CNSX BIA - Đ Án

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LI M U..................................................................................................................................1 CHNG 2: TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU.........................................................................8 CHNG 3 : CNG NGH SN XUT BIA VNG ..............................................................25 CHNG 4: HON THIN SN PHM...................................................................................79 CHNG 5: NH GI CHT LNG SN PHM............................................................87
LI M U
Cng vi qu trnh cng nghip ha v hin i ha t nc, cc ngnh cng nghip Vit Nam ang tng bc chuyn mnh nhm tm ra hng i mi tng kh nng ha nhp vi cc nc trong khu vc v trn th gii. Khng nm ngoi xu hng chung , ngnh sn xut bia cng ang tng bc i mi cng ngh, thit b. Bn cnh khng ngng gia tng lc lng cn b k thut gii, nng ng sng to v o to i ng cng nhn tay ngh cao. sn phm sn xut ra khng ch p ng nhu cu tiu th trong nc v c th xut khu ra nc ngoi. Ngy nay cng ngh ln men chim mt v tr rt quan trng trong i sng ca con ngi. N gp phn thc y nn kinh t i ln cng vi s pht trin ca cc nc trong khu vc v vn mnh ra th gii. Trong ngnh sn xut bia cho ra i nhng sn phm c cht lng cao. Bia l loi thc ung c cn thp, giu gi tr dinh dng. c sn xut t cc loi nguyn liu chnh nh: malt i mch, hoa houblon, nm men v ncvi mt quy trnh cng ngh sn xut c bit to nn mt loi ung c nhiu ngi a thch vi hng thm c trng, v ng du to nn s khc bit so vi cc loi ung khc. Do iu kin kh hu nc ta khng thun li cho vic trng i mch v hoa houblon nn nguyn liu ch yu phi nhp khu, bn cnh h gi thnh sn phm ngi ta thng dng nguyn liu thay th nh: go, ng, tiu mchCht lng bia ph thuc vo ngun nguyn liu v k thut sn xut.
Bo co n 1 Vi nhng c tnh ni tri bia tr thnh loi nc gii kht khng th thiu trong nhu cu hng ngy ca con ngi, th trng tiu th ca n kh rng trn khp th gii nh: M, c, an Mch, AnhTrong c Vit Nam chng ta bia ang dn c mt khp ni trong cc ba tic, nh hng, picnicNgnh cng nghip thc phm ni chung v ngnh sn xut bia ni ring nc ta c nhng din mo mi.
GVHD: Ths. Nguyn Hu Quyn Trang 2
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GII THIU TNG QUAN V NGNH BIA 1. Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th bia trn th gii i vi cc nc c nn cng nghip pht trin, i sng kinh t cao th bia c s dng nh mt th nc gii kht thng dng. Hin nay, trn th gii c trn 25 nc sn xut bia vi sn lng trn 100 t lt/nm, trong , M, c mi nc sn xut trn di 10 t lt/nm, Trung Quc 7 t lt/nm Thng k bnh qun mc tiu th hin nay mt s nc cng nghip tin tin trong nm 2004 nh sau: Cng Ha Czech hn 150 lt/ngi/nm, c 115 lt/ngi/nm, c khong 110 lt/ngi/nm Tng lng tiu th trn th gii nm 2003 khong 144,296 triu kl, nm 2004 khong 150,392 triu kl (tng 4,2%). Lng bia tiu th tng hu khp cc vng a Trung Hi, y lng tiu th trn ton th gii tng ln. Nhng lng tng ng kt nht l Trung Quc, Thi Lan, Philipin vi tc tng n 11,2% Chu l mt trong nhng khu vc c lng bia tiu th ang tng nhanh, cc nh nghin cu th trng bia ca th gii nhn nh rng Chu ang dn gi v tr dn u v tiu th bia trn th gii. Trong khi sn xut bia Chu u c gim, th Chu , trc kia nhiu nc c mc tiu th trn u ngi thp, n nay tng bnh qun 6,5% nm. Thi Lan c mc tng bnh qun cao nht 26,5% nm, tip n l Philipin 22,2%/nm, Malaysia 21,7%/nm, Indonesia 17,7%/nm. y l nhng nc c tc tng nhanh trong khu vc. Cc nc xung quanh ta nh Singapore t 18 lt/ngi/nm, Philipin t 20 lt/ngi/nm (theo s liu ca Vin ru bia nc gii kht Vit Nam). Cng ngh bia ca Trung Quc pht trin l nguyn nhn ch yu thc y s tng trng ca ngnh cng ngh bia Chu . T nm 1980 n nm 1990 sn lng bia tng t 69,8 triu lt ln 1230 triu lt, tc l tng 17 ln. Thi k t 1981 n 1987, mc tng trng trn 20% (theo s liu ca Vin ru bia nc gii kht Vit Nam). n nm 2004, tng lng bia tiu th Trung Quc l 28.640 triu lt, xp th hng u tin trn Th gii. Tng lng bia tiu th ca cc nc khu vc Chu trong nm 2004 t 43.147 triu lt, tng 11,2% so vi nm 2003.
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Do th trng bia trn th gii ang pht trin mt cch nng ng, cc hang bia s dng cc chin lc kinh doanh khc nhau. Ti M v Chu u, do th trng bia n nh, chin lc kinh doanh bia l ginh th phn gim chi ph sn xut. Ngc li, ti Trung Quc l ni th trng ang tng trng (nht l i vi cc loi bia cht lng cao) chin lc l pht trin sn xut, tng sn lng v nng cao cht lng. 2. Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th bia Vit Nam Bia c a v Vit Nam t nm 1890 cng vi s c mt ca nh my Bia Si Gn v Nh my Bia H Ni, nh vy ngnh bia Vit Nam c lch s trn 100 nm. 2.1.Tnh hnh sn xut bia trong nc Nm nm tr li y, do tc ng ca nhiu yu t nh tc tng trng GDP, tc tng dn s, tc th ha, tc u tm ngnh cng nghip bia pht trin vi tc tng trng cao. Chn hn nh nm 2003, sn lng bia t t 1290 triu lt, tng 20,7% so vi nm 2002, t 79% so vi cng sut thit k, tiu th bnh qun u ngi t 16 lt/nm, np ngn sch nh nc khong 3650 t ng. 2.1.1. S lng c s sn xut S lng c s sn xut gim xung so vi nhng nm cui thp nin 1990, n nm 2003 ch cn 326 c s sn xut so vi 469 c s tnh t nm 1998. iu ny l do yu cu v cht lng bia, v mc v sinh an ton thc phm ngy cng cao, ng thi do s xut ca nhiu doanh nghip bia ln c thit b hin i, cng ngh tin tin nn c s cnh tranh gay gt, nhiu c s sn xut quy m nh, cht lng thp khng kh nng cnh tranh ph sn hoc chuyn sang sn xut sn phm khc. Trong cc c s sn xut bia , c Sabeco chim nng sut trn 200 triu lt/nm, Habeco nng sut trn 100 triu lt/nm, 15 nh my bia c nng sut trn 15 triu lt/nm v khong 165 c s sn xut c nng lc di 1 triu lt/nm. Hai tng cng ty Bia Ru Nc gii kht H Ni v Si Gn l hai n v ng gp tch cc v gi vai tr ch o trong ngnh bia. Theo bo co ca cc tnh thnh ph trc thuc TW v ca hai tng cng ty, ring nm 2003, doanh thu ca ngnh Bia Ru Nc gii kht t 16.497 t ng, np ngn sch nh nc 5000 t ng, to iu kin vic lm v thu nhp n nh cho trn 20.000 lao ng. Sn lng bia tiu th ton quc t 11290 triu lt, t 78,8% cng sut thit k, trong Habeco v Sabeco t 472,28 triu lt (chim 36,61% ton ngnh bia). Hai tng cng ty pht huy ht nng sut, phi gia cng ti mt s ia phng nhm p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca ngi tiu dng. Nu xt theo a phng, nng lc sn xut bia ch yu tp trung vo cc thnh ph ln nh Thnh ph H Ch Minh chim 23,2% tng nng lc sn xut bia ton quc, thnh ph H Ni chim 13,44%, thnh ph Hi Phng chim 7,47%. Cc nh my bia c phn b trn 49 tnh thnh ca c nc, trong c 24 tnh thnh c sn lng trn 20 triu lt/nm. n nay cn mt s tnh thnh cha c nh my bia nh: An Giang, Bc Liu, Bn Tre, ng Thp 2.1.2. Thng hiu bia Nhng thng hiu bia sn xut ti Vit Nam ang chim u th, ng vng trn th trng v c kh nng tip tc pht trin mnh trong qu trnh hi nhp, l: Si Gn ,Si Gn special , 333,H Ni,Heineken,Tiger,HalidaLng bia thuc cc thng hiu ny t 713,8 triu lt chim 55,24% th phn tiu th.Mng th trng bia cao cp cng xut hin mt s loi bia
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nhp khu v cc nh hng bia (ti H Ni ,cng nh Thnh ph H Ch Minh c trn 10 nh hng bia ti) vi sn lng nh nhng ang ngy cng c a chung. 2.1.3. Trnh cng ngh v thit b Cc nh my bia c cng sut trn 100 triu lt/nm u c h thng thit b hin i,tin tin,nhp khu t cc nc c nn cng nghip sn xut bia pht trin mnh nh: c, an Mch Cc nh my bia c cng sut trn 20 triu lt/nm cho n nay u t chiu su, i mi thit b, tip thu trnh tin tin vo sn xut. 2.1.4. Nguyn liu cho ngnh bia Nm 2003, kim ngch nhp khu nguyn liu cho ngnh sn xut sn bia (ch yu nht l malt v hoa houblon) khong 76 triu USD. Tng cng ty Habeco th nghim trng th i mch mt s ni nhng cha c kt qu do s khng ph hp v th nhng v v kh hu. Hin ti c mt nh my sn xut malt i mch vi cng sut trn 50.000 tn/nm v c kh nng m rng ln 100.000 tn/nm (trch dn t bo co tng kt hot ng nhim k II t 3/2001 n 3/2005 ca Hip hi Ru Bia Nc gii kht Vit Nam). 2.2.nh hng pht trin nn cng nghip bia Vit Nam n nm 2020 Do mc sng ngy cng tng, mc tiu th ngy cng cao. Khng k cc nc Chu u, Chu M c mc tiu th bia theo u ngi rt cao do c thi quen ung bia t lu i, cc nc Chu tiu dng bnh qun 17 lt/ngi/nm. Truyn thng vn ha dn tc v li sng tc ng n mc tiu th bia, ru. cc nc c cng ng dn tc theo o hi, khng cho php gio dn ung ru bia nn tiu th bnh qun u ngi mc thp. Vit Nam khng b nh hng ca tn gio trong tiu th bia nn th trng cn pht trin. Theo mt s nghin cu ca ngi nc ngoi, bia hin nay chim khong t 50% n 96% tng mc tiu th cc loi ung c cn trn th trng cc nc ng Nam . Nm 1995 dn s Vit Nam l 74 triu ngi, nm 2000 c khong 81 triu ngi v n nm 2005 c th l 89 triu ngi. Do vy d kin mc tiu th bnh qun theo u ngi vo nm 2005 cng ch t 13 lt/ngi/nm, sn lng bia t khong 1300 triu lt, bnh qun tng 18% nm. Nm 2005 mc tiu th bnh qun 17 lt/nm, sn lng 1,5 t lt v nm 2020 t mc tiu th 25 lt/ngi/nm. 2.3.Tnh hnh sn xut bia nng cao trn th gii v Vit Nam a) Tnh hnh sn xut trn th gii Cng ngh ln men bia nng cao l qu trnh sn xut v ln men dch ng c nng cao hn so vi cc phng php sn xut bia truyn thng. Bia nng cao c th c pha long sau khi ln men bng nc v trng c kh oxy hoc pha trn vi cc loi nc qu to ra nhiu loi bia khc nhm p ng th hiu ngy cng tng ca ngi tiu th. Bng 1: Sn phm bia c sn xut bng cng ngh ln men bia nng cao mt s nc trn th gii STT Tn thng mi Hm lng Nhit ln men Xut x Cn (%v/v) Men(oC) 1 Janne dare Belrebuth 12,0 10 Php 2 Eldri Pope Thomas Hardys 9,6 13 Anh
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Ale Bush 12% Kloster Irseer Abts Trunk Les Harvest Alse Kasteel Bier Eku 28 Whibread Gold Label Schaffbrau Feuerfest Edel Bier Borve Ale Haire of the Dog Adam Hertig Jan Grand Prestige Courage Imperial Russian Stout Bridge port Old Knucklehead Echigo Land braurei Abbey Style Tripel Huyghe Dehinum tremenh North Coast Old Rasputin Russian Impercial Stout Celis Grand Cru
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
9,6 9,6 9,8 9,2 8,8 8,8 8,7 8,1 8,0 8,0 8,0 7,3 7,2 7,2 7,1 7,0
10 9 10 13 12 13 9 10 13 9 10 13 10 14 13 13 18 13 10 14 10 13 7 10 18
B c Anh B c Anh c Scotlen M Thy in Anh M Nht B M M
Hu ht cc chu lc trn th gii u v ang p dng ngh ln men bia nng cao. Bc M (M v Canada) nu v ln men dch ng 18 20oBx. Chu c (c v Newzealand) ln men bia nng cao l phng php sn xut ph bin hin nay. cc chu lc khc ln men bia nng cao cng c p dng ngy cng rng ri nh Trung M, Nam M v Chu Phi. Khng ch cc nc c ngnh cng nghip bia pht trin lu i mi sn xut bia nng cao m ti Chu cng p dng cng ngh ny sn xut bia nh Chosun ca Hn Quc v Hohlor ca Trung Quc. Sn xut bia nng cao c p dng ngy cng nhiu trn th gii, bi bia nng cao u im vt hn hn bia nng thng: Tng hiu qu s dng thit b nu, thit b ln men, tng sn lng ca nh my t 15 25% m khng cn u t them thit b bng vic tng nng cht chit. Tit kim c ngun u t c bn ban u. Gim chi ph vn hnh: do cng mt chi ph vn hnh cho mt n v sn phm nh in, nc, hi, nhn cng nhng sn xut bia nng cao li thu c nhng sn phm cao hn t 25 30%. Vi nhng nh my mi lp t, u t ban u th tt c cc h thng nh ni hi, thit b bm, van u c th chn lu lng, th tch nh hn so vi cc nh my bia thng thng. Cc chi ph vn hnh cc thit b ph tr cng thp hn. Sn xut bia nng cao c th s dng nguyn liu thay th vi t l cao do vy gim lng matl nhp ngoi, tit kim c ngoi t. Khng nhng vy, khi sn xut theo phng php ny s c s linh ng trong vic la chn nguyn liu thay th nh cc loi siro khc nhau to ra bia c v ring. Trong qu trnh ln men bia nng cao th cc loi ng c kh nng ln men
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c s dng vo qu trnh to cn nhiu hn to sinh khi nm men do lm lng cn thu c trn mt n v cn tng ln. Sn xut bia nng cao s gim lng ph thi nn chi ph cho qu trnh x l nc thi gim, u ny rt c ngha trong vic bo v mi trng. Khi ln men bia nng cao s nng cao hng v ca bia thnh phm do tng hm lng ctyl axctat gim lng diaxetyl do mi trng trong dch ng nng cao, p sut thm thu ln, t l ging cao do hn ch kh nng nhim khun. Vo cui giai on ln men chnh th lng nm men l lng trong bia non nhiu nn thc y qu trnh kh diaxetyl thnh axeton nhanh do m lng diaxetyl trong bia thnh phm thp. b) Ti Vit Nam Vit Nam tuy sn lng bia tng nhanh nhng cng ngh ln men bia nng cao cha c pht trin. Phn ln cc nh my bia ca Vit Nam ch ln men dch ng c nng 10_12oBx, vi t l go lm nguyn liu thay th l 30%, nn sn xut ra bia c cn 3_5%v/v. Nh vy vic nghin cu sn xut dch ng cho ln men bia nng cao khng ch p ng nhu cu v bia ngy cng tng m cn nng cao t l nguyn liu thay th, hiu qu s dng thit b, to n nh cho bia thnh phm, em li hiu qu kinh t v gp phn a dng ha sn phm.
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CHNG 2: TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU

2.1. Gii thiu cc nguyn liu 2.1.1.Malt i mch Malt l nhm thc vt c ht, lp 1 l mm, thng c gi l ng cc ny mm (i mch, tiu mch, thc, np, t). Hin nay, trong sn xut bia ngi ta dng ch yu l i mch ny mm, do vy danh t Malt c gi cho i mch ny mm. i mch cung cp tinh bt cho qu trnh ng ha, to ng cho s ln men bia v sau ny, ng thi trong qu trnh ny mm ht i mch s tch t rt nhiu enzyme cng nh tng hot tnh ca enzyme trong ht nh: protease, maltase, amylase V vy nguyn liu cho sn xut bia phi dng ht i mch ny mm. Trong sn xut bia ngi ta khng dng Malt ti m dng Malt sy kh, v bn thn Malt ti c mi v ti sng khng thch hp cho lm bia. Hn na Malt sy kh d bo qun vi s lng ln. 2.1.1.1 Phn loi i mch i mch c chia thnh 2 loi : hai hng v su hng. i mch su hng c 3 hoa nh c th th tinh c mi t trn cung. Mi hoa sau khi th phn pht trin thnh ht hoc bng i mch. Ht i mch su hng c kch c khng ng nht. i mch hai hng ch c mt ht pht trin mi t v cc hoa nh mc mi t khng sinh sn. i mch hai hng to, y n, v tru c np nhn u, mng, cc ht rt ng u c hm lng cht ha tan tng i cao
Bo co n 1 2.1.1.2 Cu to ca ht i mch Ht i mch bao gm 3 b phn chnh: V, ni nh, v phi. V i mch bao gm nhiu lp khc nhau, c chia thnh 3 phn chnh: V trong cng st lp Alron l v ht. Lp v k bn ngoi l v qu, v ny st vi v ht. N bao bc v ht v bn thn n c lp v tru bn ngoi bao bc v bo v. Ni nh: Bao bc bi lp Alron c cha t bo giu protein, lp ny l im khi u quan trng nht cho s to thnh enzyme trong qu trnh sn xut Malt. Cc hp cht khc nh Lipit, polyphenol v cc cht to mu nm trong cu trc protein. ` Phi: L phn sng ca ht thng chim 2,5 5 % trng lng ca ht. Qu
trnh ch bin ht i mch tr thnh ht malt, c t nn tng trn s ny mm ca ht, tc l s pht trin ca phi. Trong giai on ny, qu trnh sinh hc ch yu xy ra l do s hot ha v tch ly hot lc ca h enzyme trong ht. Phi nm pha di gn ca ht. Tip gip vi phi v ni nh l ng. Ng l mt mng bn thm ch cho php cc cht ha tan t ni nh thm qua phi v nc t phi i v ni nh. Malt l nguyn liu thit yu khng th thiu c trong cng ngh sn xut bia. Malt l mt bn thnh phm nhng giu cht dinh dng cha 16 -18 % cc cht thp phn t d ha tan, ch yu l ng n gin dextrin bc thp, cc acid amin, cc cht khong , cc nhm vitamin v c bit c h enzyme a dng ch yu l - amylaza , - amylaza v proteaza. Malt i mch l yu t quyt nh hng v, mu sc, kh nng to bt v bn ca bia.
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2.1.1.3 Thnh phn ha hc trong malt STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Thnh phn Tinh bt Lipid ng Cc hp cht nit Protein Cellulose Cht khong Pentosan khng ha tan Nito formon T l % 50 63% 1,5 2 % 1,8 2% 8 16 % 10 11,5 % 56% 2 -3 % 9% 0,7 1 %
Ngoi ra trong malt cn c cc loi enzyme, vitamin, nc, polyphenol. Trong thnh phn ca malt ta ch trng n hm lng tinh bt, enzyme, protein v nc. Nc Thy phn ca i mch c nh hng ln n qu trnh vn chuyn v bo qun ht. Thy phn cao qu mc cho php to iu kin thun li cho vi sinh vt pht trin gy thi ra cho ht. i mch c thy phn cao s lm tng chi ph vn chuyn, ngi ta xc nh c rng hm m ca i mch tng 1% th hiu sut cht chit gim 0,76%. Hm m ti a cho php khi a i mch vo bo qun l 13%. Tinh bt Trong cng ngh sn xut Malt v bia, tinh bt cho hai chc nng:
Bo co n 1 Th nht l ngun thc n d tr cho phi. Th hai l ngun cung cp cht ha tan cho dch ng trc khi ln men. Trong mi trng nc n b thy phn bi enzyme amylaza thnh ng n gin dextrin bc thp ha tan trong nc. Hm lng tinh bt cng cao th nng cht ha tan trong dch ng cng ln, hiu sut thu hi bia cng c nng cao hn. Protein L ch s quan trng th hai sau tinh bt nh gi xem l ht c tiu chun hay khng. Nu hm lng cao qu th bia s b c, kh bo qun. Nu thp qu th qu trnh ln men s khng trit , bia km bt, v km m v ko theo nhiu ch s non yu khc. Hm lng protein tt nht cho mc ch sn xut bia l 8 10 %. Polyphenol v cht ng Polyphenol trong ht i mch ch yu tp trung lp v. Phn ln nhng hp cht ha tan c v tn ti trong bia u l nhng dn xut ca catechin thuc nhm flavonoid. Nhng hp cht thuc nhm ny d dng kt hp vi protein cao phn t to thnh phc cht d kt lng, lm tng bn keo ca sn phm. Mt khc s ha tan ca Polyphenol vo dch ng li l nhn t lm xu i hng v v ca bia. Enzyme Enzyme l nhng hp cht hu c, c hot tnh sinh hc rt cao, c cu to phn t rt phc tp v gi mt vai tr c bit quan trng trong cng ngh sn xut bia. giai on hnh thnh ht, hot lc ca nhm enzyme rt cao. n giai on ht chn, hot lc ca chng gim mt cch ng k. n lc sy t m 13% th hu ht enzyme trong ht trng thi lin kt. giai on ngm, ht ht nc b sung n 4344% th h enzyme c gii phng ra khi h lin kt, chuyn thnh dng t do. n giai on m mm th hot lc ca enzyme t n mc ti a, nh m n lc ng ha chng c kh nng thy phn gn nh hon ton cc hp cht cao phn t
Bo co n 1 trong ni nh ca ht, cc sn phm thy phn c ha tan v tr thnh cht chit trong dch ng. Trong ht malt cha mt lng enzyme rt phong ph, chng c sp xp vo cc nhm khc nhau. Theo kha phn loi trong ha sinh hc, chng c phn loi theo 2 nhm chnh: Hydrolaza v decmolaza. 2.1.1.4. Yu cu ca malt Quy trnh sn xut malt t i mch
i mch
Nc
Ngm, lm t
m mm
Sy
Tch mm
Mm
Bo qun
Malt
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Gii thch quy trnh Ngm, lm t Mc ch: Loi b mt s tp cht, vi sinh vt v tng m ca ht ln n 4345%. Cc bin i chnh: S ht nc trng n ca tinh bt.
S ha tan cc cht (t malt vo nc v t nc vo malt).
Hot ha h enzyme ca ht
Nhit v thi gian: Ty thuc phng php thc hin. m mm
Mc ch: enzyme cho malt.
Hot ha v sinh tng hp h Thy phn mt s c cht Sinh tng hp c quan mi
nh tinh bt, protein. cho ht ( r, mm ). Cc bin i chnh:

Vt l: S ta nhit, s thay i v hnh dng, kch tht, t trng. Ha sinh: Thy phn mt phn tinh bt, protein, tng hp nhiu polymer sinh hc Sinh hc: Hot ha v sinh tng hp enzyme, s h hp, s sinh trng ca mm. Thi gian: T 5-7 ngy. Nhit : 14-160C Sy Mc ch:
mi cho mm.

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Gim m t 43-45% xung cn 3-4% Tng hp mt s cht cn thit. Cc bin i chnh: Tiu dit mm V hot h enzyme thy phn Thi gian: 5-7h Nhit : < 700C Malt vng Thnh phn ha hc ca malt vng % cht kh 70-80 10,5-11,5 2-4 1,5-2 1-2 Mt s ch tiu cht lng ca malt vng
Thnh phn ha hc Carbonhydrat tng Protein Cc cht v c Cht bo Cc cht khc
Mu sc: Vng ti, v ng . Mi: Thm t nhin, khng c mi l, mi mc. m: < 5% ha tan: 74-80% Hot lc: 3500WK
Malt en
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Thnh phn ha hc ca malt en Thnh phn ha hc Tinh bt ng kh Hexose va pentose khng tan Cht bo Cht tro Saccharose Cellulose Protein (Nx 6,25 ) Protein ha tan Pentoza ha tan % cht kh 57 4 9 2,5 2,5 5 6 10 3 1
2.1.2. Hoa houblon Hoa bia (tn khoa hc Humulus, ting Php Houblon, ting Anh Hops) thng c s dng to v ng cho bia k t th k 17. Trong sn xut bia ch s dng hoa ci cha th phn. Hoa houblon l nguyn liu c bn, ng v tr th hai (sau i mch) trong cng ngh sn xut bia. Hoa houblon l loi thc vt lu nin thuc h dy leo, cao trung bnh t 6 -8 m. Ba nm mi thu hoch, vng i 15 nm. Cy Houblon pht trin tt vng Trung u v Bc M, Cy ny c hoa c v hoa ci ring bit. Trong cng ngh sn xut bia ta ch s dng hoa ci v chng chit ra nha ng v cc loi tinh du
Bo co n 1 ch yu to ra cht thm cho bia. Hoa houblon sau khi thu hoch phi c sy kh v bo qun. Nhit sy hoa cao nht l 600C cho ti khi hm lng m ch cn 8 12 %. 2.1.2.1.Thnh phn ha hc v tnh cht cc cu t ca hoa houblon Thnh phn ca hoa houblon v cng quan trng i vi cht lng bia ph thuc vo ging, iu kin kh hu, t ai gieo trng v k thut canh tc nn cc thnh phn ha hc ca hoa c s khc nhau (theo tnh cht % cht kh).
Thnh phn Nc Cht ng Polypenol Porotein Amino acid Cht khong Houblon vin Tinh du thm Monosaccrit Pectin Lipid v sp Xenluloza, lignin v cc cht khc
Hm lng % 10 11 % 15 20 % 25% 15 17 % 0,1 % 58% 0,5 1,5 % 2% 2% 3% 40 50 % Cao houblon
Bo co n 1
Nc Hoa houblon ti mi hi cha khong 75% nc. Sau khi sy nhanh nhit 500C, lng nc cn khong 10 11%. Hoa houblon sy qu kh s d b rng cnh v b mt mt phn ht lupulin. Cc hp cht ng Trong hoa houblon cc cht nha ng c gi tr nht v nm trong cc ht lupulin, trong thc t cha ai tm c cc cht ny trong cc loi hoa khc. Tinh du thm L nhng cht lng trong sut mu vng nht hoc khng mu, c mi rt mnh, d ha tan trong ru etylic nng cao. Cc tinh du hoa houblon c to thnh trong i lupulin v cho houblon hng thm c trng. Tinh du hoa houblon khng phi l n nht m c hn 200 hp cht cha tinh du houblon Polyphenol C cc tinh cht quan trng trong sn xut bia: V gt Kt hp kt ta cc protein phc hp B oxy ha thnh cc hp cht mu nu Chng kt hp vi cc mui st thnh cc hp cht en Lm n nh thnh phn v tng bn keo ca bia thnh phm.
Bo co n 1 Cht bo v sp Cc loi hoa houblon ht cha lng cht bo v cht sp nhiu hn cc houblon khng dng ht. Cc cht sp ng vai tr quan trng trong cng nghip sn xut bia. Hm lng ca n bin ng trong khong 0,5 5% v n chnh l este ca acid bo mch di v cc ru bc cao. Cc nguyn t khong Thnh phn cc nguyn t khong rt phong ph. Cc gc nitrat ng mt vai tr quan trng trong kh nng hnh thnh cc hp cht nitro ha khng bay hi trong qu trnh sn xut bia. Hoa houblon v nc chnh l ngun cung cp nitrat cho dch ng. 2.1.2.2. Ch phm hoa houblon Ngoi hoa houblon nguyn cnh trong cng ngh sn xut bia cn s dng cc ch phm ca houblon nh: Cc ch phm c ch bin bng phng php nghin: Bt humulon: Cnh hoa v lupulin c nghin thnh bt, khng c c, hm lng -acid ng ln n 15%. Lupulin: Ht lupulin nghin, c c hc, hm lng -acid ng ln trn 15% Humulon chit ly: L sn phm c chit ly bng cc dung mi hu c (cao hoa ). Humulon ng phn: L sn phm m trong -acid ng c ng phn ha. nh my bia Vinaken do c trng ca qui trnh cng ngh nn ch yu s dng houblon dng vin v dng cao. Houblon cao: S dng cng on ni un si khi dch nha bt u si ( 980C). Hm lng -acid ng: 30%.
Bo co n 1 Houblon vin: S dng cng on ni un si houblon, trc khi kt thc qu trnh un si khong 15 pht, cho t t hoa vin vo. Hm lng -acid ng: 8% w/w Hm lng -acid: 5,0-7,0% w/w 2.1.3. Nc trong sn xut bia Do thnh phn chnh ca bia l nc (chim t 80 - 90%) nn ngun nc v cc c trng ca n c mt nh hng rt quan trng ti cc c trng ca bia. Nhiu loi bia chu nh hng hoc thm ch c xc nh theo c trng ca nc trong khu vc sn xut bia. Mc d nh hng ca n cng nh l tc ng tng h ca cc loi khong cht ha tan trong nc c s dng trong sn xut bia l kh phc tp, nhng theo quy tc chung th nc cng l ph hp hn cho sn xut cc loi bia sm mu nh bia en, trong khi nc mm l ph hp hn cho sn xut cc loi bia sng mu, chng hn nh bia pilsener ca Cng ha Sc Nc c s dng rng ri trong qu trnh sn xut bia, trong tt c cc khu. Nc chim trong thnh phn bia 80 90%, gp phn hnh thnh nn hng v ca bia, bi vy nc dng trong sn xut bia phi c cht lng tt, p ng c cc ch tiu quan trng. Cht lng nc c quyt nh bi cc ch tiu: pH, hm lng cht rn v cc ch tiu sinh hc cng ca nc c quyt nh bi Ca++, Mg++ c trong nc. Trong qu trnh x l nc phi loi b ion ny ra khi nc. Nc ng tiu chun cho sn xut bia l nc mm, rt mm cng tt.
Bo co n 1 2.1.3.1.Thnh phn ha hc ca nc Thnh phn Cn kh CaO NO2 SO3 Cl ( dng lin kt) SiO2 N2O5 MgO Hm lng ( mg/l) 200 500 80 160 20 40 5 80 10 40 5 16 10 2
2.1.3.2 Yu cu chung ca nc trong sn xut bia Nc phi trong, khng mi v l.

cng t mm n trung bnh thng thng khong 3ppm. PH: 6.2 7.5. Hm lng mui cacbonat: < 50mg/l kim: 30F Fe2+ < 0.5 mg/l Hm lng mui Mg2+ < 100mg/l Hm lng CaSO4 :150 - 200mg/l NH3 v cc mui NO3, NO2: khng c
Hm lng Clorua < 200mg/l

Vi sinh vt: < hiu kh100tb, men mc tp trng 10tb
Bo co n 1 2.1.4. Nm men
Nm men thuc nhm c th n bo, chng phn b rng ri trong thin nhin, c bit chng c nhiu vng t trng nho v cc ni trng hoa qu. Nhiu loi nm men c kh nng ln men ru. T lu ngi ta bit s dng nm men ln men ru, bia. Nm men sinh si nhanh, t bo li cha nhiu vitamin, acid amin khng thay th, hm lng protein chim ti 50% trng lng kh ca t bo, nn nhiu loi nm men cn dng sn xut protein. Nm men dng trong sn xut bia thng l cc chng thuc ging Saccharomyces, chng c kh nng hp th cc cht dinh dng trong mi trng nc mch nha nh cc loi ng ha tan, cc hp cht nit (acid amin, petid), vitamin v cc nguyn t vi lng qua mng t bo. Sau , hng lot cc phn ng sinh ha m c trng l qu trnh trao i cht chuyn ha cc cht ny thnh nhng dng cn thit cho qu trnh pht trin v ln men ca nm men c tin hnh. Nm men chm: Hu ht cc t bo khi quan st th ny chi ng ring l hoc cp i, hnh dng ch yu l hnh cu. Nm men ni: T bo nm men m v con sau ny chi thng dnh lai vi nhau to thnh nhng chui cc t bo nm men c hnh dng ch yu hnh cu hoc ovan vi kch tht 7-10 m . Yu cu cht lng ca nm men:
Bo co n 1 T l men cht di 5% T bo to khe, hnh dng c trng, nm men phi thun chng, lng t bo sinh trng ny nhiu chi, men ging khng nhim vi sinh vt. Nm men khi a vo dch ng ln men phi c t 10-20 triu t bo/ml dch ging. Nm men c kh nng chuyn ha tt cc ng n, i, petid, acid amin,gii phng ra CO2, ru etylic v nhit. 2.1.5. Mt s ph gia Cht ph gia l cht c s dng lm nguyn liu ph tng gi tr cm quan cht lng ca bia, to iu kin ti thch cho cc enzim hot ng. Caramel: Tng mu cho bia, gi cho bia c mu bn. Caramel cho vo dch nha khi un si. CaCl2: iu chnh pH, gip qu trnh kt lng ca men tt, m bo tnh cht n nh ca mi v bia tt. Acid lactic: u tin nht iu chnh pH gim cng ca nc, to mi trng thch hp cc enzyme hot ng to v cho bia. Acid ascorbic hay (vicant): Bo qun chng oxy ha, c ch vi sinh vt lm bin cht ca bia. Acid sunfuric 10%: Cho vo khi h ha go. H2SO4 cho vo b sung H+ iu chnh pH, xc tc qu trnh h ha, b sung gc SO4 to v cho bia, nu cho qu nhiu th bia thnh phm c v kh. ZnCl2: Cho vo sau khi kt thc qu trnh un si dch nha lm cho nm men khe v pht trin mnh trong qu trnh ln men chnh, ln men ph, tng sinh khi ln men.
Bo co n 1 Collupulin: Chng oxy ha protein. Cht tr lc :Diatomit, peclit, radiolite 700 2.1.6. Nguyn liu thay th Ngi ta s dng nguyn liu thay th l tinh bt vi nhiu mc ch: h gi thnh bia, tng cng bn keo, nhng cht cha nit v polyphenol trong phn ln cc nguyn liu tinh bt thng khng nhiu nhng lm tng tnh bn keo. Sn xut cc loi bia nh hn, sng mu hn bia sn xut hon ton bng malt. Khong 90% lng bia sn xut trn th gii c lm t malt v nguyn liu thay th l tinh bt. Thng l: Tiu mch, go, ng, khoai, sn Tiu mch Hnh dng v cu trc gn ging vi i mch nhng tiu mch khng c lp v tru. Ht tiu mch cha khong 60-65% tinh bt tnh theo cht kh, 2,53%saccharoza, 2% glucoza v maltoza, 12-13% protein, 1,5-2% cht bo, 2,5-3% xelluloza, 1,5-2% cht khong v 10-11% cc hp cht khng cha nit. Go v thc t V kh nng thay th i mch trong sn xut bia th go c dng nhiu nht. Trong thnh phn cht kh ca go th tinh bt chim n 75%, protein 8%, cht bo 1-1,5%, xenlluloza 0,5-0,8%, cht khong 1-1,2%. Ngoi ra c th s dng thc sau khi m mm sn xut bia. Ng Phi ng chim 10-11% khi lng ht. Trong thnh phn ca phi c 33-35% cht bo, 20% protein, 7,5% ng v tro, 4% celluloza v 5% tinh bt.
Bo co n 1 Protein ca ng thuc nhm prolamin v glutelin, trong qu trnh ng ha chng rt kh ha tan, v vy hiu sut thy phn rt thp, phn ln b thi ra ngoi theo b malt..
Bo co n 1
CHNG 3 : CNG NGH SN XUT BIA VNG

3.1 Quy trnh
Malt Nghin Nc Ha malt m ha B Ha bt Dch cho Nc 78oC Houblon Go Nghin
Nu dch nha
Lc tch b Houblon ha Lng cn Lm lnh nhanh Ln men chnh 8oC-10oC Ln men ph 0oC Lc bia
Cn
Nm men
O2 tinh khit
Thu hi nm men
Thu hi CO2
X l CO2
X l nm men
Ti s dng nm men Cn
Bo ha CO2
Chit chai
CO2 tinh khit Thanh trng
Dn nhn Bia thnh phm
Bo co n 1 3.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh 3.2.1 Kim tra nguyn liu 3.2.1. 1 Mc ch m bo nguyn liu a vo sn xut c cht lng tt, khng nh hng xu n cht lng bia thnh phm. 3.2.1.2 Yu cu nguyn liu a vo sn xut Malt i mch
sch: Khng ln nhiu tp cht, ht khng b v. Lng ht v ti a 0.5%, lng ht bnh ti a 1%. Yu cu k thut m < 4.5% Thi gian ng ha < 15 pht. ha tan 79 83% cht kh . pH dch nha 5.6 6.0. chua 0.5 0.8. Go Phi sch, tp cht khng qu 2%, c mu sc ng u, khng c ht mc su mt, khng c mi hi. Dung trng 660 700g/l. m 12 14%. ha tan 75 85%.
3.2.2 Nghin nguyn liu 3.2.2.1. Mc ch
Malt v go c nghin nh nhm mc ch ph v cu trc ht tinh bt lm tng b mt tip xc gia nguyn liu v nc to iu kin cho qu trnh ht nc
Bo co n 1 trng n ht tinh bt thc y qu trnh h ha, ng ha v qu trnh thy phn khc din ra nhanh v trit hn. 3.2.2.2 Yu cu ca nguyn liu sau khi nghin i vi malt
V tru cng nguyn vn cng tt. Phn ni nh sau khi nghin phi t yu cu sau: Ht mnh ln (20%), ht mnh nh (20%), ht to thnh bt (60%). Cc thnh phn thu c t t l: V 15-18%, tm th 18-22%, tm mn 3035%, bt 25-35%. i vi go Go sau khi nghin ht cng nh mn cng tt. Cc thnh phn thu c t t l: Bt kh 20-30%, bt mn 70-80% Tin hnh nghin Qu trnh nghin c thc hin bng phng php nghin kh trong thit b nghin ba i vi go v nghin malt bng my nghin hai i trc.
My nghin hai i trc
My nghin hai i trc GVHD: Ths. Nguyn Hu Quyn Trang 27
Bo co n 1 Cu to
1 2 3
Ch thch
4 7 5 6
Trc nhp liu Malt vo i trc nghin th Sng rung i trc nghin mn Ca tho liu Thn my
Hnh : Cu to my nghin 2 trc i Thit b gm c hai cp trc rul v mt sng. Trc nghin c ng knh 200300mm, tc quay ca mi trc l 250-300 vng/pht. Khe h gia hai trc 0 - 2.5mm, mc nghin c xc nh bng cch iu chnh kch thc ca khe h ny. Nguyn l hot ng Malt t trc cp liu xung i trc nghin th nht (3) ti y bt c nghin thnh dng tm th. Thnh phn hn hp thu c sau khi nghin ln mt gm: V 30%, tm th 50%, bt mn 20%. Hn hp bt nghin ny c phn loi bng sng rung (4). Phn bt mn lt qua l sng (4) i ra ngoi theo (6). Nhng ht to v v khng lt qua l sng tip tc c nghin i trc th hai (5). Sau khi nghin ln hai thnh phn bt nghin nh sau: V 20%, tm th 50%, bt mn 30%.
Bo co n 1 My nghin ba
Cc nh my bia thng s dng thit b l my nghin ba tin hnh nghin go, v y go c nghin cng mn cng tt.
Hnh: My nghin ba
Ch thch Phu cha nguyn liu Trc phn phi nguyn liu Mng trt Roto Sng Khng kh vo Ht vo b phn nghin Ba Bt nghin ra Sng chng rung Hnh : Cu to my nghin ba GVHD: Ths. Nguyn Hu Quyn Trang 29
Bo co n 1 Cu to Thit b gm c my vng chc, bn trong c trc rto, ba nghin v li sng. Trc rto c thit k chu c va chm mnh v c nng vng chc trn my, c th quay vi tc 1500 vng/pht. Cc ba v sng c th thay th c khi mn. Ngay ca nguyn liu vo c lp nam chm loi b cc tp vt kim loi khi a nguyn liu vo nghin. Nguyn l hot ng Khi my hot ng, trc phn phi nguyn liu a go vo bung nghin. Cc ba quay xung quanh trc rto vi vn tc 60-100 vng/pht, do vy m ht b p nh ra, y cc qut thng gi thi mnh. Ht c nghin thnh bt mn sao cho cc ht bt chui qua l sng vo u dc theo chiu di ca trc quay. Theo thi gian chiu quay ca trc c th o ngc t ng trnh b mn mt bn.
Bo co n 1
3.2.3 Nu dch nha
Malt
Go
Nghin, xay
Nghin, xay Malt lt ln 1
Ha malt
Ha bt
m ha 520C/10p
Thy phn 720C/20p
H ha 850C/15p Malt lt ln 2
Thy phn 720C/20p
Nu chn 1000C/15p ng ha 650C/40p, 750C/30p, 760C
Lc tch b
B Nc ra b
Ra b
un si dch ng Lng, lm lnh nhanh
Dng trong chn nui
Bo co n 1 S quy trnh nu dch nha
Bo co n 1
3.2.3.1 Ha malt ha bt Nghin kh nguyn liu sau ha trn vi nc v khuy u (bng thit b phi trn c cnh khuy). 3.2.3.1.1 Mc ch y l qu trnh ha trn mt cch chnh xc bt (malt nghin v nguyn liu thay th) vi nc nu theo mt t l nht nh. Mc ch chnh ca qu trnh ny l ha tan ht cht ng minerals cng nh mt s protein quan trng phc v cho qu trnh ln men ra khi nhng thnh phn khng tan nh v tru, cht s. 3.2.3.1.2 Yu cu Qu trnh ha trn c tin hnh cn m bo Khng bt vn cuc. Lng nc phi va . Trnh s tn tht do bt bay ra .
Trnh s xm nhp ca O2 vo bt malt.

3
3.2.3.1.3 Thit b ha trn Ch thch: Bng iu khin Phu np liu Bm Cnh khuy V ni Ct o th tch ng dn nc vo ni Chn thit b V1, V2: Van
2 V 7
5 4
V
2
Bo co n 1 Cu to L mt thit b ch to bng inox c dng hnh tr, y cn. Thn ni c bo n bng cc dng c cch nhit. Cnh khuy ng c v hp gim tc c lp t pha di thit b. Xung quanh thit b lp t h thng ng ng dn nc nng, nc lnh v cc cng c o lng. Trn ni c phu np liu. Nguyn l hot ng Trc khi a bt vo cc ni ha trn tin hnh bt cng tc tng ri bt cnh khuy v tip l bm nc. Bt nghin chy t trn xung gp nc c nhit theo ng yu cu phun t di ln, nh th trnh c s vn cc. i vi ni malt: Bt malt v nc c phi trn theo t l thch hp, c khuy u trong ni phi trn. Tip theo, cho vo mt lng CaCl2 vo nhm to pH m xc tin qu trnh lng lc ng thi to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh ln men v sau. Sau khi khi dch c trn u bng cnh khuy tin hnh bm dch qua ni ng ha. i vi ni go: Trong ni go ngoi nc ra tip tc b sung vo malt lt vo lm long dch trnh hin tng chy ni. Bt go sau khi c phi trn xong tin hnh bm qua ni h ha.
Bo co n 1
Nhit
100
85oC 2 72 C 2 15 20 20
o
1000C 2 15
Hi cho
76oC Lc 75 C 2 65oC 2 30 40
o
72oC 2
50
52oC 2 10
Th iod
Ni go Ni malt 200 0 Thi gian
50
100
150
Hnh : Gin thy phn 3.2.3.2 H ha-dch ha nguyn liu 3.2.3.2.1 Mc ch Nguyn liu thay th l go qua giai on h ha v dch ha chuyn tinh bt t dng khng ha tan v dng ha tan nhm to iu kin thun li cho enzyme hot ng phn ct cc hp cht cao phn t thnh cc hp cht thp phn t. 3.3.2.2. Yu cu Sau khi h ha ht go phi c h ha trit . Sau khi dch ha nht ca khi dch phi nh.
Bo co n 1
3.2.3.2.3 Thit b h ha
Cu to
Ch thch 1 Ni tip nguyn liu malt hoc gao 2 Qua cu CIP 3 Canh khuy (quay thun va quay ngc u c) 4 ng cp malt lot 5 ng cp hi va ng xa nc ngng
6 ng cp nc nong hoc nc 260C
Nguyn l hot ng Ni go c khi ng trc ni malt v tinh bt c h ha v dch ha trc ng ha s tt hn. Trong qu trnh h ha cn cho thm lng malt lt vo cung cp enzyme gip qu trnh h ha tinh bt d dng hn malt lt c cho vo hai ln khc nhau, ng thi cho vo ni nu go mt lng khong 165 ml H2SO4.10% iu chnh pH v xc tc cho qu trnh h ha. Sau khi v sinh thit b xong bt cnh khuy, sau bt bm tin hnh bm go t ni phi trn sang ni h ha. M van x nc ngng y ni v m van cp nhit. Nng nhit ca ni cho ln 720C trong thi gian 5 pht, gi nhit ny trong thi gian 20 pht. nhit ny to iu kin thun li cho enzyme -amylaza hot ng phn ct s b tinh bt thnh cc dextrin c mch ngn hn, n tc ng ln mch amylase v amylopectin b gy cc mi lin kt 1,4 glucozide to ra cc sn phm ch yu l dextrin v mt s glucoza v maltoza.
Bo co n 1 Tip tc nng nhit ca khi dch ln 850C trong 20 pht v gi nhit ny trong 15 pht nhm tng kh nng ph hy tinh bt. y l nhit h ha, cc ht tinh bt c sc cng b mt cc i v cc lin kt glucoside d dng b ph v lc ny ni go t nht ln nht. V lc ny enzyme amylaza cng b v hot. Sau h nhit ca ni cho xung 720C trong 5 pht bng cch b sung nc vo. B sung lng malt lt cn li v gi nhit ny trong thi gian 20 pht. Ti nhit ny amylaza hot ng v tip tc qu trnh thu phn tinh bt su sc, to ra cc sn phm phn ln l dextrin c phn t lng khong 7- 12 gc glucoza. V mt t maltoza v glucoza. Tip nng nhit ln 1000C trong 25 pht v gi nhit ny trong thi gian 15 pht. iu kin ny cc enzyme hon ton b c ch hon ton, cu trc tinh bt b ph v, cc amylopectin trong tinh bt tan vo dung dch trit hn v nhit ha tan tt nht ca chng trong nc l 950C. 3.2.3.3 m ha - ng ha 3.2.3.3.1 Mc ch Chuyn c cng nhiu cc hp cht khng tan sang dng ha tan cng tt tc l to c cng nhiu cht chit v cht lng dch ng cng cao cng tt. Phn ln cht chit c to ra nh cc phn ng enzyme, cc enzyme hot ng mnh ti cc nhit thch hp. Bi vy qu trnh ng ha c thc hin ti nhng im nhit ph hp cho hot ng ca cc enzyme. 3.2.3.3.2 Yu cu Nhit ca dch nu thch hp cho amylaza hot ng : 72-750C ( v hot 800C). pH thch hp cho amylaza hot ng : 5,6-5,8.
Bo co n 1 Nhit ca dch nu thch hp cho amylaza hot ng 60-650C (v hot 700C). pH thch hp cho amylaza hot ng 5,4-5,5. Thi gian kt thc ng ha: Khi dch khng lm mt mu thuc th iode. 3.2.3.3.3 Thit b ng ha
Cu to V cu to 2 thit b h ha v ng ha ging nhau, nhng thit b h ha nh hn v lng dch cn h ha hay un si t hn lng dch hm.
Bo co n 1 Thit b hnh tr y bng, lm bng thp crom-niken h s truyn nhit kh thp, cho nn nhng phn cn truyn nhit thng c lm bng thp en truyn nhit tt hn v ph mt lp crom-niken mng pha trn, c trang b h thng cp hi gia nhit, thn ni c bo n bng vt liu cch nhit. H thng chuyn ng v cnh khuy c t pha di (trnh du m chy vo ni), c ca quan st, n chiu sng, ng cp nc nng, lnh. Cnh khuy hot ng 10-15 v/p, p sut hi trn ng ng c p lc 45kg/cm2, cn p sut hi gia hai lp v ca o hi thng l 2-3kg/cm2. Nguyn l hot ng
m ha
Khi qu trnh h ha ni go ang gi nhit 720C th tin hnh phi trn bt malt vi nc theo t l quy nh, ri a vo ni nu, nhit phi trn ban u l 400C. ng thi b sung CaCl2 vo ni malt lm tng kh nng chu nhit ca enzyme v iu chnh pH. T 400C nng nhit ln 520C trong 15 pht v nhit ny thch hp cho proteaza hot ng, qu trnh thy phn ny rt quan trng trong cng ngh sn xut bia. Mc d protid v cc sn phm thy phn ca chng chim mt lng rt t trong cht ha tan ca dch ng nhng chng li trc tip tham gia vo s hnh thnh cht lng bia. Sn phm ca qu trnh m ha ch yu l cc hp cht phn t thp nh peptide, acid amin do nhm enzyme protease c trong malt thy phn protein. Nhng sn phm ny cung cp cht dinh dng cho nm men, tham gia vo qu trnh to bt, to melanoid, nh hng n bn ca bt v hon thin bia. Nu c nhu cu to nhiu sn phm trung gian nh albumose v pepton th qu trnh m ha nn thc hin nhit 56-600C. ng ha
Bo co n 1 Khi qu trnh m ha kt thc tin hnh bm dch cho h ha ni go sang ni malt thc hin qu trnh hi cho. Nhit ca qu trnh hi cho l 650C gi trong 40 pht. y l nhit m enzyme amylase hot ng mnh nht tc ng ln mch amylazase v amylopectin n phn ct lin kt cc mch t u khng kh ( ct hai gc gluco lin tip ) to ra maltoza v dextrin bc thp. Tip tc nng nhit ln 750C trong 35 pht gi trong 25 pht. Ti nhit ny enzyme amylase tip tc qu trnh thy phn tinh bt cn st li to cc dextrin, matoza. kim tra xem qu trnh ng ha kt thc hay cha ta tin hnh ly mu, lm ngui th iode nu thy iode b chuyn mu xanh th c 5 pht th 1 ln n khi qu trnh ng ha kt thc. Kt thc qu trnh ng ha khi dch khng lm mt mu iode ri chuyn dch i lc. Tip tc nng nhit ln 760C lm gim nht to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh lc. 3.2.3.3.4 Cc bin i chnh trong qu trnh ng ha Vt l: S thay i v cu trc cc ht tinh bt, c s h ha tinh bt. S ha tan cc cht cht v cht ng trong v tru: Gy nh hng n cht lng ca dch ng v bia, to cho bia c v l kh chu. hn ch s ha tan ny ta phi s dng nc mm ng ha nguyn liu v tng cng chua cho dch cho bng cch b sung acid lactic hoc CaSO4. S thay i v cu trc pha ca hn hp: T lng rn thnh dung dch st. Ha hc (s to thnh melanoid): Trong cho malt hoc dch ng ha c cha mt lng ng kh ln v mt lng acid amin ng k. Khi nhit tng cao n mt gii hn nht nh, cc hp cht
Bo co n 1 trn s tc dng tng h vi nhau to thnh melanoid, ng thi trong thi gian un si cho malt s xy ra hin tng thy phn tng pentosan cho ra furfurol v oxy methylfurfurol. Nhng cht ny cng s tham gia vo qu trnh to melanoid. Lng melanoid ny ng vai tr quan trng trong vic to mu, mi, v v kh nng to bt ca bia. Nu melanoid qu nhiu s gy nh hng n mu v v ca bia, do cn phi iu chnh thi gian un si cho malt cho lng melanoid khng vt qu gii hn cho php. Ha l: C s chuyn pha ca cc cht c phn t lng thp trong pha rn chuyn vo pha lng. S bay hi nc. S kt lng v bin tnh protein: iu kin nhit cao ca qu trnh nu, protein c kh nng b bin tnh nn s kt lng v loi ra khi dung dch ng. y l qu trnh c li cho cng ngh sn xut bia v lm tng bn keo ca bia, lm gim kh nng gy c cho bia. S bin tnh v kt lng protein c nh hng hai mt: Mt li: Loi b c cc mch polypeptide c kh nng kt ta m khng th thy phn c na, gip tng bn keo ca bia. Mt bt li: Nhng polypeptide m cha kp b phn ct to thnh acid amin bin tnh v kt lng gy hao ph protein. V trong cng ngh sn xut bia cn tng bn keo cho bia nn s kt lng v bin tnh protein cng nhiu cng tt. Ha sinh: Thy phn tinh bt bi enzyme
Bo co n 1 Qu trnh thy phn tinh bt nh enzyme bt u t giai on m mm, sang giai on ng ha do nhit thch hp qu trnh thy phn xy ra vi cng ln, lm thy phn han ton tinh bt ca malt. S thy phn tinh bt trong khi tc ng l do tc ng ca h enzyme amylase gm amylase, amylase v amilophosphatase. S thy phn tinh bt c th tm tt: Tinh bt dextrin maltose Cc phn ng thy phn bi enzyme bin cc hp cht cao phn t thnh cc cht phn t lng thp hn: Phn ct amylose, amylopectin v dextrin bc cao thnh ng n gin, dextrin bc thp d ha tan no nc. Qu trnh thy phn tinh bt trong malt din ra theo ba giai on: H ha, dch ha v ng ha. Tinh bt
amylase, amylase
maltose + dextrin + ng n
S thy phn glucan bng enzyme 1,4 glucanase toopt = 37 45oC pHopt = 4.7 4.8 S thy phn mt s hp cht hu c ca acid photphoric (phytate) to sn phm H3PO4, to thnh mt dng m phosphate gip n nh pH ca dch nha. Nhit ti thch ca amylase trong qu trnh ng ha l 70 75oC, amylase th hin tnh hot ng mnh nht 60 65oC, cn amylophosphatase 70oC. Tuy nhin, nhit ny cn ph thuc vo pH ca mi trng ng ha. Thy phn protein S phn gii protein do tc ng ca enzyme protease s din ra theo trnh t sau: Protein albumose polypeptide peptone v acid amin
Bo co n 1 Sn phm thy phn protein ch chim mt hm lng nh trong cht ha tan (khong 5 6%), nhng kh quan trng trong qu trnh cng ngh trc tip tham vo s hnh thnh cht lng ca bia. Trc ht, cc sn phm thy phn ca protein c phn t lng thp (nh peptide hoc acid amin) s l ngun cung cp nit ch yu cho nm men, cc sn phm c phn t lng trung bnh (nh albumose, peptone, polypeptide) s tham gia vo vic to v, bt v gip cho bia c kh nng gi bn bt. Tuy nhin, nhng sn phm c phn t lng cao thng l nguyn nhn dn n hin tng c bia. Mt phn ca nit ha tan sau khi ng ha hoc cc qu trnh cng ngh v sau nh un si vi bia, lm ngui, s b kt ta v thi b phn khc cn li trong dung dch ng trng thi ha tan sau khi un si nhit cao. y chnh l phn protein ha tan bn vng nht, mt phn khc sau nhng qu trnh ny li b kt ta. Xc tc cho s thy phn cc protein l hai thnh phn ch yu ca protease: Proteinase v peptidase.
-
Proteinase: Thy phn cc protein n albumose v polypeptide, vng
nhit ti thch iu kin m ha l 50 60oC. nhit 50oC s to nn nhiu sn phm bc thp hn nh pepton, polypeptide (nhit pepton ha). Nhit 60oC thch hp cho s hnh thnh cc sn phm bc trung ha tan v thng dng albumose, pHopt = 4.6- 5.0.
-
Peptidase: S thy phn peptide n acid amin, v enzyme ny km chu
nhit nn trong khi sy malt hu ht chng b ph hy, iu kin ng ha t opt = 45 48oC, pHopt = 7.5 8.0. Nu yu cu k thut cn nhiu sn phm thy phn protein bc thp, th ta cn phi tin hnh nhng khong thi gian dng to = 48 50oC. Nu yu cu k thut cn nhiu albumose th khong dng tin hnh toC = 58 60oC, khi bia s snh hn, kh
Bo co n 1 nng to bt tt hn, nhng do mt s protein bc cao i theo nn thng gy c keo cho bia (do chng d thay i khi iu kin k thut thay i dn n kt ta).
Sinh hc:
Tiu dit mt s vi sinh vt c trong nguyn liu. 3.2.3.3.5 Cc yu t nh hng trong qu trnh ng ha S hot ha v tham gia phn ct cc hp cht hu c cao phn t trong malt hon ton ph thuc vo s lng v cht lng ca cc h enzym c trong malt. Hot ng ca h enzym lun chu nh hng ca cc yu t khch quan.
Nhit :
Mi enzyme u c mt nhit ti u ring, tc l nhit enzyme th hin hot tnh mnh nht. Thng thng, trong qu trnh ng ha, nhit ti u ca cc enzyme khng trng vi nhit mi trng. Do vy, vic iu chnh v thay i nhit khi ng ha l bin php quan trng v hu hiu nht gip ta iu khin qu trnh thy phn bi cc enzyme. Trong quy trnh cng ngh, ta cn thit lp ch nhit thch hp cho qu trnh ng ha. Tc l thch hp cho mt s h thng enzym quan trng t hiu sut v cht lng dch ng ha nh yu cu. Mun c nh vy ta cn lu n nhng im dng cn thit cho cc qu trnh thy phn c su xa, nhm to c nhiu cht ha tan m yu cu k thut i hi.
pH ca mi trng ng ha:
pH ca mi trng (dao ng t 6 7) thng cao hn pH ti u ca cc h thng enzym (thng l 5,3 5,6). acid ca mi trng thp thng lm chm qu trnh hot ha ca cc enzym, lm gim hiu sut cht ha tan, dch ng b c v kh lc lm cho sn phm bia c mu sm v v ng kh chu. V th ta phi iu chnh pH
Bo co n 1 bng phng php nhn to, nh dng nc mm nu hoc axit ha mi trng bng axit lactic. Tuy nhin nu cht lng nc tt, malt tt th khng cn hiu chnh pH.
Nng ca dch ng ha:
Trong mt gii hn nht nh, nu dch ng cao qu s km hm cc qu trnh enzyme (tr enzyme protease). Nu nng 16% th cc qu trnh enzyme s b nh tr, nht l enzyme - amlylase. Trong sn xut, nng ca dch ng thng c iu chnh nh s thay i khi lng nc trn vi bt malt.
Cc yu t khc:
Bn cht ca nc cng ngh dng trong qu trnh ng ha, chng loi, hot tnh v hm lng ch phm enzyme s dng, cu trc, kch thc ca ht nguyn liu, cng khuy trn, thi gian ng ha.
Bo co n 1 3.2.4 Lc tch b 3.2.4.1 Mc ch Qu trnh ng ha to ra dch ng giu cc cht cha nit d ng ha. Mc ch ca vic lc l tch dch ng vi v v nhng thnh phn ni nh khng ha tan ca ht. Ngoi ra ngi ta mong mun gi li cng vi b nhng cht khng mong mun nh kim loi nng, tanin, lipit 3.2.4.2 Yu cu Qu trnh lc phi din ra 2 giai on : Giai oan 1 : Lc dch ng Dch sau lc phi t nng yu cu t 16-20% Giai on 2 : Ra b bng nc nng 78-800C Lng nc ra b va hn hp dch lc v nc ra b c ng 9,5 10%. Hm lng ng st li trong b l 0,3 - 0,5% Nhit dch lc phi thch hp, qu cao s lm bt hot enzyme, qu thp s lm tng nht kh lc. Dng nc cng ra b v v malt c tanin m tanin tan nhiu trong nc mm s lm cho bia b ng. Dch lc phi trong, tn dng c cc cht trch ly trong b. 3.2.4 Thit b lc .3
Bo co n 1
Ch thch: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Ca n Cip Vi phun nc ra Lp bo n Ca x b Trc cnh khuy Cnh khuy, dao co b V tr dao thp khi co b khuy 16. 17. Thng cha b thit b. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Cc ng thu dch ng ng ng thu dch lc Bm Thng cha dch lc ng cp dch Mtor, trc nng, h cnh
Cu to L thit b c dng hnh tr lm bng thp inox, y bng c 2 loi y: y tht v y gi. y gi lm bng ng di khong 3,5-4,5 mm cch y tht khong 10-12 cm, bao gm nhiu mnh kim loi c l mt sng c ghp tht kht v cht vo nhau hnh thnh mt lp y c cc rnh t 20-30mm v rng t 0,4-0,7mm, y chnh c
Bo co n 1 cc ng tho dch ng, mi ng c kha ring iu chnh vn tc lc v c mt l h trn tho b. Trong thng lc c cnh khuy nh chic bn co. Cnh khuy c tc dng lm xp lp b v co cho b ra ngoi, b phn ny gn vi trc xoay thng ng, b phn khuy gm nhiu dao c hnh zichzac, trn tay hai n ca cnh khuy l hai ng dn nc c c nhiu l con tao nn vi nc hoa sen. Khi cnh khuy quay cc ng dn nc quay theo, vi ny dng khi ra b, trc quay vi tc -1/3 v/p trc con cn iu chnh cc li dao cp thp s dng ty giai on trong qu trnh lc. Trn np thng lc c ng thot hi, ca quan st, n chiu sng v xung quanh thng lc c o cch nhit cho dch ng. Nguyn l hot ng Qu trnh lc c tin hnh qua 2 giai on: Tch lc dch trong (cha cc cht ha tan ca malt) khi b malt. Dng nc nng 78-800C thu hi nhng phn t ha tan ch yu cn bm phn b malt. Trc khi lc ta tin hnh bm nc c nhit t 78-800C vo di y sao cho chiu cao nc cch sn l 1-1,5 cm. Nc vo t di chim y cc ng dn v khong khng gian gia y chnh v li y khng kh ra ngoi. S c mt ca khng kh trong ng ng gy kh khn cho qu trnh lc. Sau khi giai on ng ha kt thc dch ng c bm qua thng lc, va bm dch ng ng thi bt h thng cnh khuy co v o trn lp b lc phn b u trong thng. Sau ngng cnh khuy v lng 20-30 pht, ta m van dn dch xung bnh trung gian. Lc u dch vn cn c c hi lu v thng lc sau kha van hi lu, khi dch trong m van dn dch v bm dch lc sang ni houblon. Sau khi lc ht dch tin hnh ra b. M van y v x cp ra b bm nc nng nhit 78-800C vo thng lc theo ng cp nc, bt h thng dao co hot
Bo co n 1 ng khong 10 pht, ngng h thng dao co lng ra nh dch ban u. nhit ny hn ch c s xm nhp ca vi sinh vt. 3.2.5 un si dch ng vi houblon ha 3.2.5.1 Mc ch Trch ly cht ng, tinh du thm, polyphenol, cc hp cht cha nit v cc thnh phn khc trong houblon vo trong dch ng bia c v ng v hng thm t trng ca hoa houblon. un si dch ng vi hoa houblon nhit cao cn lm mt hot lc ca cc enzyme, lm ng t protein do s kt hp gia polyphenol v protein, thanh trng nc nha do kh nng khng khun cao ca houblon v un si trong thi gian di, ng thi c t nc nha n nng thch hp v n nh thnh phn nc nha. To mu cho dch ng nh phn ng Melanoidin xy ra gia acid amin v ng kh. 3.2.5.2 Yu cu
1
Qu trnh un hoa houblon vi dch ng ko di khong 90 pht. Ni dch nha lun lun c gi si, nhit2 t 100 103oC v pH 5.4 5.6.
4 3 1 3 8 V 5 6 7
1 3.6.7. Thit b houblon ha
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Bo co n 1
Ch thch: 1. ng thng hi 2. n quang st 3. Ca quang st 4. ng nc ngng 5. Lp bo n 6. Trc gip dch ng si 7. Lp v Cu to
8. ng dn dch lc vo 9. ng h p sut 10. Van cp hi nng 11. Chn thit b 12. Bm 13. Ct o th tch V1, V2, V4: Van dn dch lc V3:Van dn ha cht v sinh
c ch to bng thp inox, c thn hnh tr y cn, np ni hnh bn cu tm c ng thot hi, gn c trn vai ni c ca m. Trn c mt on ngn pha trong ng thot hi c b phn ngng hi v c gn ng ng dn ra khi ni. B phn o hi c trang b kiu hai mnh, pha di y ni c gn thit b dng thn hnh tr chp nn gip cho dch ng khi un si u v khng b tro ra ngoi. Ngoi ra cn c
Bo co n 1 van cp hi nhit k, ng h o p sut, c ng ng dn dch lc vo v c van y tho dch ra. Nguyn l hot ng Sau khi dch ng c bm t ni lc qua thit b un hoa, nng nhit ca dch ng ln 70-750C cho amylase kp thy phn ht tinh bt cn st li n khi kt thc ra b th dch ng ni un hoa cng va si, khi dch ng si ta phi tng cng hi sao cho khi lng dch ng si nhit mnh nht, m bo tc bay hi trong qu trnh un si l 8,5-10%. Khi dch bt u si c 5 pht ta cho cao hoa houblon 30% cn un si mnh trong thi gian di cc hp cht ng c th ha tan vo dung dch tt v protein keo t tt hn. Tip tc un si thm 20 pht cho houblon vin 10% vo ch yu to v ng, un si thm 40 pht na ri cho houblon vin 5% vo ch yu la to mi, thm vo 1 lng khong 200-250g ZnCl2 tng bn vng lm bn enzyme amylase c li cho qu trnh ln men. Gi 10 pht ri kt thc qu trnh houblon ha. V hoa vin 5% cha nhiu tinh du thm rt d b bay hi nhit cao, thi gian di nn ta cho vo cui cng. 3.2.6.4 Cc bin i xy ra trong qu trnh houblon ha
Vt l:
S tng nhit ca dch nha t 78oC ln 100oC dn n mt h qu l nng cht kh trong dch ng houblon ha tng ln do c mt lng nc b bc hi nhit cao (10-15%), do th tch ca dch ng cng gim v c s thay i v t trng. nht dch ng cng gim.
Ha l:
S trch ly cc cu t hoa houblon: Cc cht ha tan ca cc thnh phn trong hoa houblon c trch ly vo trong dch ng nu: Cc acid ng vn khng tan trong nc, song trong qu trnh houblon ha, chng b ng phn ha to thnh cc hp cht tan tt hn rt nhiu v c ng hn nhiu. Thng thng, ch 1/3 hm lng acid
Bo co n 1 ng b ng phn ha to cho bia thnh phm v ng v hng thm du t cc ch phm hoa houblon. S hnh thnh h keo: Polyphenol, cht ng v cc hp cht cha nit trong hoa houblon l nhng cht c tc dng lm gim sc cng b mt, v th chng c kh nng gi li cc bt kh CO2 trn b mt v gp phn to bt cho bia, tng gi tr cm quan. Polyphenol ca hoa houblon khi ha tan vo dch ng nhit cao s tc dng vi cc protein to thnh cc phc cht dng mng nhy. Cc phc cht ny rt d kt lng v ko theo cc cn nh trong dch ng kt lng theo, do tng bn keo v n nh cc thnh phn ca dch ng. S bin tnh ca mt s protein: Di tc dng ca nhit cao, mt s protein b bin tnh v kt ta. S bc hi ca nc v cc hp cht hu c d bay hi (tinh du, acid hu c).
Ha hc:
Phn ng ng phn ha cc acid ng: Trong qu trnh houblon ha c xy ra cc phn ng ng phn ha cc thnh phn acid ng v lm cho chng tan tt hn trong dch ng. Cc phn ng thy phn cc cht ng: To ra cc sn phm thp phn t nh acid acetic, isobutandehyde v cc acid ng. Cc acid ng tuy c phn t lng thp hn nhng c ng nhiu hn cc hp cht ban u. Phn ng Maillard: Xy ra gia cc ng kh v cc nhm amin to ra sn phm melanoid lm tng mu ca dch ng v bia thnh phm. S gim nh pH ca dch ng: t 5.4 5.5 v 5.2 do nc bay hi v s trch ly acid ng t houblon.
Ha Sinh:
Trong thi gian un si dch ng, iu kin nhit cao (1000C) vi thi gian un ko di (1,5 2h), ton b h thng enzyme thy phn trong nguyn liu s b
Bo co n 1 ph hy, chm dt vai tr cng ngh ca chng. Hn na trong iu kin nh vy nu trong dch ng c mt mt s vi sinh vt khng mong mun th hu nh chng cng b v hiu ha, ngha l dch ng c v trng.
Sinh hc:
Hu nh cc vi sinh vt u b tiu dit. Trc khi ln men, khng c bt k qu trnh thanh trng hay tit trng no l do trong qu trnh nu v un si vi hoa houblon, nhit ca qu trnh tiu dit hu ht cc vi sinh vt tp nhim.
Cm quan:
Xy ra cc bin i v mu, mi, v ca dch ng, tng bn bt v bn keo, gp phn tng hng v v gi tr cm quan ca bia thnh phm. Sau khi un si vi hoa, cng mu ca dch tng ln do 3 nguyn nhn sau: s to thnh mt lng ng k melanoid trong thi gian un hoa, s oxy ha cc hp cht polyphenol v do cc cht mu trong hoa houbon ha tan vo dch ng. S gia tng cng mu ph thuc vo thi gian un si, nng cht ha tan ca dch ng, lng houblon s dng, mc tip xc vi oxy, pH. 3.2.6.5 Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh houblon ha
pH:
pH gim th kh nng ha tan ca cht ng gim v ngc li. Khi pH kim th kh nng ha tan ca cht ng tng, hiu sut qu trnh cao.
Nhit :
Nhit un si l 100 - 103oC. Nu nhit tng kh nng ha tan ca cht ng tng v ngc li
Thi gian un si:
Thi gian un si ca qu trnh l 120 pht. Trong 10 - 15 pht u tin 80% lng cht ng ca dch ng c ha tan.
Bo co n 1 Thi gian un nu ko di th mc ng phn ha trit hn. Tuy nhin, khi cht ng trong bia s tng ln do cc ng phn acid ng tng. Xy ra phn ng maillard v caramen gy tng mu bia thnh phm. Hm lng protein trong dch ng: Nu hm lng protein cao th hm lng cht ng tham gia vo qu trnh kt ta protein cao. Nh vy, s lm gim hm lng ng sau qu trnh trch ly. 3.2.6 Lng trong 3.2.6.1 Mc ch Trong dch ng sau khi un si vi hoa houblon c cha cc cn dng huyn ph v cn t hoa houblon. Chng c hnh thnh do trong qu trnh lm ngui cc cn nng (> 600C) v cn lnh (8-10 0C) gy c ch cc hot ng ca nm men v gy c bia. Do c th cy ging nm men cn thit phi lm trong dch v tch b cn. Qu trnh lng c thc hin trong thit b whirpool.
Bo co n 1
3.2.6.2Thit b whirpool
Dch vo Qu cu v sinh ng thi m n chiu sng Ca v sinh ng thi nc V bo n Ly dch ln 1 Ly dch ln 2 ng x b Chn ni Thang leo Cp CIP
Cu to thit b lng xoy
Cu to
Cu to Thit b dng lng cn whirpool thn hnh tr bng thp inox, c y thng hi nghing so vi mt phng ngang, nh hnh nn, np hnh cu, trn np c gn ng thot hi v di ng thot hi c b phn phun dch. C ca quan st v ra vo v sinh, ng thy, vi phun v sinh y, ng dch vo theo phng tip tuyn. Nguyn l hot ng Dch ng c bm vo thng lng theo ng chuyn vo thit b theo phng tip tuyn to dng xoy. Vn tc ca dch ng vo thit b t 10-14 m/s, thng
Bo co n 1 v tr dch vo 3/2 chiu cao tnh t di y thng ln. Dch ng sau khi vo thit b s tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn ng trn cn s tp trung vo gia. Dch trong s c ly ra ngoi pha di thng lng xoy, cn d dng c loi b. Dch ng trong sau khi lng c nhit 95-980C trc khi c bm vo tank ln men ta phi h nhit dch nha xung 8-100C bng thit b lm lnh nhanh. 3.2.7 Lm lnh nhanh 3.2.7.1 Mc ch Qu trnh lm lnh nhanh l h nhit ca dch ng n nhit thch hp cho qu trnh ln men. ng thi lm lnh nhanh trnh cc vi sinh vt trong mi trng nhim vo dch ln men. Mt khc, cn to iu kin cho vic kt lng cc hp cht hu c km chu nhit vo to iu kin cho vic bo ha oxy cn thit cho qu trnh ln men. Loi dn cc cn mn khi lm lnh. 3.2.7.2 Thit b lm lnh nhanh
1 Dich vao 2 Dich ra 3 Nc 20C vao 4 Nc nong ra
Bo co n 1 Cu to My lnh nhanh kiu tm bn c cu to l nhng tm bn gp sng, ch to t thp khng g. Cc tm bn c hnh ch nht, c bn tai bn gc. Trn mi tai c thng mt l trn. Vi cu to ca tng bn nh vy, khi lp chng ln khung my th s to thnh bn mng dn: Dch ng vo my, dch ng ra khi my, tc nhn lnh vo my, tc nhn lnh ra khi my. Tc nhn lnh l nc 20C i vo t mt u pha di v thot ra u pha trn, tc nhn nng l dch ng s i vo u pha trn bn kia v i ra u pha di Sau khi i ra khi my lnh nhanh th dch ng phi c cung cp oxy ( v trng bng n cc tm) trc khi qua tank ln men. Nguyn l hot ng S dng thit b lm lnh nhanh dng tm bng hai cp : Cp 1: Lm lnh s b dng nc c lm lnh xung 200C lm lnh gim nhit dch ng t 95-980C xung cn 30-400C. Cp 2 : lm lnh giai on hai dng dung dch glycol lm cht ti lnh, h nhit t 30-400C xung cn 8-100C sau chuyn qua tank ln men. Dch nha phi c lm lnh trc khi cho vo tank mc ch l trnh s xm nhp v pht trin ca vi sinh vt bn ngoi, m bo s ha tan oxi cn thit cho nm men pht trin trong giai on u (tng sinh khi ca nm men). Kt lng cc cht bn khng c li v m bo nhit yu cu cho qu trnh ln men. Qu trnh bo ha O2 phi c thc hin ngay sau khi dch nha c lm lnh nhanh nhm m bo kh nng ha tan oxy l cao nht Dng dch nha c lm lnh bng my lnh nhanh t 95 98oC (thit b lng xoy) xung cn 8oC, sau c dn theo ng ng, qua mt thit b c sc kh O 2 v trng (v trng bng n cc tm), ri i thng vo tank ln men.
Bo co n 1 Nhit lm vic: 8oC. bo ha O2: 8mg/l 3.2.8 Qu trnh Ln men
H thng cc tank ln men ngoi tri 3.2.8.1 Nhn ging nm men: Qu trnh nhn ging nhm chun b lng men ging ban u cn thit, ng thi hot ha tnh nng ca nm men. Ti cng ty bia ViNaKen, men s dng l lai ging men chm thuc loi Saccharomyces carlbergensis. Loi ny pht trin c nhit 0 10oC. Cng ty nhp ging nm men ti c dng ng nghim thch nghin (ng ging gc) v bo qun nhit t 0 4oC. Dng que cy ly nm men t ng ging gc, tin hnh nhn ging sang mi trng dinh dng khc, v trng. C sau 2 ngy th nhn ln mt ln, chuyn nm men
Bo co n 1 t vt cha nh sang vt cha c dung tch gp i. Qu trnh nhn ging ny ko di 26 ngy. Mi trng nhn ging l nc malt. Trong qu trnh nhn ging cn phi cung cp lng oxy nm men sinh sn. Nhit t 0 10oC. Sau khi nhn ging, nm men c chuyn vo thng bo qun v tng tr.
H thng bo qun v tng tr nm men Yu cu i nm men: Mt nh mc: 15 25 triu t bo/ml T l men cht cho php nh hn 10% Mt cy 15 triu t bo/ml Sau khi nhn ging v kim tra, nm men t yu cu tin hnh a vo sn xut. Ngoi ra, c th ti s dng nm men thu hi ln ln men trc. Thng thng nh my s ti s dng nm men ny n i F7, nhng c hot lc cao nht l F3,F4.
Bo co n 1 3.2.8.2 Ln men chnh 3.2.8.2.1 Mc ch Mc ch ca qu trnh ln men l s dng nm men chuyn hoa phn ln cc cht ng ( ch yu l maltose, glucose) thanh etanol, CO2 va mt s san phm phu. Ngoai cac glucid, mt s thanh phn khac cua dich ng cung chiu tac dung cua nm men va tao ra nhng thanh phn mi, ng thi mt s cht bi bin i tr v dang khng hoa tan, lng dn xung dang kt tua. Nhng thanh phn mi c hinh thanh chu yu la etanol va CO2, mt s hp cht d bay hi nh este, aldehyt, ru bc cao Ngoai ra cung xut hin nhng san phm khng bay hi nh axit hu c, glycerin. 3.2.8.2.2 Yu cu k thut i vi qu trnh ln men chnh Qu trnh ln men chnh c thc hin vi cc iu kin sau: pH ban u 5.2 5.6

Nhit : 8 11oC p sut: 1.2 1.8kg/cm2, Nu p sut trong tank vt qu th phi m van x kh thu hi lng kh CO2
Hm lng oxy ha tan: 8mg/l Khi lng sa men cy vo l 300kg/24000l, khong 15 triu t bo / 1 ml dch ln men Thi gian t 3 5 ngy. 3.2.8.2.3 Thc hin qu trnh ln men Dch ng sau khi c lm lnh v sc oxy v trng s c bm vo tank ln men. Nm men cng c bm ha cng vi dch nha trn ng v tank ln men nm men ha tan u vo khi nc nha.
Bo co n 1 Dch ln men cha trong tank chim 2/3 th tch tank to khong khng cho s sinh kh CO2, to cn bng p cho bn. Nhit ln men chnh c gi n nh 8oC. p sut t 1,2 kg/cm2, iu chnh bng cch ng m van x kh CO2 . Kh CO2 to thnh trong qu trnh ln men chnh c th thu hi v v x l. Vic thu hi CO2 ngoi vic m bo iu kin thun li cho qu trnh ln men cn em li hiu qu thit thc cho nh my, nh vic to p lc i khng trong khu chit, x l thnh CO2 tinh khit thc hin vic bo ha CO2 cho bia sau lc. o ng hng ngy. ng ca dch ln men ban u khong 11% Khi ng o c t 3,5% ta tin hnh x cn, thu hi cn men ti s dng cho ln ln men sau. H nhit dch ng xung 0oC dn men, qu trnh ln men chnh kt thc. Cc giai on ca qu trnh ln men Qu trnh ln men chnh c chia thnh cc giai on sau: Giai on 1: Giai on ny nm men pht trin mnh, sinh khi at khi lng cc i cui ny th 2. Hm lng cht ha tan gim 0.3 0.5%, nhit tng dn ( tng 0.5oC so vi ban u) v xut hin nhiu bt kh to, th bm xung quanh thng v c th to ra mt lp bt mng trn b mt dch. Giai on 2: Qu trnh ln men hiu kh chuyn sang giai on ln men k kh. Bt bia xut hin nhiu v nhanh hn, bt kh mn v c mu sm hn. Nng cht ha tan bt u gim mnh vi tc 0.7 1% mi ngy( ko di t 2 3 ngy) v nhit tng nhanh hn 1 1.5oC. Giai on 3: Giai on ny qu trnh ln men xy ra quyt lit nht, c cht tiu hao 1 1.5% mi ngy m. Lp bt dy v sm mu, lng CO2 to ra nhiu, mt phn c x ra, thu hi v ti s dng. Lc ny nhit tng mnh, cn phi kim sot nhit trong tank qu trnh ln men thun li. Giai on ny ko dai 2 3 ngy.
Bo co n 1 Giai on 4: Giai on ny cng ln men yu dn, nng cht ha tan gim chm khong 0.3 0.5% mi ngy m, nhit n nh v c chiu hng gim dn. phn ln cc t bo nm men bt u kt lng cng vi nhiu thnh phn keo t ca protein, tanin, nha ng, hoa houlon lng xung y. n y qu trnh ln men chnh kt thc, sn phm ca giai on ny l bia non. Cc qu trnh xy ra trong ln men chnh Qu trnh ln men chnh xy ra cc bin i sinh l, sinh ha v ho l. Qu trnh sinh l: Th hin s sinh sn ca nm men. Trong dch ln men cha y cc cht dinh dng cn thit cho s sinh trng v pht trin ca nm men. Nm men sinh trng mnh nht trong giai on u ca thi k ln men chnh. Lc , ng thi xy ra s sinh sn ca nm men v s ln men. Nhng trong iu kin ln men bnh thng, s sinh sn ca nm men kt thc trc khi ln men chnh xong. Vt l: Nhit ca khi dch tng, trong khi nht s gim. Ho l: S ho tan CO2 vo dch nha: ng v cc cht dinh dng c hp th qua b mt t bo ri thm thu vo bn trong. , cc enzyme s tc dng qua nhiu giai on trung gian cui cng to ra sn phm chnh l ru v kh cacbonic. Hai cht ny u khuch tn v tan vo mi trng xung quanh. Ru do rt linh ng nn ha tan nhanh trong dch ln men, cn kh CO2 ha tan km v khuch tn chm. Lc u ha tan hon ton, dn dn to thnh cc bt kh bm quanh t bo men v ln dn n mc lc y Archsimedes ln hn t bo men cng bt kh, lc t bo men v bt kh ni dn ln, khi n b mt cc bt kh v ra. Bt kh tan t bo men li chm dn qu trnh trn li i lp li. Khi ng v cc cht dinh dng trong canh trng cn t, mt lng ln t bo men s lng xung y, dch ln men trong dn. S ng t cc protein do acid amin hu c s lm bia trong hn.
Bo co n 1 S kt lng ca nm men: Hin tng ny xy ra cui giai an kn men. Nu nm men kt bng qu nhiu th khng cn nm men tip xc vi bia lm ngng qu trnh ln men, nhng nu nm men kt lng khng nhiu th gy c, kh lc, hng v bia km. S to bt: Hnh thnh trong qu trnh ln men dch ng cng nh sut qu trnh cng ngh sn xut v s dng bia. Khi nm men trao i cht s to ra CO2, ban u nhit thp CO2 to thnh s ha tan vo dung dch v khng b tch ra. Nhng khi khi lng CO2 tng ng thi nhit tng s lm cho lng CO2 d cha bo ho s b tch ra di dng cc ht nh li ti. Nh mt lp cht hp ph trn b mt nh protit, nha hoa houblon, to iu kin cho cc ht ny kt dnh li vi nhau. lp bt ny s tng dn v khi lng, thay i mu sc t trng tuyt sang sm mu hn. Nguyn nhn l do khi lng cc phc cht protit- tannin v nha hoa houblon ngy cng tng v b oxy ho di tc dng ca oxy. Trong sut qu trnh ni bt, CO2 gp phn y O2 ra lm gim th oxy ho kh, va hn ch vi sinh vt hiu kh pht trin, va trnh c hin tng oxy ho lm gim cht lng bia. Ho hc S thay i thnh phn ho hc: Hm lng ng gim, hm lng etanol tng, hm lng axit amin gim l do qu trnh sinh ha c bn trong ln men chnh l s chuyn cc ng c kh nng ln men thnh ru v CO2, phn khng ln men c chnh l dextrin, protein v cht khong. Hm lng axit hu c tng l do trong qu trnh ln men axit hu c s c to thnh. y l sn phm ph ca s trao i cht gia nm men v vi khun
Bo co n 1 Cc axit hu c sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men ny ch yu l axit acetic, axit succinic, axit lactic v axit citric. Hm lng aldehyde tng: Aldehyde ch yu sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men bia l acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde c mt trong bia nhng rt t nn khng nh hng n mi v v ca bia, nhng cc dn xut ca n nh diacetyl, aceton li gy nh hng n cht lng ca bia. Nm men trong giai on sinh sn mnh c kh nng kh diacetyl thnh 2,3butylenglycol khng gy mi v kh chu cho bia. S c mt ca ng kh cng lm tng kh nng kh diacetyl ca nm men. Trong khi ln men, c mt s ru bc cao c to thnh t cc axit amin. Lng v cht ca ru bc cao tu thuc vo thnh phn ca dch ln men: ng ca dch ln men, dng v lng ca cc axit amin, ging nm men s dng v cc yu t khc. Cc ru bc cao thng c trong bia: propyolic, izopropylic, butylic, izobutylic, izoamylic v mt s ru khc. S to ra cc hp cht cha nit: Khong 50% cc cht cha nit trong dch ng c nm men hp th nhng mt s cht cha nit (khong 17%) li tch t t bo nm men. Phn ng este ho: Acid hu c hnh thnh trong mi trng acid s phn ng vi etanol to thnh este. Nhiu nht l hm lng axetat etyl (15 -20 mg/l). Cc este ng vai tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh mi v ca bia. pH ca mi trng thay i trong qu trnh ln men. Trong khi ln men, s thay i th oxi ha gim v cc cht kh c tch lu nhiu hn. S trao i glucid tri qua 2 giai on:
Giai on 1: Giai on ng phn
Bo co n 1 C6H12O6 (glucose)
CH3COCOOH (acid pyruvic)
Giai on 2: Acid pyruvic b kh CO2 do enzyme pyruvat decacboxylase xc tc
(E1) to thnh acetaldehide. CH3COCOOH CH3CHO C2H5OH + CO2
Acetaldehyd tip nhn hydro t NADH2 (enzym alcol dehydrogenaza xc tc (E2)) to thnh etanol, CO2 trong iu kin k kh cn trong iu kin hiu kh s to ra CO2 v H2O S trao i cc hp cht cha nit: Do nm men s dng nit l ngun dinh dng do hm lng acid amin s gim trong qu trnh ln men v vy cn b sung acid amin hay nit v c nh amoni phosphate nm men s dng tng sinh khi. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ln men Dch nha Nng cht kh: nh hng n kh nng hot ng ca nm men. Khi nng cht kh tng lm cho p sut thm thu tng do lm gim hot lc ca t bo nm men. pH : pH thay i lm cho kh nng trao i cht ca mng t bo b thay i nn lm cho kh nng sinh l thay i. Thnh phn ho hc: Hm lng glucid, hm lng nitphi m bo cho nm men s dng. Nm men
Bo co n 1 Cht lng ging: Chn ging phi t cc yu cu cht lng nh tc v mc ln men, hm lng sn phm ph khng nhiu, tc v kh nng kt lng tt, mc suy gim cc c tnh k thut, kh nng chu tc ng ca mi trng Lng nm men cy vo: Khong 10 18 triu t bo/ ml dch. Nng bia cng cao th lng nm men ban u phi cng ln. Nhit ln men: Khng c qu cao hay qu thp, ln men chm to = 7 10oC Thng kh: Nu ln men lin tip cc m trong cng mt thit b th cn gim qu trnh thng kh. Nu dch ln men qu y s lm gim s hnh thnh cc este v tng s hnh thnh cc ru bc cao, axetaldehyt v diaxetyl. p sut: Cng tng th nng lc hot ng ca t bo nm men cng gim, mc k kh cng tng. Mc v trng: Canh trng nhim vi sinh vt l s nh hng xu ti qu trnh ln men, do mc v trng phi cao. Qu trnh ln men bao gm cc cng on: Nhn ging nm men, ln men chnh, ln men ph.
Yu cu i vi bia non sau ln men chnh
Ch tiu cm quan
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Mu sc: Vng sng, trong sut. Nm men kt bng v lng dn xung y Bt: Trng, mn, xp, dy v c bn bt cao. Mi v: C mi thm c trng ca houblon v i mch.
Ch tiu ha l: Cui qu trnh ln men chnh: Nng ng thng l 3.0 3.5%
Bo co n 1 Nng cn: 4.8 pH: 4.4 4.5 Hm lng diacetyl <0.2 ppm 3.2.8.3 Thu hi men sa Sau khi kt thc qu trnh ln men chnh h nhit dn n 0oC nhm to iu kin cho qu trnh ln men ph v kt lng nm men xung y thng. Phn men lng di y thng s c chuyn qua thit b ry men tch men sng ra khi men cht (men sng th ln vo dch cn men cht th vn cc li). Nm men b thoi ha mt cch r rt nu mt ngy m khng ln men, nh vy phi s dng nm men cng sm cng tt sau khi thu c. l cch tt nht gi nm men trng thi tt. Nhng buc ngi ta phi bo qun men trong mt thi gian nu cha c m nu sau nui cy. Trng hp ny cn phi bo qun lnh 0oC. Cn phi ra nm men loi b cc cht cn hay cht ng lm bn nm men sau khi ln men. Cho nc lnh v trng vo nm men khuy trn u cc cn bn, xc men cht ni ln trn, gng b phn cn bn v thay nc nhiu ln cho n khi nm men sch. Men sau khi thu hi trong 2 gi phi c s dng ngay, nu cha s dng ngay th phi bo qun 8oC. Men thu hi trc khi em ln men chnh s c kim tra t l men sng xc nh t l cy ging trong qu trnh ln men m sau. 3.2.8.4 Ln men phu v tn tr bia non Bia sau qu trnh ln men chinh c goi la bia non, trong thanh phn vn con lai mt lng cht hoa tan co kha nng ln men. Lng cht hoa tan nay se c ln men tip tuc trong qua trinh ln men phu nhit thp t 0 20C. c im cua ln men phu la ln men rt chm vi mt lng ng khng ang k, cung mt luc qua trinh
Bo co n 1 ln men cac cht ng co th kt thuc, song qua trinh chin cua bia vn tip tuc. iu nay co y nghia rt ln i vi vic hinh thanh hng vi, bot va bn vng cua bia. 3.2.8.4.1 Mc ch Tip tc ln men phn ng cn st li sau ln men chnh (khong 1%). Gim hm lng diacetyl hnh thnh trong qu trnh ln men chnh To ra cc cht thm do phn ng gia ru v acid hu c, lm tng hng v, mi thm cho sn phm. Bo ha CO2, tng s lin kt gia chng. Lng cc tp cht lm trong bia. a v nhit thp hn ch s xm nhp v ph hoi bia ca vi sinh vt. 3.9.4.2. Yu cu k thut ca qu trnh ln men ph Qu trnh ln men ph c thc hin chung tank ln men chnh. iu chnh cc thng s k thut nh sau :
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Nhit : 0 - 2oC p sut : 1,6 1,8 kg/cm2 Lng nm men : 5 triu t bo / 1 ml dch ln men Thi gian ln men ph : 7 - 9 ngy. Sau 24 - 48 ting tin hnh x men mt ln. Thi gian tng tr v nhit mi trng (nhit ca bia v mt bng tng tr) l hai yu t quan trng c bit, nh hng n cht lng v bn bt ca sn phm. Thi gian di v nhit thp l nhng iu kin quan trng nht thu c bia c bn bt v cht lng cao.
3.2.8.4.3 Cch thc hin Qu trnh ln men ph c thc hin ngay trong tank ln men chnh. Sau khi kt thc qu trnh ln men chnh, tin hnh h nhit ca bia non trong tank xung 0 2oC, i cho nm men kt lng ( nhit ny nm men kt lng rt nhanh). Sau x
Bo co n 1 thu hi nm men. Nhit ca bia non lc ny l 0oC v bt u qu trnh ln men ph. Qu trnh ln men ph c tin hnh ti thiu l 7 ngy, mi ngy u x cn men do cn trong bia non lng xung. Vi nhit thp, nng cht ha tan nh m bo cho CO2 ha tan tt trong bia. Trong qu trnh ln men chnh cng nh ln men ph ta u phi kim tra nng ng mi ngy. Cui qu trnh ln men chnh nng ng thng l 3.5%, ln men ph l 2.8 3.2%. Ngoi ra cn phi kim tra nhit v p sut trong sut qu trnh ln men. Cc qu trnh xy ra trong ln men ph
S dng cht chit cn li: Trong khi ln men ph, cc qu trnh sinh l, sinh
ha, v ha l din ra hon ton nh giai on ln men chnh nhng vi tc chm hn v nhit thp hn v nm men cng rt t. Thc cht qu trnh ln men ph v tng tr bia non nhm hon thin, hnh thnh mi v c o cho tng loi bia.
S bo ho CO2: Thi gian ln men ph ko di, hm lng cht ha tan gim,
nhit thp nn CO2 trong bia tn ti: Mt dng trng thi ho tan, mt dng khc trng thi lin kt. c im ca CO2 khi ho tan l to acid carbonic, phn t ca acid carbonic s hp th trn b mt ca cc phn t protein v chng tch in tri du. Acid carbonic cn c kh nng phn hu thnh ion HCO3- v ion H+. Kt qu l: lm trong bia, protein ho tan c hot cht b mt ln to nn nhng sn phm ph. Cc cht ny hp th trn b mt cc ti kh CO2 nh li ti to thnh mt mng bo v khng cho cc ti kh ny ho vo nhau to thnh ti kh ln hn nh vy m bia c lp bt mn, p mt, to cm gic d chu cho ngi tiu dng.
S lng trong bia: Mt qu trnh rt quan trng khc l s lng trong nh vic
h nhit t ln men chnh sang ln men ph. nhit cao ca qu trnh ln men chnh, nhng ht nh khng ho tan tn ti trng thi l lng, n giai on ln men ph, nhit thp, chng dn lng xung y thit b. Mt khc, nhit thp, qu trnh ng t nha houblon, ng t cc cht tanin protein cng din ra. T bo nm
Bo co n 1 men chu nh hng ca nhit thp, ca p sut v nng CO2 cao nn cng lng xung.
Qu trnh oxy ha-kh: Aldehyt gim mnh do enzym oxy ho kh hot ng
mnh. Mt s hp cht va c to thnh trong bia nh aldehyde, axit, cc loi ru, cc cht mu, diacetyl ng thi gia chng c s tng h v mt ho hc, gp phn to nn thnh phn v hng v ca bia.
Hin tng Autolysis (s t phn): Trong qu trnh ny mt s t bo nm men
b cht do cht dinh dng cn kit v t phn r bi cc enzym proteaza c sn trong bn thn cc t bo nm men. Sn phm t phn l cc peptid, acid amin, vitamin v mt vi thnh phn ca acid nucleic, mui photphat v c v hu c. Cc enzym ch yu l nhm enzym peptidaza v proteaza. Chnh cc sn phm t phn ny c nh hng nhiu n cht lng ca bia. 3.2.8.5 Thit b ln men 1 H thng lam lanh phn inh tank 2 H thng lam lanh phn gia tank 3 H thng lam lanh phn ay tank 4 Van an toan xa khi 5 ng ng ni inh tank vi panel 6 ng ng ni ay tank vi panel 7 Voi ly mu 8 ng glycol cp lanh vao va ra 9 Qua cu CIP
Cu to tank ln men
Tank c cu to ng, y hnh cn, thn hnh tr, nh tank hnh elip.
Bo co n 1 Tank ln men c bc mt lp bo n bn ngoi gi nhit. Bc bn ngoi lp bo n l nhng tm thp bo v chc chn. y ca tank c thit k c th ng m c nh mt h thng vt v trc c nh c th xoay. Ni vi y v nh tank l ng ng c dn n mt panel. Tank cn c vi ly mu Bn trong tank c mt qu cu CIP, c th quay khi cip nh vo lc nc. Ngun cp lnh cho tank l glycol c chia ra lm van nh, van gia v van y cp lnh vo tank. Cc van cp glycol ny c ng m t ng nh h thng van kh nn. Trn nh tank c 1 van an ton dng x khng kh. 3.2.9 LC BIA 3.2.9.1 Mc ch Lm cho bia c trong sng ng yu cu cht lng. Tch trit cc phn t rn lng, khuch tn trong bia. Lm n nh, gia tng bn vng sinh ha hc cho bia. Lc loi b hu ht cc vi sinh vt k c nm men. 3.2.9.2 Yu cu Thc cht vic lc bia da trn c s hai qu trnh:
Qu trnh c hc: Nhm gi nhng thnh phn rn c kch thc ln hn chiu
rng ca cc l vt liu lc. Trong lp vt liu ng vai tr nh mt mt sng.
Qu trnh hp ph: Nhm gi nhng phn t c kch thc nh hn chiu rng
ca cc l vt liu lc, thm ch hp ph cc phn t kp ha tan dng phn t. Bia sau lc c trong tt ch yu l nh qu trnh th hai c tin hnh sun s, thun li. Qu trnh lc din ra 2 bc: Ph bt tr lc v lc bia:
Bo co n 1
+ Ph bt tr lc: Qu trnh ph bt tr lc nhm mc ch sp xp cc ht
diatomit theo mt trnh t nht nh trn b mt vt liu lc tng hiu qu lc. Vt liu lc thng thng c l c kch thc 70 100 micromet, ln hn t 2 4 micromet so vi kch thc ht bt tr lc diatomit. m bo qu trnh lc c hiu qu, sau khi ph bt tr lc lp bt ny phi hnh thnh cc lp phn b trn b mt vt liu lc nh sau:
Lp bt u tin: Gm nhng ht c kch thc ln nht, st vi lp vt liu lc,
c nhim v ngn cn nhng ht c kch thc nh hn lt qua. Lp bt ny chim khong 70% tng lng bt tr lc.
Lp bt th hai: Gm nhng ht bt tr lc c kch thc trung bnh, lp ny
m bo bia lc ra c trong m bo.

+ Lc: Trong qu trnh lc, bt tr lc vn tip tc c b sung vo cng vi bia
cn lc mt lng xc nh nh h thng bm nh lng, chnh lng bt ny duy tr thm qua lp o bt lc m bo tc dng chy ca dch lc ra khng i. Lng b sung thm trong qu trnh lc thng t 60 120 g/ hl bia, trong 2/3 bt tr lc c mn trung bnh v 1/3 l bt lc mn. Nh my bia Vinaken s dng hai loi bt tr lc: -Diatomite: y l mt dng ha thch ca mt loi to n bo c cha silic oxyt, gi l diatomide vi 15000 loi khc nhau. diatomide th cha t 25 60% nc ty theo tng vng. Kch thc ca n c th thay i t 1 200m. xp l mt tnh cht rt quan trng ca diatomite, hn 90% b mt ca cc ht nh l cc khong trng. -Diatomite th chua nung c mu xm, sau khi ninh tr thnh mu hng. i vi mt s loi, c th to ra bng cch diatomide c lin kt vi cc v, cc mai ca mt s ng vt bin c cha nhiu silic v b sung thm 3 10% kim nng chy vi mc ch l ci thin vn tc lc ca diatomide. Diatomide nung vi vi c mu trng, ht c kch thc t 2 - 3 m. C rt nhiu ch tiu nh gi cht lng diatomite:
Bo co n 1

thm thu. xp. Tn tht khi nung. Thnh phn cht tan.
Radiolite 700: l dng bt mn mu trng.
Bt tr lc Diatomite
Bt tr lc Radiolite 700
3.10.3. Thit b lc tinh FILLTROX. Cu to Thng lc bn trong c vch ngn v cc ng lc ( l h thng ng gm c 40 ng c tip din hnh tr do b mt lc rt ln ) c gn c nh trn ng kim loi. Cc ng c van vo v ra bia my lc hnh tr lm bng inox gm 3 phn np, thn tr, y hnh chp. Cc ng hnh tr, y kn, trn khe ng c cc khe nhm to mng lc bng diatomit. Ngoi ra cn c mt thng cha nc qua x l tia cc tm to mng lc trc khi lc.
H thng lc ng
Bo co n 1
22 26 p v o 1 p r a
21 17
14 15 16 1 2 1 1 4
1 8
9 19
99
2 20
Ch thch 1.Knh Quan St 2.Van Dn 3.Knh Quan St 4.Bm 5.Van Bia Vo 6.Knh Quan St 7.Van Tun Hon 8.Van Nc Lc Vo 9.Van Bia Ra 10.Van X Nc 11.Van V Sinh ngc 12.Van Tun Hon 13.Knh Quan St 14.Bm nh Lng 15.Van 16.Van x 17.Van To Mng 18.Van Hi Lu 19.Van An Ton 20.Van Nc V Sinh 22.Van X p 25.Thng khuy Bt 26.Thng Lc
Bo co n 1 Nguyn tc hot ng Cng dng ca cc van:

Van ch c m khi x bt kh qua mng. Van ch c m khi nc i ngc t trn thng lc xung ra Van 7, 8 m khi tun ha nc to thnh mng khi lc Van 6 m khi tun hon bia, ch chuyn ly bia cc tank khc (tank Van 4 m khi tun hon nc hoc tun hon bia Van 5 m thu bia vo tank thnh phm. Van 10 ch m khi lc bia. Cc qu trnh c th nh sau:
sch mng.
ang lc ht bia).
To mng lc: cho 100L nc qua x l tia cc tm vo thng, cho 5 kg bt diatomide vo ha trn. Bt my bm cho chy tun hon nc mng cc van ng m nh sau: M van 8, van 2, van 4, van 7. ng van 1, van 3, van 5, van 6, van 9. Bt s bm dn vo cc ng v cc khe tr nn dy dn, cc cht bn s c gi li trn mng. Kt thc vic to mng khi nhn vo knh quan st thy nc ra tht trong t yu cu. Lc trong bia: khi vic to mng xong tin hnh lc qua cc tank, cc van lm vic nh sau: m van 1, van 3, van 5, van 10, v ng tt c cc van cn li. Qu trnh tun hon bia: khi ang lc m b ht hay c s c bn ngoi khng th tt bm dng qu trnh lc ri sau lc li m phi cho bm hot ng lin tc ch tun hon bia. Cc van lm vic nh sau: m van 2, van 4, van 6, v ng tt c cc van.
Bo co n 1 Trnh ph mng: Qu trnh lc lu s to ra lp mng qu dy, bia khng thot ra c hoc thot rt chm v b c, p sut trong bia thng lc tng s gy nt v mng khng m bo cho qu trnh lc tip tc, ta phi ph lp mng ny thay th lp mng mi. Cc van hot ng nh sau: m van 3, van 9 v ng tt c cc van cn li. 3.11. Thu hi v x l CO2 3.11.1. Mc ch Tn dng lng CO2 c sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men bia phc v cho qu trnh bo ha CO2 vo bia thnh phm.
S thu nhn CO2 t phn ng ln men

1. Qut thi CO2 vo h thng tinh sch 2. Thp ra CO2 (s dng KMnO4)
3. Thp tch nc 4. B phn lc
Bo co n 1 5. B phn nn kh-cp 3 6. B phn nn kh-cp 2 7. My nn kh ba cp 8. B phn nn kh-cp 1 9,10,11. Thit b trao i nhit 12,13,14. Thit b tch du 15. Thp x l CO2 bng than hot tnh 16. Thp x l CO2 bng silicagel 17. Thit b ngng t 18, 20. Van tit lu 19. Bn trung gian 21. Bn cha CO2 tinh sch Nguyn tc hot ng Kh CO2 c sinh ra t cc bn ln men c qut thi (1) a vo thp (2). Ti y, dung dch KMnO4 c s dng nh l mt tc nhn ra CO2 nhm tch b mt s tp cht nh aldehyd, ru. Sau , kh CO2 c chuyn n thp (3) tch nc. Qu trnh tch nc c thc hin theo phng php ly tm. Tip theo, kh CO2 qua b phn lc (5) i vo my nn kh ba cp (7). Ti my nn kh, u tin CO2 s vo b phn nn kh cp mt (8) v c nn p n p sut 0,785MPa; k n, kh CO2 s i vo thit b trao i nhit (9) ri n thit b tch du (12). Tip theo, CO2 s i vo b phn nn kh cp hai (6) v c nn n p sut 2,36 - 2,75MPa. Ri b phn ny, CO2 s c lm ngui trong thit b trao i nhit (10) v c tch du trong thit b (13). Cui cng, CO2 c dn vo b phn nn kh cp ba (5) n p sut 6,38 - 6,87MPa ri c lm ngui trong thit b trao i nhit (11) v tch du trong thit b (14). Ri my nn kh ba cp, CO2 s i vo thp (15) c cha than hot tnh. Ti y, than s tch cc tp cht cn st li trong dng kh CO2. Sau , CO2 s i vo thp (16) c cha silicagel tch phn hi nc cn st li. giai on sau cng, kh CO2 s i
Bo co n 1 vo thit b ngng t (17), c lm lnh v chuyn sang dng lng. p sut 6,38 6,87MPa, CO2 lng t thit b ngng t (17) s qua van tit lu (18) vi p sut 2,36 2,75MPa i vo bn trung gian (19). T y, CO2 s qua van tit lu (20) i vo bn cha sn phm (21), ngi ta s tin hnh rt trc tip CO2 lng vo cc citen hoc dn h thng rt CO2 vo trong cc ballon. 3.12. Bo ha CO2 3.12.1. Mc ch Tng tnh cm quan cho sn phm, tng thi gian bo qun, hn ch qu trnh oxy ha v chng kt lng. 3.12.2. Yu cu CO2 dng np cho bia phi t tinh khit khong 99,975% tr ln, nu thp hn s lm hng bia v rt ngn thi gian bo qun. c bit khng c ln O2 s lm nh hng ln n cht lng ca bia thnh phm. 3.12.4. Qu trnh bo ha CO2 CO2 sau khi c x l tr nn tinh khit c dn vo cc ng ng bo ha. Bia c bo ha trong tank TBF chu lc, c h thng cp CO2 dng ng trn c c l c t y tank bo ha. Bia c bo ha nhit 0-1 0C v p sut l 4-5 kg/cm2. Np ti khi lng CO2 trong bia t 3-5 g/l th kt thc qu trnh np CO2.
Bo co n 1
CHNG 4: HON THIN SN PHM

Chit bia vo bao b l mt cng on i hi nhiu lao ng nht trong tt c cc cng on trong sn xut bia. ng thi y l mt bc quan trng gn lin vi qu trnh phn phi sn phm. Cc thit b s dng trong cng on ny c cu to v vn hnh phc tp. m bo cht lng ca sn phm bia khi ti tay ngi tiu dng. Quy trnh hon thin sn phm bia chai: Thu hi chai bn Ra chai Kim tra Chit bia Dp np Thanh trng
4.1. Ra chai
Bo co n 1 4.1.1 Mc ch Mc ch ca qu trnh ra chai nhm loi b phn nhn, cc cn bn trong v ngoi chai, ng thi m bo v trng trc khi chit bia. Qu trnh ra chai c tin hnh trong cc my ra. Trong my ra chai c ngm, phun nc bn ngoi v bn trong. Sau ngm trong ha cht ty ra v cui cng l nc nng sch m bo khng cn sot li cht ty ra. 4.1.2 Yu cu Qu trnh ra chai m bo 2 yu cu: Loi b hon ton cn bn trong chai Loi b hoc tiu dit cc vi sinh vt gy h hng bia 4.1.3 Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ra chai m bo c hai yu cu ny, trong qu trnh ra chai cn ch cc yu t sau:
Thi gian ngm chai: Ngm chai phi m bo cc cn bn ha tan, cc nhn mc
tch ri khi chai thng t 10 30 pht p sut phun c tc dng c hc ti s loi b cc cn bn v nhn ra khi chai. Trong cc my ra hin nay, qu trnh ngm c kt hp vi qu trnh phun ra tng hiu qu ca qu trnh ra.
Nhit ra: Nhit cng cao, s ha tan cc cn bn cng nhanh. Nhit Tc nhn ra: Cht ty ra thng s dng l kim, kim c s dng nhit
thch hp cho qu trnh ra l 60 85oC.
cao tng hiu qu ra v tiu dit vi sinh vt. 4.1.4. Nguyn tc cu to ca my ra chai Chai i vo my ra ln lt tri qua cc cng on sau: Ngm s b trong mt hoc nhiu b cha nc c nhit tng dn: Ngm trong soude nng Phun ra bng soude nng
Bo co n 1 Phun ra bng nc nng Phun ra bng nc thng Phun ra bng nc sch Tng thi gian lu chai trong my ra khong 10 15 pht. 4.2 Kim tra chai sau ra
Chai ra khi my ra s c kim tra: Thnh chai, y chai, ming chai, bn trong chai (ch yu l pht hin xem bn trong chai c cn cht lng hay khng) m bo chai hon ton sch bn trong, khng cha cc vt l, khng b h hng nh nt m... 4.3 Chit chai 4.3.1 Mc ch D dng vn chuyn bia n nhiu ni vi s lng ln m vn m bo cht lng, hng v c trng ca bia v cc ch tiu cm quan, vi sinh. 4.3.2 Yu cu Chit bia vo chai c ra sch c tm quan trng c bit, trong qu trnh ny cn m bo:
Bo co n 1 Chit chai trong h thng kn, theo dy chuyn rt chai t ng. Tin hnh nhanh.
Khng lm tn tht bia.
m bo ng th tch.
Gi c cht lng bia, trnh s nhim vi sinh vt, s xm nhp oxy, s tn tht
CO2. 4.3.3 Phng php chit bia: Hin nay c 2 phng php chit bia: Chit ng p: p sut trong bao b v trong thng cha bia ca my chit cn bng, v th bia i vo chai di tc dng ca trng lc. Chit c p sut: p sut trong thng cha ca my chit ln hn s y bia vo chai c p sut nh hn. Qu trnh chit bia trai qua 5 giai on: Giai on 1: ht chn khng -Chai khi vo my chit cha y khng kh, u vi chit c lin kt vi bm chn khng, ht khng kh t trong chai ra. Giai on 2: To p sut i khng -Sau khi ht chn khng, CO2 c a vo chai, c th t khong khng pha trn b cha bia ca my chit hoc t ngoi vo. Giai on 3: Rt bia vo chai Khi p sut trong chia v p sut trong b cha bia ca my chit cn bng, bia c chy mt cch nh nhng vo chai do s chnh lch v chiu cao. Kh trong chai c y ra ngoi theo ng dn kh ca vi chit. Qu trnh rt bia vo chai cn m bo: Th tch bia trong chai vi quy nh, mc bia trong chai s c iu chnh bng su ca vi dn kh CO2 ra. Khi bia chm u vi ny th qu trnh t chy ca bia vo chai dng li.
Bo co n 1 Khng c s xm nhp ca oxy vo chai: Nh p sut i khng CO2 to ra v bia chy nh xung chai dc theo thnh chai m khng to ra s xo ng. Giai on 4: y chai Qu trnh rt bia s dng li khi mc bia chm ti ng dn kh ra ca u chit, khi van thng kh pha trn b cha bia cng ng li. Giai on 5: H chai ra khi vi chit 4.4 ng np
Bo co n 1 Sau khi chit bia, chai c ng np cng nhanh cng tt. Chnh v vy my ng np c thit k gn lin vi my chit bia v c vn hnh t mt ng c sao cho s lm vic ca hai my tng ng nhau. Np bia hin nay s dng c lm bng thp khng g, c m thit hoc crom mng 0.235mm, pha trn c logo ca nh sn xut bia. Xung quanh np c 21 rng, ng knh l 32.1mm (ng knh ngoi) v chiu cao l 6mm. Pha trong np chai c tm m c nhim v lm kn ming chai khi chit khng cho oxy xm nhp vo chai hoc CO2 thot ra khi chai. Trong qu trnh dp np, 21 rng ca np chai s c nn xung v bao ly ming chai. Lp m s b p st v nh lm kn ming chai. Np chai trc khi s dng phai kh trng, m bo khng nhim vi sinh vt vo bia Np chai c dn vo my dp np bng mt bng ti t, qua mt c cu c bit xoay np chai theo ng hng cho qu trnh dp. Qu trnh xit np: u xit np c h xung st ming chai, np chai c gi bi nam chm ca u xit. Nh lc tc ng ca u xit, 21 rng ca np c p st vo ming chai. Khi u chit c nng ln th chai ra v i n bn thanh trng. 4.5. Thanh trng 4.5.1. Mc ch Mc ch ca thanh trng bia l lm tm ngng hot ng ca nm men, tiu dit cc vi sinh vt cn sot li, m bo cho bia khng b bin i nhiu trong iu kin thng. 4.5.2. Yu cu
Tiu dit vi sinh vt. n nh cht lng bia. m bo ng thi gian lu hnh trn th trng.
Bo co n 1 Ti cui qu trnh nu, dch ng c v trng, do vy cc vi sinh vt gy h hng cho bia ch c th xm nhp vo sn phm do thiu v sinh trong cc cng on t khi ln men n khi ra sn phm cui cng. Cc thao tc v sinh thit b khng thi gian, nng ha cht s dng. Thit b lc bia khng kn hoc qu ti S nhim tp ca kh nn trong qu trnh chit Do ngi vn hnh v thao tc a vo t trang phc ca h 4.5.3. My thanh trng (my hp) Nguyn l Dng nhit ( 62 OC) kt hp vi cht nha ca hoa houblon v pH thp trong bia dit cc vi sinh vt v nm men cn li trong bia sau khi lc v chit. My thanh trng gm 10 hm : Hm 1,2,3: Ba hm u l nhng hm lm tng dn nhit ca chai, trnh tnh trng b shock nhit gy b chai. Hm 4, 5: L nhng hm c nhit bng nhit thanh trng nhm a chai nhanh chng t n nhit thanh trng, nc nng c phun t trn xung v tch t tank 4 bn di hm, do qu trnh trao i nhit ca chai, nhit ca nc nha gim, duy tr nhit khng i, tank c cung cp nhit bng cch cho trao i nhit vi hi ha nhit c cung cp t l hi qua h thng ng xon t chm trong nc tank. Hm 6, 7:
Bo co n 1 y l vng thanh trng, khi chai t n nhit thanh trng 80 OC, cng nh hm 4 v 5, nc c n nh v duy tr 80 OC nh h thng hi ha nhit. thi gian gi nhit trong vng 15 -20 pht. Hm 8: Chai hm 6,7 c lm ngui t nc tank 3 bm qua, nc sau khi lm ngui, c gia nhit n 51 OC v bm tr v hm 3. Hm 9: Tip tc h nhit ca bia xung 45OC, nh s dng lng nc t hm 2. Nc sau khi trao i nhit vi bia v c cp nhit n nhit thch hp l 42 OC li c bm qua hm 2 c thc hin chc nng gia nhit s b cho bia. Hm 10: Cng tng t nh th, ti y bia c h nhit xung cn 35 OC v ra khi my thanh trng n my dn nhn. Tch t hm 10 c nh 34 OC v bm v hm 1 thc hin chc nng gia nhit cho bia. 4.6. Kim tra, dn nhn Bia ra khi my thanh trng c kim tra cc ch tiu v y, sch cng nh kn ca chai. Cc chai khng m bo cht lng nh v bn, chai c, bt np, u phi loi b. Chai c thi kh trc khi qua my dn nhn. Nhn phi tun th theo cc quy nh chung v bao b. Sau khi dn nhn chai c bng ti chuyn qua my bn ch v b phn xp kt.
Bo co n 1
CHNG 5: NH GI CHT LNG SN PHM

5.1 Phng php kim tra sn phm 5.1.1. Xc nh ng:

Ly mu bia loi ht CO2 v lm lnh xung 20oC vo ng ong. Th t t balling k vo ng ong cha dch mu, xoay nh tht o ri c kt Kt qu l gi tr c c trn thc o 20oC.
qu ca thc o.
5.1.2. Xc nh hm lng etanol (cn). Nguyn tc: Chng ct mt lng mu bia nht nh tch etanol ra. Xc nh t trng ca dch ct bng cn k, t nh lng hm lng cn trong mu. Chun b mu: Tch CO2 ra khi mu bia: Lc 200-400ml bia trong bnh tam gic hoc bnh cu y bng dung tch 1000ml bng tay hoc bng my lc nhit 30-40oC cho n khi ngng tch kh, lc trong khong 30-40 pht. Lc qua giy lc nh lng kh, phu lc c y kn bng np thy tinh. B phn dch lc u (khong 20ml). Tin hnh xc nh: Cn vo bnh cu sch ( bit khi lng) 100ml bia x l s b. Thm vo khong 50ml nc ct. Lp rp h thng chng ct, cho nc lnh chy vo ng sinh hn lm lnh. Tin hnh chng ct: un nh bnh ct trnh khng cho bt tro vo bu bo him. Tng nhit ca bnh ct khi bt u si u. Nhit ca nc lm lnh u ra khng vt qu 25oC. Tin hnh chng ct vi tc u, cho n khi th tch bnh hng t khong 90ml trong thi gian t 30-60 pht, bnh hng trn chu thy tinh cha hn hp nc v lm lnh.
Bo co n 1 Kt thc chng ct, trng ra u cui ca ng sinh hn bng nc ct v thm nc ct vo bnh hng cho va 100ml, sau lm lnh xung 20oC. yn ri cho cn k vo, trnh va vi thnh ng. Th tay ra v ghi ch s trn vch. Kt qu: S ch trn vch cn k l gi tr hm lng cn trong mu bia cn kim tra. 5.1.3. Xc nh hm lng CO2. Hm lng CO2 trong bia quy nh theo TCVN 5563 1991. Nguyn tc: Da vo phn ng chun acid-bazo vi ch th phenolphtalein 1%, cho mt mt lng d v chnh xc dung dch NaCO3 bit trc nng . Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O 2NaHCO3 Chun lng NaHCO3 bng dung dch HCl c nng xc nh. Na2CO3 + HCl NaCl + NaHCO3 T xc nh c hm lng CO2 trong bia. Tin hnh: Dng pipet bu ht chnh xc 25ml Na2CO3 0.2N cho vo bnh tam gic 250ml v 20ml mu bia ( c lm lnh 2oC trong 60 pht). Nhng ngp u pipet vo dung dch Na2CO3 0.2N trong bnh tam gic. Th u ngn tay vo pipet co bia chy t t xung, lc u cho n khi bia t pipet chy xung ht. Trng u pipet bng nc ct, thm nc ct vo khong 100ml nh 3-4 git phenolphtalein 1%. Lc ny dung dch c mu hng m trong mi trng kim. nh phn bng dung dch HCl 0.1N cho n khi mt mu hng, ghi li th tch HCl dng. Tin hnh mt th nghim khc i vi mu bia ui CO2 (mu trng). Cch lm tng t nh chng ta ht 20ml mu bia a ln bp in un si nh ui CO2. Cc bc tin hnh tng t nh mu trn. Lp li th nghim 3 ln ri ly kt qu trung bnh.
Bo co n 1 Tnh kt qu: Khi lng CO2 c trong mt lt bia: MCO2 = (V1 +V2) x 0,22(g/l) Trong : V1 Th tch dung dch HCl 0,1N dng chun cho mu bia ui CO2 (ml) V2 Th tch dung dch HCl 0,1N dng chun cho mu bia cha ui CO2 (ml) 5.1.4. o pH Nguyn tc: S dng pH metre Lp thy tinh v dung dch trong bu c in cc E2, Theo cng thc ta c: E2 =E0 0,058pH2 Khi nhng in cc thy tinh vo dung dch cn o sinh in th E1 tnh theo cng thc : E1 = E0 0,058pH1 Gia in cc thy tinh v dung dch cn o pH c hiu s in th l: E = E1 E2 = 0,058 (pH2 pH1) Hay: pH1 = pH2 (E1 E2)/ 0,058 Nh vy, pH ca dung dch cn o ch ph thuc vo in th E1 cn E2 sinh ra do nng H+ chnh lch gia hai dung dch v bu thy tinh. Tin hnh: Cho dung dch mu vo cc trng in cc calomel v in cc thy tinh bng dch mu, sau nhng in cc thy tinh vo trong cc cha dch mu cn o pH, bt cng tc m my, n bo hiu sng ln v ch cho s o n nh ri c kt qu. Kt qu: pH ca bia l ch s c c t pH-metre. 5.1.5. Xc nh mu Nguyn tc:
Bo co n 1 So snh mu ca dch mu bia vi mu ca dung dch chun iod. T th tch ido 0,1N tiu tn ta s tnh c mu ca bia Tin hnh : Ly khong 50ml mu bia, tin hnh lc qua giy lc, dng bnh tam gic hng ly dch trong. Dng pipet ht chnh xc 10ml dch trong v 10ml nc ct ln lt cho vo 2 ng nghim ln 1 v 2. Dng pipet 1ml ht dung dch iod 0,1N v nh t t tng git vo ng nghim 2 (cha nc ct) ri lc u cho n khi mu ca ng nghim 2 tng ng vi mu ca ng nghim 1 th dng li. Ghi th tch tiu tn ca iod 0,1N. Lp li th nghim 3 ln ly gi tr trung bnh. Tnh kt qu: 1 n v EBC tng ng mu ca 0.06ml iod 0.1N trong 100ml nc ct. mu =
V F (EBC) 0,0 6
V: Th tch dung dch iod 0,1N tiu tn F: T s gia 100ml nc ct vi th tch nc ct ly i o mu. 100 F= Vnc ct pha mu 5.1.6. Xc nh ng Nguyn tc: o hp thu ca mu bia sau khi trch ly cht ng bng izo-octan. Tin hnh: Ht 10ml bia lnh (10oC) loi CO2 cho vo ng nghim ly tm dung tch 50ml. Thm 1ml dung dch HCl 3N vo v 20ml izo-octan. y cht nt ng nghim v lc mnh trn my lc.
Bo co n 1 yn cho tch lp sao gn lp izo-octan trong sut pha trn vo cuvet. o hp thu ca mu ti bc sng 275nm. S dng 20ml izo-octan v 1 git cn etylic lm mu trng chnh my. Tnh kt qu: ng ca bia = hp thu x 50 5.1.7. Xc nh chua ca bia Nguyn tc: Da vo phn ng trung ha lng acid c trong mu bng lng NaOH 0.1N vi ch th phenolphtalein 1%. chua c biu hin bng s ml NaOH 0.1N tiu tn Chun b mu: Tin hnh tch CO2 ra khi mu bia bng cch lc 200-400 ml bia trong bnh tam gic bng tay hay bng my lc, 30-40oC cho n khi ngng tch kh. Sau lc qua giy lc. Tin hnh: Dng pipet ht 10ml dch bia sau khi loi kh cho vo bnh tam gic thm vo 40-50ml nc ct v thm vo 3 git ch th phenolphtalein 1%. Chun bng dung dch NaOH 0.1N n khi xut hin mu hng nht bn trong 30 giy. Ghi li th tch NaOH 0.1N tiu tn. Lp li th nghim 3 ln v ly kt qu trung bnh. Kt qu : acid c trong mu chnh bng s ml dung dch NaOH 0.1N cn trung ha cho 10ml bia. Kt qu cui cng l trung bnh cng ca 3 ln th nghim. 5.1.8. Xc nh hm lng diacetyl Nguyn tc:
Bo co n 1 Tch cc cht dixeton t bia bng cc chng ct. Cho phn ng phn chng ct vi dung dch O-lenilendiamin v to c cht dn xut ca quinoxalin. Acid ha v o quang ph cc cht thu c t phn ng. Tnh nng ca dixaton nh mt h s c xc nh qua cht chun. Chun b mu: Quay li lm hoc lc mu th tch nm men. Cch tin hnh:

o mu Ly 100ml mu bng ng nghim, nh c vch v a mu vo dng c chng
ct. Chng ct sao cho thu c 25ml mu dch ct trong ng nghim nh c vch. Thi gian un nng khng hn 6 pht, thi gian chng ct 8 10 pht.

Trn ng nht dch ct c. Dng pipet ht 10ml dch ct c cho vo ng nghim kh. Thm 0.5ml O-lenilendiamin vo ng th, lc u. yn trong ch ti 20 30 pht. Dng pipet thm 2ml HCl 4(mol/l) vo hn hp phn ng. em o quang ph bc sng hp th l 335nm, so snh vi nc (A335). Thc hin song song vi mu trng bng nc ct (Ab1). o cht chun: Dng pipet ht 0,9ml nc vo ng nghim kh. Thm 0,1ml diacetyl ri lc u. o quang ph trn bc sng 335 so snh vi nc(Aet). Hm lng dixeton biu th bng mg/l diacetyl theo cng thc:
A335 Ab1 Aet Ab1 x 0,625
Cch tnh kt qu:
Bo co n 1 5.2. Cc ch tiu ca bia thnh phm: Bia smiler sau khi thnh phm phi t cc ch tiu sau: Ch tiu cm quan: Tn ch tiu Mi V Mu sc trong Bt Ch s ha l: Tn ch tiu Hm lng cht tan cn li cn 20oC tnh bng phn trm th tch Hm lng CO2 chua mu ng Hm lng diacetyl pH Yu cu 2,8% 5% 4,5g/l 1,0 Yu cu Mi thm c trng ca malt v hoa houblon V ng du c trng ca hoa houblon, m hp dn, khng c v l Mu vng rm c trng ca bia Trong sut khng c vt th l Bt trng, dy, mn,kt dnh tt
1,3ml
NaOH0,1N/10ml bia 8 10oEBC 6 18oBU < 0,1 mg/l 4,2 4.5
Bo co n 1
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. PGS. Hong nh Ha(1998), Cng ngh sn xut malt v bia, NXB KHKT H Ni. 2. GS.TS Nguyn Th Hin, Khoa hc cng ngh malt v bia , Trng H Bch khoa H Ni. 3. Wikipedia, 2010. Bia ( ung ).<htt://www.wikipedia.com> 4.http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi %E1%BB%87t%3AT%C3%ACm_ki%E1%BA%BFm&search=c%C3%A1ch+th %E1%BB%A9c+1%C6%B0u+kho+v%C3%A0+b%E1%BA%A3o+qu%E1%BA %A3n+s%E1%BA%A3n+ph%E1%BA%A9m+bia

CNSX BIA - Đ Án

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CNSX BIA - Đ Án

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B c Anh B c Anh c Scotlen M Thy in Anh M Nht B M M

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CHNG 2: TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU

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S ha tan cc cht (t malt vo nc v t nc vo malt).

Nhit v thi gian: Ty thuc phng php thc hin. m mm

Mc ch: enzyme cho malt.

Hot ha v sinh tng hp h Thy phn mt s c cht Sinh tng hp c quan mi

nh tinh bt, protein. cho ht ( r, mm ). Cc bin i chnh:

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Thnh phn ha hc Carbonhydrat tng Protein Cc cht v c Cht bo Cc cht khc

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Hm lng % 10 11 % 15 20 % 25% 15 17 % 0,1 % 58% 0,5 1,5 % 2% 2% 3% 40 50 % Cao houblon

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2.1.3.2 Yu cu chung ca nc trong sn xut bia Nc phi trong, khng mi v l.

Hm lng Clorua < 200mg/l

Vi sinh vt: < hiu kh100tb, men mc tp trng 10tb

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CHNG 3 : CNG NGH SN XUT BIA VNG

CO2 tinh khit Thanh trng

Dn nhn Bia thnh phm

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My nghin hai i trc

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3.2.3 Nu dch nha

Nghin, xay Malt lt ln 1

Thy phn 720C/20p

Thy phn 720C/20p

Nu chn 1000C/15p ng ha 650C/40p, 750C/30p, 760C

un si dch ng Lng, lm lnh nhanh

Dng trong chn nui

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Bo co n 1 S quy trnh nu dch nha

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Trnh s xm nhp ca O2 vo bt malt.

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Ni go Ni malt 200 0 Thi gian

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