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ai Hoc Quoc Gia TP.HCM Chu Ngha Viet Nam Trng ai Hoc S Pham Ky Thuat T Do Hanh Phuc Cong Hoa Xa Hoi oc Lap

KHOA IEN BO MON IEN - IEN T

NHIEM VU O AN TOT NGHIEP

Ho va ten Lp : VO HOANG TUAN ANH

: 95K

1. Ten e tai : QUANG BAO CO KET HP C KH

2. Cac so lieu ban au : . 3. Noi dung cac phan thuyet minh va tnh toan : . 4. Cac ban ve va o th : . 5. Can bo hng dan : NGUYEN PHNG QUANG 6. Ngay giao nhiem vu:

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7. Ngay hoan thanh nhiem vu: Can bo hng dan ky ten bo mon Ngay 2000 Chu nhiem bo mon Thong thang qua nam

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CHON E TAI
I.at van e:
Trong suot qua trnh hoc tap co ly thuyet lan thc hanh va c rat nhieu s giup cua thay co, ban en nay chuan b tot nghiep, nhiem vu e c tot ngiep la thc hien luan van tot nghiep. nganh ien th rat rong co nhiem nhom va moi nhom co nhng ac thu rieng. Chang han nganh vien thong, may tnh, ien t cong nghiep, ien t ng dung va trong moi nhom no con chia ra nhieu nhom nho chang han nh ien t cong nghiep, ngi ta s dung cac mach ien t ket hp e ieu khien, ieu chnh toc o motor, ket hp vi may tnh e ieu khien cac loai may moc, canh tay may, Robot nganh ng dung ky thuat so vao truyen dan thong tin, cac tong ai ky thuat so t ong. nhom nganh ien t dan dung co cac thiet b ien t phuc vu trc tiep cho con ngi chang han Tivi, cassette, may giat, quang bao. Noi chung tat ca eu phuc vu cho loai ngi. oi vi quang bao no muon bieu th mot cai g o oi vi con ngi. V quang bao la s dung anh sang e bieu th mot muc ch cua con ngi tao ra no. V du nh mach en giao thong, trong khong c co g loi cuon hay ep nhng cong dung cua no khong ai dam phu nhan. Vi mat o dan c ong trong khi ng xa nc ta cha c cai thien may th no ong vai tro ieu tiet giao thong, giam ach tac, tai nan. o la cong dung trc tiep con cong dung gian tiep th sao. Trong quang cao tai cac pa-no, hay tren cac nha hang khach san no gay s chu y cho khach hang va tang them s rc r cua nha hang khach san, vi cac thiet b quang bao oc ao gay cho khach hang an tng kho quen. Va 1a mot trong nhng cach thc hng dan va la mot phan trang hoang cho sinh hoat con ngi, va lam tang thu hut cua san pham, cac nha hang, khach san, quan xa Bang rat nhieu cach khac nhau ma ngi ta thc hien cac mach quang bao khac nhau bang en e pha sau kch mau bang en ong nhieu mau, hoac co the uon thanh cac dong ch bieu tng hay bang cac
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bang led (ma tran led). Moi cach eu co u khuyet iem rieng.

II.Giai quyet van e:

Vi em la sinh vien ang tm hng e tai sao cho phu hp vi thi gian va kha nang cua mnh em chon mach quang bao dung trang hoang cho cac buoi tiec, lien hoan: sinh nhat, giang sinh, tet Vi muc ch nay th mach va thc hien sao cho ep, la, gon nhe an toan la ieu can thiet. Va qua qua trnh em tm hieu cung vi s t van cua thay giao hng dan em chon MACH QUANG BAO KET HP VI C KH. Mach nay cung da theo nguyen ly quet thong thng la a data ra ma tran led. Nhng oi vi cach a data ra ma tran led tnh th ton nhieu led, nhieu linh kien hn ma noi dung hien th cung tng t quet co ket hp quay. Quet ket hp quay la ch vi mot cot led quay no vach nen mot vong tron banh knh R th no tao mot day led tron co chu vi la 2R. Tren vong tron nay ta co the can cac d lieu len. cach quet ket hp vi c kh khong e lai nen quet nen ngi quan sat co cam giac nh ch t hien ra trong khong gian. Vi kieu quet nay se t ton linh kien ien t cung nh led hien th. Tuy nhien oi hoi mach phai nho gon, co bao ve, co motor ket hp. Mot so u khuyet: u: - Mi la. - Thch hp trang tr trong cac buoi tiet nho, trong tu, ban . . . - t ton linh kien. Khuyet: - Phai dung motor. - Phai gon nhe, eu moment quan tnh. - Th trng trong anh t mot pha nho.

III.Ket luan:
Mac du mach phai dung motor ket hp nhng vi u iem cua no nen mach quang bao co ket hp c kh
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c chon lam mach nghien cu thc hien trong e tai nay.

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PHAN A

LY THUYET THIET KE
A .S lu anh cua mat:
S lu anh cua mat tc la lu anh tren vong mac phai mat mot khoang thi gian c 01 s vong mac mi hoi phuc lai nh cu c. Trong kgoang thi gian 0,1s nay cam giac anh sang cha b mat va ngi quan sat van con thay hnh anh cua vat. Trong phim anh ngi ta chieu 25 anh tren mot giay e ngi xem co cam giac cac hoat ong trong phim la lien tuc, gan nhat trong ti vi cua chung ta cung ch 25 anh tren giay c quet bang hai ban anh.

B. S lc ve mang quang bao.

Quang bao la dung anh sang e hien th theo muc ch cua ngi tao ra no. Vi s tr giup cua cac ky thuat vi mach, vi x l,viieu khien, may tnh... Hien nay co rat cach thuc hien quang bao nh: - Quang bao bang may tnh ket hp vi bo tng thch gom: mach em he thong en chieu hay man hnh tinh the, led, ma tran led,... quang bao thc hien theo cach nay rat ton kem va cong kenh.Tuy nhien no co the hien th c nheu noi dung va noi dung rat sinh ong. ac biet no co the thay oi noi dung hien th mot cach de dang nhanh chong. ac biet no co the kiem soat c noi dung ln. Loai nay thch hp dung cac rap hat ln, cac trung tam quang cao va cac buoi le - Quang bao ma noi dung cua chung co the thay oi c bang cach nap vao bo nh cua mach quang bao trc tiep. Co the nap lai noi dung bang may vi tnh hay cac bo KIT vi x l. Loai nay hien nay c thc hien nhieu v no gon hn so vi loai thc hien trc tiep bang may vi tnh ma phan noi dung hien th cung a dang. Chi ph trhc hien th nho hn so vi loai thc hien bang may vi tnh. Tuy nhien phan noi dung hien th co phan han che hn. - Quang bao khong the thay oi noi dung hien th (noi dung c nap chet trong bo nh). ac iem cua loai nay la gon re tien, thch hp cho cac hnh thc trang tr hay ch bao vi noi dung nho khong thay oi, hay t thay oi.
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Co the minh hoa mach quang bao co noi dung c lap trnh trc bang s o hnh sau:

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KHOI NGUO N

. .
ieu khien

BO . PHAN NH HIEN TH

Khoi 1. Khoi ieu khien. Co the dung trc tiep bang may vi tnh, hoac cac bo x ly hay mach ien. Tuy vao tam c cua mach quang bao. Trong cac mach quang bao thong thng, ta co the xem khoi nay gom khoi tao a ch cho bo phan nh va tao tn hieu cho phep xuat ra hay khong xuat ra cua bo hien th. Ngi ta co the thc hien cac mach dao ong bang IC 555, IC 4060, thach anh hoac cac mach dao ong khac nh RC, LC Nhng cac mach dao ong so thng c ng dung trong vi mach so v no de tng thch. Ngoai ra ngi ta con dung cac IC em nh 7456, 74193, 4040, 4017, 74192, ket hp vi mach ien ri e ieu khien. Khoi 2 : Bo nh. Hien nay co rat nhieu loai bo nh nh: RAM, ROM, tuy thuoc vao muc ch thiet ke ma ngi ta dung loai SRAM, DRAM, ROM hoac EPROM. Tat ca ay eu la cac bo nh truy xuat c. - Bo hien th. Nh ta cua no, phan chnh la phan en hay cac linh kien quang ien dung e hien bang anh sang. i oi vi chung la cac mach em. Mach em lam tng thch ngo ra cua bo phan nh va ngo vao cua mach hien th. V mach can thc hien la mach quang bao co ket hp c kh vi ac tnh la nho gon, nhe, tiet kiem, oc ao Nen mach c chon thc hien vi 1) Khoi ieu khien gom. + Bo dao ong + Bo em len + Mach ieu khien (bang linh kien ri.)
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2) Khoi nh gom RAM hay ROM. 3) Khoi hien th. S o khoi cua mach can thiet ke:

em tao a ch va ieu khien

Bo phan nh 8+4 bit a ch Bo phan hien th

C. Gii thieu liet ke va chon linh kien. I.khoi nguon.

1. Diode

Khi khoi tinh the ban dan silicon hoac Germanium c pha phosphor e tao thanh chat ban dan loai N, va pha Indium e tao thanh ban dan loai P. Th tinh the ban dan hnh thanh moi noi P N moi noi P N co s nhay cam oi vi tac ong cua ien, quang, nhiet. Trong vung ban dan loai P co nhieu lo trong trong vung ban dan loai N co nhieu ien t tha. Khi hai vung nay tiep xuc nhau se co mot so ien t vung N qua moi noi va ket hp vi lo trong cua vung P. Khi chat ban dan ang trung hoa ve ien ma vung ban dan N b mat ien t th vung moi noi P N pha ben N se mang ien tch dng, vung tiep giap pha P nhan them ien t nen mang ien tch am. Hien tng nay c tiep dien en khi ien tch am cua vung P u ln ay ien t khong cho ien tch t vung N sang na. S chenh lech ien tch hai ben moi noi nh vay tao thanh hang rao ien the. K hieu 2. Phan cc cua diode: a).Phan cc ngc:

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IS (rat nho)

VDC Di s tac ong cua nguon cac hat ien t pha N va hut cac lo trong pha P lam cho vung ngheo ngay cang tang len. Tuy nhien van co mot dong ien nho i qua diode t vung N sang vung P goi la dong r tr so khoang nA. Hien tng nay la do trong chat P cung co mot so ien t t do va trong N cung co t lo trong goi la hat tai thieu so, nhng hat tai thieu so nay se sinh ra hien tng tai hp va tao thang dong r. Dong r c goi la trong bao hoa nghch Is (saturate) do dong ien r co tr so rat nho nen trong nhieu trng hp ngi ta coi nh diode khong dan ien. b).Phan cc thuan:

Vdc Dung nguon ien mot chieu noi au dng vao chan P va noi au am cua nguon vao chan N cua diode luc nay ien tch dng cua nguon ay cac lo trong t vung P sang hng vung N va cac ien tch am cua nguon se ay cac ien t t vung N sang pha vung P lam cho ien tr va lo trong xch lai ngan nhau hn en khi lc ay tnh ien u ln th ien t t vung N qua tai hn vi lo trong cua vung P. Lc ien trng cang manh th s tai hp xay ra cang ln.

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c) ac tnh Volt ampe cua diode: I

ien ap anh thung V

V = 0,1 V 0,15V ; VDmax = 0,4V 0,5V (Ge)

2.Chon nguon:
Chon nguon cung cap on nh cho mach la 5V. Nguon c lay t nguon ien nha qua bien ap, ngo ra cua bien ap la 12V nguon 12V AC c chnh lu trc khi a vao mach on ap. Dong can cung cap cho mach chung ta khoang 200mA.Ta can chon dang mach on ap cho mach. Co nhieu loai on ap : - On ap song song va noi tiep tuyen tnh. - On ap song song va noi tiep phi tuyen.

Va co cac IC on ap nh cac ho 78XX (on ap dng), 79XX (on ap am), V dong tieu thu cho mach nho nen bo en hieu suat cua mach on ap, ta chon IC on ap 7805 cho mach.
7805 la IC on ap dng. oi vi IC nay ngi ta dung tu thoat 0,33 F khi khong can thiet cho on nh, co the dung tu 0,1 F ngo ra e cai thien ap ng qua o cua on ap. Cac tu nay phai c at tren hay cang gan cac IC on ap cung tot.

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Vao
7805

Ra

0,33 F

0,1 F

78L03 dong ien ra mac nh la 100 mA. 7803 dong ien ra mac nh la 1 A. 78H05 dong ien ra mac nh la 5A. II.Dao ong va em. 1. Gii thieu flip-flop. S dung rong rai trong cac mach em nh noi chung no ong vai tro quan trong trong ky thuat so. Flip Flop la phan t co kha nang lu tr mot trong hai trang thai la [0] hay [1]. FF co t 1 en mot vai au vao ieu khien, co hai au ra luon luon ngc nhau la Q va Q. Tuy tng loai FF do che tao co the con co au vao xoa (thiet lap 0 Clear), au vao thiet lap 1 (PRESET). Ngoai ra FF con thng hay co au vao ong bo (clock). S o khoi cua FF c cho hnh di. Pr Q
Cac au vao ieukhien

Flip - Flop

Q Clr S o tong quat cho mot Flip Flop . Cac ky hieu ve tnh tch cc c ch ra trong hnh di Ky hieu
Tnh tch cc cua tnh hieu

Tch cc la mc thap nhat L

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Luan van tot nghiep Tch cc la mc cao H Tch cc la sn dng cua xung nhp Tch cc la sn am cua xung nhp

Bang ky hieu ve tch cc a)R S flip flop:

R R-S FF S Q Q

Bang trang thai R 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 S 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Q 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 Q 0 1 0 0 1 1 Cam Cam Q

b) T Flip Flop : T

T FF

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Bang trang thai T 0 0 1 1 Q 0 1 0 1 Q 0 1 1 0

T 0 1

Q Q Q

c) D Flip Flop :
Q D D FF Q

Bang trang thai D 0 0 1 1 Q 0 1 0 1 Q 0 0 1 1

D 0 1

Q 0 1

d)J-K Flip Flop :

J K K Q Q

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Bang trang thai D 0 0 1 1 Q 0 1 0 1 Q 0 0 1 1

2.Mach dao ong Mach dao ong ta co the thc hien c bang: + Mach dao ong thach anh. + Dung IC 555. + Dung IC 4060. Chon IC 4060 v no va co chc nang dao ong va em hn han so vi IC 555, IC 4060 de mua ngoai th trng. Vi IC 4060 ta co the thc hien dao ong bang mach RC hay thach anh. Gii thieu 4060, 4518 eu la cac vi mach ho CMOS Thi gian tre: 30-100ns Cong suat tieu tan:0.01 mW(1mW khi tan so lam viec 1 MHz) Kha nang tai 50 Mc logic : Mc [0] = 0 V ; Mc [1]=ien ap cung cap Nguon cung cap:VDD =3-15 V a) 4060 co chc nang va tao dao ong va em 14 tan, nhng ch co 10 ngo ra va ngo ra nhay coc tai Q10 (Q10 khong co ngo ra) 3 au ra co bo dao ong la Rs, Rtc, Ctc dung e mac mach RC hoac thach anh e chon cac tan so dao ong mong muon t ngi thiet ke. Hoac co the s dung nguon xung clock t ben ngoai a vao chan Rs, tn hieu se c cai thien trc khi a en bo em va khi chan MR len mc cao th tat ca bo em b reset ve 0.

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S o chc nang 10 RTC CTC 11 RS

CP 14- STATE COUNTER CD BINARY

12 MR 013

03 04 05 06 07 08 09 011 012 7 5 4 S o chan

RTC
1 6

6 14 13 15 1 2
MR 1
0

VDD1 09 1 5 4 CTC

1 3

07 1 08 1
2 1

RS 9

HEF 4060B
011 012 V 0SS 012 11
2 VSS

013
3 4

05

04
6

06
7

03

031

013

05 04

06

V muc ch thiet ke cho bo phan nh co 12 ng a ch nen can mot IC em khac bo sung. Nh chung ta a biet IC 4060 em nhay coc tai ngo ra Q10 (khong co au ra Q10).V chon IC em 1 la 4060 ho CMOS nen chon tiep IC ho CMOS e ong bo trong bo em.(thi gian tre mc logic mc nhieu,..). Co the chon cac IC en nh: 4040 ,4020,4027,4518,4520,.. Chon IC4060 lam IC dao ong va em la IC ho CMOS, nen chon IC em ho CMOS e ong bo vi bo em 1 vay co the chon cac IC em sau: 4040,4020,4727,4518,... Chon IC 4518 lam IC em v muc ch thiet ke trong mach ma phan thiet ke se trnh bay ro hn. b) 4518 la vi mach hoc CMOS, co hai bo em BCD ben trong. Bo em hoat ong mc cao neu a xung clock vao ngo vao Cpo, va bo em hoat ong mc thap neu a xung clock vao trong cua Cpo. Ngo ra c em trc khi xuat ra ngoai. Chan MR tac ong mc cao. Moi bo eu co chan MR rieng va trc cac bo em khoi schmitt- trigger hoat ong lam giam thi gian tang
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hay giam cua xung clock, no tang kha nang tai mach cua phat xung clock S o ngyen ly:
1 2 7 00A CP1A 01A CPOA 9 1 0 1 5 MRA CPOB CP1B MRB
5 MR9 1 1 40 1 3

3 02A 03A 4 5 6

11 12 13 14

S o chan:
V6 DD
1

CPOB

2B

02B 2 01B1

0 00B

CP1B

HEF 4518B
CPOA VSS
1

CP1A
2

00A
3

01A
4 5

02A
6

03A
7

MRA
8

III. Bo nh: 1.C s ve bo nh:

Cac bo nh co the chia thanh hai loai tong quat, ROM va RAM. ROM la read - only Memory (bo nh ch oc ra), va RAM la Random - access Memory (bo nh truy xuat ngau nhien). Noi chung ROM cha cac d lieu mot cach co nh va khong the thay oi. Ch co the oc t ROM ra ma khong the ghi vao no. ROM luon luon co mat trong cac may tnh va khong b mat i khi tat nguon nuoi. V vay no c coi la bo nh khong thay oi (nonvolatile). Con RAM th lai khac, no co the oc ra va cung co the ghi vao. Nh vay ma d lieu co the cat gia tam cac d lieu roi sau o lai lay cac d
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lieu o ra. D lieu nay cung co the thay oi bat hy luc nao. RAM la bo nh thay oi (volatile), ngha la no b mat hoac b xoa khi mat nguon nuoi, RAM co the xem nh quyen so ghi chep, ban co the oc cac ieu ghi chep cua mnh, va oi khi co the thay oi lai cac ieu a ghi chep o. Trai lai lai ROM giong nh sach giao trnh. Noi chung cac thong tin trong o ch co the oc ra ch khong the ghi vao hoac hay oi. Khai niem truy xuat ngau nhien co ngha la bat ky mot v tr nh nao cung co the c m ra hoac c goi ra bat ky luc nao, cac thong tin khong can oc ra hay ghi vao mot cach tuan t. Ve thc chat, ca ROM lan RAM eu truy xuat ngau nhien. Ch co ieu khac nhau c ban RAM la bo nh va co the oc ra va co the ghi vao. Phu hp nhat, co le nen chon RAM lam bo nh oc/ ghi. 2. Cau truc bo nh: Hnh di trnh bay s o khoi cua mot mach nh. Mach nh c noi vi cac bo phan khac nhau trong may tnh hoac cac mach khac thong qua cac ng day a ch va cac ng day d lieu cua no. Kiem soat mach nh bang ng day enable (m), rieng oi vi RAM con co them ng day kiem soat oc/ghi (Read/write). Cac mach nh noi chung c to chc di dang ma tran, gom nhng hang va nhng cot e xac nh v tr hay a ch nh nh tren hnh di. Ma tran nay giong nh s o a ch bu ien, trong o cac hang nh cac a ch ng pho, con cac cot nh cac so nha. Moi o trong ma tran goi la mot phan t (cell) hay v tr nh (memory location). V tr hay phan t nh c do tm bang chon a ch hay mach giai ma. Mach nay gom hai phan: mach chon a ch hang RAS (row - address selector) va mach chon a ch cot CAS (colum - address selector). Cac ng day a ch se chon a ch hang va a ch cot. ng day enable dung e m cac mach loi ra bo nh theo ba trang thai. Con ng day Read/write quyet nh dang thao tac se thc hien.

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addres s line in

Memory device

}
B u f f e r s

Data lines

read/write enable (RAM)

Device (chip) emable

(a) Bo phan nho c ban colum address selector (CAS) read/wrute enable

Memory address lines system

Memory matrix

Data line

Row address selector(RAS) A4 (b) diagram A (1) (1) 4 3 Block Device A (1) enable

0 1 2 7
0 Address lines A0 (0) (0) A1 (1) A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Rom (001)

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(c) address cell

Colum (111)

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Bo nh hoac cac to chc bit (bit oganized) hoac la loai to chc li (word oganized). Bo nh loai to chc bit co the lu gi mot bit n trong moi v tr a ch. Nh vay oi vi loai to chc bit, moi o tren ma tran ( hnh) tren ai dien cho mot so nh phan. Bo nh thuoc loai to chc ri se c la chon ca mot nhom phan t nh cung mot luc oi vi moi v tr a ch. Do o bo nh loai nay, moi o trong ma tran ng vi mot nhom nhieu so nh phan. Moi nhom phan t nh thng la mot byte (8 bit) hoac mot li (16 bit). Neu khong noi en loai to chc g ang dung th so ng day a ch se quyet nh so v tr nh cc ai theo cong thc sau ay: So lng v tr nh cc ai : = 2N trong o, N so lng cac ng a ch. Bang 2-1 cho biet quan he gia cac so lng cac ng a ch va cac v tr nh. Chu y thng dung ky hieu tieu chuan quy c ch xap x so lng cc ai thc s cua cac v tr nh. V du, bo nh 64K thc ra co ti 65.536 v tr nh. Bang 2-1 so ng a ch va mot so v tr nh. So ng a ch 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 24 32 So v tr nh 1024 2048 4096 8192 16.384 32.768 65.536 131.072 262.144 524.288 1.048.576 16.777.216 4.294.467.29 6 Ky hieu chuan 1K 2K 4K 8K 16K 32K 64K 128K 256K 512K 1M 16M 4G

a. RAM: RAM la loai bo nh thay oi c, d lieu co the ghi vao hoac oc ra. Bat ky mot phan t nh nao cua
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RAM cung co the la chon ra c bat c luc nao, va khong giong nh ROM, cac noi dung d lieu cua no cung co the thay oi bat ky luc nao. Ram c chia thanh hai loai tnh va ong. RAM tnh (static), SRAM lu gi so lieu mai mai neu nh nguon nuoi khong b mat. SRAM thc chat la mot hang flip- flop, trong o moi flipflop la mot phan t nh ai dien cho mot bit nh a c trnh bay tren hnh 2-6(a). RAM ong (DRAM - Dynamic RAM) la mot loai RAM c lam ti (refresh) tc la phai c nap lai cac d lieu ang c lu tr theo tng chu ky. Lam ti bang cach thc hien thao tac oc hoac ghi chep lai. Cung co the lam ti bang cac thao tac ac biet khac. Do mat o phan t nh rat cao nen ga tien cua DRAM tnh theo dung lng bit tr nen kha re so vi SRAM, mac du phc tap va cong che tao cao hn. DRAM c che tao bang cac MOSFET nhng tac dung nh cac tu ien (hnh (b)). Neu cac tu ien khong c nap ien nhac lai theo chu ky th cac so lieu nh se b mat do s ro ien. Cac DRAM yeu cau phai c lam ti theo chu ky khoang 2 en 4 ms. Thc hien lam ti thc chat la nap them nang lng cho tu ien e lu gi logic 1 va duy tr s phong ien cua tu e lu gi logic 0.
Column select To read write VDD To read write

Q1 Dat a Q5 Q3 Column select

Q2 Dat a Q4 Q6

Row select line

(a) MOS static memory cell

Row

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line

select

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( b) MOS dynamic memory cell

SRAM Hnh tren ve s o chc nang va s o phan bo chan va bang s that cua vi mach nh TSM 4016 SRAM, o la bo nh loai MOS co to chc 2048 8 bit. Chan 20 ky hieu G dung e kiem ng day ong - m (enable) mach em loi ra. Neu G co mc ra cao th loi ra co trang thai tr khang cao. Neu G thap th loi ra se c noi thong vi he thong. Chan 18 ky hieu S dung kiem soat ng day chon chip. Neu S cao th vi mach b ong va khong the oc hay ghi d lieu. Neu S thap th chip c chon va sau o se oc d lieu ra hay ghi d lieu vao. Chan 21 ky hieu W dung kiem soat thao tac oc/ghi. W cao la oc con W thap la ghi. A0 en A10 la cac ng a ch dung e xac nh mot phan t nh cu the nao o trong bo nh. D1 en D8 la ca ng vao hoac ra cac so lieu cua cac phan t nh. Bang s that cho biet ro cach hoat ong cua vi mach. V du muon ghi hoac cat gi d lieu vao bo nh th W phai thap va S cung phai thap. Luc o cac bit d lieu se c a ghi nh vao ung a ch a c cac ng day a ch xac nh. Chu y la trong qua trnh thao tac ghi, trang thai cua G khong can quan tam. DRAM Do gia re va mat o d lieu cao, DRAM a tr thanh loai thong dung nhat trong bo nh cua cac may vi tnh ngay nay. V cac phan t nh eu la loai MOSFET cho nen co the de dang thu gon mot so lng rat ln cac phan t A7 1 vao trong vi24 VCC 1 + 5V1 nh mach. Nhc iem cua 2 A6 o hi cham va A loai nay la toc can phai lam ti 8 23 3 so ien dung ben trong cua MOSFET thng xuyen.A5 Tr A9 22 4 u ln e tao thanh mo tu ien ty hon (vai picofarad), A4 21 H 5 cho nen co the lu gi so lieu bang cach co nap hay A3 20 G khong nap ien tch trong tu ien o. Tnh trang khong 6 19 A10 ien tch, tc A2 7 la logic 0, co the c lu gi vo thi han. Con tnh trang logic 1, tc 18 Stu ien khong c la 8 A1 2048X8 nap ay tch, th phai luon luon 17 D nap nhac lai t nhat c 9 8 A0 SRAM ien se mat ien tch va 2ms mot lan; neu khong tu 16 1 D7 D1 so lieu lu gi cung b mat. 0 15
D2 D3 1 1 1 14 13 D6 D5 D4
(GND)

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(GND)

(a) 4106 pinout

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Addres s lines

A0 to A10 D1 S G W D8 to Data in/out (three state) -

Chip select (CS) Output (OE) enable

Read/write Enable (WE)

(b) 4016 static RAM

Hnh 2-2 Hnh 2-2 ve s o chan cua DRAM TMS 4116 thuoc loai (+5) MOS c to chc thanh 16*1bit theo bang 2-1 th 16K tng VBB ng vi 16.384 v tr o nh thc te. Nh vay can phai co 14 bt a ch tc14 ng a ch, bi 214 bang 16384. e V
D

tiet kiem soin ng a ch va giam so SS (GND)an tren IC ch 1 GAS 16 hau het cac loai DRAM 2eu dung phng phap a ch WE 15 multiplex, thay v 14 ng, nay ch can 7 DOUT ng a ch 3 A au tien cha thong tin ve hang roi roi 6 tiep sau mang 14 4 RAS thong tin ve cot. e kiem soat thao tac nay ngi ta 13 A3 5 dung day RAS va CAS nh hnh 2-2. Khi 12 RAS thap th thong A0 16Kx1 6 A4 tin tren ng a ch se c m thong thong qua 11 7 4116 mach chot a ch hang (row-address 10 A5 Khi CAS thap latch). A1 8 th thong tin tren ng d lieu se c m. VCC (+5V)
A2 (+12V) 9

RAM tnh TMS loai 4016 loai CMOSa VDD SVTH : Vo Hoang Tuan Anh 23 a) S o chan cua 4016; b)R RAM tnh 4016

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S o chan DRAM 4116

RAS A0 /A7 A1 /A8 A2 /A9 A3 /A10 A4 /A11 A5 /A12 A6 /A13 Row address LED a t c h

Row D e c o d e r

1 2 . . . 12 8 DRAM memory array 128 x 128 (16.384 bit) 12... 12N

Buffers sense amps

RAS W
GAS

and refreesh

1 2 . . . 12N
Column decoder

DD

OUT

Column address latch

A7 A13

...

GAS

Thong qua mach diot a ch cot (colum - address latch) cac ng RAS va CAS khong bao gi c phep ca hai cung thap mot luc, v se b lan lon trong hoat ong cua vi mach. ng day m thao tac ghi WE (write enable) co tac dung xac nh loai thao tac oc hai ghi. Khi WE thap th d lieu tren ng Din se c ghi vao a

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ch a c chon. Con khi WE cao th d lieu t a ch a c chon se xuat hien tren ng day Dout. Ngi ta thc hien lam ti bang d lieu oc, d lieu ghi hoac bang thao tac rieng. Mach ien ieu khien viec lam ti phai chon tuan t tng hang cac phan t nh, c moi hang mot lan, cho en khi tat ca cac hang eu c lam ti. o la phng phap lam ti tng t. Trong qua trng o, khong c oc hay ghi d lieu vao bo nh cho en khi nao ket thuc qua trnh. Mot cach khac la lam ti tng hang trong cac ch ky ri rac va goi la lam ti theo chu ky n. Trong hnh mach ieu khien lam ti se tac ong bo multiplexer chuyen noi t cac ng day a ch sang bo em a ch hang can phai lam ti. Khi so em a ch hang a c xac nh th no se cung cap thong tin ve a ch (RA0 - RA6) e chuyen bc tuan t theo tng hang trong ma tran nh. Khi bo em nay em en het, tc la en hang cuoi cung trong day cac phan t nh th chu ky lam ti ket thuc. Luc o bo multiplexer c chuyen noi tr lai vao cac ng a ch, va cac phan t nh lai quay ve lam viec vi he thong.

b.ROM

ROM (read only Memory) bo nh ch c oc ra. Ch co the oc d lieu ra ma khong ghi vao no, v vay no c coi nh bo nh khong thay oi (nonvolative) tc la khong b mat d lieu khi ngat nguon nuoi. Noi chung la co ba loai ROM. ROM mat na (Maskable ROM) la loai ROM do nha may nap san cac thong tin, d lieu. Khi a co c chng trnh hoa nh vay roi th cac bt d lieu khong the thay oi c na. ROM co the nap chng trnh (PROM Programmable ROM) la loai ROM ma ngi ta s dung co the nap chng trnh bang mot thiet b at biet goi la thiet b diode PROM. Khi a c chng trnh hoa th d lieu trong PROM cung giong nh oi vi ROM khong the thay oi. PROM co the xoa hay con goi la EPROM (erasable PROM) la loai ROM ma ngi s dung co the nap chng trnh vao va cac d lieu trong no xoa bang mot thiet b ac biet: xoa bang tia cc tm.

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b1.Cau tao S o nguyen ly CS

Chip select control and

1 2 3
D7

Row D e c o d r 2n x 8 bt all matrix Out Put buffer

Data output

D0-

address e

n
decoder

Column

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S o chan

A7 A6 A5 A4

VCC
A8

A9 A11

A3 OE A2 A10 A1 CE A0

00 01 00
GND

2732

07 06 05 04 03

BANG CHC NANG .

Pins

Out puts CE (18) 0E /VPP (20) VCC (24) (9-11, 17) 13-

MODE

Read Standby Program Program verify Program inhibit

VIL VIH VIL VIL VIH

VIL Dont care VPP VIL VPP

+5 +5 +5 +5 +5

Dout High Z Din Dout High Z

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Bang thong so
Min ILI :dong ngo vao Ipp1:dong do Vpp cung cap Ipp2:dong do Vpp cung cap trong khi lap trnh ICC:dong do Vcc cap VIL: ien the vao mc thap VIH :ien the vao mc cao - 0,1 2,2 Max 10 5 30 n v
A

ieu kien kiem tra Vin = 5,25/0,45 PD/pgm = VIL PD/pgm = VIH

mA MA

100 0,8 Vcc

MA V V

LAP TRNH m A CH

KIEM TRA A CH N A CH N +

D LIEU
D lieu on

D LIEU ON

NH

D lieu hp

A CH N VAO
ch N + m vao

thc a ch N ra

b2.Nap cho EPROM. Can c theo bang trang thai ma ngi ta nap cho EPROM, tuy nhien hien nay co cach nap nhanh hn bang may vi tnh cong vi mach nap. V du bat au nap tai a ch 00H en XXH ORG 00H ;
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Define Define Define Define End.

data1 ; data2 ; data3 ; datan ;

Do bo phan nh cua mach thc hien la bo nh chet (e giam linh kien tren mach) nen ta chon EPROM lam bo nh chnh. Neu chon RAM th phai dung pin e gi phan noi dung ben trong cua no. V yeu cau mach la gon nhe va khong nap trc tiep noi dung vao bo nh ma muon thay oi noi dung hien th th phai thay oi EPROM. Chon bo phan nh 12 ng a ch dan en chon EPROM 2732.

IV. Khoi hien th.

1. Mat ch th tinh the long Mat ch th tinh the long con goi la LCD, Viet tat t Liquid Crystal Display. Ngay nay LCD loai mi co i song t 10.000 en 100.000 gi thay the dan cac mat ch th loai LED, Plasma hay huynh quang. LCD co nhng li iem: - rat t ton ien; ca. 10 W - ch so hien ro rang de oc ni co nhieu anh sang - cau truc phang dep co o ben c hoc cao. - co the ieu khien trc tiep bang cac linh kien TTL hay CMOS - co the ch th nhng dau hieu phc tap. LCD cung co nhng bat li sau: - i song tng oi ngan so vi LED. - khi tri toi ch co the oc c vi anh en t ben ngoai. - thi gian tat va m tng oi cham. Vi nhng tnh chat nh tren, LCD c dung lam mat ch th cho ong ho, may tnh con, may o digital, cac ong ho trong xe hi, tro chi tre em... LCD la linh kien thu ong, no khong phat sang, cang de oc hn khi chung quanh cang sang. Ngay nay a co LCD mau. Thi gian tat m cua LCD loai mi cung cai tien nhanh hn e dung lam mat TiVi.
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Mot trong nhng nhc iem cua LCD la nhiet o la viec tng oi hep. Di 0 o mot t vi tnh chat vat l cua tinh the long, LCD a b ong bang, nhng vi nhiet o dng LCD lam viec tr lai. Qua 600 LCD cung khong lam viec. Tuy nhien hien nay co mot so hang san xuat c loai LCD vi nhiet o lam viec ti 900 va ti -600.

2. iot phat sang -Led (light - emitting diode) a. ai cng va lp chuyen tiep pn

LED la linh kien pho thong cua quang ien t. LED cho li iem nh tan so hoat ong cao, the tch nho, cong suat tieu hao be, khong rut en manh khi bat au hoat ong (nh bong en rut ien 10 lan nhieu hn luc mi chay). LED khong can knh loc ma van cho ra mau sac. S phat minh ra anh sang cua LED tren nguyen tac hoan toan khac vi bong en ien, ay vat chat b un nong va photon c phong thch. Nhng ieu kien tien quyet e ngay hom nay ngi ta co the san xuat khoang 30x109 LED moi nam la ket qua cua viec nghien cu c ban vat ly ban dan, nhat la sau khi transitor c phat minh. iot phat quang co cau truc vi lp chuyen tiep pn va cung co ac trng ky thuat nh cac iot thong thng: chieu dan ien va chieu khong dan ien. Tuy nhien LED co mc ngng ien ap chieu dan ien cao (t 1,6V - 3V) va co ien ap nghch tng oi thap (khoang 3V . . .5V).

Vbreak V du :vi c che tai hp trc tiep gia vung dan va vung hoa tr cua GaAs cho ta : down

Vi h = hang so Planck = 4,16.10-15 eVs (eV = electron Volt)

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h. c = 900nm W

(2.1.1)

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c = van toc ang sang = 3.108 m/s

W = 1,38 eV cho GaAs

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Vat lieu

Nang lng EV 0,66 1,09 1,43 1,91 2,24 2,5 3,1

Germanium Silizium Galium-Arsenid GaliumArsenidPhosphid GaliumPhosphid silizium-Nitrit Gallium-Nitrit

o dai song bc xa nm 910 650 560 490 400

Vung bc xa Hong ngoai o Xanh la cay Xanh da tri Tm

Loai tai hp gian tiep gian tiep trc tiep trc tiep gian tiep gian tiep gian tiep

b.Mot so diot phat sang * ai cng Hau het nhng nguyen to dung e che tao diot phat sang eu la nhng nhom III va V cua bang phan loai tuan hoan. o la GaAs, Gap va loai hon hp ternarrius vi 3 nguyen to GaAsP. Loai LED phat sang dung e lam linh kien quang bao, chieu sang , trong khi o loai diot phat ra tia hong ngoai dung e truyen tn hieu trong cac bo ghep quang (op - coupler), oc tn hieu, bo phan truyen tin quang hoc vi tan so bien ieu ti Mhz. - Diot GaAs Tuy theo s pha tap ma bc xa do s tai hp trong GaAs co cc ai gia 880 va 940 nm trong hong ngoai gan, mat khong the nhn thay c. Gallium-Arsemid la mot vat lieu ban dan ly tng cho ien phat quang. S tai hp gia vung dan va vung hoa la trc tiep. -Diot GaAsP. Diot GaAsP vi s tai hp trc tiep va nang lng ln hn 1,7 eV cho ta anh sang nhn thay c. Diot anh sang o va vang c che tao, ham lng cua Phosphor trong tinh the len en 85% vi diot phat ra anh sang mau vang. - LED xanh da tri, xanh la cay va cac loai LED cc sang. LED vi vat lieu silic va polime
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Trc ay ngi ta che tao led phat anh sang xanh da tri vi SiC. Tuy nhien vi vat lieu nay ngi ta gap rat nhieu kho khan, nh ng knh cot tinh the SiC ch chiem en 15 mm. Nh the khong the san xuat nhieu LED tren cung mot phien ban dan e gia thanh ha.Vi dong ien 20mA, LED vi vat lieu SiC cho ta cng o sanh ch 0,9med. Gan ay hang Nichia (NHAT BAN) a che tao thanh cong va ban rong rai tren th trng loai LED xanh da tri cc sang vi vat lieu GaN. LED loai nay co o dai song 450nm (peak wavelength), cong suat t 1,2 en 1,5 mW, cng o chieu sang t 1 en 2 ed. Loai nay mang k hieu NLPB 300/310/320 ( = 3mm); NLPB 500/510/520(=5mm). Ngoai ra LED xanh la cay mang k hieu NSPG500 co o dai song 525nm, cong suat phat t 1 en 2 mW va co cng o chieu sang t 3 en 6 ed. ng dung cua LED ang c phat trien cho viec chieu sang en kiem soat giao thong, he thong pin mat tri... Vi en day toc bnh thng 95% cong suat ien c bien thanh nhiet, ch co 5% dung e chieu sang, cac en tiet kiem co gia hieu suat len nam lan, tuy nhien de be va khi be thuy ngan thoat ra ngoai rat oc. Vi hieu suat chieu sang t 200 en 500lm/W, khong de be, i song tren 10.000 gi LED cc sang co the dung lam en chieu sang tot. Vi 6 LED vang, mot LED xanh la cay va mot LED xanh da tri ket hp vi nhau ta co anh sang gan nh anh sang trang. T au nam 1993, hang Hewleett Packard a ban tren th trng the gii loai LED mau vang cc sang vi vat lieu AlInGaP. Vi dong ien 20 mA cac loai LED ma so HLMT - CLXX/CHXX/DLXX/DHXX co cng o chieu sang t 1,5 en 6,5 cd vi o dai sang 590 nm (mau ho phach) va 615 nm (o - cam). Trong mot so cong viec cac loai LED cc sang nay dung e thay the cac laser ban dan at tien. Ngoai ra no con c dung e lam en tn hieu giao thong, en chp tren xe hi, thay the bong en ien thoai loai thong thng . . . Vi o rong vung cam khong thch hp, silic trong qua kh a khong the dung lam vat lieu che tao LED c. Nhng t nam 1990 mot nhom nghien cu ngi Anh (Royal British Radar Establishment) a nhan thay silic loai xop (porous silicon) co the phat sang c sau qua trnh quang hoa vi HF va c chieu tia cc tm. Ngi ta
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giai thch hien tng nay vi nguyen ly bat nh cua Werner Heisenberg. Ngoai ra ngi ta con tm thay vi vat lieu Poly - (p - para) - Phenylen - Vinylen (PPV) co the dung e che tao linh kien phat sang c goi la LEP (Light EmttingPolymere) hay OLED vi vat lieu hu c. ng dung gan nhat cua LED polime o la mat phat sang sau cac man tinh the long. Hang Philips a at mat o chieu sang cho LED polime en 1600 cd/m2. Ngoai ra loai transitor trng vi vat lieu ban dan polime ang c phat trien e to hp chung tren cung mot ma tran iem LED polime. LED polime co u iem hn han LCD la thi gian ong/m ch vai s goc nhn at en 1800 va nhiet o hoat ong en - 400.

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c. ng dung va mot so tnh chat ky thuat quan trong cua LED: LED c s dung rong rai trong lnh vc quang bao: trong xe hi, may bay, tro chi tre em, may anh V the tch nho, cong suat tieu tan thap, thch hp vi cac mach logic, LED co the s dung e bao hieu mot linh kien nao b hong hay trang thai cua mot mach logic. Hnh di cho ta thay cau truc cua mot ghep quang LED loai GaAs vi song hong ngoai co the c bien ieu (Modulation) en tan so Mhz. Bc xa nay thch hp vi o nhay cua mot Phototransitor. Nga vao (ieu khien) va nga ra (ong, m) hoan toan c cach ien en ca vai ngan Volt. i song cua LED cao hn bong en thong thng. Tuoi tho cua LED khoang 105 gi, co ngha co the ot sang lien tuc trong 10 nam. Trai vi bong en thng, LED khong h ngay sau thi gian 105 gi, cong suat phat sang cua LED giam i con mot na. Tuy theo loai LED ma ta co at trng chieu sang khac nhau. Iot p (nm [nm (%0 (mW)20mA UF tr tr ) ] (V) (ns) v (min) o 650 20 0,3 1,1 1,8 50 GaALAS 80 o 660 20 0,6 0,19 1,6 50 GaASP 8 Cam 635 40 0,6 0,34 2,0 100 50 Vang 585 40 0,1 0,04 2,2 100 20 Xanh la cay 565 40 0,2 0,09 2,4 400 60 Bang tren cho ta tnh chat quang trong nhat cua cac loai LED . Bc xa cua LED la n sac p la o dai song co bc xa cc ai la la na o rong cua kho. LED o co = 20 nm be nhat vi c che tai hp trc tiep gia vung dan va vung hoa tr. Vi o dai song ngan dan ta co tr hieu suat be i (cot3). Linh kien che tao tng pha long co hieu suat cao hn t pha hi. Cot ap chot cho ngng ien ap cua diot. Cot chot cho ta thay LED o lam viec nhanh nhat.
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Cng o sang LED giam i khi nhiet o tang. Khi nhiet o tang 10 C ( 250C) LED o giam o sang 1,5 %, vang 0,7%, xanh la cay 0,5%. S giam o sang nay mat thng khong thay c, nhng trong viec truyen tin, t ong hoa, can co mot mach ien lam gia tang dong ien diot e trung hoa hieu ng nhiet. ien ap ngng cua LED thay oi theo nhiet o t -1,5mV/0C en 2,5mV/0C. Khi nhiet o tang pho bc xa cua LED cung dch chuyen ve pha song co bo nh dai ln hn. o dch chuyen nay t +0,1 en 0,3nm/0C. Catot Catot

Hnh cho ta mot LED co vo nha. ieu quan trong khi s dung LED luon luon vi mot ien tr mac noi tiep. RT =
VB VD IF

VB : ien the nguon VD : ien the ngng cua LED IF : Dong ien qua LED ien ap ngng cua LED co cac tr so sau : o 1,6 ... 2V cam 2,2 ... 3V xanh la cay 2,7 ... 3,2V vang 2,4 ... 3,2V xang da tri 3,0 ... 5V Catot cua LED: - Nam chan ngan - Pha vo b cat xen - Neu soi di anh sang, ien cc catot cua LED ln hn. ED oi cho nhng *LED oi. ng dung ac biet ta co loai LED oi con goi la DUOLED. Chan so mot thng cho LED mau o, chan so 2 cho LED mau vang/xanh va chan th 3 noi vi Catot. Mot loai khac LED c mac song song va oi cc. * Bang chieu sang LED (LED Bargraph). Bang chieu sang tap hp nhieu LED thanh mot chuoi vi nhieu mach to hp ben trong hay khong co. Sau ay la mot so loai bang LED. *Bang chieu sang khong co mach to hp ben trong: OBG 1000:cam YBG 1000:vang
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GBG1000: xanh la cay Chan t 1 en 10 : Anot Chan t 11 en 20 : Catot I=20mA ; U=1,7V Kch thc moi LED :3,8mm x 1mm *Bang chieu sang vi mach to hp ben trong: D610P: la bang chieu sang LED vi 5 LED mau o, vi cac bac chieu sang lien tuc. Dong ien tieu thu :15...26mA; ien ap 12 ...15V ien ap:200mV; 380mV; 560m; 740mV; 920mV cho cac bac D620P: la bang chieu sang vi 10 LED, mau o vi bac chieu sang lien tuc. Dong ien tieu thu 30...53mA; ien ap 12...15V. ien ap cho cac bac chieu sang : 110,200,290,380,470,560,740,830,920mV. D630P:bang chieu sang gom 10 LED o, vi cac bac chieu sang khong lien tuc: Dong ien tieu thu: 30...53mA; ien ap t 12...15V ien ap bac chieu sang:100,200,...,1000mV. D634P: bang chieu sang gom 7 LED, xanh la cay vi cac bac chieu sang khong lien tuc. ien ap cho cac bac chieu sang : Xanh la cay:100,200,...,700mV d. LED hong ngoai (IR LEDs) * ai cng: LED hong ngoai con c goi la nguon phat song hong ngoai (infrared emitters). Vat lieu dung e che tao no la GaAs vi vung cam co o rong khoang 1,43eV tng ng vi bc xa khoang 900 nm. LED hong ngoai co hieu suat lng t cao hn so vi loai LED phat ra anh sang trong thay c. Hnh ve cho chung ta thay cau truc cua LED hong ngoai. Chung ta xem xet cau truc cua LED hong ngoai vung ben trai (950 nm). Trong pha epitaxy long,mot lp tinh the toan hao moc len t lp nen n - GaAs vi tnh chat lng tnh (amphoteric) cua tap chat silic, lp chuyen tiep pn c hnh thanh t ong trong qua trnh pha epitaxy long. Bang s pha tap vi silic, ta co bc xa vi bc song 950 nm. Mat di cua diot c che tao sao cho nh mot gng e phan chieu tia hong ngoai phat ra t lp chuyen tiep pn. Tnh chat lng tnh cua Silic van gi nguyen khi no c pha tap trong nguyen vat lieu (GaAl)As. Trong trng
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hp nay o rong cua vung cam co the thay oi c tuy theo lng nhom (Al). Vi cach nay ngi ta co the tao ra giai song gia 850 va 900 nm va do o co the tao s ieu hng sao cho LED hong ngoai phat ra bc song thch hp nhat cho iem cc ai cua o nhay cac detector. Chung ta xem lai lan na pho tan cua song ien t hnh di. Song hong ngoai chiem mot khoang rong nhat. Nhng cho en nay cha c ng dung rong rai nh cac song khac co tan so thap hn. T anh sang thay c ta en hong ngoai gan, hong ngoai trung bnh, hong ngoai xa va hong ngoai rat xa. Vi detector lam bang vat lieuAntimon - Indium ngi ta co the gio c tia nong cach hang km vi o chnh xac 0,10C. Vi cach nay ta co the nhn thay moi vat vao bang em. Cac ve tinh cho nhng khong anh ve thi tiet, cay coi, tai nguyen thien nhien. Anh sang mat tri va tia hong ngoai Tia nang am bao gom chu yeu anh sang thay c, thanh phan hong ngoai gan nh rat t. Hong ngoai b bau kh quyen hap thu phan ln. Nhng s hap thu nay co chon loc qua bau kh quyen. Song hong ngoai co o dai (1,2m, 1,6m, 2,2m va 4m) xuyen suot bau kh quyen va en mat at, trong khi o dai song khac, song hong ngoai b hap thu gan nh hoang toan. Phan anh sang trong thay c tng ng vi khoang cc ai cua tia nang mat tri va khoang cc ai cua s trong suot qua bau kh quyen. Thc te cho thay s tien hoa cua s song tren qua at c phat trien theo cac iem cc ai nay. Anh sang tia hong ngoai t gay s chu y cho ngi G1 quan sat nen trong hien th ngi ta t dung loai anh G sang nay. Ma trong hien th2 ngi ta thng s dung anh sang cua led cc sang. G3 *Hien th. Ngi ta co the thc hien hien th bang LED ri, LED hong ngoai, LED thanh, mang hnh tinh the,va bang he thong en. Nh a trnh bay tren trong mach quang bao nay Nguo ta ch co the chon hien th bang en hay LED cc sang. n G0

Mot so dang mach hien th.

*.Hien th bang ma tran en .

G4

G5

G6

G7

SVTH : Vo Hoang Tuan Anh 38 +Vcc GND

GND

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Trong cac mach hien th bang ma tran en bo phan em ong mot vai tro rat quan trong bi v ngo ra cua cac vi mach so hay bo phan ieu khien co khong ap ng c ngo vao cua cac mach en. Ngi ta phai s dung mach em, co nhieu loai em tuy thuoc vao cong suat cua mach hien th nh: SCR, transistor, opto transistor, opto triac, *Hien th bang ma tran LED
G0 G1

G2

G3

G0

G0

G0

G0

Vi LED ngi ta thng chon transistor hay IC lam mach em v dong cung cap cho mach hien th tng oi nho.
SVTH : Vo Hoang Tuan Anh 39

GND

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mach chung ta do yeu cau can gon nhe nen chon mach hien th la ma tran LED cc sang mau o.

VI.Phan em.
Mach em co the dung transito, hay IC em v vi tai la LED can dong cung cap nho. Mach can thiet ke gon nen chon IC em. Do mach co bo nh vi ngo la 8 bit d lieu nen can phai chot d lieu trc e ch d lieu ke tiep, sau o xuat ra mot lt gom 16 hang (16 bit). Chon IC chot co 8 ngo vao va 8 ngo ra. IC chot co the chon 74373, 74374, 74873, chon IC 74373 ch phep xuat mc thap, chot d lieu muc cao, IC nay de mua ngoai th trng. e thch hp vi IC chot 74373 ta co the chon IC em 74244.

Gii thieu IC 74374 , 74244.

eu la ho TTL Thi gian tre 10 ns. Cong suat tieu hoa 10 mw. Kha nang tai 10. Mc logic 0 = 0,4 V ; Mc 1 = 36 V. Nguon cung cap 4,5 5,5 V.

1. IC 74374
La IC chot 8 bt xung clock tac ong canh len va cong ieu khien1tac ong mc thap. VCC 20 S o s o chan.
1Q
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Out put

19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11

8Q 8D 7D 7Q 6Q 6D 5D 5Q
Enable(G )

1D 2D 2Q 3Q 3D 4D 4Q

74373

SVTH : Vo Hoang Tuan Anh 40

GND

10

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Bang chc nang

Out put Control ENABLE G

OUT PUT

L L L H

H H L X

H L X X

L 00 Z

2. IC 74244
La IC em 8 cong ieu khien tac ong mc thap. S o s o chan.

Out put

20

1A

VC C

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

19 18

2Y 4 1A 2 2Y 3 1A 3 2Y 2 1A 4 2Y 1
GND

74244

1Y

17 16 15 14 13 12 11

2A 4 1Y 2 2A 3 1Y 3 2A 2 1Y 4 2A 1

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VII.ong c van nang.

1. Cau tao: ong c van nang (Universal motor hoac sove motor) hay con goi la ong c co gop ien, cau tao gom hai phan. a. Stato hay con goi la phan cam, thc chat la nam cham ien t. oi vi phan cam la nam cham ien thong thng la cac cap cc t loi co day quan e tao t trng. b. Roto con goi la phan ng, gom nhieu la thep ghep lai thanh hnh tru, co cac ranh e at day quan, au cac cuon day quan c noi qua co gop. Co gop c cau tao bi nhieu phm ong ghep lai va c cach ien oc lap vi nhau va cach ien vi truc. Nhiem vu cua co gop la dan ien vao phan ng va ong thi ket hp vi choi than e oi chieu dong ien gi cho chieu quay cua roto khong oi. 2.Nguyen ly lam viec:

S o hnh di trnh bay ong c n gian co phan cam mac noi tiep vi phan ng khi cho dong ien mot chieu vao ong c, do tac dung cua t trng phan cam len phan ng (a co dong ien chay qua), tao ra momen lam roto quay. Khi roto quay mot goc 1800 th luc nay phien gop di chuyen theo nen dong ien di chuyen trong thanh dan phan ng b oi chieu trong khi t trng do phan cam sinh ra van khong oi chieu. Nen roto van tiep tuc quay theo chieu ban au. Neu cho dong ien xoay chieu chay vao ong c th khi oi chieu ban k am, ngay luc o chieu t trng trong phan cam cung oi chieu nen lc t tac dung van khong oi chieu. V the ong c van quay c lien tuc theo mot chieu nhat nh. Do ac tnh cua ong c nh the nen c goi la ong c van nang, v no s dung c vi hai loai dong ien, dong mot chieu va dong xoay chieu.
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3.ac tnh va cong dung. ac tnh cua ong c van nang van hanh vi toc o cao ti 10000 vong/phut va no co momen ln so vi ong c khac. V the khong nen e ong c van nang van hanh khong tai, v no co the lam bung cac au day noi vao co gop ien. Khi van hanh co tai toc o quay cua ong c trong khoang 2800 vong/phut en 6000 vong/phut. oi vi ong c kch t oc lap dung kch t mot chieu hoac nam cham vnh cu th ch s dung c vi dong ien mot chieu ngo vao va nhiem vu cua co gop la oi chieu dong ien a vao phan ng e lc t tac dung len khung day (cua roto) khong oi chieu, momen quay khong oi chieu, chieu quay cua ong c khong oi. Trong phan thi cong cua luan an nay s dung ong c co phan ng la nam cham vnh cu nen tai lieu nay quan tam hn het en ong c mot chieu. K hieu ong c mot chieu: R DC

U0 Mot so cong thc: KE =

PN 2f

M = I . 0 K M n=
U K E . 0 Ru I u K E . 0

M : momen. n : toc o ong c.

: t thong.

Toc o ong c ch phu thuoc vao tuyen tnh I la dong trong phan ng neu U0 cap cho ong c khong oi.
SVTH : Vo Hoang Tuan Anh 43

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ac tnh c

n n0 n1 n2 n3 Im In3 In2 In1 I

In : dong ngan mach. Khi thay oi gia tr R lam cho ng ac tnh c thay oi o doc, thay oi momen ngan mach.

SVTH : Vo Hoang Tuan Anh 44

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Phan B PHAN THIET KE

I. Y tng thiet ke:
Mach nay da tren nguyen ly quet thong thng la quet d lieu ra ma tran led. Nhng cach nay va ton nhieu led ma phan hien th cung tng t cach quet co ket hp quay. Vi mot cot led khi no quay th no vach nen mot vong tron. Vi ban knh R no se tao ra c day led, ma tren o ta co the can d lieu len. Vi cach quet ket hp quay, no khong e lai nen nen ngi quan sat co cam giac nh ch t hien ra trong khong gian. Vi kieu quet nay se t ton linh kien ien t cung nh led hien th. Tuy nhien mach quay nen can nho gon va co motor ket hp.

II. Mach chnh.

1.S o khoi.
em 1

e m va kho ng che

EPROM

em 2

Hien th

Khoi em va khong che tao a ch e xuat d lieu trong eprom (no a c nap trc). Hai khoi em nham ap ng ngo vao cua led. 2.Thiet ke mach:

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a)Mach phac thao 1 Bieu o thi gian Quet het data chnh
Thi gian cho phep tao a ch
xuat t EPROM = 0

Thi gian reset

Thi gian motor quay het mot vong

03 04 4060 05 06 07 08 09

G A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 G HIE N TH
e m1

Reset

IC 1

IC 2

A10 A11
e m2

4040

*.Nguyen ly lam viec 1. IC1 tao 7 bt a ch e xuat d lieu chnh.

SVTH : Vo Hoang Tuan Anh 46

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IC2 chon tng cum d lieu 8 bt ma hoa bi a ch do IC1 tao, va IC2 se tao a ch cho cum d lieu gom 7 bt a ch Vi mach phat thao nay th 7 bt a ch ta khong the dung het c ma phai dung t hn tc la t hn 128 a ch dung e mang d lieu that s, so con lai dung ma hoa cac d lieu dung lam hanh lang. Hanh lang dung e chnh toc o motor sao cho phan hien th ep hay khong mat data. Hoac khi toc o motor cham th phan hien th b roi. Cho nen cach nay can phai co toc o motor on nh hoac phai chnh toc o ong c moi khi s dung. b)Phat thao 2.
Quet het 7 bt
t EPROM

Bieu o thi gian

khong cho phep suat Thi gian reset

Thi gian 2/3 vong quay

Thi gian quet het mot vong.

A0 A1 A2 A3 406 0 A4 A5 A6 MR1 CT 1 MR2 CT 2 A8 A9 A11 CE
e m1

e m2

3 4 5 6 7 HIE N TH

A10 V mach rat can han che linh kien, va nho nhe 8 va tiet kiem c chi ph thc hien. SVTH : Vo Hoang Tuan Anh 47

Luan van tot nghiep

Nguyen ly lam viec: Vi mach 4060 va tao dao ong va em tao a ch xuat data t eprom. Bat au t a ch 000H en FFH. Chan CE cua eprom mc thap nen d lieu t eprom xuat ra cac IC em en khi IC em len 000H en 100H th chan CE cua eprom len mc cao, eprom trang thai tong tr cao, ket tiep la thi gian reset lai, mach em gom 4060 va khoi em 1 cua IC 4518 t 000H en 100H.Va c quay mot vong th khoi em hai cua IC 4518 em len 1 nac. Nh vay data t 000H en 0FFH th d lieu c xuat tron ven ra led, va thi gian t a ch nay cho en mach reset tac ong th khong co data chnh xuat ra led nen khong co chuyen xuat hien d lieu khong mong muon ra led. V rang dung mot EPROM nen data ch co 8 bt ma dung 16 led nen phai xuat hai lan mi u cot gom 16 hang. oi hoi f xung clock ap ng u e sai biet cot chap nhan c. Do vay phai dung mot IC chot lai e i cung xuat ra led mot luc. Phan em v do xuat hai lan data mi hoan thanh mot cot quet nen can lam sao cho cac data c a ra ong loat led. V ieu nay ma chon IC 374 va IC em 74244 thay v chon hai IC 74244. Ta a biet IC 74244 la IC trigger smitch nen co vao mi co ra. Trong khi o IC 74374 la IC chot bang flip flop. D co cong ieu khien. G Data
D

01

02 G

SVTH : Vo Hoang Tuan Anh 48

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T : chu k cua xung clock Tai thi iem T1 khi xung clock ang tac ong mc cao nen data c lu vao D va en thi iem T1 + T/2 th trong khoang thi gian nay IC2 khong lam viec xung, trong khi cong G khong cho xuat. Luc nay data a ap vao va xung Clock tac ong nen IC1 chot data nay lai i xuat ra led cung mot luc vi IC2.en T1 + T/2 + T/2 th ca hai IC ong loat xuat data ra LED khi ngo vao khien mc thap. Vi mach 4518 bao gom hai khoi em BCD, xung clock tac ong canh xuong, vay dung em ghep vi 4060 th co the tao a ch lien tuc cho eprom 4518 co the thay bang IC 4040 la mot IC em 12 ngo ra. Nhng neu dung IC em 4040 th ch da theo khoang thi gian lam hanh lang,nhng a ch nay khong ma hoa gia lieu chnh, e am bao khong mat d lieu chnh. Con neu dung IC 4518 chung ta co the kiem soat chat che cum d lieu 8 bt a ch c xuat moi vong quet. Nh gian o thi gian trnh bay va sau moi vong quet ch co mot khoi em cua IC4518 reset ve khong, Con khoi th hai dng nh em vong quay va c mot vong quay th no em len mot, chnh ngo ra nay cung dung lam a ch nen khi sau mot vong quay th 8 bt a ch ma hoa data khac thay vao chuoi data trc o. Do mach can thiet ke la mach quang bao co ket hp quay nen day led tao ra c la do mot cot quay xung quanh mot truc ma tao nen, v vay tai mot thi iem no mot v tr cua khung quay.

a ch

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 . . .

Nen oi quet ma tran led tnh ngi ta co the quet iem va quet cot. oi vi cac mach quang bao thong
SVTH : Vo Hoang Tuan Anh 49

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thng ngi ta dung phng phap quet cot, v phng phap nay de viet chng trnh cho data dung e quet hn.

SVTH : Vo Hoang Tuan Anh 50

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PHAN TNH TOAN

Do y muon quet ch chay nen phai chu y en s lu anh cua mat nen dong k t trc thay oi so vi dong k t sau trong thi gian > 0,04 s. V vay toc o quay cua motor phai 1500 vong. Chon tai 1600 vong/phut la ch hien ra data hien th ra led ung muc ch cua ngi thiet ke. Nen xem nh tai toc o nay co o rai cot chuan. Chon ban knh quet 60 mm Vay van toc goc cua motor
=
1600.2 = 167 rad / s 60

Van toc dai cua khung quay la: V = .r = 167.60 = 10020 mm/s. Vong tron quet co chu vi la : D = 2 r 377 mm . Neu dung data chnh trong vong 2/3D tc 2/3. 377 251 mm . Neu quet mot cot gom 16 hang va o rong moi cot la 3,5 mm th quet c: 251/4 71 cot . Vi 8 bt a ch ta co the quet c: 28/2 = 27 = 128 cot Vay chung ta co the quet mn hn. Nhng v ng knh cua led la 3mm nen quet toi thieu 3mm Vi toc o 3000v/p th gian quet 1 vong la:
60 T= 1600 = 0,0375 (s) .

Vi oan ng quet la 3,5mm th can thi gian la: t=

s 3.5 3,4.10- 4 (s). = v 10020 1 = 2863 H Z 3,4.10 4

fxuat =

Chon quet mot k t rong 21mm

gom 6 cot tng ng be

Khoang cach tng k t la : 2 cot tng ng 7 mm.

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Khoang cach t vi t la : 4 cot tng ng 14 mm.

Tnh toan cho mach dao ong f = 23.R .C = 2863 Hz t t Suy ra Rt.Ct =1,5.10-5, Chon R t = 100K, R2 = 470K Dan en Ct = 1,5.10-10 F Chon 4 bt a ch cao lam nhiem vu chon vung data th co the chon c 16 vung data khac nhau. Vay mach quet ch QUANG BAO can: 8*6+6*2+4=64 cot Nen muon cho ch chay th khoang cach dch la 4 cot. Ma mot vong co the quet 71 cot nen so cot con lai ta dung vao viec trang tr them. Phai chon dch sao cho 16 vong quay dch ra het ch ta can hien th la QUANG BAO neu khong het th phan mat se khong hien ra c. ay la ieu lu y cho phan nap chng trnh cho EPROM. Ch se chay luan phien nhau trong suot qua trnh lam viec va trong thi gian reset (chiem mot phan ba vong quay) th so bt a ch cao nay khong b reset nen co the ng dung trang tr them cho vong quet dan en co the thay oi 16 cach trang tr khac nhau. V mach la mach quet ket hp quay nen nen ap dung cach quet tng cot nh cac mach quet tnh th oi hoi toc o moto rat cao e co the tao c cac dong ch chay. Phan hien th. Chon dong qua Led luc ngo cap cho no mc [1] la 20 mA, chon thi gian lam viec tch cc cua mach em (xuat ra LED )la 20% Dan en I = 100 mA (tc thi)
SVTH : Vo Hoang Tuan Anh 52
1

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Chon gia tr ien tr han dong cho Led R=

Vcc Vr 100

52 =0.03 100

Chon R= 33 * Mach cap nguon : Co gop ba phm e tranh s ngan mach xay ra tren co gop:

100 15V

Mach cua chung ta c cap nguon qua co gop bang hai choi quet. Nguon cap cho choi quet c lay t nguon mot chieu 5 V lay t ngo ra cua IC on ap 7805. ien t choi quet la ien mot chieu s dung chung nguon mot chieu cap cho moto.Nhng ien t choi quet la ien ap a c on ap. ien ap tren co gop la ien ap xoay chieu nen cap chnh lu lai bang mach chnh lu nh hnh tren. Khi toc o quet 3000 vong/phut th tan so tai ngo ra cua co gop la:
3 f= 60 =150Hz 3000

Nen chon loc nguon co ien dung nho hn so vi nguon chung ta ang s dung la 50Hz.

SVTH : Vo Hoang Tuan Anh 53

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PHAN C
I. Giai oan chuan b.

THI CONG

e tien hanh cong viec lap rap mach. Trc tien phai chuan b ay u cac linh kien can thiet va phai th trc e khoi ton nhieu cong sc cho khau hoang thien mach. Chuan b ay u mo han, nha, thong, ch han, km cat day, VOM, may hien sang

II. Giai oan ve mach in.

e ve mach in ta co the dung phan mem nh ORCAD hay EAGLE, sau khi a in mach ra giay, tiep theo co the thc hien tiep long dau hoac sn hay at bang cong nghe in lua xong kiem tra mach in.

III. Giai oan lap rap.

e qua trnh lap rap c tien hanh thuan li xac suat xay ra h hong sai sot nho can theo cac bc sau: - Lap rap ngoai project board th can chnh trc khi lap chnh thc vao mach. - Lap ni mat o linh kien day trc e co khong gian.
Chu y : Han khong c qua nhiet lam h IC, hay linh

kien khac, moi han phai bao am tiep xuc tot. - Hoan chnh mach, kiem tra mach, cho hoat ong th.

SVTH : Vo Hoang Tuan Anh 54

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KET LUAN VA HNG PHAT TRIEN.

I.anh gia ket qua.
Trong suot qua trnh thc hien luan an ngi thc luan an tot nghiep ngi thc hien a hoan thanh c nhiem vu cua mnh ca phan ly thuyet lan thi cong. Qua qua trnh thc hien e tai nay a hoc c nhieu van e bo ch ve mach quang bao va cach thc xay dng mot mach hoan chnh (s dung linh kien, lap rap, ve mach in ). ay la hanh trang qui bau cho ngi sinh vien bc vao cuoc song nghe nghiep sau nay. Trong sau tuan thc hien e tai ca phan ly thuyet lan chuyen mon. Khoang thi gian nay that khat khe, vi kien thc ch thien ve ly thuyet va han hep nen ban than a co gang het tm toi, th sai, e hoan thanh nhiem vu c khoa giao. Trong chuoi cong viec o khong the khong ke en s nhiet tnh giup cua thay Nguyen Phng Quang, cac ban, cac thay co trong va ngoai trng. e thc hien e tai oi hoi phai hieu ve ky thuat so tng t cach nap cho EPROM, cach thi cong mach in, cac nguyen ly a ap dung quet. Phan giao tiep cua IC. e tai Quang bao co ket hp vi c kh la s ket hp gia quay quet ra ma tran led tnh. Noi dung luan van a trnh bay mot so IC, motor, cac bc chon linh kien, cac phng an thc hien. Rat ro rang trong phan thiet ke mach chnh theo nh hng trc. ay la e tai mi nen phng an thc hien co the gap mot so sai sot. Mong c s ch bao cua thay co, ban be gop y.

II. Hng phat trien e tai.

Vi e tai nay m ra mot nhanh khac oi vi quang bao. Hien data con phai nap co nh cho EPROM ma phan hien th con n gian. Co mach phat trien len bang cach thc hien quang bao ket hp c kh co the thay oi trc tiep data hien th. Phan mach ln co the trang tr nhieu v tr khac nhau. Trong ieu kien ky thuat so phat trien nh vu bao, cung vi ky thuat vi x ly th hng phat trien
SVTH : Vo Hoang Tuan Anh 55

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nay kha thi. Khi o th ng dung c m rong, phuc vu ac lc hn cho cac chien dch quang cao.

SVTH : Vo Hoang Tuan Anh 56