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Cu 1.

1 Kin trc my tnh l khoa hc v vic la chn v kt ni cc thnh phn phn cng to ra cc my tnh t c cc yu cu v chc nng, hiu nng v gi thnh. Kin trc my tnh c cu thnh t 3 thnh phn con: (i) Kin trc tp lnh (Instruction Set Architecture), (ii) Vi kin trc (Micro Architecture) v Thit k h thng (System Design). Kin trc tp lnh l hnh nh ca mt h thng my tnh mc ngn ng my.. Vi kin trc l m t mc thp v cc thnh phn ca h thng my tnh, phi ghp v vic trao i thng tin gia chng. Thit k h thng: bao gm tt c cc thnh phn phn cng ca h thng my tnh. Cu 1.2 S khi chc nng ca mt h thng my tnh gm bn thnh phn chnh: (1) CPU Khi x l trung tm, (2) B nh trong, gm b nh ROM v b nh RAM, (3) Cc thit b ngoi vi, gm cc thit b vo v cc thit b ra v (4) Bus h thng.

Cu 1.3 biu din s c du, ngi ta s dng bit cao nht (bn tri nht) biu din du ca s - gi l bit du, chng hn bt du c gi tr 0 l s dng v bt du c gi tr 1 l s m. Vi s khng du, tt c cc bit c s dng biu din gi tr ca s. Nh

vy, min gi tr c th biu din ca mt s gm n bt nh sau: S c du: min biu din t t -2n-1 n + 2n-1 S khng du: t 0 n 2n Cu 1.4 Thanh ghi (registers) l cc nh bn trong CPU, c nhim v lu tr tm thi lnh v d liu cho CPU x l. Thanh ghi thng c kch thc nh, nhng tc lm vic rt cao - bng tc CPU. Kch thc thanh ghi ph thuc vo thit k CPU. Cc kch thc thng dng ca thanh ghi l 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 v 256 bit. Thanh tch lu A (Accummulator) l mt trong cc thanh ghi quan trng nht ca CPU. Thanh ghi A khng nhng c s dng lu ton hng vo m cn dng cha kt qu ra. Ngoi ra, thanh ghi A cn thng c dng trong cc lnh trao i d liu vi cc thit b vo ra. Kch thc ca thanh ghi A bng kch thc t x l ca CPU: 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit hoc 64 bit. Cu 1.5 B m chng trnh PC (Program Counter) hoc con tr lnh (IP Instruction pointer) lun cha a ch ca nh cha lnh k tip c thc hin. c bit, PC cha a ch ca nh cha lnh u tin ca chng trnh khi chng trnh c kch hot v c h iu hnh np vo b nh. Khi CPU thc hin xong mt lnh, a ch ca nh cha lnh tip theo c np vo PC. Kch thc ca PC ph thuc vo thit k CPU. Cc kch thc thng dng ca PC l 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit v 64 bit. Cu 1.6 Thanh ghi trng thi (SR - Status Register) hoc thanh ghi c (FR Flag Register) l mt thanh ghi c bit ca CPU: mi bt ca thanh ghi c lu trng thi ca kt qu ca php tnh ALU thc hin. C hai loi bt c: c trng thi (CF, OF, AF, ZF, PF, SF) v c iu khin (IF, TF, DF). Cc bt c thng c s dng nh l cc iu kin trong cc lnh r nhnh to logic chng trnh. Kch thc ca thanh ghi FR ph thuc thit k CPU.

Hnh 16 Cc bit ca thanh ghi c FR 8 bit ZF: C Zero, ZF=1 nu kt qu=0 v ZF=0 nu kt qu<>0.

SF: C du, SF=1 nu kt qu m v SF=0 nu kt qu dng. CF: C nh, CF=1 nu c nh/mn, CF=0 trong trng hp khc. Cu 1.7 1.12 Ch a ch (Addressing modes) l phng thc hoc cch thc CPU t chc cc ton hng ca lnh. Ch a ch cho php CPU kim tra dng lnh v tm cc ton hng ca lnh. S lng cc ch a ch ph thuc vo thit k ca CPU. Cc ch a ch Ch a ch tc th (Immediate) Trong ch a ch tc th, gi tr hng ca ton hng ngun (source operand) c t nm ngay sau m lnh, cn ton hng ch c th l 1 thanh ghi hoc 1 a ch nh. V d: LOAD R1, #1000; LOAD B, #100; R1 1000 ; Np gi tr 1000 vo thanh ghi R1. M[B] 100 ; Np gi tr 100 vo nh B.

Ch a ch trc tip (Direct) Khc vi ch a ch tc th, ch a ch trc tip s dng mt hng biu din a ch mt nh lm mt ton hng. Ton hng cn li c th l 1 thanh ghi hoc 1 a ch nh. V d: LOAD R1, 1000; R1 M[1000] Np ni dung nh c a ch 1000 vo thanh ghi R1 Ch a ch gin tip (Indirect) Trong ch a ch gin tip, mt thanh ghi hoc mt nh c s dng lu a ch mt nh lm mt ton hng. Ton hng cn li c th l mt hng, mt thanh ghi hoc a ch mt nh. Nu thanh ghi c s dng lu a ch nh ta c ch a ch gin tip qua thanh ghi (register indirect); ngc li nu nh c dng lu a ch nh khc ta c ch a ch gin tip qua nh (memory indirect). V d: Gin tip qua thanh ghi: LOAD Rj, (Ri); Gin tip qua nh: Rj M[Ri] Np ni dung nh c a ch lu trong thanh ghi Ri vo thanh ghi Rj.

LOAD Ri, (1000);

Ri M[M[1000]]

Np ni dung nh c a ch lu trong nh 1000 vo thanh ghi Ri. Ch a ch ch s (Indexed) Trong ch a ch ch s, a ch ca 1 ton hng c to thnh bi php cng gia 1 hng v thanh ghi ch s (index register). Ton hng cn li c th l mt hng, mt thanh ghi hoc a ch mt nh. V d: LOAD Ri, X(Rind); Ri M[X+Rind] X l mt hng v Rind l thanh ghi ch s. Ch a ch tng i (Relative) Trong ch a ch tng i, a ch ca 1 ton hng c to thnh bi php cng gia 1 hng v b m chng trnh PC (program counter). Ton hng cn li c th l mt hng, mt thanh ghi hoc a ch mt nh. V d: LOAD Ri, X(PC); Ri M[X+PC] X l mt hng v PC l b m chng trnh. Cu 1.13 C nhiu cch phn loi b nh my tnh. Tu chung, c th chia b nh my tnh da trn ba tiu ch: (1) kiu truy cp, (2) kh nng duy tr d liu v (3) cng ngh ch to. Da trn kiu truy cp, c th chia b nh my tnh thnh ba loi: B nh truy cp tun t (Serial Access Memory - SAM), b nh truy nhp ngu nhin (Random Access Memory - RAM), v b nh ch c (Read Only Memory ROM) Da trn kh nng duy tr d liu, c hai loi b nh: b nh n nh (Nonvolatile memory) v b nh khng n nh (Volatile memory). Da trn cng ngh ch to, c ba loi b nh: b nh bn dn (Semiconductor memory), b nh t tnh (Magnetic memory), b nh quang hc (Optical memory

Cu 1.15 B nh SRAM

Hnh 36 minh ho cu to mt mch lt n gin gm 2 transitor v mt mch lt phc tp hn vi 6 transitor (6T) hnh thnh mt bit nh ca SRAM. Thng thng, mi bit nh ca SRAM c cu to t mt mch lt 6T, 8T hoc 10T. SRAM c tc truy cp cao l do cc bit SRAM c cu trc i xng v thng tin trong bit SRAM n nh nn khng cn qu trnh lm ti. B nh DRAM Khc vi SRAM, cc bit DRAM c hnh thnh da trn t in. Hnh 37 minh ho mt bit DRAM v mch nh DRAM t chc thnh ma trn nh gm cc hng v ct. Mi bit DRAM c cu to kh n gin, gm 1 t in v 1 transitor cp ngun. Mc in tch trong t in c s dng biu din cc gi tr 0 v 1, chng hn mc y in tch ng vi mc 1, khng tch in ng vi mc 0.

Do bn cht t thng t phng in nn in tch trong t c xu hng gim dn dn n thng tin trong t cng b mt theo. trnh b mt thng tin, in tch trong t cn c np li thng xuyn qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh lm ti cc bit DRAM Cu 1.16 CPU<-> cache<->b nh chnh. CPU trao i d liu vi cache theo cc n v c s nh byte, t v t kp. Cn cache trao i d liu vi b nh chnh theo cc khi, vi kch thc 16, 32 hoc 64 bytes. S d CPU trao i d liu vi cache theo cc n v c s m khng theo khi do d liu c lu trong cc thanh ghi ca CPU vn c dung lng rt hn ch. V vy, CPU ch trao i cc phn t d liu cn thit theo yu cu ca cc lnh. Ngc li, cache trao i d liu vi b nh chnh theo cc khi, mi khi gm nhiu byte k nhau vi mc ch bao ph cc mu d liu ln cn theo khng gian v thi gian. Ngoi ra, trao i d liu theo khi (hay m) vi b nh chnh gip cache tn dng tt hn bng thng ng truyn v nh vy c th tng tc truyn d liu. Cu 1.20 a CD Dung lng ti a ca a CD l 700MB hoc 80 pht nu lu m thanh. a s dng tia laser hng ngoi vi bc sng 780 nm c thng tin. Tc truyn thng

tin ca a CD c tnh theo tc c s (150KB/s) nhn vi h s nhn. V d, a c tc c 4x th tc ti a c th c l 4 x 150KB/s = 600 KB/s; nu a c tc c 50x th tc ti a c th c l 50 x 150KB/s = 7500 KB/s. a DVD Dung lng ti a ca a DVD l 4,7GB vi a mt mt v 8,5GB vi a 2 mt. a DVD s dng tia laser hng ngoi c bc sng 650nm, ngn hn nhiu so vi bc sng tia laser dng trong a CD. Nh s dng bc sng laser ngn hn, a DVD c mt ghi cao hn nhiu so vi CD. Tc truyn thng tin ca a DVD c tnh theo tc c s (1350KB/s) nhn vi h s nhn. V d, a c tc c 4x th tc ti a c th c l 4 x 1350KB/s = 5400 KB/s; nu a c tc c 16x th tc ti a c th c l 16 x 1350KB/s = 21600 KB/s. Cu 1.21

Chut quang s dng nguyn tc lin tc chp v phn tch nh b mt chut di chuyn pht hin chuyn ng ca chut. C th, nguyn tc hot ng ca chut quang c th tm tt nh sau: 1. Mt i-t pht nh sng qua ng knh chiu xung mt phng di chut; nh sng phn x t mt phng di chut quay Ngc tr li pha di chut; 2. Mt camera t pha di chut lin tc chp nh ca b mt di chut nh nh sng phn x. Tc chp l khong 1500 nh/giy; 3. IC iu khin chut s phn tch v so snh cc nh k nhau v qua pht hin ra chuyn ng chut; 4. Tn hiu biu din chuyn ng chut do IC iu khin chut sinh ra c chuyn cho my tnh x l.

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