1.

VI N

NG NGH

U H NH VI N TH NG

KHOA: ng ngh thng tin

n hc phn:..H iu hnh.. M hc phn:............ gnh o to : . ng ngh thng tin.. rnh o to: .i hc. 1. g n hng c u h i thi u h i loi 1 im hng 1 : u hi 1.1: hng trnh ng dng gi dch v ca h iu hnh bng cch no? Hy ly mt v d v giao din lp trnh cho mt h iu hnh thng dng. u hi 1.2: Trnh by k thut x l theo m (l) v u im ca k thut ny. H thng x l theo m c cn h iu hnh khng ? u hi 1.3: a chng trnh l g ? L do s dng a chng trnh trong my tnh ? Yu cu i vi phn cng khi s dng a chng trnh? hng 2 : u hi 1.4 : Trnh by khi nim tin trnh v ch r im khc nhau gia tin trnh vi chng trnh. Nu tn t nht bn thao tc lin quan ti qun l tin trnh (ch cn nu tn, khng cn trnh by chi tit). u hi 1.5 : Trnh by v thao tc to mi tin trnh. Tin trnh c th b kt thc trong nhng trng hp no ? u hi 1.6 : Trnh by v thao tc v qu trnh chuyn i gia cc tin trnh. u hi 1.7: Th no l dng (thread) mc ngi dng v mc nhn. Nu u nhc im ca mi loi. u hi 1.8 : Trnh by v iu quay vng. ho v d minh ha v tnh thi gian ch i trung bnh khi iu theo kiu ny. u hi 1.9 : Th no l b tc ? iu kin xy ra b tc l g ? hng 3 : u hi 1.10 : Th no l a ch l gic v a ch vt l ? u hi 1.11 : Trnh by k thut phn chng c nh b nh. u hi 1.12 : Trnh by c ch nh x a ch khi s dng k thut phn chng b nh. u hi 1.13 : Trnh by phng php kt hp phn trang vi phn on. V s v gii thch c ch nh x a ch. . hng 4 u hi 1.14 : Vic nh ngha v s dng khi nim file em li nhng u im g ? Khi t tn cho file cn quan tm ti nhng quy nh g ? u hi 1.15 : Trnh by khi nim th mc ? Thng tin trong cc khon mc c nht thit phi lu tr gn nhau khng ? u h i loi 2 im hng 1 : u hi 2.1: Trnh by ngn gn v cc thnh phn c bn ca h iu hnh. u hi 2.2 : Trnh by v nhn ca h iu hnh ? Th no l ch nhn v ch ngi dng ? u hi 2.3 : Trnh by v cu trc nguyn khi v cu trc phn lp ca h iu hnh. Phn tch so snh u nhc im hai kiu cu trc ny. u hi 2.4: Trnh by v cu trc vi nhn ca h iu hnh. Phn tch so snh cu trc ny vi cu trc nguyn khi v cu trc phn lp. hng 2 : u hi 2.5 : Trnh by v nm trng thi ca tin trnh. V s v gii thch v vic chuyn i gia nm trng thi ny

u hi 2.6 : iu tin trnh l g ? iu dng c khc iu tin trnh khng ? Trnh by v iu c phn phi li v khng phn phi li. u hi 2.7 : Trnh by hai bin php ngn nga b tc (chn 2 bin php bt k trong s cc bin php c th). u hi 2.8 : Trnh by mt gii php gip khng xy ra b tc khi s dng c hiu cho bi ton trit gia n cm. hng 3 : u hi 2.9 : Trnh by k thut gip tng tc truy cp bng trang v bng trang nhiu mc. u hi 2.10: Trnh by l do phi i trang, v cc bc tin hnh khi i trang. u hi 2.11: Trnh by k thut i trang ti u v i trang vo trc ra trc. u hi 2.12 : Trnh by cc phng php xc nh s lng khung trang ti a cp cho mi tin trnh v xc nh phm vi cp pht hng 4 : u hi 2.13 : Trnh by cc cu trc d liu dng cho t chc bn trong ca th mc. u hi 2.14 : Trnh by cch kim sot truy cp file s dng mt khu v s dng danh sch qun l truy cp u hi 2.15 : Trnh by cc thao tc c bn vi file. Phn tch r mt h thng file c nht thit phi c thao tc m file hay khng. u h i loi 3 im Chng 1 : u hi 3.1: Trnh by khi nim h iu hnh. Phn tch r hai chc nng c bn ca h iu hnh. u hi 3.2 : Dch v ca h iu hnh l g ? Trnh by nhng dch v in hnh m h iu hnh cung cp. Lm r v qu trnh ti v chy h iu hnh khi mi khi ng. hng 2 : u hi 3.3 : Trnh by khi nim dng (thread) v m hnh a dng. Vn s hu ti nguyn ca tin trnh v dng. Phn tch u im ca m hnh a dng. u hi 3.4 : Phn tch cc vn cn quan tm trong s dng v qun l tin trnh ng thi (concurrent processes) i vi ba dng tin trnh : tin trnh c lp c cnh tranh ti nguyn, tin trnh hp tc nh chia s ti nguyn, v tin trnh hp tc nh trao i thng ip. u hi 3.5 : Trnh by gii thut Peterson cho on nguy him. Phn tch u nhc im ca phng php ny. u hi 3.6 : Trnh by phng php pht hin v x l b tc bng cch s dng th. Phn tch u im ca phng php ny so vi phng php ngn nga b tc. hng 3 : u hi 3.7 : Trnh by k thut ti trong qu trnh thc hin. Trnh by k thut lin kt ng v th vin dng chung. Phn tch r u im m tng phng php em li. u hi 3.8 : Trnh by k thut phn chng ng b nh. Phn tch u nhc im ca phng php ny so vi phn chng c nh. Khi di chuyn chng sang v tr khc cn thay i thng tin g trong khi nh x a ch. u hi 3.9 : Trnh by k thut phn chng s dng phng php k cn (buddy). Phn tch r cc im ging/khc nhau v u nhc im ca phng php ny so vi phn chng c nh v phn chng ng (lu khng cn trnh by li hai phng php sau). u hi 3.10 : Trnh by k thut phn on b nh bao gm c cu trc v cch nh x a ch. Phn tch so snh u nhc im ca phn on vi phn trang. u hi 3.11 : Trnh by k thut np trang theo nhu cu dng cho b nh o. Phn tch r cng mt lnh c th xy ra nhiu s kin li trang khng. hng 4 : u hi 3.12 : Trnh by cu trc th mc dng cy v dng th khng c chu trnh. u trc th mc dng khng chu trnh c u im g so vi dng cy ? Th no l ng dn tuyt i v ng dn tng i. u hi 3.13 : Trnh by phng php cp pht khng gian cho file s dng danh sch kt ni v s dng khi ch s (I-node). Hai phng php ny c im g ging v khc nhau. u hi 3.14 : Trnh by v yu cu phi m bo tnh ton vn ca h thng file v cc phng php

m bo tnh ton vn. u h i loi 4 im hng 2 : u hi 4.1: a) Trnh by cc tiu ch nh gi thut ton iu . b) Trnh by thut ton iu n trc phc v trc v iu c mc u tin. c) ho cc tin trnh vi thi gian ( di) chu k PU tip theo v s u tin nh trong bng sau (s u tin nh ng vi u tin cao). it rng cc tin trnh cng xut hin vo thi im 0 theo th t P1, P2, P3, P4. Tin trnh Thi gian ( di) S u tin P1 9 3 P2 1 1 P3 2 2 P4 3 1

V biu th hin th t v thi gian cp pht PU cho cc tin trnh khi s dng thut ton : 1) iu quay vng vi di lng t = 1 ; 2) iu theo mc u tin khng c phn phi li. Tnh thi gian ch i trung bnh cho tng trng hp. u hi 4.2 : a) Trnh by thut ton iu u tin tin trnh ngn nht, thi gian cn li ngn nht. b) iu theo mc u tin c phn phi li v khng phn phi li khc nhau th no ? c) ho cc tin trnh vi di v thi im xut hin nh trong bng sau Tin trnh Thi im xut hin di P1 8 P2 2 4 P3 4 2

V biu th hin th t v thi gian cp pht PU cho cc tin trnh khi s dng thut ton : 1) iu u tin tin trnh ngn nht ; 2) iu u tin thi gian cn li ngn nht. Tnh thi gian ch i trung bnh cho tng trng hp. u hi 4.3: a) Trnh by v cc gii php phn cng (cm ngt, s dng lnh my c bit) cho vn loi tr tng h v on nguy him. b) S dng Test_and_Set thc hin loi tr tng h cho bi ton cc trit gia n cm. c) Phn tch r gii php s dng Test_and_Set s dng trn c th gy b tc hoc i khng. u hi 4.4 : a) Trnh by phng php s dng c hiu (semaphore) cho vn loi tr tng h v on nguy him. b) S dng c hiu thc hin ng b ha cho bi ton Ngi sn xut, ngi tiu dng vi b m hn ch. u hi 4.5 : a) Trnh by gii php s dng monitor cho vn loi tr tng h v on nguy him b) S dng monitor thc hin loi tr tng h cho bi ton Ngi sn xut, ngi tiu dng vi b m hn ch. u hi 4.6 : a) Phng trnh b tc l g ? Phn tch u im ca vic phng trnh b tc so vi ngn nga b tc. b) Trnh by phng php phng trnh b tc s dng thut ton ngi cho vay (bankers algorithm), cho v d minh ha c th. hng 3 : u hi 4.7 : a) Trnh by khi nim phn trang b nh. b) Trnh by v nh x a ch khi phn trang b nh.

c) Gi s khng gian nh l gic gm 4 trang, mi trang kch thc 1024 , b nh vt l gm 32 khung. ng trang c cho di y : 3 1 2 3 5

biu din a ch l gic trong trng hp ny cn bao nhiu bit ? Tnh a ch vt l cho nhng a ch l gic sau : 1052, 2500, 4000. u hi 4.8 : a) Trnh by chin lc i trang t s dng trong thi gian cui. b) Trnh by chin lc i trang s dng thut ton ng h. c) Gi s tin trnh c cp 4 khung nh vt l, cc trang ca tin trnh c truy cp theo th t sau : 1,2,3,4,5,3,4,1,6,7,8,7,8,9,7,8,9,5. Hy xc nh th t np v i trang nu s dng hai thut ton ni trn. hng 4 : u hi 4.9 : a) Trnh by phng php cp pht khng gian cho file s dng cc khi lin tip. Khi no nn s dng phng php ny cho h thng file ? b) Trnh by cc bc cn thit (trnh by bng li, khng cn vit m) c bng FAT t th nh US vo b nh. c) Gi s bng FAT c c vo b nh ti a ch void *fat , vit on chng trnh trn / ++ lit k tt c cc cluster trng trong s N cluster u tin. Gi s mt file bt u ti cluster n, vit on chng trnh lit k cc cluster thuc v file . u hi 4.10 : a) Trnh by phng php s dng danh sch kt ni trn bng ch s khi cp pht khng gian cho file. b) Trnh by cc bc cn thit (trnh by bng li, khng cn vit m) c th mc gc t th nh US vo b nh trong trng hp h thng file ca th nh l FAT 16. c) Gi s th mc gc ca h thng file FAT 16 s dng tn file di ti a 8 k t c c vo b nh ti a ch void *root . Vit on chng trnh trn / ++ thc hin hai vic : in tn v di cc file trong th mc gc, tm mt file c tn cho trc trong th mc gc v s th t cluster u tin ca file .

hi ch : K hiu (m) cu hi c quy nh X.Y Trong : + X tng ng s im cu hi (X chy t 1 n 5). + Y l cu hi th Y (Y chy t 1 tr i)

2. u t c c ph ng n t h p c u h i thi thnh c c thi (Nu thy cn thit) :................... T hp 1 cu 1 im, 1 cu 2 im, 1 cu 3 im, 1 cu 4 im. 3. ng d n cn thi t h c: .................................................. .................................................. ........ Nn t hp cu hi trong mt thi phn b u theo c 4 chng

Ngn hng cu hi thi ny c thng qua b mn v nhm cn b ging dy hc phn. H Ni, ngy . . . thng . . . . nm 20 . .
r ng hoa r ng b mn i ng vin ch tr bin son

Cn y l bi gii thng bn gi cho mnh. 1.1: h ng trnh ng dng gi dch v c a h i u hnh bng c ch no? y l y mt v d v giao din lp trnh cho mt h i u hnh thng dng.+ c chng trnh ng dng gi dch v ca HDH thng qua li gi h thng c cha trong giao din lp trnh m HDH cung cp+ li gi h thng l dng lnh c bit, c thc hin qua th vin hm gi v cc hm h thng khc+V d mt

hm ca Win32 API cho php yu cu dch v ghi ra file ca Windows: OOL WINAPI WriteFile(__in HANDLE hFile,__in LPCVOID lpBuffer,__in DWORD nNumberOfBytesToWrite,__out-opt LPDWORD lpNumberOfBytesWritten,__inout-opt LPOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped 1.2: Trnh by thut l theo m (l) v u im c a thut ny. thng l theo m c cn h i u hnh hng ? Sau khi nhn dc chng trnh k thut vin s phn ct thnh cc m,mi m gm nhng ct c yu cu ging nhau.Ton b m sau c np vo bng t v ti vo my thc hin ln lt.Mi khi ct ca m kt thc ct gim st(mt chng trnh nh c gi thng xuyn trong b nh) t ng np ct tip theo ca m vo my v cho php ct ny chy.Sau khi ton b m c thc hin xong k thut vin ly bng t cha m v np tip m mi vo thc hin.+u in ca kt : gim ng k thi gian chuyn i gia 2 ct // cng mt m do momitor c th t ng np vo ct nhanh hn k thut vin.Hiu sut s dng PU do c ci thin ng k+h thng x l theo m cn HDH gim st vic np ct v chy ct. 1.3: a ch ng trnh l g ? do s dng a ch ng trnh trong m y tnh ? Yu cu i v i phn cng hi s dng a ch ng trnh? a chng trnh hay cn gi l a nhim c s dng.H thng cha ng thi nhiu chng trnh trong b nh.+l do : mc d vic x l theo m cho php gim thi gian chuyn i gia cc ct ng dng xong hiu sut s dng PU vn tng i thp.Mi khi c yu cu vo ra PU phi dng vic x l DL ch qu trnh vo ra kt thc .Do tc vo ra lun thp hn tc PU rt nhiu nn PU thng xuyn phi ch i trong nhng khong thi gian di hn ch tnh trang ni trn ta s dng k thut a chng trnh.+ vic thc hin a chng trnh i hi nhng s h tr nht nh t phn cng c bit l kh nng vo ra bng ngt v c ch DMA. Nu ko c c ch ny PU s phi trc tip iu khin qu trnh vo ra thng tin v DL.Hiu qu ca a ct do s bng 0. 1.5 : rnh by v thao t c to m i ti n trnh. i n trnh c th b t th c trong nhng tr ng h p no ? To mi tin trnh: Gn s nh danh cho tin trnh c to mi v to mt trong bng tin trnh To khng gian nh cho tin trnh v P .Khi to P . Lin kt P ca tin trnh vo cc danh sch qun l Kt thc tin trnh: Kt thc bnh thng: yu cu HDH kt thc mnh bng cch gi li gi h thng exit() kt thc: tin trnh cha kt thc .Do cc li .Yu cu nhiu b nh hn so vi s lng h thng c th cung cpThc hin lu hn thi gian gii hn Do qun tr h thng hoc h iu hnh kt thc. 1.6 : rnh by v thao t c v qu trnh chuyn i gia c c ti n trnh.Thng tin v tin trnh hin thi (cha trong P ) c gi l ng cnh (context) ca tin trnh Vic chuyn gia tin trnh cn c gi l chuyn i ng cnh Xy ra khi: ngt Tin trnh gi li gi h thng Trc khi chuyn sang thc hin tin trnh khc, ng cnh c lu vo P Khi c cp pht PU thc hin tr li, ng cnh c khi phc t P vo cc thanh ghi v bng tng ng Thng tin no phi c cp nht v lu vo P khi chuyn tin trnh? => Ty tng trng hp: H thng chuyn sang thc hin ngt vo/ra ri quay li thc hin tip tin trnh: Ng cnh gm thng tin c th b hm x l ngt thay i => ni dung thanh ghi, trng thi PU Sau khi thc hin ngt, h thng thc hin tin trnh khc Thay i trng thi tin trnh p nht thng tin thng k trong P huyn lin kt P ca tin trnh vo danh sch ng vi trng thi mi p nht P ca tin trnh mi c chn p nht ni dung thanh ghi v trng thi PU => huyn i tin trnh i hi thi gian. 1.7: h no l dng (thread) mc ng i dng v mc nh n. u u nh c im c a mi loi.dng mc ngi dng do trnh ng dng t to ra v qun l HDH ko bit v s tn ti ca nhng dng nh vy. to ra dng mc ngi dng trnh ng dng s dng th vin ngn ng lp trnh cung cp VD nh trn java.+u im :-do dng to ra v qun l trong khng gian ngi dng nn vic chuyn i dng ko i hi phi chuyn sang ch nhn v do vy tit kim (t) hn-trnh ng dng c th iu dng theo c im ring ca mnh ko ph thuc vo phng thc iu ca HDH-c th s dng dng mc ngi dng c trn nhng HDH ko h tr a dng bng cch b sung th vin dng m cc ng dng c th dng chung.+ nhc : khng tn dng u v tnh p ng ca m hnh a lung, k tn dng kin truc n` PU Dng mc nhn c h iu hnh to ra v qun l.HDH s cung cp giao din lp trnh bao gm mt s li gi h thng m trnh ng dng c th gi yu cu to/xa dng thay i tham s lin quan ti qun l dng .HDH windows v linux l hai VD trong vic h tr dng mc nhn. +u im : khc phc c cc nhc im ca dng mc ngi dng. th l vic s dng dng mc nhn cho php tng tnh p ng v kh nng thc hin ng thi ca cc dng trong cng 1 tin trnh

.Trn h thng vi nhiu PU dng mc nhn c th c cp PU khc nhau thc hin //+ nhc : tc chm 1.8 : rnh by v i u quay vng. ho v d minh ha v tnh thi gian ch i trung bnh hi i u theo iu ny. Sa i F FS dng cho cc h chia s thi gian thm c ch phn phi li bng cch s dng ngt ca ng h H thng xc nh nhng khong thi gian nh gi l lng t/ lt ct thi gian t Khi PU c gii phng, HDH t thi gian ca ng h bng di lng t, ly tin trnh u hng i v cp PU cho n Tin trnh kt thc trc khi ht thi gian t: tr quyn iu khin cho HDH Ht lng t thi gian m tin trnh cha kt thc: ng h sinh ngt Tin trnh ang thc hin b dng li Quyn iu khin chuyn cho hm x l ngt ca HDH HDH chuyn tin trnh v cui hng i, ly tin trnh u v tip tc i thin thi gian p ng so vi FCFS Thi gian ch i trung bnh vn di La chn di lng t thi gian? VD : 2468101214 22222222

P1P2P P1P2P1P1P1 Thi gian ch i ca P1,P2,P3 ln lt l 6,6,4Thi gian ch i Tb=(6+6+4)/3=5,33 1.9 : h no l b tc ? i u in y ra b tc l g ?nh ngha : Tnh trng mt nhm tin trnh c cnh tranh v ti nguyn hay c hp tc phi dng v hn Do tin trnh phi ch i mt s kin ch c th sinh ra bi tin trnh khc cng ang trong trng thi ch iiu kin xy ra b tc :ng thi xy ra 4 iu kin: 1. Loi tr tng h: c ti nguyn nguy him, ti 1 thi im duy nht 1 tin trnh s dng 2. Gi v ch: tin trnh gi ti nguyn trong khi ch i 3. Khng c phn phi li (no preemption): ti nguyn do tin trnh gi khng th phn phi li cho tin trnh khc tr khi tin trnh ang gi t nguyn gii phng ti nguyn 4. h i vng trn: tn ti nhm tin trnh P1, P2, , Pn sao cho P1 ch i ti nguyn do P2 ang gi, P2 ch ti nguyn do P3 ang gi, , Pn ch ti nguyn do P1 ang gi 1.10 : h no l a ch l gic v a ch vt l ? a ch logic: Gn cho cc lnh v d liu khng ph thuc vo v tr c th tin trnh trong b nh hng trnh ng dng ch nhn thy v lm vic vi a ch logic ny L a ch tng i tc l mi phn t ca chng trnh c gn mt a ch tng i i vi mt v tr no a ch vt l: L a ch chnh xc trong b nh my tnh c mch nh s dng truy nhp ti chng trnh v d liu a ch logic c chuyn thnh a ch vt l nh khi nh x a ch 1.11 : rnh by thut ph n ch ng c nh b nh . hia b nh thnh cc chng vi s lng nht nh, khng thay i, mi chng cha ng 1 tin trnh. th chia thnh cc chng c kch thc bng nhau hoc khng bng nhauKch th c c c ch ng bng nhau: n gin Kch thc chng trnh > kch thc chng => khng th cp pht Gy phn mnh trong Kch th c c c ch ng h c nhau: - hn chng c kch thc nh nht: cn c hng i lnh cho mi chng:Gim phn mnh trong, ti u cho tng chng H thng khng ti u - Kch thc cc chng khc nhau: Dng hng i chung cho mi chng: hng sn c nh nht s c cp pht Khi 1 chng c gii phng: chn tin trnh gn u hng nht v c kch thc ph hp nhtu im: n gin, t x l h c im: S lng chng xc nh ti thi im to h thng hn ch s lng tin trnh hot ng Kch thc chng thit lp trc: khng hiu qu 1.12 : rnh by c ch nh a ch hi s dng thut ph n ch ng b nh S dng 2 thanh ghi ca Processor : thanh ghi gii hn v thanh ghi c s+ Thanh ghi gii hn cha di chng cha tin trnh+ Thanh ghi c s cha v tr bt u ca tin trnhKhi 1 a ch logic c np vo, PU s kim tra xem n c nh hn thanh ghi gii hn khng. Nu c th n s c cng vi thanh ghi c s tn c a ch vt l 1.14 : Vic nh ngha v s dng h i nim file em li nhng u im g ? Khi t tn cho file cn quan t m t i nhng quy nh g ? u im: c thao tc vi file s d dng hn i vi ngi lp trnh ng dng HDH c th kim sot c cc thao tc vi file t tn cho file: Cho php xc nh file L thng tin ngi dng thng s dng nht khi lm vic vi file Quy tc t tn cho file ca mt s HDH: H iu hnh, di ti a ,Phn bit ch hoa ch thng ho php s dng du cch , c k t cm 1.15 : rnh by h i nim th mc ? hng tin trong c c ho n mc c nh t thi t ph i l u tr gn nhau hng ?+Th mc = cc khon mc ~ files|Khon mc cha cc thng tin v file: tn, kch thc, v tr, kiu file,hoc con tr ti ni lu tr thng tin ny. oi th mc nh 1 bng, mi dng l khon mc ng vi 1 file.+ Thng tin trong cc khon mc phi nht thit lu tr gn nhau v :

Ton b thuc tnh ca File dc lu trong th mc, file ch cha data=> kch thc khon mc, th mc ln.-Th mc ch lu thng tin ti thiu cn thit cho vic tm kim v tr file trn a=> kch thc gim. 2.1: rnh by ngn gn v c c thnh phn c b n c a h i u hnh. c thnh phn c bn ca h iu hnh:+ Qun l tin trnh : Tin trnh l chng trnh ang thc hinQun l tin trnh bao gm mt s thao tc : to v xa tin trnh, treo v khi phc tin trnh, ng b ha lin lcgiua cc tin trnh, gii quyt b tcqun l b nh : HDH c phn phi v cp pht b nh cho cc tin trnh, to ra va nh x b nh o vo b nh thc, cung cp v gii phng b nh theo yu cu ca tin trnh, qun l b nh cp v cn trng+ Qun l vo ra : nhm n gin ha v tng hiu qu qu trnh trao i thng tin vi thit b vo ra + Qun l tp v th mc : gip ngi dung s dng thng tin m khng cn quan tm n cc c im cu b nh ngoi bn vic s ng cc khi nim tp v th mc. c chc nng ch yu l to, xa tp hoc th mc ; c ghi tp ; nh x tp vo th mc ra b nh ngoi+ H tr mng v qun l phn tn : gip kt ni my tnh vi cc mng my tnh+ Giao din vi ngi dng : l giao din gia HDH vi ngi dng+ c chng trnh tin ch v ng dng : l cc thnh phn ko sn c trong HDH, khng bt buc phi c 2.2 : rnh by v nh n c a h i u hnh ? h no l ch nh n v ch ng i dng ? Nhn (kernel) l phn ct li, thc hin cc chc nng c bn nht, quan trng nht ca HDH v thng xuyn c gi trong b nh h nhn l ch m chng trnh thc hin trong c y quyn truy cp v iu khin phn cng h ngi dng l ch m chng trnh b han ch rt nhiu v quyn truy cp va iu khin phn cngVic chia lm e ch nhm trnh cho chng trnh v tnh hoc c thc hin thao tc lm nh hng h thng 2.6 : i u ti n trnh l g ? i u dng c h c i u ti n trnh hng ? rnh by v i u c ph n phi li v hng ph n phi li.iu tin trnh l vic HDH quyt nh xem tin trnh no c s dng ti nguyn phn cng v trong bao luiu tin trnh quyt nh th t v thi gian s dng PUiu tin trnh c th coi l iu ngiu phn phi l iu m HDH c th can thip vo qu trnh thchin ca tin trnh thu hi c PU, iu cung cp phn phi li lm cho qun l tin trnh phc tp iu khng phn phi li l dang iu m HDH phi ch i vic tgii phng PU ca tin trnh do 1 s l do nh : tin trnh kt thc hay chuyn sang trng thi i. th xy ra trng hp PU b chim hu v h 2.7 : rnh by hai bin ph p ngn nga b tc (chn 2 bin ph p b t trong s c c bin ph p c th). oi tr t ng h: hng th ngn nga Gi v ch: ch 1: Yu cu tin trnh phi nhn ton b ti nguyn cn thit trc khi thc hin tip Nu khng nhn , tin trnh b phong ta ch cho n khi c th nhn ti nguyn ch 2: Tin trnh ch c yu cu ti nguyn nu khng gi ti nguyn khcTrc khi yu cu thm ti nguyn, tin trnh phi gii phng ti nguyn c cp v yu cu li (nu cn) cng vi ti nguyn mi Khng c ph n phi li: ch 1: Khi mt tin trnh yu cu ti nguyn nhng khng c do b cp pht, HDH s thu hi li ton b ti nguyn n ang gi Tin trnh ch c th thc hin tip sau khi ly c ti nguyn c cng vi ti nguyn mi yu cu ch 2: Khi tin trnh yu cu ti nguyn, nu cn trng, s c cp pht ngay Nu ti nguyn do tin trnh khc gi m tin trnh ny ang ch cp thm ti nguyn th thu hi li cp cho tin trnh yu cu Nu hai iu kin trn u khng tha th tin trnh yu cu ti nguyn phi ch 2.8 : Trnh by mt gi i ph p gi p hng y ra b tc hi s dng c hiu cho bi to n tri t gia n c m. trnh b tc cho bi ton trit gia n c ta ch th dng bin php ti mi thi im lun ch c 4 ngi ngi vo bn cn 1 ngi khng ngi . Khi c 5 chic a v 4 ngi -> s c 1 ngi cm c c 2 chi a n cm. Khi ngi ny n xong th s phi ng dy ri khi bn ngi kia c ngi vo bn. thc hin c phng php ny chng ta ch cn thm 1 semaphore cho table kim sot s ngi vo bn trc khi ly a u h i 2.9 : rnh by thut gi p tng tc truy cp b ng trang v b ng trang nhi u mc.Do mi thao tc truy cp b nh u i hi truy cp bn phn trang=> n c c ch t chc bng phn trang lm tng tc truy cp+ Ta c th s dng thanh ghi lm bng phn trang v cc thanh ghi c tc truy cp cao nhng s lng li c hn+ Ta cng c th lu bng trang b nh chnh v s dng 1 con tr tr ti bng phn trang. V tc b nh chm nn ta c th sdng b nh cache tng tc truy cp-Do h thng my tnh hin i c khng gian a ch lgic rt ln nn vic truy cp b nh t bn trang s rt tn thi gian. gii quyt vn ny ta c th chia nh mi khon mc ca bng trn l ch ti bng di m hng ch ti trang 2.10: rnh by l do ph i i trang, v c c b c ti n hnh hi i trang.-V mi b nh c cp pht 1 s khung trang nht nh cha trang, Khi tin trnh c thc hin th tng trang ca trang tin trnh uc np vo b nh. Vic np trang vo b nh c th xy ra thng hp thiu trang v HDH phi tm khung trng thm trang thiu vo, nhng khi b nh h khung th HDH phi y 1

trang khi b nh theo 1 chin lc no np trang mi vo. Do dn ti vic i trang.Qu trnh i trang: 1: Xc nh trang cn np vo trn a 2: Nu c khung trng th chuyn sang 4 3: La chn 1 khung gii phng, theo 1 thut ton no Ghi ni dung khung b i ra a (nu cn), cp nht bng trang v bng khung 4: c trang cn np vo khung va gii phng; cp nht bng trang v bng khung 5: Thc hin tip tin trnh t im b dng trc khi i trang 2.11: rnh by thut i trang ti u v i trang vo tr c ra tr c. i trang ti u (OP ): hn trang s khng c dng ti trong khong thi gian lu nht i ho php gim ti thiu s kin thiu trang v do l ti u theo tiu chun ny HDH khng on trc c nhu cu s dng cc trang trong tng lai => khng p dng trong thc t m ch so snh vi cc chin lc khcVo tr c ra tr c (F FO): Trang no c np vo trc th b i ra trc n gin nht Trang b trao i l trang nm lu nht trong b nh -> khng cn ti na 2.12 : rnh by c c ph ng ph p c nh s l ng hung trang ti a c p cho mi ti n trnh v c nh phm vi c p ph t p ph t slg hung c nh : p cho tin trnh mt s lng c nh khung cha cc trang nh S lng c xc nh vo thi im to mi tin trnh v khng thay i trong qu trnh tin trnh tn ti p pht bng nhau: - c tin trnh c cp s khung ti a bng nhau -S lng c xc nh da vo kch thc MEM v mc a chng trnh mong mun p pht khng bng nhau: - c tin trnh c cp s khung ti a khc nhau - p s khung t l thun vi kch thc tin trnh - mc u tin p ph t slg hung thay i :S lng khung ti a cp cho mi tin trnh c th thay i trong qu trnh thc hin Vic thay i ph thuc vo tnh hnh thc hin ca tin trnh ho php s dng b nh hiu qu hn phng php c nh => n theo di v x l thng tin v tnh hnh s dng b nh ca tin trnh _ Phm vi c p ph t: p pht ton th: ho php tin trnh i trang mi vo bt c khung no (khng b kha), k c khung c cp pht cho tin trnh khc p pht cc bTrang ch c i vo khung ang c cp cho chnh tin trnh Phm vi cp pht c quan h mt thit vi s lng khung 2.13 : rnh by c c c u tr c d liu dng cho t chc bn trong c a th mc.+Danh sch: T chc th mc di dng danh sch cc khon mc Tm kim khon mc c thc hin bng cch duyt ln lt danh sch Thm file mi vo th mc: Duyt c th mc kim tra xem khon mcvi tn file nh vy c cha Khon mc mi c thm vo cui danh sch hoc 1 trong bng M file, xa file Tm kim trong danh sch chm ache th mc trong MEM+ y nh phn: Tng tc tm kim nh TDL c h tr sp xp H thng file NTFS ca WinNT ng bm (hash table): Dng hm bm tnh v tr ca khon mc trong th mc theo tn file Thi gian tm kim nhanh Hm bm ph thuc vo kch thc ca bng bm => kch thc bng c nh+T chc th mc ca DOS: Mi a logic c cy th mc ring, bt u t th mc gc ROOT Th mc gc c t phn u ca a, ngay sau sector khi ng OOT v bng FAT Th mc gc cha files v cc th mc con Th mc con c th cha files v cc th mc cp di na c t chc di dng bng: mi khon mc chim 1 dng trong bng v c kch thc c nh 32 bytes+T chc th mc ca Linux: Th mc h thng file Ext2 ca Linux c cch t chc n gin Khon mc cha tn file v a ch I-node Thng tin cn li v cc thuc tnh file v v tr cc khi d liu c lu trn I-node ch khng phi th mc Kch thc khon mc ph thuc vo di tn file Phn u ca khon mc c trng cho bit kch thc khon mc 2.15 : rnh by c c thao t c c b n v i file. Ph n tch r mt h thng file c nh t thi t ph i c thao t c m file hay hng.+To file: To file trng cha c data; c dnh 1 ch trong th mc +Xa file: Gii phng khng gian m d liu ca file chim Gii phng ch ca file trong th mc +M file: Thc hin trc khi ghi v c file c cc thuc tnh ca file vo MEM tng tc +ng file: Xa cc thng tin v file ra khi bng trong MEm+Ghi vo file +c file1 h thng k nht thit phi c thao tc m file v khi c, ghi file nu file cha c m th HDH s t ng tm kim file trong th mc, c cc thuc tnh ca file v xd v tr ca file 3.1 rnh by h i nim h i u hnh. Ph n tch r hai chc nng c b n c a h i u hnh.H iu hnh l h thng phn mm ng vai tr trung gian gia ngi s dng v phn cng my tnh nhm to mi trng gip thc hin chng trnh thun tin v hiu quHDH gm 2 chc nng chnh l qun l ti nguyn v qun l vic chy chng trnhQun l ti nguyn l m bo cho ti nguyn h thng s dng c ch v hiu qu.Ti nguyn phn cng bao gm PU,b nh chnh,b nh th cp,thit b vo ra.Qun l ti nguyn trc ht l phn phi ti nguyn ti cc ng dng hiu qu.yu cu c hdh thu nhn v p ng bng cch cp pht ti nguyn cho chng trnh tng ng, cp pht c ti nguyn hdh cn phi lu gi tnh trng ti nguyn bit c hin ti ti nguyn no cn trng,ti nguynno ang c sd.Qun l ti nguyn cn m bo cho chng trnh khng xm phm n ti nguyn cp cho chng trnh khcNhim v quan trng ca my tnh l chy chng trnh,1 chng trnh ang chy gi l tin trnh.HDH gip vic chy chng trnh d dng hn. mi trng thun li

cho chng trnh hdh to ra cc my o.My o l my logic vi nhng ti nguyn o c tnh cht v kh nng khc ti nguyn thc:d sd hn,d lp trnh hn,s lng nhiu hn,kh nng c th vt qua kh nng ti nguyn thc.ti nguyn o l bn m phng ti nguyn thc c thc hin bng phn mm.ti nguyn o cung cp cc dch v ging ti nguyn thc nhng n sd hn v s lng nhiu hn. s dng ti nguyn phn cng d dng ngi ta tru tng ha chng bng cch loi b nhng chi tit khng quan trng,ch gi li nhng kha cnh m ngi sd quan tm,sau khi tru tng ha ti nguyn phn cng vn cung cp chc nng nh ban u nhng d sd hn v nhng chi tit c th c du i. 3.2 Dch v c a h i u hnh l g ? rnh by nhng dch v in hnh m h i u hnh cung c p. m r v qu trnh t i v chy h i u hnh hi m i hi ngDch v hdh l nhng cng vic m hdh thc hin gip ngi dng hoc chng trnh ng dng.Nhng dv chnh m hdh cc:+Ti v chy chng trnh+Giao din vi ngi dng:gd dng lnh,gd ha+Thc hin vo ra d liu+Lm vic vi file+Pht hin v x l li:pht hin v s l kp thi nhng li xy ra vi phn cng cng nh phn mm m bo ch h thng hot ng n nh an ton+Truyn thng:cc dch v cho php thit lp lin lc v truyn thng tin+ p pht ti nguyn+Dch v an ninh v bo mt thc hin 1 chng trnh,chng trnh phi c ti t a vo b nh sau c trao quyn thc hin lnh,sau khi kt thc ctrinh phi gii phng b nh v ti nguyn m ctrinh chim gi,hdh s thc hin cc cng vic ny.Do hdh l ctrinh u tin c thc hin khi h thng khi ng nn hdh phi t ti chnh mnh vo b nh trong.vc ti din ra nh sau:hdh c 1 chng trnh nh gi l ctrinh ti hay ctrinh mi.ctrinhf ny nm 1 v tr xc nh trn a hoc b nh ngoi.sau khi h thng khi ng,1 chng trnh nm sn trong b nh ROM c kch hot v c chng trnh mi 1 v tr quy c trn a vo b nh trong.sau ctrinh mi s chu trch nhim ti nhng phn cn li ca hdh vo b nh v trao quyn k h thng cho hdh 3.3 : rnh by h i nim dng (thread) v m hnh a dng. V n s hu ti nguyn c a ti n trnh v dng. Ph n tch u im c a m hnh a dng.Dng : mi v thc hin ca tin trnh tc l 1 chui lnh c cp PU v thc hin c lp gi l dng thc hin.a dng l nhiu chui lnh c thc hin cng 1 lc trong phm vi 1 tin trnh.M hnh a dng :mi dng cn c kh nng qun l con tr lnh v ni dung thanh ghi.mi dong cng c trng thi ring c cha trong khi qun l lnh.mi dng c ngn xp ring.tt c cc cc dng chia s chung khng gian nh v ti nguyn ca tin trnh.cc dng c cng khng gian c c th truy cp d liu ca tin trnhTi nguyn ca tin trnh v dng :Trong h thng cho php a dng,tin trnh vn l n v c HDH phn phi ti nguyn,cc tin trnh s hu chung 1 s ti nguyn :khng gian nh ca tin trnh,v 1 s ti nguyn khc nh file ang m v thit b vo ra. u im ca m hnh a dng :tng hiu nng v tit kim thi gian,tng tnh p ng,d dng chia s ti nguyn v thng tin,tn dng c kin trc x l vi nhiu PU,thun li cho vc t chc ctrinh 3.4 : Ph n tch c c v n cn quan t m trong s dng v qu n l ti n trnh ng thi (concurrent processes) i v i ba dng ti n trnh : ti n trnh c lp c cnh tranh ti nguyn, ti n trnh h p t c nh chia s ti nguyn, v ti n trnh h p t c nh trao i thng ip c tin trnh cnh tranh ti nguyn ln nhau :+Loi tr tng h :khi cc tin trnh ng thi truy cp ti nguyn m kh nng cse ca ti nguyn hn chm bo khi tin trnh truy cp ti nguyn th tin trnh khc k c php truy cp.cc ti nguyn nh vy gi l ti nguyn nguy him,nhng don ctrinh yc sd ti nguyn nguy him gi l on nguy him+Khng xy ra b tc :b tc l tnh trng 2 hay nhu t.trnh k th tip tc thc hin do phi i ch ln nhau+Khng i ti nguyn :l tnh trng t.trinh phi ch i qu lu m cha n lt cp ti nguynTin trnh hp tc vs nhau thng qua ti nguyn chung : c t.trnh hp tc vs nhau trao i t.tin vs nhau thng qua cse vng nh dng chung.vc cc tin trnh truy cp ng thi d.liu dng chung i hi m bo tnh nht qun d.liu.vc cp nhp dlieu chung cung yc b loi tr tng h, ngoi ra c th xy ra tnh trng b tc v i.k chy ua l tnh hung 1 dng or tin trnh c v ghi dl v kt qu ph thuc vo th t cc thao tc vo ra.vn xy ra khi c dik chy ua c th gq bng cch t ton b thao tc vo on nguy him v sd loi tr tng h thao tc ny k b tin trnh khc xen ngangTin trnh c lin lc nh gi thng ip : c tin trnh hp tc vs nhau c th ll trc tip vi nhau bng cch gi thng ip.vc gi thng ip cc t.trnh k c.s hay cnh tranh ln nhau nn k yc loi tr tng h,nhng c th xy ra b tc v i 3.5 : rnh by gi i thut Peterson cho on nguy him. Ph n tch u nh c im c a ph ng ph p ny.Thut ton peterson ool flag[2] ;Int turn ;Void P0(){// tien trinh P0For( {//lap vo hanFlag[0]=true ;turn =1 ;while(flag[1]&&turn==1) ;//lap den khi dk khng tha mn<on nguy him>Flag[0]=false ;<phan con lai cua tien trinh>}}Void P1(){// tien trinh P1For( {//lap vo hanFlag[1]=true ;turn =0 ;while(flag[0]&&turn==0) ;//lap den khi dk k tha mn<on nguy him>Flag[1]=false ;<phan con lai cua tien trinh>}}Void main(){Flag[0]=flag[1]=0 ;Turn=0 ;//tt tin trnh chnh,chy ng thi P1 v P2Startprocess(P0) ;Startprocess(P1) ;}+ u im :Tha mn cc y/c :k loi tr tng h k tin trin :+P0 ch c th b P1 ngn cn vo on nguy him nu flag[1]=true

v turn =1 lun ng+ 2 kh nng vi P1 ngoi on nguy him :-P1 cha sn sng vo ong nguy him=>flag[1]=false, P0 c th vo ngay on nguy him- P1 t flag[1]=true v ang trong vng lp while => turn =1 hoc 0:Turn = 0 0 vo on nguy him ngayTurn =1: P1 vo on nguy him, sau t flag[1]=false=>quay li kn 1- h i gii hn+ Nhc im-sd trn thc t tng i phc tp-i hi tin trnh ang yu cu vo on nguy him phi nm trong trng thi ch i tch cc. h i tch cc; tin trnh vn phi sd PU ktra xem c th vo on nguy him?=>lng ph PU 3.6 : rnh by ph ng ph p ph t hin v l b tc bng c ch s dng th. Ph n tch u im c a ph ng ph p ny so v i ph ng ph p ngn nga b tc. Tr li :+ Pht hin b tc :TH mi dng ti nguyn ch c mt ti nguyn duy nht=> sd th bd quan h ch i ln nhau gia tin trnh-Xy dng th cp pht ti nguyn :+ c nt l tin trnh v ti nguyn +Ti nguyn dc ni vi tin trnh bng cung c hng nu ti nguyn c cp cho tin trnh .+Tin trnh dc ni vi ti nguyn trnh bng cung c hng nu tin trnh ang c cp cho ti nguyn .+ th ch i :-c xd t th cp pht ti nguyn = cch b i cc nt t/ vi ti nguyn v nhp cc cung i i qua nt b b- ho php pht hin tnh trng tin trnh ch i l iu kin sinh ra b tc-SD thut ton pht hin chu trnh trn th c hng pht hin b tc trn th ch iV s :+ Thi im pht hin b tc ; - tc ch c th xh sau khi 1 tin trnh no yu cu ti nguyn v ko c tha mn.-=> hy thut ton pht hin b tc mi khi c y/c cp pht ti nguyn ko c tm=> cho php pht hin b tc ngay khi va xy ra.- hy thng xuyn lm gim h/nang ht-=>Gim tn sut chy thut ton pht hin b tc :+Sau tng chu k t vi chc pht ti vi gi+Khi c mt s u hiu nh hiu sut sd PU gim xung di 1 ngng no + X l khi bi b tc :-Kt thc all tin trnh ang b b tc-Kt ln lt tng tin trnh ang b b tc n khi ht b tc+HDH phi chy li thut ton pht hin b tc sau khi kt 1 tin trnh+HDH c th chn th t kt tin trnh da trn tiu tr no .-Khi phc tin trnh v thi im trc khi b b tc sau cho cc tin trnh thc hin li t im ny :+i hi HDH lu tr trng thi c th thc hin quay lui v khi phc v cc im ktra trc .+Khi chy li, cc tin trnh c th li ri vo b tc tip.Ln lt thu hi li ti nguyn t cc tin trnh b tc cho ti khi ht b tc. 3.7 : rnh by thut t i trong qu trnh thc hin. rnh by thut lin t ng v th vin dng chung. Ph n tch r u im m tng ph ng ph p em li. Tr li :+ Ti trong qu trnh thc hin :-Hm cha b gi th cha ti vo b nh - hng trnh chnh dc load vo b nh v chy-Khi c li gi hm :+ hng trnh s ktra hm dc ti vo cha+Nu cha, chng trnh s tin hnh ti sau nh x a ch hm vo ko gian chung ca chng trnh v thay i bng a ch ghi li cc nh x . -Lp trnh vin m nhim, HDH cung cp cc hm th vin cho ti ng+ Lin kt ng v th vin dng chung-Lin kt tnh : cc hm v th vin c lk lun v chng trnh-Lng ph ko gian c trn a v MEM trong-Trong gd lk, ko kt ni cc ham th vin vo cha trnh m ch chn cc thng tin v hm th vin .- c modul th vin c lk trong qu trnh thc hin:+Ko gi bn sao cc modul th vin m tin trnh gi stub cha thng tin v modul th vin.+Khi stub dc gi, n ktra modul t/ c trong b nh cha. Nu cha, th ti phn cn li v v dng.+Ln tip theo cn sd, modul th vin s c chy trc tip +Mi modul th vin ch c 1 bn sao duy nht cha trong MEM- n h tr t HDH 3.8 : rnh by thut ph n ch ng ng b nh . Ph n tch u nh c im c a ph ng ph p ny so v i ph n ch ng c nh. Khi di chuyn ch ng sang v tr h c cn thay i thng tin g trong hi nh a ch.Tr Li :+ K thut :-Kch thc, s lng v v tr chng u c th thay i-Khi c y/c, HDH cp cho tin trnh 1 chng c kch thc ng bng tin trnh .-Khi tin trnh kt s to vng trng trong MEM- c vng trng nm cnh nhau c nhp li thnh vng ln hn-Sd cc chin lc cp chng :+ hn vunf thch hp u tin+Vng thich hp nht+Vng ko thch hp nht+ u im : Trnh phn mnh trong+ Nhc im : Gy phn mng ngoi : dn nhng vng trng nh thnh ln(nn)+ Nu chng b di chuyn th ni dung ca thanh ghi c s b thay i cha a ch v tr m 3.9 : rnh by thut ph n ch ng s dng ph ng ph p cn (buddy). Ph n tch r c c im ging/ h c nhau v u nh c im c a ph ng ph p ny so v i ph n ch ng c nh v ph n ch ng ng (l u hng cn trnh by li hai ph ng ph p sau).Tr li :+ Trnh by k thut :- c chng v khi trng c kch thc l ly tha ca 2^k(L<=k<=H) : 2^L : kch thc nh nht ca chng ; 2^H ; kch thc MEM-u tin, ton b ko gian nh l 2^H, y/c cp vng nh S+2^H-1<S<=2^H ; cp c 2^H+ hia i thnh 2 vng 2^H-1+Tip tc chia i ti khi tm c vng tho mn 2^k+1<s<=2^k-Sau 1 thi gian xut hin cc khi trng c kch thc 2^k-To ds mc ni cc vng c cng kch thc-Nu c 2 khi trng cng kch thc v k nhau th ghp li thnh 1-Khi cn cp, s tm trong danh sch khi ph hp nht; nu ko tm khi ln hn v ct i. 3.10 : rnh by thut ph n on b nh bao gm c c u tr c v c ch nh a ch. Ph n tch so s nh u nh c im c a ph n on v i ph n trang.Tr li :+ K thut phn on b nh :- u trc :+ hng trnh thng dc chia thnh nhiu phn : d liu, lnh, ngn xp+ hia chng trnh

thnh cc on theo cu trc logic+Mi on c phn vo 1 vng nh, c kch thc ko bng nhau.+Mi on t/ vi ko gian a ch ring, c phn bit bi tn (STT) v di ca mnh.+ c vng nh thuc cc on khc nhau c th nm v tr khc nhau.+ nh c cp pht theo tng vng kich thch thay i(ging phn chng ng)+ hng trnh c th chim nhu hn 1 on v ko cn lin tip nhau trong MEM(khc phn chng ng) +Trnh hin tng phn trang mng trong+ phn mnh ngoi+D sp xp b nh+D chia sr cc on gia cc tin trnh khc nhau+Kch thc mi on c th thay i m ko a/h ti cc on khcnh x a ch;+Sd bng on cho mi tin trnh. Mi tng ng vi 1 on cha:-a ch c s: v tr bt u ca on trong b nh-ia ch gii hn: di on, sd chng truy cp tri php ra ngoi on+ a ch logic gm 2 thnh phn(s,o):-S: s th t/tn on-O: dch trong on 3.11 : rnh by thut np trang theo nhu cu dng cho b nh o. Ph n tch r cng mt lnh c th y ra nhi u s in li trang hngTr li :+ Trnh by k thut :/*-Tin trnh dc phn trang v cha trn a-Khi thc hin, np tin trnh vao MEM : ch np nhng trang cn dng-Tin trnh gm cc trang trn a v trong MEM : thm bit P trong khon mc bng bng trang phn bit(P=1 : np vo MEM)-Qu trnh kim tra v np trang :+Tin trnh truy cp ti 1 trang, ktra bit P. Nu P=1, truy cp din ra bt. Nu P=0, xy ra s kin thiu trang.Ngt x l thiu trang :+HDH tm 1 khung trng trong MEM+c trang b thiu vo khung trang va tm c+Sa li khon mc tng ng trong bng trang: i bt P=1 v s khung cp cho trang.+Khi phc li trng thi tin trnh v thc hin tip lnh b ngt*/Np trang hon ton theo nhu cu :+ t u 1 tin trnh m ko np bt k trang no vo b nh+Khi con tr lnh c HDH chuyn ti lnh u tin ca tin trnh thc hin, s kin thiu trang s sinh ra v trang t/ dc np vo +Tin trnh sau thc hin bt cho ti ln thiu trang tip theo 3.12 : rnh by c u tr c th mc dng c y v dng th hng c chu trnh. u tr c th mc dng hng chu trnh c u im g so v i dng c y ? h no l ng d n tuyt i v ng d n t ng i.Tr li :Th mc cu trc cy:+Th mc con c th cha cc th mc con khc v cc file+Hthog th mc dc bd phn cp nh 1 cy: cnh l th mc, l l file+Phn bit khon mc file v khon mc ca th mc con: thm bt b trong khon mc-1: khon mc ca th mc di-0 : khon mc ca file+Ti mi thi im, ng dng lm vic vi th mc hin thi+T chc cy trong th mc cho tng a:+ +Trong h thng file nh FAT ca D, cy th mc c xy cho tng a. H thng thu mc c coi l rng, mi cy trn 1 a.+ +Linux: ton ht ch gm 1 cy th mcTh mc cu trc ko tun hon(acyclic graph):+ hia s file v th mc c th xut hin nhiu th mc ring khc nhau+M rng ca cu trc cy: l v cnh c th ng thi thuc v nhng cnh khc nhau!+Trin khai:+ +SD lin kt: con tr ti th mc or file khc+ +to bn sao ca file v th mc cn chia s v cha vo cc th mc khc nhau=>phi m bo tnh ng b v nht qun+Mm do nhng phc tp++ u trc th mc dng ko chu trnh c u im l mm do hn so vi cu trc dng cy.+ +ng dn tuyt i :+g dn t gc ca cy th mc, i qua cc th mc trung gian, dn ti file.+C:\bc\bin\bc.exe-g dn tng i:+Tnh t th mc hin thi+Thm 2 khon mc c bit trong th mc .,.. 3.14 : rnh by v yu cu ph i m b o tnh ton vn c a h thng file v c c ph ng ph p m b o tnh ton vn.Tr li :+ Yu cu phi m bo tnh bo ton :- H thng file cha nhu csdl c mi lk=>thng tin v lin kt b h hi, tnh ton vn ca h thng b ph v.- c khi ko c mt trong danh sch cc khi trng , ng thi cng ko c mt trong 1 file no .- 1 khi c th va thuc v 1 file no va c mt trong ds trng- HDH c cc chng trnh ktr tnh ton vn ca ht file dc chy khi ht khi ng, db l sau s c.+ c pp m bo tnh ton vn- Giao tc l 1 tp hp cc thao tc cn phi dc thc hin trn vn cng nhau.- Vi ht file : mi giao tc s bao gm nhng thao tc thay i lk cn thc hin cng nhau- Ton b trng thi ht file dc ghi li trong file log- Nu giao tc ko c thc hin trn vn, HDH sd thng tin t log khi phc ht file v trng thi ko li trc khi thc hin giao tc
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Loi 4 Cu 4.1: a) rnh by c c tiu ch nh gi thut to n i u . b) rnh by thut to n i u n tr c phc v tr c v i u c mc u tin. c) ho c c ti n trnh v i thi gian ( di) chu P ti p theo v s u tin nh trong b ng sau (s u tin nh ng v i u tin cao). Bi t rng c c ti n trnh cng u t hin vo thi im 0 theo V biu th hin th t v thi gian c p ph t P cho c c ti n trnh hi s dng thut to n : 1) i u quay vng v i di l ng t = 1 ;

2) i u theo mc u tin hng c ph n phi li. nh thi gian ch i trung bnh cho tng tr ng h p. Gii: A, c tiu ch nh gi iu : - Lng tin trnh thc hin xong c nh gi bng s lg tin trnh thc hin xog trong 1 thi gian. Tiu ch ny mang tnh T v l 1 o tnh hiu qu ca h thng - Hiu sut s dng PU : 1 trong nhng g/c s dng hiu qu h thng l cng PU cng t phi ngh cng tt. % tgian PY trong trng thi h thay i ty h thng - Thi gian vng i T tin hnh = thi gian y/c to tin trnh n khi kt thc tin trnh= tng thi gian ti tin trnh + thi gian ch i, chy ,vo/ra - Thi gian ch i= tng thi gian tin trnh trng thi sn sang v ch c cp PU, chu nh hng ca thut ton iu - Thi gian p ng: tiu ch hng ti ng dng thng sd trong h thng tng tc, = thi gian nhn y/c khi h thng c p p ng , Thut ton iu n trc phc v trc - HDH sx cc tin trnh sn sng vo hng i , tin trnh mi s xp cui hng - Khi PU c gii phng HDH cp cho tin trnh u hng i - Thi gian ch i T ln - L thut ton iu khng phn phi li *, thut ton iu c mc u tin: - Mi tin trnh c gn 1 mc u tin nht ihj - Tin trnh c mc u tin hn c cp PU trc, cc tin trnh cng mc u tin c cp PU theo nguyn tc F FS - Mc u tin xc nh theo nhiu tiu ch khc nhau nh y/c b nh, hn ch thi gian,.. - L thut ton iu khng phn phi li ,1, biu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P1 P2 P3 P4 P1 P3 P4 P1 P4 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 Thi gian ch i ca tin trnh P1= 0+3+2+1+0+0+0+0+0=6 P2=1, P3=2+2=4, P4=3+2=5 Thi gian ch i T = (6+1+4+5)/4=4 2, biu 146 1 3 2

P2 P4 P3 P1 Thi gian ch i ca P1=6, P2=0, P3=4, P4=1 Thi gian ch i T = (6+4+1)/4=2,75 Cu 4.2: a) rnh by thut to n i u u tin ti n trnh ngn nh t, thi gian cn li ngn nh t. b) i u theo mc u tin c ph n phi li v hng ph n phi li h c nhau th no ? c) ho c c ti n trnh v i di v thi im u t hin nh trong b ng sau V biu th hin th t v thi gian c p ph t P cho c c ti n trnh hi s dng thut ton : 1) i u u tin ti n trnh ngn nh t ; 2) i u u tin thi gian cn li ngn nh t. nh thi gian ch i trung bnh cho tng tr ng h p. Gii : A, iu u tin tin trnh ngn nht + Pp ny la chn trong hng i tin trnh c thi gian sd PU ngn nht cp pht PU + trong TH n` tin trnh c cng tg sd PY th tin trnh ng trc c phc v trc + thi gian ch i T thp nht trong cc pp + c y/c l phi bit trc di chu k sd, c 2 cch gii quyt vn ny :1, trong h thng x l m : da vo thgian ng k ti a do lp trnh vin cung cp.2, d on i chu k sd PU tip theo, da vo di T cc PU trc + l thut ton iu k phn phi li - Thut ton iu u tin thi gian cn li ngn nht : + pp ny l pp tng t nh pp iu u tin tin trnh ngn nht nhng c thm c ch phn phi li

+khi 1 tin trnh mi xh trong hng i, HDH so snh thi gian cn li ca tin trnh ang chy vs thi gian cn li ca tin trnh mi xh. Nu tin trnh mi c tg cn li nh hn th HDH thu hi PU ca tin trnh ang chy cp cho tin trnh mi ny + i hi phi bit trc di chu k sd PU + thi gian ch i T nh + vic chuyn i tin trnh t hn iu quay vng , iu theo mc u tin c phn phi li khc iu theo mc u tin nn k phn phi li ch : khi c tin trnh mi xut hin c mc u tin cao hn tin trnh ang chy th HDH s ngt PU ca tin trnh ang chy v cp cho tin trnh mi xut hin , 1, iu 26 2 4 8 P3 P2 P1 Thi gian ch i ca P1 : 6, P2=2, P3=0 Thi gian ch i T = (6+2+0)/3=2,67 2, biu 2468 2 2 2 2 6 P1 P2 P3 P2 P1 Thi gian ch i ca P1=0+6=6, P2=2+2=4, P3=4 Thi gian ch i Tb : (6+4+4)/3=4,67 Cu 4.3 : a) rnh by v c c gi i ph p phn cng (c m ngt, s dng lnh m y c bit) cho v n loi tr t ng h v on nguy him. b) S dng est_and_Set thc hin loi tr t ng h cho bi to n c c tri t gia n c m. c) Ph n tch r gi i ph p s dng est_and_Set s dng trn c th g y b tc hoc i khng. Gii : A , - Gii php cm cc ngt : + Tin trnh ang c PU thc hin n khi c li gi dch v HDH hoc b ngt + m k xy ra ngt trong qu trnh thc hin on nguy him=> m bo k cho tin trnh no c th ly PU c th truy cp vo on nguy him + u : n gin + nhc : lm mt tnh mm do ca HDH, k sd vs my tnh n` PU - Gii php sd cc lnh my c bit : + phn cng c thit k c 1 s lnh my c bit + nguyn tc chung ca pp : gm 2 thao tc kim tra v thay i gi tr cho 1 bin hoc thao tc so snh v hon i gi tr 2 bin, c thc hin trong 1 lnh my=> m bo thc hin cng nhau m k b xen vo gia + lnh nh vy gi l test_and_set Logic lnh test_and_set Bool test_and_set ( bool & lock) { Bool var= lock ; Lock=true ; Return var ; } + u : vic sd n gin, trc quan th dng ng b n` tin trnh th sd cho TH x l vs n` PU nhng c b nh chung + nhc : cc tin trnh phi ch i tch cc Gy b tc v i , on chng trnh : Bool chopstick[5]={false, false, false, false, false} Void philosopher(int i) { for (jj) { While(test_and_set(chopstick[i])) ;

While(test_and_set(chopstick[(i+1)%5])) ; <n cm> Chopstick[i]=false ; Chopstick[(i+1)%5]=false ; <suy ngh> } Void main() { Start process(philosopher(1)) ; Start process(philosopher(2)) ; Start process(philosopher(5)) ; } c, s dng test_and_set c th gy ra b tc cho bi ton trit gia n cm khi m c 5 ng u cm a bn tri, Khi k ai chu nhng a xung=> xy ra ch i vng trn - S dng test_and_set c th gy ra i khi 1 trit gia thc hin vic ly a chm hn so vs trit gia khc=> trit gia cha kp ly a th trit gia khc ly mt => i ti nguyn u h i 4.8 : a) rnh by chi n l c i trang t s dng trong thi gian cui. b) rnh by chi n l c i trang s dng thut to n ng h. c) i s ti n trnh c c p 4 hung nh vt l, c c trang c a ti n trnh c truy cp theo th t sau : 1,2,3,4,5,3,4,1,6,7,8,7,8,9,7,8,9,5. y c nh th t np v i trang n u s dng hai thut to n ni trn. Gii : A, chin lc i trang t sd trong thi gian cui : - Trang b i l trang m tgian t ln truy cp cui cng n thi hin ti l lu nht. theo nguyn tc cc b y l trang t c kh nng s dng nht trong tg lai - ch xd trang c s ln truy cp cui : + sd bin m : Mi khon mc ca bng phn trang thm 1 trg cha tgian truy cp cui PU cng thm b m thi gian logic ny h s b m T khi c truy cp. Mi trang nh c truy cp th ch s ca b m s c ghi vo trg` tgian truy cp trong khon mc Trg` tgian lun cha thi gian truy cp trong ln cui Trang b i l trang c gi tr tgian nh nht + sd ngn xp 1 ngn xp c sd cha s trang Mi khi c 1 trang nh c truy cp, s trang s chuyn ln nh ngn xp y ngn xp l trang cn i, nh ngn xp l trang truy cp gn nht b, chin lc i trang dng thut ton ng h : - ci tin t thut ton FIFO - mi trang c gn thm bit s dng U. Khi trang c truy cp th U=1=> trang mi np vo U=1 - cc khung c th i c lin kt vo 1 ds vng - khi c nh cu i trong HDH ktra trang ang b tr ti Nu U=0 : trang b i ngay Nu U=1 : t U=0 v tr sang trang tip theo - nu tt c U=1 th con tr quay 1 vng i ht U=0 ri i trang hin thi ang b tr