v khch u cn c thc hin thng qua chng ch SSL. Thay v phi cung cp username v password khi kt ni, cc thit b ca ngi dng hoc cc my tnh phi c load file chng ch SSL vo my khch 802.1X ca n. Cc qun tr vin c th kim sot Certificate Authority (CA) v qun l cc chng ch my khch, iu ny cho php h c nhiu quyn kim sot, nhng cng yu cu nhiu thi gian qun tr hn. TTLS (Tunneled TLS): Mt phin bn c ci tin ca TLS, khng yu cu chng ch bo mt pha my khch, vn ny gim c s phc tp trong vic qun l mng. Mc d vy, kiu EAP ny khng c s h tr nguyn bn trong Windows; n cn n mt my khch th ba nh SecureW2.
C ch thm nh 802.1X lm cho m ha WPA/WPA2-Enterprise tr thnh mt cch c th bo mt cc mng Wi-Fi trong doanh nghip. Ngoi ra cc bn cng bit c rng thc hin chng, ta cn c my ch thm nh v PEAP, TLS, v TTLS l cc kiu EAP ph bin.
y l mt s mo c th gip bn vi cc bc tip theo: Tm v chn mt my ch RADIUS hoc dch v outsource. Thit lp mt my ch RADIUS vi cc thit lp EAP, AP v ngi dng. Cu hnh cc AP vi cc thng tin m ha v my ch RADIUS. Cu hnh Windows (hoc h iu hnh khc) vi cc thit lp m ha v 802.1X. Cui cng, kt ni vi mng Enterprise c bo v ca bn!
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i vi mng WiFi ln, tm xa, nh cung cp dch v phi trin khai gii php hotsport h tr qun l bng thng, kim sot truy cp v tnh cc, nh qun tr c th la chn nhiu gii php phn cng hoc phn mm.
Di y, gii thiu mt s gii php hotspot gateway (gi tt hotspot), gip nh qun tr qun l kt ni truy cp khng dy theo thi gian, kim sot bng thng theo ngi dng v c th tnh ph truy cp theo nhu cu s dng. Cng hay mm Hotspot c 2 dng: phn mm hoc phn cng. Hostpot phn mm c cc tnh nng nh phn hn mc bng thng cho ngi dng, kim sot truy cp theo thi gian v c th tnh ph truy cp theo ti khon; c bit n khng i hi phi ci t phn mm cho my khch (client) nh cc cc phn mm qun l phng net hay Internet cafe khc. Hotspot phn cng ngoi cc tnh nng nh phn mm, n cn l mt AP. Ngi dng trc khi truy cp Internet (c dy hoc khng dy) u phi ng nhp bng ti khon (username, password) do nh qun tr cung cp. Vi hotspot nh qun tr c th ty bin trang ng nhp km thng tin qung b ca mnh. Vic in ha n tnh cc n gin, bn c th trang b my chuyn dng in ha n hoc my in dng trong vn phng. Ty theo loi my in, bn c th kt ni trc tip vo h thng mng (my in mng), gn vo my tnh. mt s hostpot phn cng c h tr cng giao tip vi my in chuyn dng in ha n. Trn th trng hin nay c kh nhiu sn phm hotspot phn mm, phn cng. V phn mm, c cc sn phm nh Antamedia (http://www.antamedia.com), Control AP (http://www.controlap.com) s dng c y tnh nng, bn cn mua bn quyn. V phn cng c cc sn phm nh ZoneDirector1000, ZoneDirector3000 ca hng RucKus Wireless ni ting th gii. c im c bn nhn bit hotspot phn cng so vi cc thit b AP khc l chng c tch hp sn c ch xc thc AAA (authentication, authorization, accounting) v h thng tnh cc truy cp. Trong khun kh bi vit ny, chng ti s gii thiu, minh ha gii php hotspot qua hai sn phm i din m chng ti tng tri nghim l phn mm Antamedia Hotspot v phn cng ZoneDirector1000.
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Hin thc bng phn mm
Hnh 36: Tng quan m hnh kt ni hotspot phn mm .
Hu ht cc hotspot phn mm u yu cu ci t trn my tnh c 2 card mng (my tnh hotspot). Tt c my tnh c dy, khng dy khi truy cp Internet u phi thng qua my tnh hotspot ny. Ti y, my tnh hotspot s kim sot, qun l ton b qu trnh truy cp ca ngi dng. Chng hn, chng ti th nghim ci t Antamedia Hotspot trn mt my tnh chy h iu hnh Windows XP c 2 card mng (NIC). NIC 1 dng kt ni ra Internet v NIC 2 ni vi mng ni b. cc my tnh bn trong mng c th ra c Internet th my tnh hotspot cn phi chia s kt ni Internet. Vic chia s ny c nhiu cch nhng nu bn dng h iu hnh Windows th cch n gin nht l dng ICS (Internet Connection Sharing) chng trnh c sn trn Windows. bt tnh nng ICS, bn nhn phi chut ln NIC 1 chn Properties > Advanced, trong phn Internet Connection Sharing, nh du chn Allow other network users to connect through this computers Internet connection s xut hin mt bng thng bo, bn hy chn Yes. Lc ny my tnh hotspot s cp a ch IP ng trong dy t 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.254 cho cc my tnh trong mng (my tnh trong mng cn tt tnh nng tng la). NIC 2 s nhn a ch IP ng c cp pht l 192.168.0.1. Sau khi cu hnh ICS, bn tin hnh ci t, chy v xc lp cc thng s cho phn mm. Antamedia tng thch tt vi hu ht cc phn cng (router, switch
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mng, AP), giao din trc quan, cho php ci t t ng (Wizard). Chng trnh gip bn qun l chi tit ngi dng nh: p hn mc bng thng, gii hn thi gian s dng, kim sot, tnh cc truy cp v cn rt nhiu tnh nng khc ch bn khm ph.
Hnh 37: Giao din Phn Mm trc quan
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Hnh 38: Gii hn bng thng S dng phn mm i hi my tnh phi hot ng lin tc; hiu sut hot ng v bng thng mng ph thuc nhiu vo n nh cu h iu hnh, card mng trn my tnh hostpot. AP v Router cng l nhng thnh t gp phn khng nh trong vic m bo tc truy cp mng. Ngoi ra, bn cn mua bn quyn phn mm, bn quyn h iu hnh c c y tnh nng cng nh s dng lu di. Gii php phn cng
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Hnh 39: Hnh nh minh ha Trong khi , hotspot phn cng thng l s hp nht ca nhiu tnh nng nh: Router, AP, c ch iu khin truy cp, qun l ngi dng, kim sot bng thng v tnh cc truy cp.
Hnh 40: gii hn bng thng truy cp Vic thit lp, cu hnh phn cng hotspot kh n gin v tng t nh cc thit b router, AP khc. ZoneDirector1000, cho php ngi qun tr c th to cng lc 8 "mng" khc nhau (SSID) vi cc ch m ho ring (WEP, WPA, WPA2). Bn c th tu bin mc an ton thng tin i vi tng i tng truy cp.
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Hnh 41: To nhiu SSID khc nhau ZoneDirector cng c kh nng qun l chi tit ngi truy cp, gii hn bng thng theo tng nhm i tng v tnh cc truy cp theo nhu cu s dng nh hotspot phn mm. ZoneDirector1000 ca Ruckus l s hp nht "tt c trong mt", v vy hiu sut hot ng ca mng, tc truy cp ca my tnh hon ton n nh. Ngoi ra, ZoneDirector1000 h tr tt c cc chun 802.11a/b/g/n, nu bn mun nng cp ln chun mi 802.11n th khng cn thay th thit b ZoneDirector1000 khc, vic b sung AP chun 802.11n rt d dng. t tc 300Mbps ca chun 802.11n, cc my khch wifi phi h tr 802.11n. Tuy nhin, ZoneDirector ch hot ng trn cc AP ca RuckusWireles. ZoneDirector1000 cho php bn tu bin, thay i trang ng nhp a cc thng tin qun b n ngi truy cp - iu ny hu ch mi ngi nh n bn nhiu hn.
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Hnh 42: Tu bin trang ng nhp ca ngi dng trin khai gii php hotsport h tr qun l bng thng, kim sot truy cp v tnh cc, nh qun tr c th la chn nhiu gii php phn cng hoc phn mm. Phn mm thng thng s c giao din trc quan v nhiu tnh nng hn so vi phn cng. Vi phn mm, bn cn trang b thm AP, my tnh hotspot v mua bn quyn s dng. Phn cng th gn nh v vic lp t, cu hnh n gin hn. Tuy nhin, n nh ca phn cng chuyn dng lc no cng cao hn phn mm, d dng cho vic qun tr v cng l nhn t quyt nh hiu sut hot ng, bng thng v tc truy cp mng (khng xt n yu t ng truyn).
2.2. Pha ngi dng Khi truy nhp thng qua bt k mng WiFi no, ngi dng cng nn thc hin mt s gii php bo mt cn thit. Trc ht, tt cc chia s khng cn thit, t password ng yu cu cho cc chia s qua mng. Lun lun phi nh rng:
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Nng cp cc thit b mng mt cch lin tc, driver mi cho cc adapter v cc pht hnh phn mm cho Router v cc im truy cp. Bo v cc mng an ton, mc ti thiu nht cng phi s dng WPA-PSK/Personal vi mt khu mnh - WPA2 c th tt hn.
Gi c cho cc thit b thng c cung cp trn mng hy so snh tm ra c thit b c gi thch hp nht.
Sai lm 1. Khng thay i mt khu ca nh sn xut. Khi ln u tin ci t router khng dy, bn rt d qun thay i mt khu mc nh ca nh sn xut. Nu khng thay i, c th ngi khc s dng mt khu mc nh truy cp vo Router/ nh tuyn v thay i cc thit lp thoi mi truy cp vo mng. Kinh nghim: Lun thay mt khu mc nh. Sai lm 2. Khng kch hot tnh nng m ha. Nu khng kch hot tnh nng m ha, bn s qung b mt khu v e-mail ca mnh n bt c ai trong tm ph sng, ngi khc c th c tnh dng cc phm mm nghe ln min ph nh AirSnort (airsnort.shmoo.com) ly thng tin ri phn tch d liu. Kinh nghim: Hy bt ch m ha ko ngi khc c th c c e-mail ca bn. Sai lm 3. Khng kim tra ch bo mt. Bn mua mt APAccessPoint/ im truy nhp khng dy, kt ni Internet bng rng, lp c my in vo, ri c th mua thm nhiu thit b khng dy khc na. C th vo mt ngy no , my in s t ng in ht giy bi v bn khng thit lp cc tnh nng bo mt. Kinh nghim: ng cho rng mng ca bn an ton. Hy nh nhng ngi am hiu kim tra h. Sai lm 4. Qu tch cc vi cc thit lp bo mt. Mi Wireless Card/ Th mng khng dy u c mt a ch phn cng (a ch MAC) m AP c th dng kim sot nhng my tnh no c php ni vo mng. Khi bt ch lc a ch MAC, c kh nng bn s qun thm a ch MAC ca my tnh bn ang s dng vo danh sch, nh th bn s t c lp
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chnh mnh, tng t nh b cha kha trong xe hi ri cht ca li. Kinh nghim: Phi kim tra cn thn khi thit lp tnh nng bo mt. Sai lm 5. Cho php mi ngi truy cp. C th bn l ngi u tin c mng khng dy v mun 'khoe' bng cch t tn mng l 'truy cp thoi mi' chng hn. Hng xm ca bn c th dng kt ni ny ti rt nhiu nh kha thn chng hn v mng s chy chm nh ra. Kinh nghim: Mng khng dy gip chia s kt ni Internet d dng, tuy nhin, ng b ng v s c ngi lm dng.
Vic phng v tt nht, theo Chet Wisniewski, mt c vn an ninh cao cp ca hng bo mt Sophos, l s dng mt mng ring o (virtual private network - VPN) khi kt ni vi cc mng Wi-Fi cng cng, nh ti sn bay hoc mt qun c ph. Trong khi nhiu ngi dng doanh nghip s dng mt VPN kt ni vi mng vn phng ca h khi h ang trn ng, ngi dng c nhn thng khng c "ng hm" an ton ti Internet. "Nhng c mt s dch v VPN m bn c th ng k s dng vi chi ph 5 USD n 10 USD mi thng", Wisniewski cho bit. Strong VPN, nh cung cp dch v Internet ti M l mt trong s . Mt mng VPN m ha tt c cc lu lng truyn i gia mt my tnh v Internet ni chung, bao gm c cc trang web d b Firesheep cp. "y l mt gii php tt, v thc s khng khc vi vic s dng mng Wi-Fi c m ha", Wisniewski cho bit. Tuy vy, Gallagher cnh bo rng VPN khng phi l mt gii php tng th. "Lu lng truyn ca bn sau s li my ch cng ging nh n s li trn MTXT ca bn, do , bt c ai chy Firesheep hoc cc cng c khc c th truy cp d liu ca bn theo cng mt cch". "Mt li ngh m qung s dng mng ring o VPN khng thc s gii quyt vn v ch c th cung cp mt cm nhn sai lm v bo mt", ng ni. Nu min ph l mc tiu, c qu nhiu nhng la chn, Wisniewski ni. Sean Sullivan (mt nh t vn bo mt ca F-Secure) v Gallagher ch ra nhng add-on Firefox min ph buc trnh duyt s dng mt kt ni c m ha khi truy cp cc trang web nht nh. Mt trong nhng add-on Firefox ny l HTTPS-Everywhere. Tin ch c cung cp bi Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), ch lm vic vi mt danh sch cc trang
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WiFi tm xa
web c xc thc trc, bao gm Twitter, Facebook, PayPal v cng c tm kim ca Google. Mt la chn khc, tin ch Force-TLS, cng cng cch thc hot ng nh vy, nhng cho php ngi dng xc nh cc trang web thi hnh m ha chng (dng vi giao thc HTTPS). .
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WiFi tm xa
Chng III: Tng lai ca Wifi tm xa
CHNG III : HIN TI V TNG LAI CA WIFI TM XA
3.1. Hin ti v tng lai ca Wifi tm xa trn th gii

Vi u im ca mnh, WiFi tm xa v ang c trin khai ti nhiu ni trn th gii c khu vc thnh ph hng ti cc i tng khch hng l khch sn, resort; cc trng trung hc, i hc; sn bay; sn vn ng; bnh vin v trung tm y khoa; cc khu trin lm v hi ngh; cc siu thv nng thn ho lnh. Ti Hng Chu (Trung Quc) Tp on Juniper Networks trin khai gii php Wi-Fi c tnh chia s v bo mt cao ti thnh ph du lch Hng Chu (Trung Quc) v nhiu khu vc, nht l cc trng i hc ti M, Singapore. Ngy 6 thng 7 nm 2011, cc quan chc ca Cisco System gii thiu sng kin Connected Stadium Wi-Fi, gm im truy cp Aironet 3500p v cng ngh CleanAir v cc ng ten nh hng mi nhm ci thin bao ph. Sn phm ny xut hin vo thi im nhng ngi hm h th thao v cc s kin khc sn vn ng s dng in thoi thng minh v cc thit b kt ni khc ngy mt nhiu hn. ng thi, sn vn ng v n v s hu i bng ang tm cch kim tin v nng cao tri nghim ca nhng ngi hm m. Hin nay, KMC Systems nm quyn khai thc thng mi InspiAir trn ton cu v i tn thnh Max-Fi. H qung b v n nh mt gii php tit kim chi ph thay th WiMax, vn c coi l r so vi cc dng kt ni bng rng khc. Max-Fi khng tiu tn thm nng lng. N cng da trn b chun khng dy 802.11 v tng thch vi cc loi laptop hin hnh, John Duffin, Gim c pht trin kinh doanh ca VPNet, cho bit. c ly 2 km, tc truy cp t 1-2 Mb/giy.
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WiFi tm xa
Hin ti, mi thit b im truy cp Max-Fi AirEZ 4000 h tr 4 knh v tuyn theo chun 802.11a/b/g v c th cho php ti 300 ngi s dng. Tuy nhin, cc kin ph bnh cho rng thnh cng ca Max-Fi ch yu l c thc hin mi trng ngoi tri, bt c cng ngh Wi-Fi no cng c th cho kt ni tm xa trong khng gian thng thong. Tuy nhin, Avreal Rabenau, Gim c ph trch Max-Fi ca KMC Systems, khng nh rng n hon ton c th vt xa Wi-Fi chun mi trng trong nh. K thut ny lm c mi th ging nh vi Wi-Fi, cng thm li ch l tn hiu ca n c th xa hn 2 km. WiMax gip tng thm bng thng nhng cng ngh ca chng ti c th p ng 80% iu , v hn na tiu hao nng lng li thp hn i vi cc thit b hin hnh, Ravenau ni. Ti cng Antwerp ca B mi y trin khai thit b Max-Fi, ph sng 30 km vung vi 14 im truy cp. Mng ny vn trong giai on th nghim, h tr cc hot ng nghip v ti cng nh h thng camera gim st, lin lc VoIP, cung cp truy cp Internet cho tu thuyn u trong bn. Theo Rabenau, tng chi ph cho h tng Antwerp l khong na triu euro, trong mt na s tin l dnh cho phn cng. So vi cc d n vin thng khc th t l l thp hn.
London s l thnh ph Wifi trc Olympic 2012 Ti Anh, Th trng London, ng Boris Johnson ha hn tt c cc ct n v trm xe but u s l trm pht sng Wifi, trc khi din ra k Th vn hi Olympic 2012. Theo Johnson th London s sm tr thnh th cng ngh ca th gii. Mt trong nhng d n quan trng nht hin nay m Hi ng thnh ph ny ang theo ui c tn l London Wifi. K hoch ca ngi Th trng c d kin l thit lp hng nghn im truy cp Wifi ti cc tr n chiu sng ng ph v im dng xe but trn khp th nc Anh, vi 22 qun (borough) ng k tham gia vo chng trnh.Chi tit v kinh ph cha c cng b.
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WiFi tm xa
Nm 2009, Hi ng th trn Swindon cng vi cng ty Digital City UK, cng b k hoch lm cho Swindon tr thnh th trn u tin ti Vng quc Anh cung cp truy cp Internet min ph cho tt c c dn bng cch thit lp mt mng bng rng khng dy Wifi (cng ngh Mesh) cho c th trn. Mt trong nhng iu m ng Boris Johnson tm c l mt ng dng iPhone mi h tr chng trnh Cho thu xe p London, s c tung ra vo cui thng 7/2010. ng dng ny (Cycle Hire App) hin th bn trn iPhone, s gip du khch d dng tm thy mt trong 400 trm dng xe p ti trung tm London c th chn thu hay tr li mt chic xe p.
Hnh 43: Tm ng qua Wifi
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WiFi tm xa
Ti M V mt cng ngh, ngay trc thm hi tho ISSCC 2012 (1923/02/2012 din ra ti San Francisco, M), Intel cng b mt d n y to bo vi ni dung chnh l tch hp c CPU v b thu pht tn hiu Wi-Fi trn cng mt chip li kp mi mang tn m Rosepoint. Cng ngh sn xut chip x l mi ca Intel cho php cc nh sn xut thit b di ng to . Vi ng , nhng chip Intel Atom Rosepoint tch hp c CPU v b thu pht Wi-Fi. im c bit ca d n l cc thit b thu pht sng radio nh chip Wi-Fi thng rt kh thu nh do s dng nhng vi mch rt phc tp, v Intel gii quyt vn ny bng cch p dng cng ngh tn s v tuyn k thut s (Radio Frequency - RF) thay th cng ngh ch to chip Wifi Analog truyn thng. K thut mi c u im l gim ti a gi thnh chi ph sn xut, thu nh kch thc chip x l v m ra mt hng i mi trong lnh vc ch to cc thit b di ng nh in thoi, my tnh bng v MTXT vi thit k mng hn, tiu tn t nng lng pin v tt nhin l gi bn r hn. Tuy nhin, vic kt hp c v b thu nhn tn hiu khng dy ln cng mt con chip cng gp phi nhng kh khn nht nh, khi c hai thnh phn ny u c th pht ra bc x gy hi lm nh hng ti chip RF v ph hng d liu. Chuyn gia Hossein Alavi ca Intel nhn nh: Cc thnh phn chip cng gn nhau th mc xung t cng mnh m. Intel cng tnh n kh khn ny v cho bit s tm cch loi b ting n, kh nhiu v b sung thm lp chng x chuyn dng gip cc thnh phn trn chip khng b h hng. Ngoi k hoch y to bo nu trn, Intel cng ang pht trin dng chip tch hp c ng-ten thu pht bn trong, tuy nhin cha th p dng cho n khi c trin khai vo nm 2015.
Ti c:
Hng Sagem Orga (c) va ra mt mu sim card c bit c kh nng bin chic in thoi thnh im pht sng Wi-Fi (hotspot).
SIMfi ca Sagem Orga c kch thc nh sim in thoi thng thng. Khi sn phm ny pht ra tn hiu th cc thit b khc nh my tnh xch tay, smartphone, my tnh bng... trong phm vi ph sng s c kh nng kt ni Internet thng qua n.
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WiFi tm xa
Hnh 44 :SIMfi c th pht Wi-Fi chun 802.11, ph hp vi hu ht cc thit b truy cp khng dy hin nay.
Sagem Orga cho bit bn knh ph sng ca chic sim card c bit ny t khong cch ti a 50 m ng thi tiu hao rt t nng lng khi hot ng. Hng cng b gi bn SIMfi l khong 6.800 USD, tuy nhin n khi sn phm c sn xut i tr th gi s gim i rt nhiu.
Ti Bangkok Thi Lan
Th Thi Lan s trin khai lp t ti... 15000 im truy cp WiFi min ph k t hm 26/6, trong mt d n nhm a hn 500.000 ngi dn Bangkok tip cn vi th gii Internet.
K hoch tham vng ny l mt phn trong n lc ct gim lng xng v in s dng ca chnh quyn thnh ph, vn hy vng cc c dn s chy xe t hn nu nh c th giao tip thun tin qua ng email hoc Internet.
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WiFi tm xa
Trong giai on u tin, dch v wi-fi s c cung cp hon ton min ph trong t nht 1 nm. Tuy nhin, tc kt ni kh chm: 64 Kb/giy. Vi tc ny th ngi dng ch c th kim tra hm th v gi tin nhn l ch yu m thi.
"S dng cng ngh thng tin lin lc, kt ni vi ngi khc, thay v li xe ra ng s gip tit kim nng lng mt cch ng k. iu ny c bit c ngha trong giai on khng hong gi du nh hin nay", i din Chnh quyn Th cho bit.
"Khng ch gip tit kim chi ph, d n ny cn p ng nhu cu thng tin lin lc nhanh chng, tin li ca th h mi".
truy cp wi-fi ti cc hotspot, ngi dng s cn n mt loi th c bit. Loi th ny hin ang c Bangkok phn pht min ph ti cc trung tm mua sm ln trong ngy u khai trng dch v.
Li ng
Trong tng lai, tc kt ni chc chn s c ci thin ngi dn c th tn hng thm nhiu tin ch khc ca mng Internet.
Ly th d, h c th mua sm trc tuyn thay v li xe n cc ca hng hoc trung tm thng mi trn ph. Chnh quyn Bangkok hy vng vn nn kt xe trong gi cao im, nh , s c khc phc phn no.
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WiFi tm xa
Ngoi ra, n cng gip chnh quyn gim nh p lc v khng gian xe, vn ang lm vo tnh trng khng hong thiu trm trng cc khu trung tm.
Hin cha r Chnh quyn Bangkok c tin hnh thu ph truy cp Wi-Fi trong giai on hai ca d n hay khng, v nu c th mc ph c th s l bao nhiu.
Trc Thi Lan, mt quc gia ng Nam khc l Singapore cng rc rch trin khai d n ph sng Wi-Fi min ph trn phm vi ton quc.
Ti Nht Bn Nht Bn va a vo s dng mng Wi-Fi ln nht th gii ti thnh ph Oklahoma. H thng ph sng gn 900 km2 tr gi 5 triu USD c u t bng ngun ngn sch ca qu pht trin th v bo v ngi tiu dng.
Theo cc quan chc a phng cho bit, cng l mng vin thng ln nht thuc s hu nh nc. Mng ny s dng ring cho cc hot ng ca c quan lin ngnh v cng tc gi gn an ninh cng cng trong thnh ph.
Mng Wi-Fi c hnh thnh t 1.200 b nh tuyn kt hp lp t vo cc ct n chiu sng ng ni v a im cng cng trong thnh ph. Vi kt cu mt li, to ra c ch hot ng lun phin nu c router gp s c th tn hiu c chuyn sang thit b lin k m bo cho h thng lun lun c n nh lu thng.
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WiFi tm xa
Hnh 45: Antenna gn trn ct n cao p.
ng dng ca mng Wi-Fi trong nhng tnh hung xy ra tai nn hay ha hon cho php cnh st dng my tnh truy cp h thng d liu bn in t nhanh chng xc nh a im. Danh tnh cng vi hnh nh ca cc nn nhn cng c cung cp tc thi qua mng thng tin qun l nhn khu, i cu ha cng c th va trin khai iu xe cha chy li va tip tc ti thm bn ln phng n cu h chi tit, gim thiu ri ro ti a.
Nhng quan chc ca thnh ph Oklahoma cn a ra tm nhn v cc ng dng cho dch v cng ch sp trin khai. Gim c y ban CNTT Mark Meier cho bit nhng k s giao thng xut v d n iu hnh giao thng qua mng Wi-Fi v phi hp qun l h thng xe but chy trong thnh ph trnh tnh trng chm gi nh chuyn i vi hnh khch.
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WiFi tm xa
Ti B: ton b th Brussels s c ph Wifi
Chnh quyn th Brussels (B) ang trin khai k hoch a thnh ph ny tr thnh "thnh ph i u trong cng ngh thng tin" ca chu u, c bit v cng ngh internet khng dy (Wifi). Mi y, nh cung cp dch v vin thng Php Ozone cho bit, d nh t nay n cui nm 2007 s ph sng Wifi ton b khu vc thnh ph Hnh 46: Hnh nh minh ha Cch thc trin khai v nhn rng mng li pht sng Wifi ca Ozone rt hiu qu: tt c cc h gia nh chp nhn cho lp t ct pht sng trn mi nh s c truy cp internet khng dy hon ton min ph.
tc gii hn 64Kb/giy, vic truy cp hon ton min ph, cn vi 20 euro thu bao mt thng, ngi s dng s c u tin truy cp internet vi tc ln ti 4Mb/giy v khng hn ch dung lng.
Vi li th khng dy, mc gi ny t ra ht sc cnh tranh i vi cc hnh thc s dng ng truyn internet hin ti. Vic trin khai lp t cc ct pht sng s bt u t thng 9 ti.
D n trn c nh gi l mang li nhiu tin ch khng ch cho ngi s dng my tnh xch tay, m cho c ngi s dng cc thit b s ho c tch hp Wifi nh in thoi di ng, my nh s, my nghe nhc MP3.
Hng Ozone cam kt s thc hin cc bin php bo mt cho ngi s dng
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WiFi tm xa
3.2. Hin ti v tng lai ca Wifi tm xa ti Vit Nam

Ti Vit Nam, ngoi WiFi dng cho gia nh, cng s, doanh nghip nh, WiFi bng rng cng v ang trin khai kh mnh m.
Ngay t nm 2008, tnh Lo Cai xy dng d n "Th trn Wifi" Sa Pa.
Trn a bn x Phn M, Ph Lng, Thi Nguyn, t 27/6 n 1/7/2011, vi cuc th nghim ln 3 c tin hnh trong khun kh d n do ASEAN Foundation khi xng, ph WIFI cho cc cn b hin trng t c bn knh 3km vi s tr gip ca 3 qu bng thm khng, t cao 50m, s dng ngun in t h thng c-quy thng thng. y c xem l mt im sng to c tnh t ph so vi cc t th nghim trc y. Thng qua trm v tinh c ng VSAT-IP bng rng, cc cn b hin trng c th lm vic trong bn knh 3km v hon ton gi c lin lc v truy cp vo cc h thng thng tin t ti H Ni.
Theo ng L Vn Ging Ch tch UBND TP cho bit, Hi An tr thnh thnh ph tin phong chu cung cp dch v Wifi min ph ton thnh ph. Ngy 31/01/2012, Trung tm in ton Truyn s liu khu vc III v Vin thng Qung Nam lp thm 350 trm pht sng Wifi ti ph c nhm phc v nhu cu internet cho khch du lch. Trc , 41 trm ti cc phng Minh An, Sn Phong v Cm Ph cng c lp t v cung cp dch v min ph cho du khch. y l cc a im tp trung nhiu khch du lch TP Hi An. Cc n v lin quan thng nht k hoch v cam kt phi hp cht ch y nhanh tin thc hin d n ph sng Internet khng dy
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WiFi tm xa
(wifi) ti TP Hi An nhm kp hon thnh lp t 350 im pht sng wifi trc ngy 20/3 v chnh thc a h thng i vo hot ng nhn dp k nim Ngy gii phng Qung Nam 24/3 v Ngy gii phng TP Hi An 29/3. Sng 17/2, lnh o TP Hi An (Qung Nam) c bui lm vic vi lnh o S Thng tin v Truyn thng, Trung tm in ton Truyn s liu khu vc 3 (VDC3) v Vin thng Hi An v k hoch trin khai d n xy dng h thng cung cp dch v Internet khng dy (wifi) ti TP Hi An. Theo , cc n v lin quan thng nht k hoch v cam kt phi hp cht ch y nhanh tin thc hin d n nhm kp hon thnh lp t 350 im pht sng wifi trc ngy 20/3 v chnh thc a h thng i vo hot ng nhn dp k nim Ngy gii phng Qung Nam 24/3 v Ngy gii phng TP Hi An 29/3. m bo h thng hon thnh ng tin v vn hnh thng sut, VDC3 mi cc chuyn gia t i Loan Trung Quc sang phi hp trin khai D n ny. s dng dch v wifi min ph ti TP Hi An, ngi dn v du khch c th truy cp vo mng wifi c tn VNPT Wifi, sau , ti trang http://hoiannet.vn chn hnh thc truy cp Internet min ph hoc c tr ph. Trc y, theo k hoch, VDC3 s lp t 42 im pht sng wifi ti khu vc trung tm TP phc v cc hot ng, s kin cho mng Tt Nhm Thn 2012. Tuy nhin, do trin khai vo dp cn Tt, cng vi gp phi mt s kh khn v iu kin k thut nn trong dp Tt va qua, VDC3 ch mi hon thnh vic lp t v trin khai th nghim c 30 im pht sng wifi ti 3 phng Minh An, Cm Ph v Sn Phong ca Ph c Hi An.
Ti Vit Nam, hin cng c nhiu khu vc ph sng Wifi cng cng trn cng ngh Meraki c Google h tr. Trong khu vc TP.HCM, mt vi a im din rng nh i hc Bch khoa TP.HCM, K tc x i hc Quc gia TP.HCM cng ng dng m hnh Wifi Mesh a internet ph rng hn trn cng ngh c. Cn ti Nng, cng ngh ny cng c ng dng ph sng Wifi ton Furama.
100
WiFi tm xa
Ngoi TP Hi An, huyn o C T ca tnh Qung Ninh cng ang tin hnh lp t trn 20 trm pht sng wifi ph sng 100% din tch huyn. Tnh Tha Thin - Hu hin cng ang phi hp vi VDC3 tin hnh kho st v trin khai h thng wifi min ph ti lng c Phc Tch Thnh ph Nng cng tch cc trin khai WiFi. Ngy 12/9/2011, S Thng tin v Truyn thng Nng phi hp vi cng ty Juniper t chc Hi tho thnh ph Wifi ti Cng vin phn mm Nng. Ngy 16/9/2011, S Thng tin v Truyn thng Nng phi hp vi cng ty Cisco Vit Nam t chc Hi tho thnh ph Wifi s dng gii php ca Cisco ti Cng vin phn mm Nng. Ngy 19/9/2011, S Thng tin v Truyn thng Nng phi hp vi Cng ty KIT wireless t chc Hi tho Thnh ph Wifi s dng gii php ca Firetide (USA) ti Cng vin Phn mm Nng
Ti Tp. H Ch Minh: 24-5-2011, Ban Gim c Bnh vin Nhi ng 2 v i din cc nh ti tr gm cng ty TNHH Intel Products Vit Nam, cng ty TNHH Cisco System Vit Nam v Cng ty C Phn H Tng Vin Thng CMC cng khnh thnh d n trin khai truy cp Wifi cho cc Ta nh 12-13-14 gm 9 Khoa ca Bnh vin Nhi ng 2, t ti s 14 L T Trng, Qun 1, TPHCM. D n ph sng Wifi cho Bnh vin Nhi ng 2 c pht ng bi nhm nhn vin ca Intel t nm 2009. Qu trnh trin khai d n ny nhn c s ng h nhit tnh t pha lnh o bnh vin cng nh Cng ty CP H tng Vin thng CMC (CMC TI), n v cung cp ng truyn Internet cp quang tc cao v Cisco System Vit Nam. Mc tiu ca d n trin khai Wifi min ph ti Bnh vin Nhi ng 2 l nhm p ng nhu cu truy cp Inetrnet ca ngi nh phi dnh nhiu thi gian chm sc con em nm vin tra cu thng tin y t ca ngi thn trn website ca bnh vin v cc trang tin y hc khc... cng nh h tr cc bc s, y t v nhn vin bnh vin d dng truy cp vo Internet nng cao hiu qu cng tc khm cha bnh.
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WiFi tm xa
Thng 11 nm 2011, ng Nguyn Minh Hng - Gim c S Thng tin-Truyn thng tnh Qung Ninh cho bit d n xy dng thnh ph TP.H Long thnh thnh ph wifi min ph c khi ng v d kin, n cui nm s hon thnh giai on 1. Theo trc mt, du khch v nhn dn c th s dng wifi nhng khu vc trung tm thnh ph, khu vc c nhng khch sn ln, mt s khu lu tr tu trn bin... Sau khi hon thnh cc giai on tip theo, ton TP.H Long s c ph sng wifi.
Trong tng lai, s c nhiu d n WiFi tm xa na c trin khai ti Vit Nam.
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WiFi tm xa
Kt lun
KT LUN Ph sng trong phm vi rng, tc truyn tin ln, h tr ng thi nhiu thu bao v c th cung cp cc dnh v nh VoIP,tin ti c HD Video vi chi ph khng ln, d trin khai l nhng c tnh u vit c bn ca WiFi tm xa. Cc khu vc m trc y ng dy ADSL cha ti c th nay c th truy cp c Internet. Cc cng ty vi nhiu chi nhnh trong thnh ph c th khng cn lp t mng LAN ca ring mnh m ch cn s dung VPN,trong mng WiFi. . Ngoi ra, WiFi tm xa vi kh nng ph sng rng, khp mi ng ngch thnh th cng nh nng thn, s l mt cng c h tr c lc trong cc lc lng cng an, lc lng cu ho hay cc t chc cu h khc c th duy tr thng tin lin lc trong nhiu iu kin thi tit, a hnh khc nhau. Chun mi nht dnh cho WiFi, IEEE 802.11ac chc chn s l mt tin b hn na ca cng ngh ny. Sau khi hon thnh Tiu lun: Tm hiu v Wifi tm xa| , nu ra c mt s ni dung chnh nh sau : Chng 1: Gii thiu khi qut v Wifi, Wifi tm xa v cc k thut, cng ngh trong Wifi ni chung Chng 2: Gii thiu v cc phng php m ha bo mt, cc ng dng bo mt n gin ngi dng c th phn no t bo mt thng tin ca mnh Chng 3: im qua vi nt trong s pht trin ca Wifi trn th gii ni chung cng nh ti Vit Nam ni ring
Trong bi tp ny, nhm ch gii thiu tng quan v WiFi tm xa, cha i su vo nghin cu chi tit v phng php bo mt v cc cng ngh khc trong WiFi v tnh hnh ng dng ca WiFi hin nay. Trong qu trnh lm bi tp, em nhn c s gip ca cc thy c v cc bn trong lp. Em xin gi li cm n chn thnh n cc thy c v cc
103
WiFi tm xa
Kt lun
bn. c bit em xin gi li cm n su sc ti c gio Th.S. Dng Thanh T l ngi trc tip hng dn v gp em c th c hng i ng v hon thnh bi tiu lun ny. Sinh vin Nguyn Ngc T
104
WiFi tm xa
Ti liu tham kho
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. MNG V CC CNG NGH TRUY NHP. Bin son: Ths. Dng Th
Thanh T. H ni, thng 06 nm 2010.

2. http://www.pcworld.com.vn/ 3. http://wifi.fpt.net/ 4. http://www.echip.com.vn/ 5. http://www.tienphong.vn/ 6. http://www.ictnews.vn/Home/ 7. Bi ging : THNG TIN DI NG. Bin son: Ths. Phm Th Thy Hin.
H ni, thng 12 nm 2009.

8. Gio Trnh Mng Truy Nhp - Th.s L Duy Khnh - Hc Vin Cng Ngh
Bu Chnh Vin Thng.

9. V mt s trang bo mng
105

Tiểu luận: Tìm hiểu Wifi tầm xa

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG Khoa Vin thng 1 ------------o0o------------

TIU LUN MNG TRUY NHP

H Ni, thng 03- 2012

FPT Telecom thit lp cc thnh ph WiFi H Ni v TP. HCM

tm im kt ni gn nht v xem hng dn s dng, xem ti wifi.fpt.net

Em xin chn thnh cm n ! H ni, ngy 10/03/2012 Sinh vin:

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

CHNG I: GII THIU V WIFI TM XA 1.1. S lc v Wifi

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

1.1.2.2. Khi nim v mng WLAN WLAN l g ?

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Tng quan v cu hnh mng cc b khng dy (WLAN)

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Hnh 5: Cu hnh mng WLAN m rng

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Hnh 6: S pht trin ca cc mng t bo

1.1.2.4. Cc chun 802.1X

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Hnh 7. V tr 802.16 v 802.11 trong mng

Hnh 8 : Chun 802.16

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Hnh 9: Cc chun thng dng trong chun 802.11

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Hnh 10: Chun 802.11g v chun 802.11n

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Hnh 11: Mi mu tng ng vi mt chui d liu

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Hnh 12: S tp hp ci thin hiu qu trong ch Mixed

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Bng 1: Cc c t k thut ch yu ca 802.11n

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Bng 2 : Cc c t k thut ch yu ca 802.11

1.1.2.5. c im WiFi thng c 2 m hnh: WiFi dn dng v WiFi chuyn dng

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Hnh 13 :H thng c bn vi hai ng-ten MIMO c 2 lung SDM v d.

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Hnh 15: S pht trin ca cng ngh MIMO

Hnh 16: Dual - bands

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Hnh 19: Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Hnh 20 : Tn hiu OFDM c 4 sng mang con

Hnh 21: Ph tn hiu OFDM vi 4 sng mang

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

c.2 To sng mang con s dng IFFT

cho d tnh ton, ta c th thay th k t OFDM trn nh sau:

Hnh 22: B iu ch OFDM

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

Chng I : Gii thiu v WiFi tm xa

T , vi TS l chiu di tng cng ca k t,