cn y l mt s bi tp t lun...hng dn gii thch... _____________________________________ ___ Nng sut LD Thi Lan nht bn Radio 2 4 go 4 1 1.

t l trao i no th li ch mu dch ca hai nc bng nhau? a. 3 go = 4.5 radio b. 4 radio = 3 go c. 2 gao6 = 6.5 radio d. 4.5 radio = 2 go 2. Chi ph c hi ca Thi lan v Nht bn ln lt l: a. 1/2 v 1/4 b. 1/2 v 4 c. 2 v 1/4 d. 4 v 1/4 3. t l trao i no th mu dch khng xy ra? a. P go/ P radio = 2 b. P go/ P radio = 1/2

c. P go/ P radio = 1 d. P go/ P radio = 4/3 _____________________________________ ___ CFCH go/radio TL l: 2/4=1/2 CFCH go/radio NB l: 4/1 C 2 quc gia u c li vi iu kin thng mi: 1/2 radio < 1 go < 4 radio. Li ch thng mi ca 2 QG bng nhau khi: 2go=4,5radio. iu kin thng mi da vo chi ph c hi. cn ci m li ch 2 quc gia bng nhau khi 1 go= (1/2 radio + 4 radio)/2. Bt tp v m hnh thng mi ca Heckcher-Ohlin. Tng lao ng= 37200 Tng t bn= 18000 H s sn xut 1X cn 4L 3K 1Y cn 5L 1K Bit: t l trao i quc t 1X=2Y t l tiu dng ni a 1X=1Y ( vi mi mc gi) 1) Xc nh ng gii hn K v L 2) Xc nh lng sn xut X v Y

3) Xc inh s lng tiu dng X v Y 4) Xc nh s lng xut nhp khu. _____________________________________ ___ a,gi s nc ch s dng mt yu t u vo duy nht l 37200L khi ti a s sn xut c 9300X(A) v 7440Y(B) > ta s c ng gii hn L(AB). tng t ta cng c ng gii hn K(CD)(vi C:6000X v D:18000Y) v trn cng mt th ta s co ng gii hn K,L. b.lc im sn xut ti u s l im E l giao im ca AB va CD.ta ca E chng l nghim ca h 4X+5Y=37200 v 3X+Y=18000.gii h ta c E(4800X,3600Y) y cng chnh l sn lng u ra hay l im sn xut. c.khi t do thng mi gi c ca cc quc gia lun cn bng nhau> s lng tiu dng X,Y l nghim ca h pt tiu dng trong nc(1) v phng trnh tiu dng quc t(2).t 1 ta cphuwowng trnh l y=x(theo bi ra).t 2 ta c phng trnh y=ax+b.trong a=-2( v a mang du m) chnh l dc ca ng MRS(X/Y)=Pw(X/Y)=2.hn na y=ax+b i qua E(v E l im sn xut ti u).thay ta ca

E vo pt ta tm c b=13200.> pt c dng y=-2x+13200.gii h 2 pt ta tm c sn lng tiu dng l (4400X,4400Y). d.sn lng XNK l (400X,800Y).trong X l sn lng xut khu=4800-4400 v Y l sn lng nhp khu=4400-3600. . Bi tp v L thuyt Li th tuyt i v Li th so snh: Cho bng s liu v chi ph sn xut (gi cng) cho mi n v sn phm cc quc gia nh sau: thp: Nht:4h VN:3h vi: Nht:10h VN: 3h a. Nc no c li th tuyt i v thp, v vi? Ti sao? b. Nu thng mi din ra gia Nht Bn v Vit Nam ti mc gi l 1 vi i 2 thp th hai nc c li hay khng? Gii thch? Hng dn: a. Ta thy, chi ph sn xut thp v vi Vit Nam u thp hn so vi Nht Bn. Vi vy, Vit Nam c li th tuyt i v c hai sn phm. b. tnh ton li ch t trao i vi t l cho, trc ht phi tnh ton gi c tng quan

ca tng sn phm ca tng quc gia. Gi c tng quan chnh l gi ca sn phm ny tnh bng sn phm khc da trn chi ph lao ng trong phm vi mt quc gia. V vy: - Nht Bn: gi thp trong nc: 1thp = 0,4vi hay 2thp = 0,8vi. Trao i vi Vit Nam: 2thp = 1 vi. Li ch thu c: 1vi 0,8vi = 0,2vi. - Tng t, Vit Nam: gi vi trong nc: 1vi = 1thp. Trao i vi Nht Bn: 1vi = 2thp. Li ch thu c: 1thp 1thp = 1thp. Bi tp v thu quan th cung cu ca mt loi thnh phm X th trng ni a cho bi hai phng trnh sau: Cung: QS = -50 + 10P. (P c tnh bng USD) Cu: QD = 400 - 5P Sn phm X c bn trn th trng th gii vi gi Pw = 20USD. a. Xc nh s lng hng nhp khu trong trng hp t do ho thng mi b. Nu chnh ph p dng thu quan nhp khu vi thu sut t = 25%, xc nh s lng hng nhp khu.

c. Hy tnh ton nhng li ch v thit hi ca thu quan ni trn. Hng dn: a. iu kin t do ho thng mi: Gi c trong nc = gi c th gii. Px = Pw = 20USD Cung: Qs = -50 + 10x20 = 150 (X) Cu: Qd = 400 5x20 = 300 (X) Nhp khu: Qnk (AB) = Qd Qs = 300 150 = 150 (X) b. Thu nhp khu t = 25%, gi c hng ho nhp khu by gi s l Pt = Pw(1 + 0,25) = 25USD. Cung: Qs = -50 + 10x25 = 200 (X) Cu: Qd = 400 5x25 = 275 (X) Nhp khu: Qnk (CD) = Qd Qs = 275 200 = 75 (X) c. Tnh ton nhng li ch v thit hi ca thu quan: Tnh ton theo hnh minh ho di y: - Thng d tiu dng gim (TDTD) = a + b + c + d = [(275 + 300)x5]/2 (USD) - Thng d sn xut tng (TDSX) = a = [(150 + 200)x5]/2 (USD) - Thu ngn sch chnh ph (NSCP) = c = 75 x 5 (USD)

- Thit hi x hi do thu quan = TDTD TDSX NSCP (USD) Ti th ko gii lm nhng m cng bit i cht, ma riu qua mt th vy. Hi vng gip cc bn hiu c cc kiu bi ton.
Kiu bi ca chng 1 :

VD : bi tp 4/24 ca sch L thuyt v chnh sch thng mi quc t ca PGS TS Nguyn Ph T. Quc gia : 1 2 Sn phm X ( kg/ gi lao ng ) 3 4 Y ( m/ gi lao ng ) 4 7 Gi s ti hai quc gia s dng 500 gi lao ng cho mi sn phm X v Y. B qua phn cu hi. Ti s phn tch cc kiu . Trc ht phi xc nh y l chi ph hay nng sut lao ng. Ch k v nu ko xc nh ci ny t u s xc nh ln xut nhp sn phm no. Chi ph s c dng ( gi lao ng/ sn

phm....). Nng sut c dng ( sn phm/ gi lao ng ) Trn kia l khi ni v li th so snh, li th tuyt i th khi ni ri, nhn v l bit, cn chi ph c hi th tng ng li th so snh tuy nhin khc n v o, ko coi lao ng l thc o duy nht, tui coi nh ging so snh v c tng quan sau mi ngi d hiu: Chi ph s c dng ( gi lao ng/ kg hay m....). Nng sut c dng ( kg hay m ...../ gi lao ng ) K tip l cc chu trnh xc nh qui m sn xut :
1/ Qui m sn xut tiu dng khi ng ca ( t sn xut ) :

Qg1 : Sx = Dx = 1500 sp Sy = Dy = 2000 sp Qg2 : Sx = Dx = 2000 sp Sy = Dy = 3500 sp TG : Sx = Dx = 3500sp Sy = Dy = 5500sp

2/ Qui m sn xut tiu dng khi thng mi v chuyn mn ha hon

( thc ra th ko nht nh phi chuyn mn ha, c th sn xut c 2 sp mc t l cho php l c, nhng nh vy s dn ti l ko lm trc nghim c v mi ngi ly 1 t l
ton

khc nhau ): Xc nh c s : c s li th tuyt i, so snh hay li th v chi ph c hi. Cch xc nhn : Li th tuyt i khi X ca QG 1 c li th hn hn QG2 v Y ca QG2 c li th hn hn QG1 , VD cho d nhn : QG 1 2 Sn phm X ( kg/ h) 3 5 Y ( m/h ) 4 2 Ci ny nhn v l bit tuyt i ri ( X th 5 >3, Y th ngc li 4 >2 => QG1 xut Y nhp X, QG 2 xut X nhp Y ) Li th so snh : khi ko c li th tuyt i gia 2 QG m ch c 1 quc gia c Vd : bi trn r rng l QG 2 ci no cng hn hn QG 1: X : 4>3, Y : 7>4. Tuy nhin mun trao i thng mi th ko th no m ch c 1 nc sn xut c 2 mt hng c. V vy phi xc nh li th so snh. So snh y l so snh v t l sn phm, 2 trng hp chi ph v nng sut u khc

nhau. Trong trng hp chi ph th : X1/ Y1 < X2/Y2 => QG 1 xut X nhp Y, QG 2 xut Y nhp X v chi ph sn xut X/Y ca QG 1 thp hn QG 2 nn sn xut X tn chi ph. Trong trng hp nng sut th : X1/Y1 < X2/Y2 => QG 1 xut Y nhp X, Qg 2 xut X nhp Y v nng sut sn xut X/Y ca QG 1 thp hn QG 2 nn QG 2 sn xut X s c li v nng sut hn. Li th v chi ph c hi : n cng ging li th so snh m chi tit hn 1 cht. Nhng bn s xc nh l li th v chi ph c hi d dng khi bi bo tnh chi ph c hi ca 2 sn phm X, Y ca 2 quc gia hay khi cho chi ph c hi ca 2 sn phm; ngoi ra khi thy c n v l kg hay m, ta c th coi l chi ph c hi. Lu l 2 trng hp chi ph v nng sut cng khc nhau : V chi ph th l nhn cho . Cn nng sut l nhn ngang. VD i cho d hiu : Chi ph : Quc gia : 1 2 Sn phm X( gi lao ng/ kg) 20 50

Y ( gi lao ng/ m) 30 40 Chi ph c hi : ( 20 Y= 30 X) (50 Y= 40 X) 1 X = 2/3 Y 1 X= 5/4 Y 1 Y = 3/2 X 1 Y = 4/5 X Nng sut : Quc gia 1 2 Sn phm X ( kg/ gi lao ng ) 20 50 Y ( m/ gi lao ng ) 30 40 Chi ph c hi : ( 20 X = 30 Y ) (50 X = 40 Y ) 1 X = 3/2 Y 1 X = 4/5 Y 1 Y = 2/3 X 1 Y = 5/4 X
Tnh chuyn mn ha v m hnh thng mi :

bi tp trn th QG 1 xut X nhp Y, QG 2 xut Y nhp X. QG 1 ( 3000 X; 0 Y ) QG 2 ( 0 X ; 7000 Y) TG ( 3000X; 7000Y ) iu kin thng mi : QG1 : 3X > 4Y (1) QG2 : 7Y > 4X (2 ) ( (1) * 4 : 12X > 16Y v (2) * 3 : 21 Y > 12 X c 12 X chung) => 21Y > 12 X > 16 Y ( theo QG xut X l QG 1) ( (1) * 7 : 21 X > 28 Y v (2) * 4 : 28 Y > 16

X c 28 Y chung ) => 21 X > 28 Y > 16 X ( theo QG xut Y l QG 2) T l thng mi li ch 2 quc gia l bng nhau : Xut pht t QG1 : l QG xut X, xt t l : 16Y < 12X < 21 Y => 12X = (16 Y + 21 Y ) /2 = 18.5 Y Xut pht t QG2 : l QG xut y, xt t l : 16X < 28Y< 21X => 28Y = ( 16X +21X ) /2 = 18.5 X C ngha l s gia = trung bnh cng 2 s 2 bn. Xc nh li ch sn xut v tiu dng : Ta xt t l trao i l 1500X; 2500Y C 2 trng hp : a) Ca c 2 quc gia : ng ca : TG ( 3500X; 5500Y ) Chuyn mn ha v thng mi : TG ( 3000X; 7000Y ) So snh vi lc ng ca ta thy khi chuyn mn ha v thng mi th : - 500X +1500Y. Gi ta phi qui i t l : Gi s X theo Y Xt QG xut khu X l QG 1 , t l X v Y l :

3X = 4Y . Vy -500X = -500 /3 *4= -666.66 Y. Vy, c TG l : -500X +1500Y = -666.66 Y +1500 Y = +833.33 Y Gi s Y theo X : Xt QG xut khu Y l QG2, t l X v Y l : 4X = 7Y. Vy 1500Y = 1500/7 * 4 = 857 X Vy, c TG l : -500X + 1500Y = -500X + 857X = +257 X Lu : Trn kia l nng sut nn t l nhn ngang ( 3X = 4Y v 4X = 7Y). Cn trng hp chi ph th nhn cho hoc chia (vd gi s bi 4 l chi ph th t l l 4X = 3Y hay X/3 = Y/4) . Khi xt sn phm X theo Y th cn xt t l ca QG xut X, cn xt Y theo X th phi xt t l ca QG xut Y. Ch cn qui i X theo Y hoc Y theo X, ko cn phi qui i c 2 trng hp, tn thi gian . Trng hp may mn c X v Y u dng th ta gi nguyn c 2 ci, khi phi qui i ( gi s khi chuyn mn ha v trao i : +500X +1500Y th khi phi qui i ) Trnh by : Li ch sn xut :

Ngun lc sn xut ca TG ko i : 2000 gi lao ng

Qui m sn xut tng : +833Y (hay l +257X)

Kt lun : Hiu qu sn xut tng Li ch tiu dng :

Ngn sch ko i Qui m tiu dng tng : +833Y ( hay l +257X)

Kt lun: Hiu ch tiu dng tng. b) Ca mi quc gia : T l trao i l 1500X; 2500Y Ta cng lm tng t ging 2 QG nhng chia nh cho tng QG : QG1 : ng ca ( 1500X; 2000Y) Chuyn mn ha ( 3000X; 0Y) Trao i ( 3000X - 1500X= 1500X; 2500Y) So vi khi ng ca : +500Y. QG2: ng ca : (2000X ; 3500Y) Chuyn mn ha ( 0X; 7000Y) Trao i ( 1500X; 7000Y - 2500Y = 4500Y) So vi khi ng ca : -500X + 1000Y Lc ny ta phi i t l . Ta c t l X v Y ca QG2 l : 4X = 7Y.

Vy -500X = -500/4*7=-875Y. Vy, so vi khi ng ca th : -500X +1000Y = -875Y +1000Y = 125Y. Lu : y l nng sut nn t l nhn ngang. Chi ph th nhn cho hay chia. Trnh by, ging trn, ko c g khc. Khung t l trao i tin t : Gi s QG1 : 1 h c tr 24L , QG2 : 1 h c tr $84. Tnh QG1 : Px = gi ca 1 sn phm X = 24/3= 8L Py = gi ca 1 sn phm Y = 24/4 = 6L Tnh QG2 : Px = 84/4 = 21$ Py = 84/7 = 12$ Lu : do y l nng sut nn mi chia. Cch hiu l : Ti QG 1 : trong 1h lao ng sn xut ra c 3 X, gi ca 1h lao ng l 24L = gi ca 3 sn phm X. Vy gi ca 1 X l 24L/3 = 8L. Trng hp chi ph th phi nhn ln. Vd: chi ph ca sn phm X ( gi lao ng/ kg) =8. Ngha l 8h la ng mi sn xut c 1 X. Vy gi ca 1 X l : 8*24L = 192L. Okie, qua c ci ny th ta s da vo t l

trao i X v Y ca mi quc gia m tnh ra : Tnh theo t l ca QG1, xut X : 16Y < 12X < 21Y. X l ca QG 1 , Y l ca QG2 nn ta c t l khung trao i tin t sau : 16* Py2 < 12* Px1 <21* Py2 <=>16* 12$ < 12* 8L < 21* 12$ <=>192 $ < 96 L < 252 $ <=>2 $ < 1L < 2.625 $ Tng t vi t l ca QG2 Lu : X ca QG no th nhn vi Px ca QG , Y ca QG no th nhn vi Py ca quc gia , ko dng chung Px, Py ca 1 QG trong khung t l trao i. Trn kia l nhng ci hay sai dng bi 1 m c nhiu ngi hay nhm ln, my ci khc th d ri, ti ko ni na.
Qua chng 2 : phn v lao ng ( L) v vn ( K) :

Ci s li ch tiu dng v li ch sn xut ca 1 quc gia coi cho k, n s hi v ci s ny, lu cc im : li ch do trao i, li ch do chuyn mn ha v li ch do trao i v chuyn mn ha ( d kin nu c s ra 1 ci biu dnh cho 3-5 cu )

Khi xt t l thm dng vn hay lao ng : Ngoi ra cn c cc dng na l :

T l tin lng trong gi thnh sn phm : chnh l L .VD t l tin lng trong gi thnh sn phm ca X l 10, ca Y l 20 th Y thm dng L so vi X. Tng vn u t : K Tng lao ng : L Thu nhp bnh qun ca 1000 USD vn u t : P K Thu nhp bnh qun ca 1 h lao ng : P L

Chng 3 : Thu

Ch khi lm cu hi trc nghim v thu, mnh khuyn khch cc bn v s cung cu ra. Nh vy d lm hn rt nhiu ( ging kinh t v m ). QG ln c li hn QG nh ch 1 phn li nhun ca QG ln l do ly t thu v li nhun ca nh sn xut QG khc ( trong khi QG nh ch c li nhun l thu ).

Lun tnh li ch nh sn xut, li ch ngi tiu dng, chnh ph tng thu ngn sch v cui cng l quc gia b thit hi v kinh t. Ch thm t l bo h tht s . Cng thc : G = (t -ai*ti)/(1-ai) Trong : t : thu quan danh ngha tnh trn sn phm cui cng cha c thu.( thu nhp khu ) ai : t l nguyn liu nhp trong gi tr sn phm cui cng. VD : gi sn phm l 500 USD, gi yu t u vo l 400 USD , vy ai = 80%. ti : thu tnh trn nguyn liu nhp. Lu v ai nhe b con : Gi s gi trong nc l 40USD, gi th gii l 20USD, gi nguyn liu nhp l 10USD th ai = 10/20=0.5 nh ch ko phi l 10/40=0.25 u v tnh l trn gi tr sn phm cui cng, sn phm cui cng y l tnh theo gi th gii.
Chng 4 : Ro cn phi thu quan

Lu khi tnh ton : Khi c tr cp th Ptc = P + Tr cp, lc ny tnh theo Ptc Khi c hn ngch th coi nh Qsx(mi) = Qsx ( c) + hn ngch.

Chng 6: Ti chnh :

Lu : khi ghi $/VND = 15 000 c ngha l 1$= 15 000 VND Nhng khi ghi R $/VND th n l 1/ 15 000 nhe cc bn, cng c ngha l 1$ = 15 000 VND
Chng 8 : Ton cu ha kinh t :

VD : gi c sn phm X l : QG1 : 6 usd QG2 : 2 usd QG3 : 3 usd Khi thng mi th QG1 nhp khu sn phm X t QG2 do QG2 r nht. bo h th QG1 tng thu nhp khu l 100% Gi c lc ny l : QG1 : 6 usd QG2 : 2 + 2*100% = 4 usd QG3 : 3 + 3*100% = 6 usd Vn nhp khu t QG2 Lin hip thu quan to lp l khi QG1 tin hnh lp 1 lin hip thu quan vi QG2 : a n li ch gia tng v thng mi ca TG tng. n gin nht l lp lin hip thu quan vi QG c gi sn phm thp nht. Lin hip thu qua chuyn hng l khi QG1

tin hnh lp 1 lin hip thu quan vi QG3 : a n thng mi ca TG tng nhng li ch ca QG gim. n gin l lp lin hip thu quan vi QG ko c gi sn phm thp nht. Lu thm v cc t gi lin hip thu quan khc nhau vi mi nc. Lc ny th ch xt t l gi.