B MN MY V T NG THY KH VIN C KH NG LC TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

TI LIU
Gio trnh:

Thy lc v my thy lc tp II- inh Ngc i ng Huy Ch Nguyn Phc Hong- Phm c Nhun- 1972 Tham kho: Bi tp thy lc v my thy lc Ng Vi Chu Nguyn Phc Hong V S Hunh L Danh Lin 1976 Bm ly tm v bm hng trc Lmakin Tuabin nc V S Hunh Nguyn Th Xun Thu Basic Principles and Components of Fluid Technology Volume 1 H. Exner R. Freitag Dr.-Ing.H. Geis Truyn ng thy lc th tch- L Danh Lin Ng S Lc

Khi nim: My thy lc l danh t dng ch cc my lm vic bng cch trao i nng lng vi cht lng theo cc nguyn l thy lc hc ni ring v c hc cht lng ni chung.

MY THY LC TH S

 1640 tt Henrich: Bm pittng u tin

Nh bc hc Nga Lmnxp (17111765): Dng l thuyt c hc cht lng ci to gung nc nng cao hiu sut, cng sut dng trong cng nghip Nh bc hc le(1707-1783): L thuyt c bn v tuabin nc ni ring v cc my thy lc cnh dn ni chung 1751-1754
1831 Phuc ny rn (Php): Ch to tuabin nc u tin Xablucp (Nga): Sng ch ra bm li tm u tin

Giucpski (1847-1921), Trapplghin (1869-1942), Prtskua...... Sng to l thuyt dng chy bao cnh dn, hon chnh l thuyt v my thy lc

MY THY LC NGY NAY

 PHN LOI THEO TNH CHT TRAO I NNG LNG:

ng c thy lc: Thu nng lng ca dng cht lng bin i thnh c nng. Bm thy lc: Truyn nng lng cho dng cht lng. THEO NGUYN L TC DNG CA MY THY LC VI DNG CHT LNG: My thy lc th tch: trao i nng lng vi cht lng theo nguyn l nn cht lng trong mt th tch kn di p sut thy tnh. My thy lc cnh dn: dng cnh dn trao i nng lng vi dng cht lng.

TRUYN NG THY LC: l t hp cc c cu thy lc (k c my thy lc) truyn c nng t b phn dn ng n cc b phn cng tc, trong c s bin i vn tc, lc, mmen v bin i dng hay quy lut chuyn ng: Truyn ng thy ng Truyn ng thy tnh ( Truyn ng thy lc th tch)

MY THY LC CNH DN
BM QUT CNH DN NG C CNH DN (TUABIN THY LC)

MY THY LC TH TCH
BM V NG C THY LC TH TCH

MY THY LC KHC

BM PHUN TIA

BM NC VA

Bm ly tm-

Bm hn lu -

Bm hng trc -

Tuabin phn lc -

Tuabin xung lc -

Bm v ng c pittng

Bm v ng c pittng rto

Bm v ng c rto

TRUYN NG THY NG

TRUYN NG THY LC TH TCH

TTLTT chuyn ng tnh tin TTLTT chuyn ng quay

KHP NI THY LC

BIN TC THY LC

TTLTT chuyn ng ty ng

 Thng s lm vic l nhng thng s k thut biu th kh

nng v c tnh lm vic ca my thy lc. Bn thng s lm vic c bn ca my thy lc: 1. Ct p 2. Lu lng 3. Cng sut 4. Hiu sut

1. Ct p
c trng kh nng trao i nng lng ca

my thy lc vi dng cht lng th hin bng mc chnh lch nng lng n v ca dng cht lng hai mt ct trc v sau my thy lc. Ct p ca MTL l nng lng n v ca dng chy trao i c vi MTL
Trong : H: Ct p MTL eB: Nng lng mt ct li ra MTL eA: Nng lng mt ct li vo MTL p: p sut ca dng chy v: Vn tc dng chy : H s iu chnh ng nng Z: cao Ht: Ct p tnh MTL H: Ct p ng MTL

H eB e A ( Z B Z A ) H Ht H H t (Z B Z A ) H pB p A

pB p A

2 2 B vB Av A

2g

2 2 B vB Av A

2g

2. LU LNG
Lu lng l lng cht lng chuyn ng qua MTL trong mt

n v thi gian Lu lng th tch Q: m3/h, m3/s, l/s Lu lng trng lng G: N/s, t/h G=Q

3. CNG SUT
o Cng sut thu lc l nng lng cht lng trao i vi my trong mt n v thi gian. oCng sut lm vic ca MTL l cng sut trn trc ca my khi lm vic
Ntl=GH=QH
Vi bm N>Ntl : Ntl=N Vi ng c N<Ntl: N=Ntl : Hiu sut ca my thy lc

4. HIU SUT
Hiu sut ca my thy lc nh gi tn tht nng lng trong qu trnh trao i nng lng vi cht lng. K hiu

C 3 dng tn tht trong MTL: -Tn tht thy lc: tn tht ct p ca dng chy qua my. nh gi bng hiu sut thy lc: - Tn tht c kh: tn tht ma st ca cc b phn c kh. nh gi bng hiu sut c kh: -Tn tht lu lng: tn tht do r r cht lng lm gim lu lng lm vic ca my. nh gi bng hiu sut lu lng: -Hiu sut chung ca my:

 Hin tng xm thc xy ra do hin tng cht lng bc hi

trong my. Trong dng chy, ti nhng ch c p sut gim xung b hn mt tr s gi l p sut ti hn s hnh thnh mt "min" hoc mt "di" cha y khng kh hoc hi. Cc min hoc di ny di chuyn n khu vc c p sut ln ri tc thi bin mt. B mt vt liu gn ni trit tiu cc min hoc cc di ni trn chu tc ng rt mnh ca hin tng tng hoc gim p sut (nc va cc b); tr s tng hoc gim c th t n hng nghn N/cm2 v chnh l nguyn nhn ca s ph hoi b mt vt liu. Ton b qu trnh hnh thnh, pht trin v trit tiu cc min khng kh, dn n nc va cc b v ph hoi b mt vt liu c gi l hin tng Xm thc kh thc.
P Pbh
Ti hi xm thc

 Khi xm thc : Dng chy b gin on Gy ting n My b rung Lu lng, ct p v hiu sut gim t ngt Ko di s ph hng cc b phn my

PHN 1: MY THY LC CNH DN

CHNG I: KHI NIM C BN V MY THY

LC CNH DN CHNG II: BM CNH DN CHNG III: TUABIN THY LC

CHNG I: KHI NIM C BN V MY THY LC CNH DN

1.1 KHI NIM CHUNG
My thy lc cnh dn: l dng my thy lc dng cnh dn trao i nng lng vi dng cht lng di dng nng lng thy ng.

MYCNH DN
BM QUT
Bm qut

TUABIN

TRUYN NG THY NG

KHP NI THY LC

BIN M THY LC

ly
tm

Bm qut hng trc

Bm hn

lu

Mt s loi bm qut khc

Tuabin tm trc

Tuabin phn lc

Tuabin xung lc

HP S THY C

Tuabin hng trc

Tuabin hng cho

Tuabin go

Tuabin
tia nghing

Tuabin xung kch hai ln

BNH CNG TC MY CNH DN

Trong my cnh dn b phn quan trng v in hnh nht l bnh cng tc. Bnh cng tc c cu to gm cc bn cnh (cnh dn) v cc b phn c nh chng ( a cnh, moay ). BCT c lp ghp cht vi trc khi lm vic quay trong mi trng cht lng.

C nng trn trc

Th nng v ng nng dng chy lin tc qua BCT

BCT bm quay trong cht lng

BCT tuabin quay

Dng chy lin tc qua BCT

C nng trn trc

BCT ly tm v hng tm
Cht lng chuyn ng qua BCT t tm

ra ngoi hay t ngoi vo tm theo hng knh.

BCT hng trc

Cht lng chuyn ng qua BCT

theo phng song song vi trc

BCT tm trc trc tm

Cht lng chuyn ng qua BCT

theo phng hng tm ri chuyn sang phng hng trc hay ngc li.

BCT hng cho

Cht lng chuyn ng qua

BCT theo phng hng cho

 Gi thit qu o chuyn ng ca cc phn t cht lng -

qua BCT: Dng chy qua BCT bao gm cc dng nguyn t nh nhau. Qu o chuyn ng tng i ca cc phn t cht lng trong BCT theo bin dng cnh dn. iu kin: BCT c s cnh dn nhiu v cng v mi cnh mng v cng. Cht lng lm vic l cht lng l tng ( khng nht).

Tam gic vn tc

1.2 Phng trnh c bn ca MTLCD

S trao i nng lng dng cht lng vi BCT qua s thay i cc thng s ng hc ca dng chy.

1.Phng trnh Mmen Bin thin mmen ng lng ca khi cht lng chuyn ng qua BCT trong mt n v thi gian i vi trc quay ca bnh cng tc th bng tng mmen ngoi lc tc dng ln khi cht lng i vi trc, tc l bng mmen quay ca BCT.

Xt dng nguyn t trong khi cht lng chuyn ng qua BCT bm ly tm. Bin thin mmen ng lng ca dng nguyn t cht lng trong mt n v thi gian: Mmen ngoi lc tc dng ln trc quay: Vi BCT tuabin mmen ng lng ca dng chy gim theo chiu t li vo ti li ra ca BCT. Mmen tc dng ln trc: Phng trnh mmen dng tng qut vi MTLCD: Nhn xt: C nng ca MTLCD trao i vi cht lng lin quan mt thit ti cc thng s ng hc ca dng chy v kch thc , kt cu BCT.

2. Phng trnh ct p
Ct p ca MTL l nng lng n v ca dng chy trao i c vi MTL. Chnh bng cng n v ca mt n v trng lng cht lng trao i v my. Ct p l thuyt v cng ca my ( khng tn tht, s cnh nhiu v cng)

y l phng trnh c bn ca MTLCD Phng trnh le

3. ngha phng trnh c bn MTLCD

Quan h ct p ca dng cht lng vi cc thng s ng

hc v hnh hc ca BCT. Dng khc ca phng trnh c bn: Vi bm:

Vi tuabin:

1.3 Lut tng t ca MTLCD

1. Cc tiu chun tng t
Hai MTL tng t phi tha mn cc tiu chun tng t sau: a. Tiu chun tng t hnh hc Hai my N(nguyn hnh) v M( m hnh) tng t hnh hc th chng phi ng dng:
DM bM lM ... l const; DN bN lN SM l2 ;..... SN

Trong l tiu chun tng t hnh hc

b. Tiu chun tng t ng hc Hai my thy lc tng t ng hc khi chng tng t hnh hc v cc tam gic vn tc tng ng ca dng chy qua hai my ng dng, ngha l t l gia cc vn tc tng ng phi bng nhau:

u M wM c M v const uN wN cN
v : tiu chun tng t ng hc

c. Tiu chun tng t ng lc hc Hai my thy lc tng t ng hc khi chng tng t ng hc t l ca cc lc tc dng ln cc phn t tng ng ca hai bnh cng tc hoc ca hai dng chy bng nhau:

PM p const PN p : tiu chun tng t ng lc hc iu kin trng thi dng cht lng trong hai my phi nh nhau ngha l c cng s Rynn
ReM=ReN

2. Cc quan h tng t ca MTLCD

a. Lu lng

T s lu lng ca hai MTLCD tng t t l bc ba vi t s ng knh BCT v t l bc mt vi t s vng quay.

b. Ct p T s ct p ca hai MTLCD tng t t l bc hai vi t s ng knh BCT v t l bc hai vi t s vng quay.

c. Cng sut: T s cng sut ca hai MTLCD tng t t l bc nm vi t s ng knh BCT, t l bc ba vi t s vng quay v t l

bc mt vi t s trng lng ring ca cht lng lm vic

d. Mmen T s mmen ca hai MTLCD tng t t l bc nm vi t s ng knh BCT , t l bc hai vi t s vng quay v t l bc mt vi t s trng lng ring ca cht lng lm vic.

Thng s MTL m hnh c trng cho mt h thng MTL (nhm cc MTL c c tnh lm vic v hiu sut nh nhau) : Hs = 1 m ct cht lng Qs = 75 l/s ns : S vng quay trong mt pht s : hiu sut c li nht Mt MTL to ra phi tng t vi my m hnh c s vng quay c trng:

1.4 S vng quay c trng ns

Trong : n(vg/ph) , Q(m3/s) , H(m) , N(kW)

Loi bm

Phn loi bm cnh dn theo ns

Bm ly tm Bm hng cho ns thp ns trung bnh 80 < ns < 150 ns cao 150 < ns < 300 300 < ns < 500 50 < ns < 80

Bm hng trc

ns Hnh dng mt ct cng tc

500 < ns < 1000

T l cc ng knh

Hnh dng cnh dn

Dng ng c tnh

Un cong hai chiu (mt tr)

Li vo un cong 3 chiu (mt khng gian)

Un cong ba chiu (mt khng gian)

Un cong ba chiu (mt khng gian) Khng c vnh ngoi

Phn loi tuabin theo ns

Loi tuabin ns Hnh dng mt ct BCT Dng cnh dn Hnh go T l cc kch thc D2/D1 Tuabin go 1050 b0/D1 1660 S cnh dn Z Phm vi ct nc H s dng (m) 2002000

Tuabin ly tm, hng tm

<50

Un cong hai chiu (mt tr)

Tuabin tm trc

ns thp 50150

0,60 0,75

0,08 0,2

17 23

120 300

Loi tuabin

ns

Hnh dng mt ct BCT

Dng cnh dn Cnh khng gian

T l cc kch thc D2/D1 b0/D1 0,20,3

S cnh dn Z 1426

Phm vi ct nc H s dng (m) 50120

Tuabin tm trc

ns trung bnh 150250

1,02 1,06

ns cao 250400

1,061,1

0,30,4

816

2050

Tuabin hng trc (ns 350950)

Loi cnh c nh

ns thp 350 550 ns trung bnh 550 750

Loi cnh iu chnh c

Un cong ba chiu ( mt khng gian) hnh mi cho

0,35 0,45

410

2240

1222 0,97 0.98 0,35 0,45 48 512

ns cao 750 950

CHNG II: BM CNH DN 2.1 Cng dng v phn loi bm

Khi nim: Bm l MTL bin i c nng trn trc thnh nng lng vn chuyn cht lng hoc to p sut cn thit trong h truyn dn thy lc. ng dng: rng ri trong i sng, sn xut. Phn loi : a. Theo nguyn l lm vic - Bm cnh dn: Bm ly tm, bm hng trc .. - Bm th tch: Bm bnh rto, bm pittng ... b. Theo cng dng: - Bm nc - Bm du - Bm nhin liu Bm - Bm ha cht.... pittng c. Theo ct p: - Bm ct p cao Bm ly tm - Bm ct p trung bnh - Bm ct p thp Bm d. Theo lu lng: hng trc - Bm lu lng ln - Bm lu lng trung bnh Phm vi s dng ca cc loi bm thng dng - Bm lu lng nh

S h thng bm cnh dn
Zh : Chiu cao ht ca bm, chiu cao t mt thong b ht ti trc bm y : Chnh lch cao li vo v li ra bm Z : Chiu cao y, chiu cao t li ra bm ti mt thong b cha Chiu cao dng cht lng ca bm, chnh lch cao gia hai mt thong b ht v b cha Z = Zh + y + Z p1 : p sut trn mt thong b ht p2 : p sut ti li vo bm p3 : p sut ti li ra ca bm p4 : p sut trn mt thong b cha C : Chn khng k K1 : Kha trn ng ht K2 : Kha trn ng y L : Dng c o lu lng

2.2 Cc thng s c bn ca bm
Nm thng s lm vic c bn ca bm

1. Lu lng Q 2. Ct p H 3. Cng sut N 4. Hiu sut 5. Ct p ht cho php [Hck]

2.2.1 Lu lng
Lu lng l lng cht lng m bm vn chuyn c trong

mt n v thi gian Lu lng th tch Q: m3/h, m3/s, l/s Lu lng trng lng G: N/s, t/h Xc nh lu lng bm: ng Venturi, tm chn, thng ong, cn

2.2.2 Ct p
Ct p bm l nng lng n v bm truyn c cho cht lng. K hiu H n v m (cht lng)

Trong h: tn tht nng lng trong ng y v ng ht h = h + hh

 c tnh ca h thng- c tnh li

Trong : H= Ht + H
H

H = KQ2

H Ht

0 Q

2.2.3 Cng sut v hiu sut

Cng sut thy lc ca bm:

: trng lng ring, N/m3 bh Q: Lu lng ca bm, m3/s H: Ct p ton phn bm, m Cng sut trn trc bm: : Hiu sut ca bm Cng sut ng c: Nc = kN

2.2.4 Ct p ht cho php ca bm

Ct p ht ca bm l chnh p

sut gia ming ht bm v mt thong b ht.

Chiu cao ht cho php ca bm:

Trong h: Ct p chng xm thc [Hck] : Ct p chn khng cho php

2.3 BM LY TM
2.3.1 Khi nim chung Bm ly tm l mt dng bm cnh dn, dng chy trong vng bnh cng tc theo chiu ly tm u im :
Cht lng cng tc Nc, du, nhin liu, ha cht, , hn hp lng rn H (m) 10 hng nghn Q(m3/h) 2 70000 N (kW) 16000 n (vg/ph) 730 6000 0,65 0,90 Ch tiu khc Kt cu nh gn, chc chn, lm vic tin cy, ch tiu kinh t tt

Kt cu:
1. Bnh cng tc 2. Trc bm 3. B phn dn hng vo

4. B phn dn hng ra
5. ng ht 6. ng y

Hot ng bm ly tm
Qu trnh y ca bm
BCT quay

Cht lng b dn ra ngoi di lc ly tm

Mng dn

ng y vi p sut cao

Qu trnh ht ca bm
BCT quay

Li vo BCT to chn khng

Ht cht lng t b ht

Bm

Dng chy lin tc qua bm

Phn loi bm ly tm
Phn loi theo ct p: - Bm ct p thp: H < 20 m ct nc

- Bm ct p trung bnh: H = 20 60 m ct nc
- Bm ct p cao: H > 60 m ct nc Phn loi s BCT lp ni tip trong bm:

- Bm mt cp

Ct p hn ch khng qu 100 m ct nc - Bm nhiu cp : 28 BCT

 Phn loi theo cch dn cht lng vo BCT: - Bm mt ming ht

Lu lng hn ch, gy nn lc hng trc trong bm

- Bm hai ming ht

Khng gy lc hng trc, tng cng vng

2.3.2 L thuyt c bn v bm ly tm
2.3.2.1 Phng trnh c bn ca bm ly tm
Phng trnh c bn ca my thy lc cnh dn p dng cho bm ly tm

Dng cht lng li vo cnh chuyn ng theo phng hng knh: 1=90o . Phng trnh c bn c dng:

 Ct p thc t ca bm: H=ZHHl

Trong : Z: H s k n nh hng s cnh hu hn H s ct p. Vi bm ly tm: Thng thng Z 0,80 H: H s k n tn tht nng lng ca dng cht lng qua BCT Hiu sut ct p ca BCT. Vi bm ly tm: H=0,700,90 Trong tnh ton s b khi thit k bm ct p bm tnh theo:

: H s ct p thc t, ph thuc ns theo bng sau: ns

5060

60180

180350

350580

1,561,24 1,240,71 0,710,51 0,510,33

2.3.2.2 Lu lng ca bm ly tm
Lu lng l thuyt ca bm ly tm: Ql=cmDb Do tn tht lu lng do dng chy ngc v li vo BCT v r r, nn lu lng thc t ca bm: Q<Ql v Ql=Q+Q . Hiu sut lu lng ca bm:

Thng thng : Q=0,950,98. Bm c lu lng cng ln th Q cng cao

2.3.3 ng c tnh ca bm ly tm
2.3.3.1 ng c tnh lm vic (n=const) ng c tnh

tnh ton
ng c tnh l thuyt v cng

AD : ng c tnh k ti nh hng s cnh hu hn Hl=ZHl AD : ng c tnh k ti tn tht thy lc AD : ng c tnh k ti tn tht c kh v lu lng

 ng c tnh thc nghim ca bm:

Xy dng ng c tnh thc nghim ca bm H-Q, N-Q , -Q theo cc s liu thc nghim bm lm vic trong h thng th nghim

 2.3.3.2 ng c tnh tng hp ca bm ly tm

ng c tnh tng hp ca bm l ng biu din quan h H-Q vi cc s vng quay lm vic khc nhau ca bm, trn c cc ng cong ng hiu sut.

2.3.4 im lm vic v s iu chnh bm ly tm

2.3.4.1 im lm vic ca bm im lm vic ca bm l mt trng thi lm vic n nh ca bm trong h thng c biu din bng giao im ca ng c tnh bm v c tnh li trong cng mt h ta .

2.3.4.2 Phng php iu chnh Qu trnh thay i im lm vic ca bm theo mt yu cu no gi l qu trnh iu chnh. Hai phng php iu chnh bm trong h thng:
1. iu chnh bng kha ng m kha ng y thay i c tnh li, trong khi c tnh bm khng i, nn thay i im lm vic ca bm u im : n gin, thun tin Nhc im : Khng kinh t, phm vi iu chnh hp

2. iu chnh bng s vng quay ca trc bm

Thay i ng c tnh ring ca bm bng cch thay i s vng quay ca trc bm. c tnh li khng i nn thay i im lm vic ca bm trong h thng. u im : Kinh t, di iu chnh ln. Nhc im : Bm phi c thit b thay i s vng quay.

2.3.5 Ghp bm ly tm
4.5.1 Ghp song song
S dng : H thng yu cu lu lng ln hn ca mt bm iu kin : Cc bm ghp c cng ct p : H1=H2=...=Hi c tnh chung bm ghp xy dng bng cch cng lu lng ring ca tn bm ghp vi cng mt ct p. Ghp song song hiu qu khi cc bm ghp c c tnh thoi v khng khc nhau nhiu S lng bm ghp nn hn ch v hiu qu tng lu lng gim khi s bm tng

2.3.5.2 Ghp bm ni tip

S dng : H thng yu cu ct p cao hn ct p mt bm iu kin: Cc bm ghp c cng lu lng Q1=Q2=...=Qi Ct p bm ghp : Hc=H1+H2+..+Hi ng c tnh chung xy dng bng cch cng cc gi tr ct p ca ring tng bm vi cng lu lng. Khi ghp nn chn bm v h thng c ng c tnh dc Ch bn cho bm ghp sau

2.3.6 Quan h tng t trong bm ly tm

Cc Khi thay thng s i Lu lng Q Ct p H Cng sut N Q2=Q1 Khi n thay i Khi D thay i Khi D,n, thay i

2.3.7 Vi im cn ch khi s dng bm

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8. -

Chn bm ng yu cu k thut, da vo c tnh h thng v c tnh bm, ch c tnh H-Q Cc thit b v ng h p sut, o chn khng, o in nn c y Trc khi cho bm lm vic phi mi bm Trc khi khi ng bm cn kim tra du m trong bm v ng c, cc mi ghp bulng, h thng in... Khi khi ng bm, cho ng c quay n nh ri mi t t m kha ng y ( Vi bm p sut thp th ngc li ) Trong khi bm lm vic, cn theo di ng h, ch nghe my pht hin bt n Khi chun b tt my, lm theo th t ngc li ng van ng y trc, tt my sau Khi bm hot ng ln t hoc khng ln, cn dng my v kim tra: Van kha Li chn rc BCT quay ngc

2.4.1 Khi nim chung

Bm hng trc thuc loi bm cnh dn trong dng chy trong vng BCT theo phng hng trc. Lnh vc s dng: Nng nghip, cng nghip nh Di lm vic thng thng: Q = 0,1 25 m/s H = 4 10 m ct nc S vng quay c trng ns>600 Kt cu n gin, chc chn. Kt cu c bn: 1. Bnh cng tc 2. Trc bm 3. B phn dn hng 4. V bm

2.4.2 Nguyn l lm vic ca bm hng trc

2.4..2.1 Dng chy trong bm hng trc Dng chy trong vng BCT chuyn ng theo qu o xon c trn mt tr ng tm vi trc. Sau khi ra khi BCT ti b phn dn hng ( cnh hng ) hng dng chy i song song vi trc Thnh phn vn tc hng trc ca dng chy khng i: Cm=const

2.4.2.2 Phng trnh c bn ca bm hng trc

Trong bm hng trc : u1=u2=u, c1u=0 Phng trnh c bn vit cho bm hng trc:

c im bm hng trc: 1. Ct p bm hng trc khng th bng ct p bm ly tm 2. Ct p tnh trong bm do m rng mng dn w1>w2

3. iu kin dng cht lng qua BCT cn bng n nh :

Bm hng trc ch to c ct p khi 2>1, cc cp gi tr ca 2v 1 khng c nh m thay i theo bn knh R, ngha l cnh dn cong 3 chiu. Ct p thc t ca bm:

Trong : KH l h s ct p

2.4.2.3 Lu lng ca bm hng trc

Lu lng ca bm hng trc:

Trong F: Din tch mt ct li ra D : ng knh ngoi BCT d : ng knh trong (bu) BCT Vn tc hng trc tnh gn ng:

Vi Kc = 0,0055ns2/3 : H s vn tc

2.4.3 ng c tnh bm hng trc

ng c tnh thc nghim bm hng trc cnh c nh c dng hnh yn nga Bm cnh quay, c tnh xy dng vi cc gc khc nhau ca cnh dn

2.4.4 Kt cu, b tr bm hng trc

Ba kiu kt cu v b tr bm hng trc : 1. Kt cu b tr ng 2. Kt cu b tr ngang 3.Kt cu b tr xin

2.4.5 Vi im cn ch khi s dng bm hng trc

- Bm hng trc thng c t trong nh trm c nh - Do chiu cao ht hZ<0 nn bm phi t su di mt thong

ca b ht. - Khi khi ng bm khng c ng kha ng y v khng nn iu chnh bm bng kha - Nn iu chnh bm bng iu chnh s vng quay ca bm - S dng bm cnh iu chnh c vi cc bm ln cng sut ln yu cu iu chnh

CHNG III TUABIN THY LC

3.1 KHI NIM CHUNG V TUABIN THY LC
Mc ch : khai thc nng lng ca dng nc chy t do trn sng sui

Khi nim : Tuabin thy lc tuabin nc l mt thit b ng lc bin i nng lng ca dng chy (thy nng ) thnh c nng quay my pht in, my cng c.

Kt cu ca mt tuabin n gin trong cc b phn ch yu l: 1. Bnh cng tc 2. Trc tuabin 3. Bung dn tuabin 4. ng ht ra 5. Cnh hng

Nh my thy in: Nh my thy in l mt tp hp gm c cng trnh thy li, thit b in v thit b c kh trong ch yu l tuabin bin nng lng ca dng sng thnh c nng ko my pht in.

Cc dng nh my thy in:

1. Thy in lng sng

p dng cho cc con sng ng bng, trung du dc nh ,lu lng ln Ct p thng thng 30 40 m ct nc

Vit Nam c nh my Thc B H=37m, N=40MW, 3 t my

2. Thy in knh dn: Thng p dng vi cc sng sui c dc ln, lu lng nh Vit Nam c nh my a Nhim Ninh Thun H=800m, N=160MW, 3 t my

3. Nh my thy in tng hp Nng lng c tp trung nh c p v ng dn Dng trn cc on sng dc nh ngn p, pha di dc ln xy ng dn Thy in Ha Bnh H=88m, N=220MW, 8 t my

3.2 Cc thng s c bn ca tuabin

Cng sut thy lc (Ntl) ca dng chy qua nh my thy in

tnh theo cng thc: Ntl=QH Cng sut trn trc tuabin ch nhn c cng sut N < Ntl T s N/Ntl gi l hiu sut ca nh my

Ct nc lm vic ca tuabin :

Trong : hw tn tht ct nc ca b phn dn nc vo v ra H Ct nc ca nh my thy in Cng sut ca dng chy truyn cho tuabin: N0=QH0 Hiu sut ca tuabin l:

3.3 Phn loi tuabin

Phng trnh ct p tuabin
Th nng ng nng
Tua-bin thy in

Tua-bin phn lc (S dng th nng l ch yu) H = 1,5 600 m

Tua-bin xung lc (S dng ng nng l ch yu) H = 40 4000 m

Tua-bin tm trc Francis H = 30 600 m, Z = 1222

Tua-bin hng cho H = 30 150 m

Tua-bin hng trc Kap-lan H = 1,5 40 m, Z = 39 Tua-bin xung kch hai ln Ban-ki Tua-bin go Pelton Tua-bin tia nghing

3.4 Tuabin phn lc

Khi nim : Tuabin phn lc, l loi

tuabin lm vic nh c hai phn ng nng v th nng, m ch yu l th nng ca dng chy. Trong loi tuabin ny, p sut ca dng chy li vo bnh cng tc ln hn p sut li ra. Dng chy qua bnh cng tc l dng lin tc, in y ton b cc mng dn. Khi qua bnh cng tc, dng chy bin i c ng nng v th nng. Dng chy trong tuabin phn lc:
Thng lu Bung dn Cnh hng Bnh cng tc ng ht H lu

3.4.1 Phn loi tuabin phn lc

Da vo kt cu bin dng cnh dn v chuyn ng ca cht lng qua BCT ta chia ra: 1. Tuabin hng tm Hin nay t 2. Tuabin ly tm dng
3. Tuabin hng cho

4. Tuabin hng trc

5. Tuabin tm trc

Tua-bin tm trc Francis

Tua-bin hng trc Kaplan

Kaplan-Turbine Technical Museum, Vienna

3.4.2 Cc thng s tnh

Phng trnh c bn:

N=M 2=90o ng vi ch ti u v mmen, cng sut: N=Q1c1u1cos1 Ct p ch ti u: S vng quay c trng:

 Chiu cao ht ca tuabin:

Trong : [ Zh ] chiu cao ht cho php ( tnh bng mt)

cao ni t tuabin so vi mt nc bin ( tnh bng mt) - h s xm thc ca tuabin, c xc nh bng thc nghim.
ns 100 0,06 200 0,14 300 0,40 400 0,75 500 1,2 600 1,6 650 1,9

3.4.3 ng c tnh
a, ng c tnh lm vic: ng c tnh lm vic ca tuabin biu th cc quan h: N, = f(Q); Q, = f(N); Q,N, = f(a), (a l m ca cnh dn hng, vi n = const; H = const

b, ng c tnh tng hp: ng c tnh tng hp ca tuabin biu thi quan h gia s vng quay (n) v lu lng (Q) theo cc ng cong cng hiu sut (=const), cng h s xm thc (=const) v cng m cnh dn hng(a=const)
ng c tnh tng hp ca mt tuabin m hnh kiu tm trc

3.4.4 Kt cu b tr tuabin phn lc

1. B tr trc thng ng

Tuabin phn lc phn ln thng b tr trc thng ng. u im: Tho lp d dng, thun tin cho vic tu sa thng k. n gin c nhiu v ch to c kh Mt bng ca nh my c thu gn

2. B tr trc ngang u im : - Kh nng lu thng ln - Khi lng xy dng cng trnh c gim Nhc im: - Lm kn phc tp - B phn dn hng t nghing i hi ch to v lp ghp chnh xc cao - Tho lp sa cha kh khn

3.5 Tuabin xung lc

Khi nim:

Tuabin xung lc, l loi tuabin lm vic vi At = 0, nh vy bnh cng tc tuabin ch nhn nng lng ca dng chy di dng ng nng A Tc dng xung lc ca dng tia trn cc cnh dn lm cho bnh cng tc quay. Tuabin xung lc cn c tn gi l tuabin dng tia t do.

3.5.1 Kt cu v phn loi tuabin xung lc

Kt cu ca tuabin xung lc gm c hai b phn chnh:
Bnh cng tc

Mi phun

Mi phun c hai tc dng: bin th nng ca dng chy thnh ng nng bng cnh to nn dng tia c vn tc ln v hng dng tia p vo cc cnh dn ca bnh cng tc. Theo kt cu v phm vi s dng, hin nay tuabin xung c chia thnh 3 loi : - Tuabin xung kch hai ln. - Tuabin tia nghing - Tuabin go

Tua-bin xung kch hai ln Tuabin Banki

Kt cu c bn: 1. Trc nm ngang 2. Bnh cng tc dng gung 3. Mi phun hnh ch nht 4. Li g 5. V Dng tia hai ln tc ng vo bnh cng tc truyn nng lng bng xung lc. Ln u khong 7080% nng lng, ln th hai 30-20% nng lng cn li. N = 150 kW H = 24100 m = 0,60,87 3 4 5 1 2

Tua-bin tia nghing Turgo

BCT kim loi gm cc bn cnh mt cong phc tp bng thp dp, hn ( hoc c lin) vi vnh trong v vnh ngoi ca bnh cng tc Mi phun c mt mi hnh nn di ng dc theo trc iu chnh lu lng. Trc ca mi phun b tr nghing vi trc ca bnh cng tc mt gc khong 22,5o H = 50400m N = 104000kW.

Tua-bin go Pelton
Tnh nng k thut cao, trc mi phun thng gc vi trc BCT - BCT gm c mt a trn gn cc bn cnh mt cong hnh go - C 1 4 mi phun

Nguyn l v kt cu tuabin go Pelon

3.5.2 Cc thng s tuabin xung lc

Xt s lm vic ca mt tuabin go

Trong : ZT ,ZH : mc nc thng lu v h lu, H: khong cch t mt nc h lu n mt cnh dn lm vic; 11 ; 2 2 ; mt ct li vo v li ra ca tuabin a: Khong cch t ng h o ti trc mt ct 1-1

Ct p tuabin : H= HT - HH Ct p lm vic ca tuabin: H0=H-h-H

Cng sut lm vic ca tuabin: N = 9,81QHo (kW) Vn tc dng tia: Trong : Hm : Ct p lm vic ca mi phun m : Hiu sut mi phun, m =0,950,98 : h s vn tc ca mi phun, Vn tc dng tia (c) c lin quan n vn tc quay ca bnh cng tc (u) : S vng quay n ca tuabin:

3.5.3 ng c tnh
Kho st cc ng c tnh lm vic ca tuabin xung kch hai ln v tuabin hng trc, trong cng iu kin lm vic nh nhau
Tuabin phn lc quay nhanh hn tuabin xung lc v kch thc, trng lng li nh hn nhiu. Phm vi lm vic c hiu sut cao ca tuabin phn lc rt hp Phm vi lm vic ca tuabin xung lc rng hn nhiu Chn tuabin phi xut pht t cc iu kin c th: tnh cht ph, ch dng chy. kh nng iu tit lu lng v.v