I.

C IM CU TO NGUYN T
C 2 electron lp ngoi cng => nn chng l kim loi Cc phn lp bn trong (d hoc f) cha y in t. Cu hnh e ca cc kim loi chuyn tip h d: (n-1)d110ns2. Cu hnh e ca cc kim loi chuyn tip h f: (n-2)f114(n-1)d01ns2. Trong bng h thng tun hon, chng c xp vo nhm B v hai dy Lantanic v Actinic xp cui bng.

II. TNH CHT C TRNG CA CC NGUYN T CHUYN TIP

Ngoi cc tnh cht chung ca kim loi, cc nguyn t chuyn tip do c phn lp d v f cha y in t nn c mt s tnh cht khc vi cc kim loi thuc phn nhm chnh: C nhiu trng thi oxi ha. C kh nng to phc cht. n cht v hp cht thng c hot tnh xc tc. C tnh thun t. Hp cht ca chng thng c mu.

1. C NHIU TRNG THI OXI HA

Trong cc nguyn t chuyn tip, cc electron ha tr nm cc phn lp ns v (n-1)d c nng lng xp x bng nhau nn chng c th s dng cc electron ny khi tham gia lin kt. V vy s oxi ha thay i hn cc nguyn t in hnh. V d: Mn c th c s oxi ha +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7. Trong lc cc kim loi in hnh thng c s oxi ha t thay i. V d: Na c s oxi ha +1, Al c s oxi ha +3

2. C KH NNG TO PHC CHT

Cc kim loi chuyn tip c kh nng to phc cht bn, do chng c cc orbital trng, c th tham gia to lin kt phi kh vi cc phi t to thnh phc cht. V d: K3[Fe(CN)6]; [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2; [Zn(NH3)4]Cl2

3. N CHT V HP CHT THNG C HOT TNH XC TC

n cht cng nh hp cht ca cc kim loi chuyn tip thng c hot tnh xc tc. Do cc kim loi chuyn tip c nhiu trng thi oxi ha nn chng c kh nng to thnh nhng hp cht trung gian vi cc phn ng ng vi cc trng thi oxi ha khc nhau lm gim nng lng hot ha ca phn ng nn phn ng xy ra vi tc nhanh hn. V d: -Ni lm xc tc cho cc phn ng hydro ha. -V2O5 lm xc tc cho phn ng oxi ha . -Cc ion lim loi chuyn tip c mt trong mt s enzym ca c th nh Mn, Mo, Zn

4. C TNH THUN T
Ta bit cht thun t l cht b t trng ht, chng thng c electron c thn. Cn cht c electron ghp i b t trng y gi l cht nghch t. a s kim loi chuyn tip v ion ca n thng c mt hoc nhiu electron c thn nn c tnh thun t.

5. HP CHT CA KIM LOI CHUYN TIP THNG C MU

Ta bit mu sc gy ra do s hp th c chn lc sng nh sng c bc sng ng vi mt mu nht nh, mu thy c l mu ca nh sng cn li khng b hp th vad phn x n mt ta. S hp th nh sng lm cho nguyn t trng tahis kch thch, khi mt s electron chuyn sang trng thi nng lng cao hn. V hiu s nng lng ca cc electron nm phn mc ns v (n-1)d ca cc kim loi chuyn tip khng ln, di sng hp th ca chng nm trong vng kh kin nn hp cht ca chng thng c mu. V d: Cu2+ mu xanh, Ni2+ mu lc sng

III. HA HC CA MT S KIM LOI D THNG DNG

1. Fe, Co, Ni:
St l kim loi tng i ph bin, c nhiu trong thin nhin dng hp cht vi oxi nh qung st nu Fe3O4, xiderit FeCO3, pyrit FeS2 Coban v niken t ph bin hn, chng thng gp dng hp cht vi asen. Fe, Co, Ni l kim loi nng, c nhit nng chy v nhit si cao, dn in dn nhit tt, c tnh t. Fe v Co c mu trng hi xm, Ni coa mu trng bc.

1.1. CU HNH ELECTRON

Fe: 3d64s2; Co: 3d74s2; Ni: 3d84s2. S oxi ha thng gp l +2 v +3.

1.2. HA TNH
L cc kim loi hot ng trung bnh, hot ng gim dn t Fe n Ni. *Vi nc v khng kh: khi nguyn cht hay dng khi bn. Tuy nhin do st thng ln tp cht nn trong khng kh m b n mn to ra r st xp khng bo v c kim loi.

Vi phi kim: nhit thng v khng c hi m chng khng tc dng, nhng nhit cao chng tc dng kh mnh.

Fe + 3Cl2 = 2FeCl3 X + Cl2 = XCl2 (X: Co, Ni) 600 10=1000C, Fe cn tc dng vi cacbon to xe men tit. 3Fe + C = Fe3C

*Vi axit:
Chng y c hydro ra khi axit khng c tnh oxi ha to mui c s oxi ha +2.

Vi axit oxi ha :
Fe b th ng bi H2SO4 c ngui v HNO3 c ngui. H2SO4 c nng d ha tan cc kim loi trn. 2Fe + 6H2SO4(n) = Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O Fe + 4HNO3(long) = Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O

*Vi kim loi yu hn:

Chng y c kim loi yu hn ra khi hp cht. Fe + CuSO4 = Cu + FeSO4

1.3. HP CHT
i vi Fe, hp cht +2 v +3 u in hnh, cn i vi Co v Ni ch c hp cht +2 l in hnh. *Hp cht +2 - Oxit MO: FeO(en), CoO(xanh lc xm), NiO(xanh lc) l nhng hp cht rn khng tan trong nc v trong kim nhng d tan trong axit nn chng l cc oxit bazo. Khi un nng, chng b hydro kh n khi kim loi t do. MO + H2 = M + H2O - Hydroxit M(OH)2 Fe(OH)2 mu trng, Co(OH)2 mu hng, Ni(OH)2 mu xanh lc sang u l nhng kt ta keo khng tan trong nc v kim nhng d tan trong axit. Nh vy chng l hydroxit bazo, nhng tnh bazo rt yu.

- C ba hydroxit u l cht kh mnh, i t Fe(OH)2 n Ni(OH)2 tnh kh gim dn.

4Fe(OH)2 trng + O2 khng kh + H2O = 4Fe(OH)3nu (p nhanh)

V vy Fe(OH)2 va iu ch xong s bin dn thnh mu xanh (mu ca hp cht trung gian) ri mu vng t v cui cng l mu nu.
4Co(OH)2 hng + O2khng kh + H2O = 4Co(OH)3nu sm (p chm)

Ni(OH)2 khng tc dng vi oxi khng kh, ch th hin tnh kh khi gp cht oxi ha mnh.
2Ni(OH)2 xanh lc + Cl2 + 2NaOH 2Ni(OH)3en + 2NaCl

- Cc mui: a s cc mui tng ng tan trong nc v b thy phn. Trong dung dch, Fe2+ c mu xanh l cy nht, Co2+ mu hng, Ni2+ mu lc ti. Chng l nhng cht kh, khi i t Fe2+ n Ni2+ tnh kh gim dn: 4FeSO4 dd mu xanh ngc + O2 khng kh + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)SO4 mu vng t V vy dung dch Fe2+ lu trong khng kh b chuyn thnh Fe3+. Cc mui Co2+ v Ni2+ khng b bin i trong khng kh. Cc ion M2+ d to phc cht. phc cht bn hn mui. FeSO4 + 2KCN Fe(CN)2 trng + K2SO4 Nu d KCN: Fe(CN)2 + 4KCN K4[Fe(CN)6] tan Fe3+ tc dng vi K4[Fe(CN)6] s cho mt kt ta mu xanh thm (xanh Berlin): 4FeCl3 + 3 K4[Fe(CN)6] Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3xanh thm + 12KCl Kt qu ny c dung lm phm nhum

*Hp cht 3+: Khi i t Fe n Ni tnh kh ca M2+ gim dn nn tnh oxi ha ca M3+ tng dn. - Oxit M2O3 Fe2O3 (nu), Co2O3 (nu sm), Ni2O3 (en sm) l nhng cht rn khng tan trong nc Co2O3 v Ni2O3 l nhng cht oxi ha mnh. M2O3 + 6HCl 2MCl2 + Cl2 + 3H2O (M: Co, Ni) Cc hydroxit M(OH)3 to thnh khi cho mui M3+ tc dng vi dung dch kim. Chng l nhng cht oxi ha mnh trong axit. Khi i t Fe(OH)3 n Ni(OH)3 tnh oxi ha tng dn: Fe(OH)3 oxi ha c I- nhng khng oxi ha c Cl- v Br-; cn Co(OH)3 v Ni(OH)3 oxi ha c c ba. Nh th Co(OH)3 v Ni(OH)3 c tinha oxi ha rt mnh. Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl FeCl3 + 3 H2O Co(OH)3 + 6HCl FeCl3 + 3H2O

- Mui M3+ Mui Co3+ v Ni3+ Mui Fe3+ bn v thng to thnh mui kp c cng thc tng qut M[Fe(SO4)].12H2O (c gi l phn), trong M l cation +1. Ion Fe3+ thc t khng mu nhng trong dung dch c mu vng, l sn phm ca s thy phn. Mui ca Fe3+ tc dng vi dung dch SCN- to cht tan mu mu, phn ng rt nhy: FeCl3 + 3KSCN Fe(SCN)3tan, mu + 3KCl Phn ng ny dung nhn bit ion Fe3+., Cc ion M3+ d tao phc cht v phc cht bn hn mui. Khi cho Cl2 hay Br2 tc dng vi K4[Fe(CN)6] ta c K3[Fe(CN)6]: 2K4[Fe(CN)6] + Cl2 2 K3[Fe(CN)6] + 2KCl K3[Fe(CN)6] l thuc th ca Fe2+: 2 K3[Fe(CN)6] + 3FeCl2 K3[Fe(CN)6]2xanh thm (xanh turbin) + 6KCl

2. Cu, Ag, Au
2.1.Cu to nguyn t v l tnh *Cu hnh electron l ns1 (ging kim loi kim) nhng lp st ngoi c 18e (trong khi kim loi kim cng chu k ch c 8e) nn chng l nhng kim loi yu hn ki loi kim nhiu. - Ngoi kh nng nhng 1e ca lp ngoi cng, cc nguyn t phn nhm ng cn c th mt 1 hoc 2e lp (n-1). Do tuy nhm I nhng cc nguyn t ny c th to cc hp cht tng ng vi cc s oxi ha +1, +2 v +3. - Khi i t Cu n Au bn knh nguyn t tng rt chm nn tnh kim loi gim nhanh. *Trong t nhin Cu, Ag, Au c th tn ti trng thi t do nhng t. Chng c khi lng ring ln, dn in v dn nhit tt, d dt mng (vng c th dt thnh l mng 1m), d ko si (1g vng ko thnh si di 3400m), nhit nng chy v nhit si cao, d to hp kim.

2.2. HA TNH
Cu, Ag, Au l cc kim loi yu. i t Cu n Au tnh hot ng ha hc gim nhanh. *Tc dng vi phim kim - Trong khng kh, di tc dng ng thi ca oxi, hi nc v kh cacbonic, Cu b bin i v to lp cacbonat bazo (cn gi l tanh ng): 2Cu(r) +O2(k) +H2O(k) + CO2(k) Cu2(OH)CO3 xanh lc xm, c Ag, Au khng b bin i. - C 3 khng phn ng vi hydro, nito, cacbon ngay c nhit cao. *Tc dng vi axit Cu, Ag, Au ng sau hydro trong dy in ha nn ch tan trong cc axit c tnh oxi ha mnh (HNO3, H2SO4 c nng) hay trong nc cng toan (Au ch tan trong nc cng toan).`

2.3. HP CHT
Tuy nhm I nhng Cu, Ag, Au c th cho cc hp cht ng vi cc s oxi ha +1, +2, +3. Cc hp cht bn l hp cht Ag+, Cu2+, Au3+. *Hp cht Ag+ - Ag2O l bt mu nu t, hu nh khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong axit nn l oxit bazo. - AgOH l mt bazo khng bn, phn hy sau khi tao thnh: AgNO3 + NaOH NaNO3 + AgOHtrng 2AgOHkhng bn Ag2Oen + H2O - a s cc mui Ag+ kh tan trong nc, d b nh sang phn hy (nn c ng dng trong vic ch to phim v giy nh), d to phc cht vi NH3, CN-, S2O32- AgCltrng + 2NH3d [Ag(NH3)2]Cltan, dd khng mu

*Hp cht Cu2+ - CuO l bt mu en, khng tan trong nc nhng tan d trong axit. - Cu(OH)2 l kt ta xanh da tri, to thnh khi cho mui Cu2+ tc dng vi dung dch kim. Cu(OH)2 t bn, d mt nc khi un nng. Cu(OH)2xanh da tri CuOen + H2O N l mt hydro lng tnh, c hai tnh cht u yu, nhng tnh bazo tri hn Cu(OH)2 + 2HCllong CuCl2 + 2H2O Cu(OH)2 + 2NaOHc 50%, si Na2[Cu(OH)4]tan, dd tm - Cc mui Cu2+ u c v d to phc cht, CuSO4.5H2O c dung lm thuc tr su trong nng nghip. CuSO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O Cu(OH)2 xanh + (NH4)SO4 Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3d [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 tan, dd xanh tm

*Hp cht Au3+

- Au2O3 l bt nu sm, khng tan trong nc d phn hy khi un nng. - Au(OH)3 l kt ta nu , lng tnh nhng tnh axit mnh hn tnh bazo. - a s cc mui ca Au3+ c mu vng v d to phc cht: AuCl3 + HClc H[AuCl4]tan

3. Zn, Cd, Hg
3.1. TNH CHT NGUYN T - Cu hnh electron ns2, c 2e lp ngoi cng v 18e lp (n-1) nn chng l nhng kim loi yu hn cc kim loi IIA cng chu k. 3.2. L TNH - Zn, Cd, Hg l nhng nguyn t itys ph bin hn so vi cc kim loi kim th. - nhit thng Hg l cht lng, Zn v Cd l cht rn. Chng c nhit nng chy v nhit si tng i thp, t bit l Hg co th bay hi nhit thng. Hi Hg rt c. Hg ha tan kim loi ngay nhit thng. Hp kim ca Hg c gi l hn hng. Hn hng c th dng rn, lng hoc st ty thuc vo thnh phn ca n.

3.3.HA TNH Cc nguyn t Zn, Cd, Hg l nhng kim loi yu hn cc kim loi kim th cng chu k. *Tc dng vi phim kim - Trong khng kh kh, nhit thng, Zn, Cd, Hg khng b bin i. - Khi un nng, Zn v Cd chy cho ngn la mu (Zn: xanh da tri, Cd:). Hg ch b oxi chm. - Vi lu hunh v cc halogen, Zn v Cd phn ng mnh lit khi un nng, Hg phn ng ngay nhit thng. *Tc dng vi axit Zn v Cd ng trc hydro trong dy in ha nn tc dng c vi axit long, Hg ng sau hydro nn ch tan trong HNO3 v H2SO4 c nng. * Tc dng vi kim Ch c Zn ha tan trong kim v c hydro lng tnh. Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOHdd Na2[Zn(OH)4]tan,dd khng mu

3.4. HP CHT * Oxit ZnO (trng), CdO (nu), HgO(tinh th: ti, dng bt mn c mu vng) l cc cht rn khng tan trong nc. CdO v HgO v oxit bazo. ZnO l oxit lng tnh. ZnO c s dng sn xusowntr trng. * Hydroxit Zn(OH)2 v Cd(OH)2 l kt ta keo trng, to thnh khi cho mui Zn2+, Cd2+ tc dng vi dung dch kim. Cd(OH)2 l hydroxit bazo. Zn(OH)2 l hydroxit lng tnh, c hai tnh cht u yu nhng tnh bazo mnh hn. Hg(OH)2 khng bn, va to thnh b phn hy to HgO mu vng. HgCl2 + 2NaOH HgOvng + 2NaCl + H2O

Cc mui M(II) a s cc mui u khng mu, cc nitrat v sulfat d tan. Mui ca thy ngn rt c. cc mui u to thnh phc cht: ZnCl2 + 2H2O Zn(OH)2 trng + 2NH4Cl

Zn(OH)2trng + 4NH3 d [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 tan, khng mu HgCl2 + 2 KI HgI2 + 2KCl

HgI2 + 2KId K2[HgI4]tan, dd khng mu

Hp cht Hg(I) Ngoi hp cht +2, thy ngn cn c hp cht +1. Trong phn t ca hp cht +1 c dy Hg-Hg- nn thng vit l Hg22+ V d: Hg2Cl2 , Hg2(NO3)2. Cc mui Hg(I) khng bn, lu b phn hy: Hg2Cl2 trng Hgen + HgCl2

4. Mn

4.1. HA TNH *Vi oxi: iu kin thng to lp oxit bo v, nhng dng bt th d dng b oxi ha.
*Vi phim kim: Mn + Cl2 MnCl2 *Vi nc nhit thng khng phn ng, nhit cao phn ng nhanh. *Tan c trong axit thng v axit oxi ha. B HNO3 c ngui th ng ha.

4.3.HP CHT Mn cho nhiu hp cht t +2 n +7. *Hp cht +2 - MnO l bt mu lc xm, khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong axit. - Hydroxit tng ng ca n l Mn(OH)2. Mn(OH)2 c kt ta mu trng hng, c tnh bazo yu, ngoi khng kh b oxi ha d dng thnh Mn(OH)4. Mn(OH)2trng hng + O2 + 2H2O Mn(OH)4nu a x cc mui Mn2+ d tan, dung dch m c c mu hng nht, dung dch long gn nh khng mu, bn trong khng kh.

*Hp cht +4 - Oxit MnO2 l bt mu en, thc t khng tan trong nc. hydroxit tng ng vi n l Mn(OH)4. - Mn(OH)4 c tnh lng tnh, c hai tnh cht u yu nhng bazo mnh hn. MnO2 v Mn(OH)4 c c tnh oxi ha ln tnh kh. Trong mi trng axit chng l nhng cht oxi ha mnh 2MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O (dng iu ch clo) Trong mi trng kim, khi gp cht oxi ha mnh, chng th hin tnh kh. 2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 2K2MnO4 xanh lc + 2H2O

*Hp cht +6 Axit manganic H2MnO4 l cht khng bn, d phn hy. 3H2MnO4( dd xanh lc sm) MnO2en + 2HMnO4 dd xanh lc + 2H2O Mui ca n l manganat MnO42- bn hn axit. Axit manganic H2MnO4 v mui ca n l nhng cht oxi ha mnh, chng d b kh n Mn2+ (trong mi trng axit), MnO2 (trong mi trng kim hay trung tnh). Ngoi ra khi gp cht oxi ha mnh hn, chng th hin tnh kh: 2K2MnO4(dd xanh lc sm) + Cl2 2KMnO4 dd tm + 2KCl

*Hp cht +7 Mn2O7 l cht lng nht nh du, mu xanh l cy en, c to thnh khi cho permanganate tinh th tc dng vi H2SO4 c ngui. N l cht rt khng bn, thy phn ngay nhit thng. 2 Mn2O7 4MnO2 + 3O2 Mn2O7 l cht oxi ha rt mnh, cc cht hu c bc chy khi tip xc vi n. Mn2O7 d tan trong nc to axit permanganic: Mn2O7 + H2O 2HMnO4 Axit permanganic HMnO4 l axit mnh gn bng HCl v HNO3, n rt khng bn, phn hy khi nng ln hn 20%. 4HMnO4 4MnO2 + 3O2 + 2H2O Mui ca n l permanganate MnO4-, mu tm, bn hn axit. 2KMnO4 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2 (dng iu ch oxi trong PTN)

Cc permanganat MnO4- l cc cht oxi ha mnh, nhng trong mi trng khc nhau th hin mc oxi ha khc nhau: mnh nht trong mi trng axit, yu nht trong mi trng kim. - Trong mi trng axit, permanganate b kh n Mn2+ MnO4- + 5e + 8H+ Mn2+ + 4H2O 2KMnO4 + 5K2SO3 + 3H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 6K2SO4 + 3H2O - Trong mi trng trung tnh, axit yu hay kim yu, permanganate b kh n MnO2 MnO4- + 3e + 2H2O MnO2 + 4OH2KMnO4 + 3K2SO3 + H2O 2MnO2 + 3K2SO4 + 2KOH - Trong mi trng kim mnh, permanganate b kh n MnO42MnO4- + e MnO422KMnO4 + K2SO3 + 2KOH 2K2MnO4 + H2O

5.Crom L kim loi mu trng xm, kh ph bin trong thin nhin, c nhit nng chy v nhit si rt cao. Crom cng nht trong tt c cc kim loi. 5.1. CU TO NGUYN T Cu hnh: 3d54s1 3.2.HA TNH *Vi khng kh v nc: Cr bn vi nc v khng kh nhit thng. *Khi un nng trng thi bt, Cr d b oxi ha bi cc phi kim. 4Cr + 3O2 2CrO3 2Cr + 2Cl2 2CrCl3 *Vi axit: tan trong axit nhit thng, th ng trong H2SO4 c ngui v axit HNO3 c ngui.

5.4.HP CHT C nhiu hp cht tng ng vi cc s oxi ha khc nhau, nhng c trng v bn nht l hp cht +3, +6. *Hp cht +6 - Oxit CrO3 l mt oxit axit, d tan trong nc, khng bn, trn 2000C b phn hy: 4CrO3 2Cr2O3 + 3O2 - Hydroxit H2CrO4 (axit cromic) l mt diaxit mnh trung bnh, ch tn ti trong dung dch. Mui ca H2CrO4 l cromat CrO42- bn hn axit. a s cc cromat kh tan trong nc, tr cc cromat kim loi kim, Mg+2, Ca+2. Ion CrO42- c mu vng ti. Ngoi H2CrO4 ra, crom cn c mt hydroxit na l axit bicromic.

 l mt axit mnh, ch tn ti trong dung dch. Mui ca n l bicromat Cr2O72- bn hn axit. Cc bicromat tan nhiu hn cromat. Ion Cr2O72- mu da cam. Trong dung dch ca mui cromat hay bicromat lun c cn bng: Cr2O72- ( da cam) + H2O 2H+ + 2CrO42- (vng ti) Do khi them axit vo dung dch mui cromat (mu vng ti) th cromat chuyn thanh bicromat (mu da cam) v ngc li, khi them kim vo dung dich bicromat th bicromat chuyn thnh cromat: 2K2CrO4(dd vng) + H2SO4 K2Cr2O7(dd cam) + H2O + K2SO4 K2Cr2O7(dd cam) + 2KOH 22K2CrO4(dd vng) + H2O

 Trong mi trng axit, cc cromat v bicromat l nhng cht oxi ha mnh, chng d b kh thnh Cr3+: Cr6+ Cr3+ K2Cr2O7(dd cam) + 3SO2 + H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3(dd lc xm) + K2SO4 + H2O
Dung dch K2Cr2O7 bo ha trong H2SO4 c trng c gi l sulfocromic c tnh oxi ha rt mnh, c dng ra sch chai l, bnh thy tinh trong PTN.

*Hp cht +3 - Cr2O3 l mt cht bt mu xanh l cy sm, rt kh nng chy, khng tan trong nc, khng tan trong axit, bazo nhit thng. Hydroxit tng ng vi n l Cr(OH)3 l kt ta xanh xm, lng tnh, to thnh khi cho mui Cr3+ tc dng vi dung dch kim long. CrCl3 + 3NaOH(long) Cr(OH)3 xanh xm + 3NaCl Cr(OH)3 xanh xm + 3HCl CrCl3 + 3H2O

Cr(OH)3 xanh xm + 3NaOH Na2[Cr(OH)6]tan, dd mu xanh lc

- Mui Cr3+ b thy phn do mi trng axit.

- Trong mi trng kim chng l cc cht kh: Cr3+ Cr6+ 2Na[Cr(OH)6](dd xanh lc) + 3Br2 + 4NaOH 2Na2CrO4(dd vng ti) + 6NaBr + 8H2O