INH CNG PHO _ BK44_THPT NHO QUAN B-NINH BNH

PHNG PHP GII TON V pH

1.LI NI U
Bi ton tnh pH l mt bi ton thng xuyn xut hin trong cc thi i
hc k c khi A hay khi B.Cc dng v pH kh nhiu v phc tp , i hi
phi c k nng gii ton ha tt,linh hot trong gii ton ha v lm quen
vi nhiu dng bi tp.Chnh v vy,ti mong ti liu ny c th gip mi
ngi c thm ti liu hc tp,nghin cu v thi i hc.
Do ang l hc sinh lp 11 nn kin thc cn hn ch,c thiu st mong mi
ngi thng cm.
2.KHI QUT V pH.
A,Khi nim:L i lng biu th nng ion H+ (ng hn l H3O+) trong
dung dch vi quy c pH= - log[H+]
Trong dd th
[H+][OH--] = 10-14
v
pOH = -log[OH-]
3.CC DNG BI TP.
DNG 1.Tnh pH ca dung dch cha H+.
Phng php: tnh nng H+ ri tnh theo cng thc.
Vd1. Cho m(g) Al,Mg vo 250 ml dd X gm H2SO4 0,5M v HCl 1M thu
c 5,32 lit H2 v dd Y(V khng i). pH ca dd Y l:
A.1
B.6
C. 7
D.2
Gii
S mol hidro = 0,2375 mol
s mol H+ tham gia to kh hidro = 0,2375.2 =0,475 mol
nH+ d = 0,25(1+0,5.2) 0,475 = 0,025 mol
[H+] = 0,1 pH = 1 p n A.
DNG 2: Tnh pH ca dd axit + dd baz dd mi v tnh pH dung dch
mi.
Bi ton tng qut: Cho V1 lit dd HaX nng A(M) v HbY nng B(M)
tc dng vi V2 lit dd M(OH)m nng M(M) v N(OH)n nng
N(M).Tnh pH dd thu c.
Gii
+
+
Nng H :
[ H ] = V1 (A.a+B.b)
Nng OH :
[OH-] = V2 (M.m +N.n)
Nu [ H+] > [OH-] th ta c
V1 (A.a+B.b) - V2 (M.m +N.n)
pH= -log
V1 + V2
v ngc li .
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INH CNG PHO _ BK44_THPT NHO QUAN B-NINH BNH

VD1:(2007 B ) Trn 100 ml dd Ba(OH)2 0,1M v NaOH vi 400 ml dd

H2SO4 0,0375M v HCl 0,0125 thu c dd X.X c pH:
A.7
B.2
C.1
D.6
Gii
nOH = 0,1(0,1.2 + 0,1) =0,03 mol
nH+ = 0,4( 0,0375.2 +0,0125) =0,035 mol
nH+ d = 0,035-0,03 = 0,005 mol
[H+] =

0,005
0,1+0,4

= 0,01M

pH = 2 chn p n B.
VD2 (2009 - B) Trn 100 ml dd H2SO4 0,05M v HCl 0,1M vi dd hn hp
gm NaOH 0,2M v Ba(OH)2 0,1M thu c dd X.X c pH l:
A.13
B.1,2
C.1
D.12,8
Gii
+
nH = 0,1(0,05.2 +0,1) = 0,02 mol
nOH - = 0,1(0,2 + 0,1.2) = 0,04 mol
nOH - d = 0,04 0,02 = 0,02 mol
[OH-] =

0,02
0,1+0,1

= 0,1M

pH = 14 - log[OH-] = 13 chn p n A.

DNG 3 pH sau khi pha trn dd vi nc.

Phng php: Da vo pH trc v sau ca dd tnh xem nng dd gim
bao nhiu ln.Do trn vi nc nn [H+] khng i Th tch dd tng by
nhiu ln Th tch nc pha thm vo.
VD: Cho dd HCl c pH = 4.Hi phi thm mt th tch nc gp bao nhiu
ln dd c dd mi c pH =5.
Gii
+
-4
pH = 4 [H ] = 10
pH = 5 [H+] = 10-5
10-4
Ta c : [ H+] khng i ,nng gim
= 10 ln
10-5
Vnc = 9 ln dd ban u.
DNG 4.Trn 2 dd c pH khc nhau toa dd c pH mi.
Phng php:Tnh [H+] v [OH-] sau xem ion no cn d v d bao
nhiu.Sau tnh pH dd.
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INH CNG PHO _ BK44_THPT NHO QUAN B-NINH BNH

VD1...Cho 300 ml dd c pH = 12 v 200 ml dd c pH = 1.Tnh pH ca dd

thu c.
Gii
+
pH = 1 [H ] = 0,1M S mol l 0,02
pH = 12 [OH-] = 0,01M S mol l 0,003
[ H+] > [OH-] S mol H+ d l 0,02 0,003 =0,017 mol
[ H+] mi =

0,017
0,5

= 0,034M

pH =1,47
VD2.Trn dd pH = 3 v dd pH = 10 theo t l bao nhiu c dd c pH =
4.
Gii
+
-3
pH = 3 [H ] =10
pH = 10 [H+] = 10-10 [OH-] = 10-4
pH = 4 [H+] = 10-4
Gi th tch axit l x, baz l y s mol H+ v OH- ban u ln lt l
10-3 x v 10-4 y.
Theo th s mol H+ d = 10-3 x - 10-4 y = 10-4 (10x-y)
S mol H+ d theo pH l = 10-4 (x+y).
10x-y = x+y 9x = 2y
T l x : y = 2 : 9
LU : y l dng ton v pH thng gp v rt hay,i hi phi c kinh
nghim gii th c th gii nhanh c.
DNG 5 TNH pH dd sau khi in phn.
VD.in phn 500 ml dd CaI2 (in cc platin) c mng ngn thu c
5,35.10-3 mol I2.Tnh pH dd thu c(coi th tch dd thay i khng ng
k).
Gii
Phng trnh phn ng;
pdd
Ca2+ + 2 OH- + I2 + H2
mn
10,7.10-3 5,35.10-3
[OH-] = 21,4.10-3 pH = 14 - log[OH-] = 12,33
DNG 6:Tnh pH khi c hng s cn bng Kc
Dng ny c th lm theo 2 cch.Mt cch theo ng trnh t v theo ng
trnh phng php phc v cho hnh thc kim tra t lun.Mt cch dng
cng thc c sn phc v cho thi trc nghim.Mong rng mi ngi s c
mt cch gii hiu qu cho ring mnh.
CaI2 + 2 H2O

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INH CNG PHO _ BK44_THPT NHO QUAN B-NINH BNH

VD.Tnh pH ca dd CH3COOH 0,1M .Bit hng s cn bng K = 1,8.10-5

Gii
Cch 1
Phng trnh in ly:
CH3COOH + H2O
CH3COO- +
H3O+
Ban u
0,1
0
0
Phn ng x
x
x
Cn bng 0,1-x
x
x
Ta c

[CH3COO-][ H3O+]
[CH3COOH]

Hay

X2

=K

1,8.10-5

0,1 - x

x = 1,333.10-3
Cch 2

pH = 2,87

S dng cng thc : pH = - 0,5( logK + logC )

p dng pH = -0,5( log 1,8.10-5 + log0,1) = 2,87
DNG 7.Tnh pH lin quan n in ly.
Tng t nh trn theo cch 1.
Cng thc ca dng ny l
pH = - log ( a.C)
in ly a,Nng C
VD.Tnh pH ca dd HCOOH 0,1 M bit in ly l 2%.
Gii
pH = - log (a.C) = - log(0,2.0.1) = 2,7
DNG 8.Tnh pH ca dd m (dd gia axit v mui tng ng)
Cng thc : pH = - (logK + log Ca/Cm)
Vi K:hng s cn bng ca axit
Ca : Nng axit
Cm: Nng mui.
VD.Tnh pH ca dd CH3COOH 0,1M v CH3COONa 0,1M.Bit hng s
axit l 1,8.10-5. ( pH= 4,745)
DNG 9.Tnh pH ca dd baz yu.
Cng thc: pH = 14 + 0,5 (logKb + logCb)
Vi Kb l hng s baz
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INH CNG PHO _ BK44_THPT NHO QUAN B-NINH BNH

Cb l nng baz
DNG 10 pH ca dd khi nng ion nh, nc in ly.
VD.Tnh pH dd HCl nng 0,5.10-7M.
Gii
Khng nn sai lm khi p dng ngay pH = - log0,5.10-7 = 7,3.
Nc c pH = 7 nu thm axit vo th dd phi c pH nh hn 7.
Do nng [H+] nh nn nc cng phn ly.
H2O

H+ + OH-

HCl
H+ + ClTheo nh lut bo ton in tch ta c [H+ ] = [OH- ] + [Cl-]
[H+ ] = 10-14 / [H+ ] + 0,5.10-7 [H+ ] = 1,28.10-7
pH = 6,9.

Dng ton v pH cn kh nhiu nhng ch yu l dnh cho HSG,rt t thi

hoc khng thi vo i hc.Mong mi ngi s dng hiu qu ti liu ny.

NHO QUAN B 28-4-2012

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