Cu 3.

Trong kin trc Look Aside, cache v b nh chnh cng c kt ni vo bus h thng. Nh vy, c cache v b nh chnh u thy chu k bus ca CPU ti cng mt thi im. Kin trc Look Aside c thit k n gin, d thc hin. Tuy nhin, cc s kin hit ca kin trc ny thng chm do cache kt ni vi CPU s dng bus h thng thng c tn s lm vic khng cao v bng thng hp. B li, cc s kin miss ca kin trc Look Aside thng nhanh hn do khi CPU khng tm thy mc tin trong cache, n ng thi tm mc tin trong b nh chnh ti cng mt chu k xung nhp.

Trong kin trc kiu Look Through, cache c t nm gia CPU v b nh chnh. Nh vy cache c th thy chu k bus ca CPU trc, ri n mi truyn li cho b nh chnh. Cache kt ni vi CPU bng h thng bus ring tc cao v bng thng ln, thng l bus mt sau (BSB Back Side Bus). Cache kt ni

vi b nh chnh thng qua bus h thng hay bus mt trc (FSB Front Side Bus). FSB thng c tn s lm vic v bng thng thp hn nhiu so vi BSB. Kin trc Look Through phc tp hn kin trc Look Aside. u im chnh ca kin trc ny l cc s kin hit ca kin trc ny thng rt nhanh do CPU kt ni vi cache bng knh ring c tc cao. Tuy nhin, cc s kin miss ca kin trc Look Through thng chm hn do khi CPU khng tm thy mc tin trong cache, n cn tm mc tin trong b nh chnh ti mt chu k xung nhp tip theo. Cu 3.2 nh x trc tip Cache c chia thnh n dng (line) nh s t 0 n n-1. B nh chnh c chia thnh m trang (page), nh s t 0 n m-1. Mi trang nh li c chia thnh n dng (line) nh s t 0 n n-1. Kch thc mi trang ca b nh chnh bng kch thc cache v kch thc mt dng trong trang b nh cng bng kch thc mt dng cache. c th qun l c cc nh c np, cache s dng a ch nh x trc tip gm 3 thnh phn: Tag, Line v Word. nh x kt hp y Cache c chia thnh n dng (line) nh s t 0 n n-1. B nh chnh c chia thnh m dng (line), nh s t 0 n m-1. Kch thc mt dng b nh bng kch thc mt dng cache. Do b nh chnh c kch thc ln hn nhiu kch thc cache, nn m >> n. c th qun l c cc nh c np, cache s dng a ch nh x kt hp y ch gm 2 thnh phn: Tag v Word. nh x tp kt hp Cache c chia thnh k ng (way) nh s t 0 n k-1. Mi ng cache li c chia thnh n dng (line) nh s t 0 n n-1. B nh chnh c chia thnh m trang (page), nh s t 0 n m-1. Mi trang li c chia thnh n dng (line) nh s t 0 n n-1. Kch thc mi trang ca b nh chnh bng kch thc mt ng ca cache v kch thc mt dng trong trang b nh cng bng kch thc mt dng ca ng cache. c th qun l c cc nh c np, cache s dng a ch nh x trc tip gm 3 thnh phn: Tag, Set v Word. nh x tp kt hp c s dng nhiu nht trong thc t. Phng php nh x tp kt hp tn dng c u im ca c hai phng php nh x trc tip v nh x kt hp y : nhanh do nh x trc tip c s dng cho nh x dng - chim s ln nh x v mm do, t xung t do nh x t cc trang b nh n cc ng cache l khng c nh. Nh vy, phn b s dng khng gian cache ng u hn v t h

s hit cao hn. Cu 3.3 Cc phng php c ghi cache Xt trng hp c thng tin v nu l trng hp hit (mu tin cn c c trong cache): mu tin c c t cache vo CPU v b nh chnh khng tham gia. Ngc li, nu c thng tin v l trng hp miss (mu tin cn c khng c trong cache): mu tin trc ht c chuyn t b nh chnh vo cache, sau n c c t cache vo CPU. Vi trng hp ghi thng tin v nu l trng hp hit, c th p dng mt trong 2 chnh sch ghi: ghi thng (write through) v ghi tr (write back). Vi phng php ghi thng, mu tin cn ghi c lu ng thi ra cache v b nh chnh. Ngc li, vi phng php ghi tr, mu tin trc ht c ghi ra cache v dng cache cha mu tin s c ghi ra b nh chnh khi n b thay th. Vi trng hp ghi thng tin v nu l trng hp miss, cng c th p dng mt trong hai chnh sch ghi: ghi c c li (write allocate / fetch on write) v ghi khng c li (write non- allocate). Vi phng php ghi c c li, mu tin trc ht c ghi ra b nh chnh, v sau dng nh cha mu tin va ghi c c vo cache. Vi phng php ghi khng c li, mu tin ch c ghi ra b nh chnh, khng c thao tc c dng nh cha mu tin va ghi vo cache. Cc chnh sch thay th dng cache C ba chnh sch thay th c s dng hin nay: thay th ngu nhin (Random Replacement), thay th kiu vo trc ra trc (FIFO First In First Out) v thay th cc dng t c s dng gn y nht (LRU Least Recently Used). Cache s dng phng php LRU c kh nng cho h s on trng (hit) cao nht, do LRU hot ng theo nguyn tc: cc dng cache c la chn thay th l cc dng t c s dng gn y nht, c xem xt n cc dng ang thc s c s dng tun theo yu t ln cn theo thi gian mt cch cht ch. Cu 3.4 RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) l mt cng ngh to cc thit b lu tr tin tin trn c s cc a cng, nhm t cc yu cu v tc cao (high performance / speed), tnh tin cy cao (high reliability) v dung lng ln (large volume). C hai k thut chnh c s dng to RAID: k thut to lt a (Disk Stripping) v k thut soi gng a (Disk Mirroring). im mu cht ca k thut lt

a l iu khin RAID cung cp kh nng ghi v c song song cc khi ca cng mt n v d liu. Nh vy tng c tc c ghi, gip gim thi gian c. K thut soi gng a nhm t tin cy cao cho h thng lu tr. D liu cng c chia thnh cc khi v mi khi c ghi ng thi ln hai hay nhiu a c lp. Nh vy, ti mi thi im ta u c nhiu bn sao d liu trn cc a cng c lp, m bo tnh an ton cao. Cu hnh RAID 10 ph hp vi cc my ch c s d liu, v RAID 10 l s kt hp ca RAID 1 v RAID 0, da trn c hai k thut to lt a v soi gng a. u im ca RAID 10 l t c c tc cao v tnh tin cy cao, nn rt ph hp vi cc h thng my ch i hi tnh an ton cao. Cu 3.5 S bus PCI

PCI h tr bng thng 32 bit hoc 64 bit v t tc truyn d liu kh cao theo tn s lm vic v bng thng. Vi bng thng 32 bit, tc truyn d liu t 133 MB/s ti tn s 33MHz v 266 MB/s ti tn s 66MHz. Vi bng thng 64 bit, tc truyn d liu t 266 MB/s ti tn s 33MHz v 533 MB/s ti tn s 66MHz.

Bus PCI Express (cn gi l PCIe) l mt dng bus truyn d liu ni tip, kiu im n im (point to point) vi tc cao. rng bus l t 1-32 bit tu theo cu hnh. PCI Express c cu trc t cc lin kt ni tip im n im v mt cp lin kt ni tip (theo 2 chiu ngc nhau) to thnh mt lung (lane). Cc lung c nh tuyn ng thi qua mt b chuyn mch (crossbar switch). Ti a, bus PCI Express c th h tr n 32 lung. Tc truyn d liu ca bus PCI Express ph thuc s lung s dng v phin bn ca chun. Vi mt lung, tc truyn t 250MB/s, 500MB/s v 1GB/s tng ng vi cc phin bn 1.x, 2.0 v 3.0. Bus PCI Express c kh nng cung cp ng truyn ring cho cc cp thit b tham gia s dng bus. ng thi PCI Express cng h tr nhiu cp thit b cng tham gia truyn d liu s dng cc lung truyn khc nhau. Cu 3.6 C ba vn thng gp vi c ch ng lnh: (1) Vn xung t ti nguyn (resource conflicts), (2) Vn tranh chp d liu (Data hazards) v (3) Vn ny sinh do cc lnh r nhnh (Branch instructions).