1. Internet l g? 5 thnh phn chc nng, 3 thnh phn vt l c bn, 3 c trng (nguyn l) hot ng, 2 dch v?

+Internet l g: Mng my tnh l mt tp hp cc my tnh v cc thit b khc (cc nt), chng s dng mt giao thc mng chung chia s ti nguyn vi nhau nh cc phng tin truyn thng mng. +5 thnh phn chc nng: - Mobile network: 3G, WAP, GPRS - Home network: mng cp hoc khng dy, ADSL kt ni ti ISP. - Institutional network (mng cng ty): LAN, ethernet - Regional ISP: cc ISP tm khu vc nh VNPT, FPT, Viettel - Global ISP: cc ISP quc t nh Verizon, AT&T, Level3 Trong : Mobile network, Home network, Institutional network (mng cng ty) l mng ngoi vi (network edge). Regional ISP, Global ISP l mng li (network core). +3 thnh phn vt l: Cc thit b u cui (host / end system) kt ni vi nhau to thnh mng c th l cc my tnh (computer) hoc cc thit b khc. Ni chung hin nay ngy cng nhiu cc loi thit b c kh nng kt ni vo mng my tnh nh in thoi di ng, PDA, ti vi . . . . . Mi trng truyn (media / communication link) m truyn thng c thc hin qua . Mi trng truyn c th l cc loi dy dn (cp - cable), sng (i vi cc mng khng dy - wireless). V d: cp truyn thng c th l cp xon i (twisted-pair), cp ng trc (coaxial), v cp si quang (fiberoptic cable)... Truyn thng khng dy c th l sng radio (gm sng cc ngn hay vic truyn thng qua v tinh), bc x hng ngoi. Router l mt thit b dng ghp ni cc mng cc b vi nhau thnh mng rng. Router thc s l mt my tnh lm nhim v chn ng cho cc gi tin hng ra ngoi. Router c lp v phn cng v c th dng trn cc mng chy giao thc khc nhau

+3 c trng (nguyn l) hot ng: - Giao thc (protocol) l quy tc quy nh cch thc trao i d liu gia cc thc th. y khi nim thc th bao gm c cc thit b phn cng cng nh cc tin trnh phn mm. Giao thc mng cng nh ngha khun dng d liu c trao i gia cc bn. vd: TCP, IP, HTTP - Internet: network of network (thng qua mng trung gian) - Internet standards: IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force RFC: Request For Comment 1

+2 dch v: Phn cng (h tng) communication infrastructure hin thc vic phn phi cc ng dng: Web, VoIP, email, games, e-commerce, file sharing Phn mm (ng dng) communication services cung cp ng dng: reliable data delivery from source to destination: truyn tin cy d liu t ngun n ch best effort (unreliable) data delivery:n lc ti a (khng tin cy) vn chuyn d liu 2. Mng bin( network edge) cc m hnh, cc phng thc kt ni, m hnh kt ni h tng 3 lp, cc phng tin(media)? Mng bin: applications and hosts. c Mobile network, Home network, Institutional network. +Cc m hnh: end systems (hosts):chy chng trnh ng dng. vd: Web, email. ti cnh bin ca mng edge of network. client/server model: client host yu cu dch v, nhn dch v t my ch lun chy. vd: Web browser/server; email client/server peer-peer model: hn ch ti thiu hoc khng dng my ch chuyn dng (dedicate). vd: Skype, BitTorrent +M hnh kt ni h tng 3 lp:

Tng li (Core layer hay Backbone) Tng phn phi (Distribution layer) Tng truy cp (Access layer)

Mi tng c chc nng nhim v ring bit. Tuy nhin, ba tng ny ch l logic ch khng phi l phn cng c th no, v vy khi thc hin mng phn tng cc thit b c th l c nhiu thit b cho mt tng hoc ch mt thit b n l thc hin chc nng cho nhiu tng.

+Cc phng tin (media): guided media: - Twisted-pair: gm 2 cp xon i Category 3: dy in thoi truyn thng (traditional phone wires), 10 Mbps Ethernet Category 5: 100 Mbps Ethernet - Coaxial cable (cp ng trc): + gm 2 dy dn ng tm + truyn dn hai chiu + baseband: - knh n trn cp - k tha Ethernet + broadband: - nhiu knh trn cp - HFC

- Fiber optic cable (cp quang): + si thy tinh mang xung nh sng (light pulses), mi xung 1 bit + hot ng tc cao: truyn dn point-to-point tc cao (v d, 10's-100s Gps) + t l li thp: lp li khong cch xa, min dch vi nhiu in t. unguided media: (mng khng dy) - tn hiu mang trong ph in t - khng kt ni vt l bng dy - truyn dn hai chiu - nhng tc ng trong mi trng truyn: + phn nh + cn tr bi cc i tng + can thip - Cc loi lin kt v tuyn: Sng trn mt t e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels LAN (vd: Wifi) 2Mbps, 11Mbps, 54 Mbps wide-area (mng din rng) (vd: cellular) vd 3G: hng trm kbps satellite (v tinh) Kbps ti 45Mbps knh (hoc cc knh nh hn nhiu) 270 msec end-end delay geosynchronous versus low altitude +Network access (phng thc kt ni - truy cp mng): residential (khu dn c) access nets institutional access networks (school, company) mobile access networks cc cch truy cp mng: + Dialup via modem (Quay s qua modem) - ln n 56Kbps truy cp trc tip n b nh tuyn (thng t) - Khng c th lt web v in thoi ti cng mt thi im: khng th l "lun lun"

+ ADSL: asymmetric digital subscriber line (ng dy thu bao s bt i xng) - ln n 1 Mbps upstream (ngy nay thng <256 kbps) - ln ti 8 Mbps downstream (ngy nay thng <1 Mbps) - FDM: 50 kHz - 1 MHz cho downstream 4 kHz - 50 kHz cho upstream 0 kHz - 4 kHz cho in thoi thng thng (ordinary telephone) + HFC: hybrid fiber coax (cp ng trc lai) - asymmetric (bt i xng): ln n 30Mbps downstream, 2 Mbps upstream. - mng cp ni t nh ti ISP router. - cc h dn c chia s truy cp ti router ca ISP. - trin khai: c sn thng qua cc cng ty truyn hnh cp. + Wireless access networks - chia s mng truy cp khng dy kt ni h thng u cui n router - thng qua trm c s (base station) hay cn gi l "im truy cp" . - wireless LANs (mng LAN khng dy): 802.11b (WiFi): 11 Mbps - wider-area wireless access (mng khng dy din rng) c cung cp bi nh iu hnh vin thng 3G ~ 384 kbps WAP/GPRS in Europe + Ngoi ra cc t chc cng ty s dng mng cc b (LAN) kt ni cc thit b cui ti router bin (edge router) + Ethernet: - Lin kt chia s hoc dnh ring kt ni h thng u cui v router. - 10 Mbs, tc 100Mbps, Gigabit Ethernet + LANs + Cc thnh phn mng gia nh in hnh: - ADSL hoc cp modem - router / firewall / NAT - Ethernet - wireless access point (im truy cp khng dy)

3. Mng li (network core) chuyn mch mch v chuyn mch gi, cu trc mng li. Mng li l mng kt ni cc ISP vi nhau, l mt mng li cc interconnected router, gm Regional ISP, Global ISP. +Circuit switching network: L mt dng mng chuyn mch. c im: kt ni gia hai trm l mt ng dnh ring cho 2 trm . - D liu i theo mt ng i dnh ring cho 2 trm. - ng i l chui cc ng kt ni lin tc gia cc node mng. - Kt ni c th ch l mt knh lun l. 3 giai on: - To kt ni: to ng i dnh ring cho d liu trao i gia hai trm - Truyn d liu: d liu c th s hay tng t ty thuc vo mng - Ngt kt ni: gii phng ng dnh ring c cp Dn knh trong mng chuyn mch mch (Multiplexing in Circuit-Switched Networks): -FDM ( Frequency-division multiplexing ) ( dn knh chia theo tn s) Thng c dng vi tn hiu tng t(analog) Nhiu tn hiu ging nhau c truyn ng thi trn cng mi trng truyn bng cch iu ch mi tn hiu vo mt khong tn s khc nhau iu kin: - Bng thng mi trng truyn ln hn bng thng m tn hiu c truyn yu cu - Bng thng ca cc tn hiu sau khi iu ch khng trng lp nhau nhiu (guard bands) Knh truyn c cp pht tnh Vi FDM, ph tn s ca mt lin kt c phn chia gia cc kt ni c thnh lp qua lin kt. C th, lin kt dnh ring di tn s cho mi kt ni trong sut thi gian ca kt ni.Trong mng vin thng, tn s rng thng l 4khz. -TDM ( Time-division multiplexing ) ( dn knh chia theo thi gian) - D liu c truyn thnh nhng frame c cu trc ging nhau - Mi frame gm mt tp cc khe thi gian (time slot) - Mi ngun d liu c truyn trong mt hoc mt s time slot trong mi frame - Chui time slot trong cc frame cp cho mt ngun d liu gi l knh (channel)

- Time slot c gn trc cho mi ngun v khng thay i - v vy gi l ng b (Synchronous) - Time slot c th c gn khng ng u gia cc ngun d liu tc khc nhau - Ngun pht c tc cao s c gn nhiu timeslot hn ng dng: - Tng i ni b (PBX): kt ni cc my in thoi trong cng 1 ta nh hay gia cc ta nh ca cng mt t chc - Kt ni n mng in thoi cng cng - Mng kt ni ring (Private Wire Area Network) - Kt ni gia cc sites khc nhau ca cng mt cng ty - Cc PBX ti cc site c kt ni vi nhau thng qua ng truyn dnh ring Tnh cht ca chuyn mch mch - Dung lng knh truyn c dnh ring cho 2 trm trong sut qu trao i d liu, k c lc 2 trm rnh.Khng ph hp truyn d liu cho my tnh - Mt thi gian to kt ni trc khi truyn d liu - Tc d liu c nh:thit b hai u phi chy cng tc - Thng dng cho mng in thoi + Khng c delay trong lc truyn d liu + m bo cht lng ca d liu thoi hiu c + S dng ng truyn hiu qu +Packet Switching Network: D liu c chia nh thnh cc gi nh, hu ht packet switches s dng store and forward transmission u vo ca ng truyn. Store and forward transmission ngha l router phi nhn ht packet v lu tm thi trc khi n bt u truyn bit u tin vo u ra ca ng truyn. Do store and forward packet switches to ra transmission delay. Mi packet switch c nhiu link gn vi n.Vi mi link gn vi n, packet switch c output buffer cha packet m router s gi cc packet ny vo trong link . Do ,ngoi vic to ra transmission delay, n cn to ra queuing delay. Nhng gi tr delay ny l khng c ng v ph thuc vo mc tc nghn ca mng. V b nh ca router l hu hn, nn khi nhng packet mi n trong khi b nh ca router y th xy ra trng hp packet loss. Tng hiu sut ng truyn - Mt kt ni node-node c th dng chung bi nhiu gi - Cc gi c xp hng v truyn i nhanh nht c th

 Chuyn i tc d liu - Mi trm kt ni vi node cc b bng tc ca trm - Cc node m d liu nu cn thit cn bng tc Cc gi c nhn ngay khi mng ang bn - Thi gian truyn cc gi b chm li - So vi chuyn mch mch: khng kt ni c C th phn u tin cho cc gi - Mt node c th chuyn cc gi c u tin cao i trc - Cc gi c u tin cao s t tr hn + datagram network: - a ch ch trong gi tin xc nh next hop. - cc tuyn (routes) c th thay i qua cc phin. - tng t: driving, hng dn yu cu (asking directions) + virtual circuit network (mng mch o): - mi gi mang theo t kha (virtual circuit ID), tag xc nh hop tip theo. - c nh ng dn xc nh ti thi gian thit lp cuc gi, gi nguyn cuc gi n c nh - thit b nh tuyn duy tr trng thi cho mi cuc gi. + cu trc mng li: (theo thy th ly hnh cu 2 b v???) Trong mng internet, nhng ISP truy cp nm cnh bin internet c kt ni n phn cn li ca internet thng qua mt tng h thng phn cp (tiered hierarchy) ca cc ISP. Cc ISP truy cp nm di ca h thng cp bc. Trn cng nht ca h thng cp bc l mt s lng nh cc ISP cp 1 gi l tier-1 ISPs. Thng th, mt tier-1 ISP cng ging nh bt k mt network no n cng c ng kt ni v router v n c kt ni ti network khc. Mt khc, tier-1 ISP c bit hn. Tc ng truyn ca chng thng khong 622 Mbps hoc cao hn, vi nhng tier-1 ISP ln hn th c ng truyn trong khong 2.5 ti 10 Gbps; nhng router ca chng phi c kh nng chuyn tip cc gi tin mc t l rt cao. Nhng c trng ca tier-1 ISP: - Kt ni trc tip ti cc tier-1 ISP khc - Kt ni mt s lng ln cc tier-2 ISP v nhng mng khch hng khc (customer network). - Bao ph ton cu Tier-1 ISP cng c bit nh mng internet backbone. Bao gm Sprint, Verizon, MCI, AT&T, NTT, Level3, Qwest, v Cable & Wireless.

Tier-2 ISP thng bao ph tm khu vc hay quc gia, v ch kt ni ti mt vi trong s nhng tier-1 ISP. Mt tier-2 ISP c xem l khch hng ca tier-1 ISP m n kt ni ti, v mt tier-1 ISP c xem l nh cung cp cho nhng khch hng ca n. Nhiu t chc v cng ty ln kt ni mng doanh nghip ca h ti mt tier-1 hoc tier-2 ISP, do tr thnh khch hng ca ISP . Cc tier-3 ISP thng l cc ISP cp thp hay ISP cc b gn hn vi nhng thit b cui. 4. Mt gi, tr v bng thng : khi nim v ngha cc thnh phn gy tr? +Cc thnh phn gy tr: - Processing delay: thi gian yu cu kim tra tiu gi tin v xc nh ni trc tip gi tin l mt phn ca s chm tr x l. - Queuing delay: thi gian ch i ti lin kt u ra truyn, ph thuc vo mc tc nghn ca router. Ngha l thi gian t lc x l gi tin xong n khi t gi tin vo b m ca router. di ca queuing delay s ph thuc vo s packets n trc m ang trong hng i v ch truyn. Nu m hng i ny rng v khng c packet no ang c truyn , th packet queuing delay s l zero. Mt khc, nu nhiu packet cng ang i truyn, queuing delay s di ra. - Transmission delay: R=bng thng ng truyn (bps), L=chiu di gi tin (bits).Transmission delay l L/R. N l tng thi gian yu cu y tt c cc gi tin vo ng truyn - Propagation delay: l thi gian m sau khi packet c y vo ng truyn, n c chuyn ti router B. propagation delay ph thuc vo ng truyn vt l (cp quang,cp xon i) v phm vi tc truyn nm trong khong: 2x108 meter/sec ti 3x108 meter sec. l bng, hoc t hn mt cht, tc ca nh sng. Propagation delay l khong cch gia hai router chia cho tc truyn. Ngha l, propagation delay l d/s, d l khong cch gia hai router A v router B, v s l tc truyn gia hai router. - Nodal delay: bng tng tt c cc thnh phn gy tr trn. +Mt gi: - Packet loss: hng i (hay cn gi l b m) c kh nng hu hn. Khi gi tin n m b m b y s b hu (cn gi l b mt). B mt gi d liu c th c truyn li bi cc nt trc , h thng u cui ngun, hoc khng tt c cc ni khc. +Bng thng v thng lng: Tnh bng t l (bit / n v thi gian) m ti bit c chuyn giao gia ngi gi v ngi nhn. - Bandwidth (bng thng): l thng lng ti a m ng truyn c th p ng. - Throughput: l thng lng truyn ti mt thi im bt k (throughput < bandwidth). Throughput = min { Rs; Rc; R/10 }

5. Kin trc phn tng v lp cc giao thc ( Internet protocol ) +M hnh TCP/IP: B giao thc TCP/IP (c s dng trn Internet) ra i trc khi c m hnh OSI. Do vy, cc tng trong b giao thc TCP/IP khng ging ht nh cc tng trong m hnh OSI. B giao thc TCP/IP thc hin phn chia theo 5 phn: vt l, lin kt d liu, mng, giao vn v ng dng. Bn tng u tin cung cp cc chun vt l, giao tip mng, lin mng v chc nng giao vn tng ng vi 4 tng u tin trong m hnh OSI. Tuy nhin 3 tng trn cng trong m hnh OSI (Application, Presentation, Session) c nhp thnh tng ng dng (Application) trong m hnh Intemet. TCP/IP l mt giao thc phn cp, c to thnh bi cc module c lp, mi module cung cp mt chc nng nht nh, cc module ny khng nht thit phi c lp vi nhau. M hnh OSI xc nh r chc nng no thuc v tng no; trong khi cc tng ca b giao thc TCP/IP cha cc giao thc tng i c lp vi nhau, nhng cc giao thc ny vn c th kt hp vi nhau ty thuc nhu cu h thng. Thut ng phn cp mang ngha mi giao thc tng trn c h tr bi mt hoc nhiu giao thc tng di. -Application layer: h tr nhiu giao thc ng dng mng nh: FTP, SMTP, HTTP. Giao thc ca tng Application c phn phi trn cc thit b cui (end systems), mt ng dng trn 1 my s s dng giao thc chuyn cc gi tin ti cng ng dng trn mt my khc. Mt gi tin ca tng ng dng c gi l thng ip (message). -Transport layer: vn chuyn d liu, chnh xc l vn chuyn cc message ca tng ng dng gia cc endpoint , gm 2 giao thc: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) v User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Trong TCP cung cp mt dch v nh hng kt ni (connection-oriented) cho cc ng dng ca n. Dch v ny bao gm vic phn phi m bo d liu (cc message ca tng ng dng) t ngun ti ch v kim sot lung (flow control). TCP cng chia nh cc message di thnh nhng message ngn hn (segment) v cung cp mt c ch kim sot tc nghn (congestion-control). Cn UDP li cung cp dch v mt-kt ni (connectionless v c th b mt gi tin) cho cc ng dng ca n. UDP khng tin cy, n khng kim sot lung, khng kim sot tc nghn. -Network layer: nh tuyn cc gi d liu (datagrams) t ngun ti ch, y ch c giao thc Internetworking Protocol (IP). Tt c cc thnh phn internet m c lp network u phi chy giao thc IP. Lp network ca internet cng cha cc giao thc nh tuyn (routing protocols) nh tuyn cc gi d liu (datagrams) t ngun ti ch. -Link layer: chuyn d liu gia cc network elements. Tng network s pass gi d liu (datagram) xung tng Link, tng ny s phn phi datagram n node (host hoc router) tip theo ca tuyn (route). Cc gi d liu tng ny gi l frames. Vi giao thc ca tng ny cung cp vic phn phi tin cy t node vn chuyn qua mt ng truyn ti node nhn. Chng hn nh Ethernet, WiFi, Point-to-point protocol (PPP).

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-Physical layer: tng ny s chuyn ton b cc frame thnh bit truyn t node ny sang node tip theo. Giao thc ca tng ny ph thuc vo cc loi ng truyn kt ni (cp xon i, cp quang). Nu mt mng c nhiu giao thc lp vt l: va dng cp xon i, cp ng trc, cp quang th 1 bit s c di chuyn qua nhiu ng truyn vi nhng cch khc nhau. +M hnh OSI: M rng thm 2 trng: presentation v session -Presentation layer: Tng trnh din thc hin cc nhim v lin quan n c php v ng ngha ca cc thng tin c trao i gia hai h thng. tng ny c nhim v: phin dch, m ha, nn d liu. -Session layer: Tng phin ng vai tr kim sot vin" hi thoi (dialog) ca mng vi nhim v thit lp, duy tr v ng b ha tnh lin tc gia hai bn.

6. Tng ng dng: cc nguyn tc c bn, m hnh client-server, p2p, khi nim socket, cc thng s k thut nh gi dch v +Cc nguyn tc c bn : khi pht trin ng dng mi, cn phi vit phn mm s chy trn nhiu thit b cui (end systems). Giao tip qua 1 network.

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Quan trng: khng cn (hay t) phi vit phn mm chy trn thit b mng li, chng hn nh router hoc switches. V cc thit b mng li khng chy code ng dng ca ngi dng. Mt khc, ng dng trn cc thit b cui cho php pht trin v lan ta ng dng nhanh chng. +Client-server: - Server: + lun lun chy + a ch Ip c nh + c th hnh thnh cm my ch m rng quy m - Client: + giao tip vi my ch + c th kt ni gin on + c th c a ch IP ng + khng giao tip trc tip vi nhau +P2P: - Khng c my ch lun chy - Cc thit b cui ty giao tip trc tip - Kt ni ngt qung v IP ng - Kh nng m rng cao nhng kh qun l +Socket: Socket l giao din gia tin trnh ng dng v thc th giao vn. Hai tin trnh lin lc vi nhau bng cch gi v nhn thng ip qua cc socket ca chng. Socket c th xem nh ca ca tin trnh v tin trnh nhn v gi thng ip thng qua ca. Khi mun gi thng ip ti tin trnh khc, tin trnh y thng ip cn gi qua "ca" vi gi nh rng thc th giao vn nm bn kia "ca" s chuyn thng ip n ca ca tin trnh nhn. Gm IP v port, cn gi l a ch tin trnh. +a ch tin trnh: gi thng ip cho tin trnh trn my tnh khc th tin trnh gi phi xc nh c tin trnh nhn. Tin trnh c xc nh qua hai phn: (1) tn hay a ch ca my tnh, v (2) nh danh xc nh tin trnh trn my tnh (port). + cc thng s k thut nh gi dch v: - Reliable data transfer (truyn d liu tin cy): + mt s ng dng (v d: audio) c th chu ng c mt s tn tht (data loss) + cc ng dng khc (v d: file transfer, telnet) i hi phi truyn d liu ng tin cy 100%

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- Timing (thi gian): + mt s ng dng (v d: in thoi Internet, tr chi tng tc) yu cu tr thp "hiu qu". - Throughput & Bandwidth (thng lng & bng thng): + mt s ng dng (v d: multimedia) yu cu s lng bng thng ti thiu c th "hiu qu" + cc ng dng khc ("ng dng elastic") s dng bt c bng thng no chng nhn c. (xem thm hnh 2.4 trang 95 trong sch) - Security (an ninh): + mt giao thc vn chuyn c th cung cp cho ng dng mt hoc nhiu dch v bo mt. Chng hn vic m ha v gii m d liu trong qu trnh gi v nhn. 7. Web v giao thc http: nguyn l hot ng, kt ni bn v khng bn, cc loi thng ip v cu trc thng ip http, cookie v web proxy +Web: - Trang web bao gm cc i tng - i tng c th l tp tin HTML, JPEG hnh nh, Java applet, tp tin m thanh, ... - Trang web bao gm cc tp tin HTML c s trong bao gm mt s i tng tham chiu - Mi i tng c nh a ch bi mt URL +HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol): - L giao thc ca lp ng dng Web - M hnh client / server: + Client: trnh duyt yu cu, nhn, "hin th" i tng Web + Server: Web server gi cc i tng p ng cc yu cu - Hin ti c 2 phin bn: + HTTP 1.0: RFC 1945 + HTTP 1.1: RFC 2068 - S dng TCP: + khch hng khi to kt ni TCP (to socket) n server, cng 80 + server chp nhn kt ni TCP t client + Cc thng ip HTTP (cc thng ip giao thc tng ng dng) c trao i gia cc trnh duyt (HTTP client) v Web server (HTTP server) + ng kt ni TCP

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- HTTP l "khng trng thi" (stateless): my ch khng duy tr thng tin v yu cu ca khch hng trong qu kh.

Hnh m t hot ng ca HTTP +HTTP connections (kt ni ca HTTP): - Nonpersistent HTTP (kt ni khng bn): + HTTP/1.0 s dng nonpersistent HTTP + Hu ht mi mt i tng c gi qua mt kt ni TCP. + Mt kt ni TCP phi c khi to v duy tr cho mi i tng yu cu. Vi mi kt ni, TCP buffers phi c phn b v bin TCP phi c gi trn c client v server. + Yu cu 2 RTT cho mi i tng (RTT: thi gian gi mt gi tin nh t client ti server v nhn v, cn 2 RTT v: mt khi to kt ni TCP, mt cho p tr request v truyn d liu) + H iu hnh overhead cho mi kt ni TCP + Cc trnh duyt thng xuyn m cc kt ni TCP song song ly i tng tham chiu - Persistent HTTP (kt ni bn): + HTTP/1.1 s dng kt ni bn ch mc nh + Nhiu i tng c th c gi qua cng mt kt ni TCP duy nht gia server v client. + My ch li kt ni m sau khi gi phn hi + Sau HTTP nhn tin gia client /server c gi qua kt ni m + Persistent khng c pipelining: - client ch pht yu cu khi phn hi trc c nhn

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- mt RTT cho mi i tng tham chiu + Persistent vi pipelining: - mc nh trong HTTP/1.1 - client gi yu cu ngay sau khi n gp mt i tng tham chiu - t nht l mt RTT cho tt c cc i tng tham chiu +Cc loi thng ip v cu trc thng ip HTTP:

- http request message: - request line: gm ba trng + method: HTTP1.0: - get, post, head (yu cu my ch li i tng yu cu ra khi phn hi) HTTP1.1: - get, post, head - put (ti file trong entity body ti ng dn ch nh trong trng URL) - delete (xa file ch nh trong trng URL) + url + version: vd:http 1.1 - header line: host (a ch host), user-agent (l loi trnh duyt v phin bn ca n), connection, accept language (loi ngn ng chp nhn). - body 15

- http response message: - status line: + version.vd:HTTP/1.1 + status code: mt vi code in hnh: 200 OK yu cu thnh cng, i tng c yu cu sau trong tin nhn ny 301 Moved Permanently ( di i vnh vin) i tng yu cu di chuyn, v tr mi c ch nh sau trong tin nhn ny 400 Bad Request Tin nhn yu cu khng c hiu bi my ch 404 Not Found Ti liu yu cu khng c tm thy trn my ch ny 505 HTTP Version Not Supported (Phin bn HTTP khng c h tr) - header line: + connection.vd:close + date: header line ch ra thi gian v ngy m HTTP response c to ra v gi bi server + Server: ch ra loi my ch server

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+ Last Modified: ch ra ngy to ra ci objects hoc l ln cui cng chnh sa + Content-length:ch ra s bytes ca objects c gi + Conten- type:ch ra bn trong body ca objects vit bng g.Vd:html text - Body +Cookie: Cookie l k thut khc c server s dng ghi li u vt ca ngi truy cp. N c c t trong RFC 2109. V d ln u tin ngi dng truy cp vo mt server no c s dng cookie. Thng ip tr li ca server c trng Set-cookies: trong tiu cng vi mt chui k t do web server to ra. V d Set-cookies :1678453. Khi nhn c thng ip tr li, client xc nh c trng Set-cookies v chui k t i km, Trnh duyt s thm mt dng vo cui file cookie (v mt file c bit trn my client). Dng ny thng l dng cha tn my ch v chui k t cookie. Gi s mt tun sau, client gi thng ip yu cu n server, client s t ng chn trng Cookies: trong tiu ca thng ip yu cu vi gi tr l chui gi tr cookie lu trong file cookie. Trong v d trn, tiu cha trng cookies l Cookie:1678453. Theo cch ny, server khng xc nh c tn ca ngi dng (user name) nhng xc nh c user ny chnh l ngi truy cp mt tun trc . - 4 thnh phn: + cookie header line ca tin nhn HTTP response + cookie header line trong tin nhn HTTP request + file cookie c gi trn host ca user, c qun l bi trnh duyt ca user + back-end database ti web site - Web server s dng cookie cho nhiu mc ch: Nu server yu cu kim chng nhng khng mun i hi ngi dng ng nhp qua tn v mt khu th c th s dng cookie cho mi ln ngi dng truy cp vo server. (user session state) Server s dng cookie nu mun ghi nh cc hot ng ca ngi dng, phc v mc ch qung co. Nu user mua hng trn mng th server s dng cookie ghi li nhng g m user mua. chnh l cc ca hng o. + S dng cookie gy kh khn cho ngi dng khng c my c nh m truy cp vo server t nhiu my khc nhau. Server s coi l nhng ngi dng phn bit. + web site c th bit nhiu v ngi dng v tim n kh nng bn li thng tin cho bn th ba.

- Nhc im, hn ch:

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+Web proxy: Web cache (proxy server) l thc th p ng yu cu t client. My tnh lm nhim v Web cache c a ring lu tr bn sao cc i tng tng c yu cu. Ngi s dng c th cu hnh cho trnh duyt sao cho tt c cc yu cu u c gi n web cache trc (vic ny tng i n gin vi cc trnh duyt ca Microsoft v Nescape). Khi tt c yu cu ca trnh duyt v mt i tng no s c chuyn n webcache trc. - Nguyn tc hot ng: (nn v hnh 2.11 trang 113 trong sch) Trnh duyt khi to mt kt ni TCP ti webcache v gi yu cu ti webcache Webcache s kim tra v tm i tng, nu tm c th webcache s gi i tng cho client qua kt ni TCP c thit lp. Nu webcache khng c i tng th n s khi to mt kt ni ti server tht s cha i tng. Sau webcache gi thng ip yu cu ti cho server ny thng qua kt ni TCP va khi to. Sau khi nhn c yu cu t webcache, server s gi li i tng cho webcache. Khi nhn c i tng, webcache s lu li bn sao ca i tng v gi i tng trong thng ip HTTP tr li cho my client (thng qua kt ni TCP c thit lp trc ).

Nh vy webcache va l client va l server. Webcache ng vai tr server khi nhn yu cu v tr li, ng vai tr client khi gi yu cu v nhn thng ip tr li. - Li ch: - gim thi gian response cho client. - gim lu lng truy cp vo lin kt truy cp ca mt t chc, do s gim lu lng (traffic) trn ng truyn kt ni internet. (gim ti mng) 8. FTP : nguyn l hot ng, cc loi thng ip v cu trc thng ip FTP FTP (File Transfer Protocol) l giao thc truyn file gia cc my tnh. Giao thc ny xut hin t nhng nm 1971 (khi Internet vn ch l mt d n th nghim) nhng vn cn c s dng rng ri cho n tn ngy nay. FTP c c t trong RFC 959. FTP s dng hai kt ni TCP song song truyn file, mt kt ni iu khin(21) v mt kt ni d liu(20): (v hnh 2.15 trang 119) - Kt ni iu khin th c s dng cho vic gi thng tin kim sot thng tin gia hai my nh l nhn dng ngi dng, mt khu, lnh thay i th mc t xa, v lnh put v get file. - Kt ni d liu c s dng thc s gi mt tp tin. Bi v ftp s dng kt ni iu khin ring bit, ftp c cho l gi thng tin kim sot ca n ngoi di (out of band). - Quy trnh hot ng ca FTP:

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+ FTP client lin lc FTP server cng 21, TCP l giao thc truyn ti. + Client c y quyn iu khin kt ni. + Client duyt th mc t xa bng cch gi lnh qua kt ni iu khin. + khi my ch nhn c lnh chuyn tp tin, my ch s m ra kt ni TCP th 2 (file) cho Client. + sau khi chuyn mt tp tin, my ch ng kt ni d liu. + my ch s m ra mt kt ni d liu TCP khc chuyn mt tp tin khc. + kim sot kt ni: "ngoi di"(out of band). + FTP server duy tr "trng thi": th mc hin ti, xc thc trc . - Hai thng ip: commands and replies + commands: c m ho bng bng m ASCII 7 bit. Mi cu lnh cha 4 k t ASCII in hoa, mt s lnh c tham s. Sau y l mt s cu lnh hay gp: - USER username: s dng gi thng tin nh danh ngi dng cho server - PASS password: dng gi password cho server - LIST: dng yu cu server gi mt danh sch cc file trong th mc hin thi. Danh sch ny c gi thng qua mt kt ni d liu TCP. - RETR filename: dng ly mt file t th mc hin thi (trn my xa) - STOR filename: dng ti mt file vo th mc hin thi (trn my xa) + replies: Cu tr li l mt m 3 ch s v c th c mt thng bo km theo. - 331 Username OK, password required - 125 data connection already open; transfer starting - 425 Cant open data connection - 452 Error writing file 9. cc giao thc email SMTP, POP3, IMAP: nguyn l hot ng, cc loi thng ip v cu trc thng ip +Mail: (phn mail ny c th b) - Gm 3 thnh phn: user agent, mail server v SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

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- User agent: (cn c gi l mail reader - trnh c th) Chng trnh giao tip ngi dng cho php c, hi m, gi, lu gi v son tho cc th. Hin nay, nhng phn mm son e-mail thng dng l Eudora, Microsoft Outlook v Nescape Messenger. - Mail server: + mail box cha cc tin nhn c gi n cho user. + Nu mail server khng th gi c v l do no , n s gi nhng th trong hng i gi thng ip v s c gng gi li cc thng ip. + Dng giao thc SMTP gi tin nhn email gia cc mail server. +SMTP: - SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) l giao thc gi th in t ca tng ng dng. - SMTP s dng dch v truyn d liu tin cy ca TCP truyn th trc tip t mail server ca ngi gi n mail server ca ngi nhn. Dng port 25. - 3 bc chuyn th: + bt tay (handshaking) + chuyn cc thng ip + ng kt ni - Command / Response: + command: l ASCII text - Cc lnh SMTP command: HELO, MAIL FROM, RCPT TO, DATA, QUIT + response: m trng thi (status) v cm thng bo Vd: 220 theo sau l a ch server 250 theo sau l mt thng ip trng thi 221 thng ip ng kt ni - SMTP dng kt ni persistent. - Tin nhn phi l 7-bit ASCII. - minh ho hot ng c bn ca SMTP, hy xt v d sau gi s Alice mun gi cho Bop mt thng ip ASCII n gin: (phn ny quan trng) u tin, Alice s dng user agent ca mnh, nh a ch e-mail ca Bop (bop somechool.edu), son e-mail v yu cu user agent gi th i. User agent ca Alice gi th ti mail server ca Alice. Ti y th c t vo hng th i gi . SMTP client chy trn mail server ca Alice thy th trong hng i. N to kt ni TCP ti SMTP server trn mail server ca Bop. Sau giai on khi to 3 bc, SMTP client gi th ca Alice qua kt ni TCP.

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 Ti mail server ca Bop, SMTP server nhn th v t th vo mail box ca Bop. Cui cng, khi thun tin Bop s s dng user agent ca mnh c th. +POP3: POP3 c c t trong RFC 1939 l giao thc ly th cc k n gin v c rt t chc nng. POP3 c khi to khi user agent (client) to kt ni TCP ti mail server (server) qua port 110. - Sau khi thit lp c kt ni TCP, POP3 gm 3 giai on: authorization (kim chng), transaction (tin hnh x l) v update (cp nht). user agent thc thi lnh v server p li mi lnh vi li p. C hai response kh thi:+OK s dng bi server ch ra cu lnh trc l n,ERR s dng vi server ch ra cu lnh trc l sai. + Trong giai on kim chng u tin, user agent s dng tn v mt khu xc nhn ngi s dng. c hai commands chnh: user <username> v pass <password> + Trong giai on tin hnh x l th hai user agent tin hnh ly th. N c th nh du cc th xo hay hy b vic nh u xo. Ngi s dng c th cu hnh user agent mt trong hai ch ti v xo ("download and delete") hay "ti v gi" (download and keep"). Chui lnh c user agent gi ph thuc vo cu hnh ny. - ch "download and delete", user agent ch thc hin ba cu lnh: list (danh sch s ca tin nhn), retr (ly tin nhn t s) v dele (xa), sau khi xong thc hin lnh quit -> kt thc phin lm vic. - Trong ch th hai download and keep, user agent vn li th trn mail server sau khi ti v. + Giai on ba - cp nht, xy ra sau khi client ra lnh quit kt thc phin lm vic POP3 . Ti thi im mail server xo tt c th c nh du (nu ch "download and delete" ). - POP3 mc nh ch "download and delete". Do ngi dng khng th c li th nu i client khc v mail trn server b xa. - Trong ch download and keep, user agent vn li th trn mail server sau khi ti v (n copy th n client). - POP3 ch lu gi thng tin trng thi trong 1 phin lm vic (1 session). POP3 server khng lu gi trng thi ca mi ngi dng sau khi phin lm vic kt thc. +IMAP: - IMAP c thit k cho php ngi dng thao tc trn nhng hp th xa mt cch d dng. - IMAP gi tt c message trn server.

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- Cho php ngi dng to nhng th mc th khc nhau trong mailbox, c th t th vo trong th mc hay dch chuyn th t th mc ny n nhng th mc khc. - Tnh nng quan trng khc ca IMAP l cho php user agent ch ly mt s thnh phn ca bc th. Vd: c th ti trc mt phn cua bc th. - Nhng thng tin trng thi c mail server lu gi cho tt c cc phin lm vic. 10. DNS: cu trc DNS, hot ng, cc loi thng ip, bn ghi DNS +Chc nng, dch v ca DNS: - Chuyn i hostname sang IP - t b danh cho my tnh (Host aliasing) - t b danh cho mail server (Mail server aliasing) - Phn tn ti (Load distribution) +Hot ng ca DNS: (v hnh 2.21 /139 v hnh 2.22 /140 d hiu hn)

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- Khi cn phn gii tn hay IP, client s truy vn n DNS server. DNS c thit k phn tn. DNS s dng nhiu DNS server t chc phn cp v phn tn trn ton cu. Khng c DNS server no cha tt c tn v a ch IP cc my tnh trn Internet nhng thng tin ny c phn tn trn nhiu DNS server. - C ba lp DNS server: root DNS server, top-level domain (TLD) server v authoritative DNS server. Cc DNS server trao i thng tin vi nhau v vi cc my tnh khc. + Root DNS server: Trn Intemet c 13 root DNS server, hu ht t ti Bc M. + Top-level domain server: nhng server phn hi cho cc top-level domain nh com, org, net, edu, gov v tt c cc top-level domain quc gia nh uk, fr, ca, jp. + Authoritative DNS server: Mi my tnh phi ng k ti mt Authoritative name server. Thng thng authoriative name server ca mt my tnh l name server trong min ISP ca my tnh (thc t mi my tnh phi c t nht hai authoritative name server, phng trng hp mt name server b hng). C th nh ngha, Authoriative name server ca mt my tnh l nameserver lun lu tr bn ghi DNS cho php xc nh a ch IP ca my tnh t tn. - Ngoi ra cn 1 loi DNS server quan trng khc l local DNS server: Mi t chc nh cc ISP, trng i hc, cng ty u c local DNS server (cn c gi l default name server). Khi my tnh trong c quan to ra mt thng ip truy vn DNS th u tin thng ip c gi ti local DNS server ca t chc. a ch IP ca local DNS server phi c cu hnh trong my tnh. - Nu mt local DNS server khng th tr li truy vn ca 1 my tnh, n s truy vn ln cc DNS server cp cao hn bn ngoi, chng hn nh root DNS server. Nu root DNS server c thng tin ca my tnh c hi, n s gi mt thng ip hi m DNS ti local DNS server v sau thng tin ny c local DNS server gi tr li cho my tnh yu cu. Nu root DNS server khng c thng tin, n s truy vn ngc xung cc TLD server v authoritative server khc ly thng tin v, sau gi tr li cho local DNS server yu cu truy vn. +DNS caching: - khi DNS Server nhn c tr li DNS (nh x hostname sang IP), n lu li kt qu . - Cc TLD server mc nh c cache trong cc local DNS server. +Bn ghi DNS (resource record): - Bn ghi ti nguyn gm 4 trng sau: (Name, Value, Type, TTL) + TTL l thi gian tn ti ca bn ghi ti nguyn, dng xc nh thi im c th xo bn ghi ti nguyn khi b nh lu tr. ngha ca trng Name v Value ph thuc vo trng Type:

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 Nu Type = A th Name l tn my v Value l a ch IP ca my . Bn ghi kiu A l nh x Tn my - a ch IP chun. V d, (relay1.bar.foo.com, 145.37.93.126, A) l mt bn ghi Type A. Nu Type = NS th Name l mt min (nh l foo.com) v Value l tn my ca authoriative name server ca cc my tnh trong min . Bn ghi ny thng c s dng gi tip cc truy vn DNS. V d 1 bn ghi Type NS: (foo.com, dns.foo.com, NS) Nu Type = CNAME th Name l tn b danh (alias) v Value l tn y ca my c tn b danh t trong Name. Bn ghi kiu ny cho php xc nh tn y ca mt my tnh t tn b danh. V d mt bn ghi CNAME: (foo.com, relay1.bar.foo.com, CNAME). Nu Type = MX th Value l tn my ca mail server c tn b danh t trong Name. V d, bn ghi kiu MX (foo.com, mail.bar.foo.com, MX). Bn ghi MX cho php mail server c tn b danh n gin. +Cc loi thng ip DNS: Gm hai loi l query v reply. Chng c cng nh dng.

-Header: 12 byte, gm 6 trng, mi trng 16 bit (1byte=8bit) +Identification: Trng u tin l mt nh danh 16 bit cho mi thng ip yu cu. 16 bt nh anh ny c ghi li vo thng ip tr li, cho php client xc nh c y l cu tr li cho thng ip yu cu no. +Flags: - 1 bit query/reply ch ra khi no message l query(0) hay reply(1). 24

- C authoritiative flag c t trong thng ip tr li khi DNS server l authoriative DNS server ca tn my tnh cn xc nh a ch IP. - C mong mun quy (recursive-desired query) c t khi client (my tnh hay DNS server ) mong mun DNS server thc hin truy vn quy khi n khng c bn ghi . - C chp nhn quy (recursion-available flag) c t trong thng ip tr li nu name server h tr quy. Trong phn tiu cng c 4 trng s lng, cc trng ny xc nh s lng cc bn ghi trong 4 phn d liu sau phn tiu : +Number of questions: gm thng tin l (1): tn cn truy vn ,(2): loi truy vn. Vd: google.com,type A +Number of answer RRs: cha cc bn ghi ti nguyn cho tn c yu cu trc . Ch rng mi bn ghi ti nguyn c 4 trng: Type (A, NS, CNAME, MX), Name, Value, TTL. Thng ip tr li c th c nhiu bn ghi ti nguyn v tn my tnh c th ng vi nhiu a ch IP. +Number of authority RRs (Mc thm quyn): cha cc bn ghi ca cc authoritative server. +Number of additional RRs (mc ph tr): cha cc bn ghi "hu ch" khc. V d trng tr li trong thng ip tr li mt truy vn MX s cha tn y ca mail server c tn b danh t trong Name. Phn ph tr c th c mt bn ghi kiu A cung cp a ch IP cho chnh mail server . 11. Dch v ca tng giao vn - Nm gia tng ng dng v tng mng, tng giao vn l tng trung tm trong kin trc phn tng vi nhim v cung cp dch v truyn thng gia cc tin trnh ng dng chy trn cc my tnh khc nhau. - Giao thc tng giao vn cung cp mt knh truyn logic (o) gia cc tin trnh ng dng chy trn my tnh khc nhau. Gi l logic v khng tn ti mt ng truyn vt l thc s gia hai tin trnh. - Cc giao thc tng giao vn chy trn cc thit b cui: + Bn gi: Chia cc thng ip ng dng thnh nhiu on (segment), y qua cho tng network. + Bn nhn: Kt hp cc phn on (segment) thnh thng ip hon chnh, sau y qua cho tng ng dng. - Trn mng my tnh c th c nhiu giao thc hot ng tng giao vn. Mi giao thc c th cung cp cc dch v vi cht lng khc nhau cho ng dng. - Tt c giao thc tng giao vn u cung cp dch v dn knh (multiplex) v tch knh (demultiplex), ngoi dch v dn knh / tch knh, tng giao vn cn c th cung cp cc dch v khc cho tin trnh ng dng nh truyn d liu tin cy, m bo bng thng hay gii hn tr. 25

- Tng giao vn c hai giao thc quan trng l TCP (tin cy) v UDP (khng tin cy). - im khc bit gia tng giao vn v tng network l: + Tng network giao tip logic gia cc host. + Tng transport giao tip logic gia cc tin trnh. 12. UDP: cu trc, ngha cc trng trong header v cch tnh checksum - UDP c t trong RFC 768 l giao thc giao vn cc k n gin. Bn cnh chc nng dn knh/phn knh, UDP c thm c ch pht hin li n gin. C th ni nu s dng UDP th gn nh ng dng lm vic trc tip vi tng mng IP. - L dch v n lc ti a (best effort), nn cc UDP segment c th b mt hoc gi khng theo trt t ti ng dng. - UDP c xem l dch v khng hng ni hay khng lin kt trc (connectionless), v: + UDP khng i hi thc th bn gi v bn nhn phi lin kt trc khi trao i d liu. (khng c handshaking gia UDP sender v UDP receive) + Mi segment l c lp vi cc segment khc. + khng duy tr trng thi kt ni. - Thng dng cho cc lung ng dng multimedia v khng c giai on thit lp kt ni nn s nhanh. Cc giao thc DNS v SNMP (giao thc qun l mng) thng chy trn nn UDP cng v l do ny. - UDP chuyn d liu khng tin cy, khng c iu khin tc nghn (no congestion control). (phn trn ny c cho bit thi, b cng c) +Cu trc mt UDP segment v ngha cc trng trong header:

- Header length l 8 byte. - Tiu (header) UDP c bn trng, ln mi trng l 2 byte (=16 bits): + Source port + Destination port + Length: di (tnh theo byte) ca ton b segment (bao gm c header)

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+ Checksum: c bn nhn s dng kim tra trong segment c li hay khng. Trn thc t, k c tiu ca gi d liu IP cng c tnh checksum. +Cch tnh checksum: - UDP checksum c s dng pht hin li. Checksum c tnh nh sau: tnh gi tr b mt ca tng cc t 16 bit trong segment, gi tr nhn c c t vo trng checksum trong gi d liu UDP segment. Gi s c ba t 16 bit sau y: 0110011001100110 0101010101010101 0000111100001111 Tng hai t u l: 0110011001100110 0101010101010101 1011101110111011 Cng t th ba vo, ta c: 1011101110111011 0000111100001111 1100101011001010 Cch ly b mt l o 0 thnh 1 v 1 thnh 0. V vy kt qu php ly b mt ca 1100101011001010 l 0011010100110101 v chnh l gi tr checksum. Ti pha nhn, tt c bn t (k c checksum) c cng li. Nu d liu khng c li th tng nhn c l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. Nu c mt bit no bng 0 th ta bit d liu nhn c c li. - Mc d UDP c th pht hin li nhng n khng lm g khi pht hin ra li. C th n s loi b segment b li, c th n s chuyn segment b li cho ng dng nhn cng vi mt thng ip cnh bo. 13. nguyn l truyn tin cy 2.0, 2.1, 2.2 v 3.0 * Ch thch hnh: S kin kch hot vic chuyn trng thi c t pha trn ng k nm ngang, l nhn s kin. Pha bn di ng k nm ngang l nhng hnh ng m thc th phi thc hin ngay khi s kin xy ra (thc hin trc khi thc th chuyn sang trng thi mi). +Truyn d liu tin cy trn knh truyn c li bit: giao thc rdt 2.0: - c ch mi trong rdt2.0 (so vi rdt1.0): pht hin li, nhn thng tin phn hi (ACK / NAK)

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Trong giao thc rdt 2.0, pha gi c hai trng thi. trng thi th nht, pha gi i d liu t tng trn. Trong trng thi th hai, pha gi i phn hi ACK hoc NAK t pha nhn. Nu nhn c ACK (rdt_rcv(rcvpkt ) && isACK(rcvpkt) trong hnh 3.10 tng ng vi s kin ny), pha gi bit c gi d liu chuyn n ch an ton, v vy n tr v trng thi i d liu t tng trn chuyn tip. Nu nhn c NAK, pha gi gi li gi d liu ri quay li trng thi i phn hi ACK hoc NAK cho gi d liu va gi li. Ch rng khi pha gi trong trng thi ch phn hi (ACK hoc NAK), n khng th nhn thm d liu t tng trn a xung. N ch chp nhn d liu khi nhn c ACK v chuyn trng thi. Pha gi khng gi d liu cho n khi n chc chn rng pha nhn nhn ng gi d liu gi. Giao thc rdt 2.0 vi hnh vi nh vy thuc kiu dng v ch (stop and wait). FSM bn nhn trong giao thc rdt 2.0 ch c mt trng thi duy nht. Khi nhn c gi d liu (packet), pha nhn gi thng ip phn hi ACK hoc NAK, ph thuc vo gi d liu nhn c li hay khng. Trong hnh 3.10, rdt_rcv (rcvpkt) && corrups(rcvpkt) tng ng vi s kin gi d liu nhn c b li. - Giao thc rdt 2.0 vn cn nhc im: chng ta cha tnh n kh nng chnh gi ACK hoc NAK c li. +Giao thc rdt 2.1: x l ACK hoc NAK b li: - Gii quyt c trng hp duplicate packet do ACK hay NAK li bng cch thm s sequence number vo gi tin. - Pha nhn ch cn kim tra s th t xc nh gi d liu nhn c l gi mi hay gi truyn li. Vi giao thc stop and wait n gin, ch cn mt bit s th t. Bn nhn c th xc nh bn gi gi li gi d liu gi ln trc (s th t ca gi d

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liu nhn c trng vi s th t vi gi d liu nhn c ln trc) hay gi d liu mi (c s th t khc nhau, tng ln theo module 2).

Trong rdt 2.1, FSM ca bn gi v nhn u c s trng thi tng gp i. l v trng thi giao thc phi biu din gi d liu c gi (bi bn gi) v gi d liu c i (ti bn nhn) c s th t l 0 hay 1. Ch rng cc hnh ng trong trng 29

thi gi d liu c s th t 0 c gi (pha gi) hoc c mong i (pha nhn) ngc vi trng thi gi d liu c s th t 1 c gi hay c i. +Giao thc rdt 2.2: khng s dng NAK: - Ging chc nng ca 2.1, nhng gi nh thay v dng NAK, bn nhn gi ACK cho packet cui cng nhn c. Nu nhn hai ACK cho cng mt gi d liu (hin tng trng ACK - duplicate ACK) bn gi xc nh c bn nhn khng nhn ng gi d liu sau gi d liu bin nhn ACK hai ln. + Bn gi:

30

+ Bn nhn:

+Giao thc rdt 3.0: Truyn d liu tin cy trn knh truyn m d liu bi mt, li: - Gi nh: knh c bn cng c th mt cc gi tin (d liu hoc ACKs):ngha l truyn trong knh va mt va b li, checksum, s th t, ccACK, cc vic truyn li s h tr nhng khng . - Cch gii quyt: bn gi ch ACK trong khong thi gian chp nhn c, truyn li nu khng nhn ACK trong khong thi gian ny. Nu gi (hoc ACK) ch tr (khng mt): truyn li s gy trng, nhng dng s th t s gii quyt c. Bn nhn phi xc nh s th t ca gi ACK va gi. Ci tin l: yu cu ng h m ngc (timer).

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14. cc phng thc GBN v SR + GBN (Go-Back-End): - Trong giao thc GBN, pha gi phi p ng ba s kin sau: C d liu t trn chuyn xung : khi rdt_send() c pha trn s dng chuyn d liu xung, pha gi phi kim tra xem ca s y cha (tc l c N gi d liu gi i cha c bin nhn khng). Nu ca s cha y, pha gi to ra v sau gi gi d liu ng thi cp nht cc bin. Nu ca s y, pha gi khng chp nhn d liu t tng trn v thng bo ca s y. Khi , tng trn s phi gi li. Trn thc t, pha gi s a d liu vo vng m (nhng cha gi ngay) hoc c c ch ng b (s dng semaphore hay c) ch cho php tng ng dng s dng rdt_send() khi ca s cha y. Nhn c mt ACK: trong giao thc GBN, gi tr bin nhn gi tin c s th t n s mang gi tr tch lu, ngha l ton b gi d liu c s th t nh hn hoc bng n u c pha nhn nhn ng. Chng ta s quay li vn ny khi xem xt pha nhn trong giao thc GBN. Ht thi gian i (timeout): tn giao thc - Go-Back-N bt ngun t hnh vi ca pha gi khi d liu b mt hay b tr. Ging nh trong giao thc stop and wait, timer c s dng x l vic mt gi d liu hay gi phn hi. Khi ht thi gian i (timeout), pha gi s gi li tt c cc gi d liu

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c gi i trc nhng cha c bin nhn. Nu ACK no c nhn nhng vn cn gi d liu gi i cha c bin nhn th timer s c khi ng li. Nu tt c cc gi d liu gi u c bin nhn th c th ngng timer. - Cc hnh ng ca pha nhn trong giao thc GBN n gin. Nu nhn c ng gi d liu v gi ny ng th t th pha nhn gi ACK cho gi nhn c v chuyn d liu trong gi d liu ny ln trn. Trong tt c cc trng hp cn li, pha nhn loi b gi d liu v gi li ACK cho gi d liu ng th t cui cng n nhn c. Ch rng gi d liu c chuyn ln tng trn mt ln duy nht nn nu gi d liu th k c nhn v chuyn ln trn th ngha l tt c cc gi d liu c s th t nh hn k cng c chuyn ln. S dng ACK tch lu l s la chn tuyt vi cho giao thc GBN. (on trn ny c cho hiu thi) >>>Tm li, hot ng ca GBN nh sau: Bn gi s gi gi tin cho bn nhn, gi s ang gi gi N no . Khi bn nhn nhn c gi tin th N (nu N ng th t), n s gi tr 1 ACK th N cho bn gi bin nhn cho gi th N. Nu gi N trong qu trnh gi b mt hay b tr, (Timer c s dng pht hin mt gi tin), bn gi s vn gi tip cc gi tin tip theo (N+1, N+2,). V gi th N cha ti c bn nhn (hoc ti tr), nn r rng bn nhn s pht hin cc gi th N+1, N+2 l sai th t (ang thiu gi th N hoc gi th N n sau), c mi gi nhn sai th t bn nhn s loi b v gi li ACK ca gi ng th t cui cng n nhn c ( trng hp ny l ACK th N-1). Khi ht thi gian i (timeout), pha gi s gi li tt c cc gi d liu c gi i trc nhng cha c bin nhn. Nu ACK no c nhn nhng vn cn gi d liu gi i cha c bin nhn th timer s c khi ng li. Nu tt c cc gi d liu gi u c bin nhn th c th ngng timer.

+SR (Selective Repeat): - ng nh tn gi, giao thc lp li c la chn (SR - Selective Repeat) trnh vic truyn li khng cn thit bng cch bn gi ch gi li cc gi tin m n cho l c li (hoc mt). truyn li tng gi tin khi cn thit, bn nhn cn bin nhn cho tng gi tin nhn ng. - SR vn dng timer, tuy nhin, mi gi tin gi i c mt timer ring, bi v ch c duy nht mt gi tin c gi li khi ht thi gian i. - Bn nhn Selective Repeat s bin nhn cho bt k gi tin nhn ng, cho d khng theo ng th t. Gi tin khng ng th t vn c lu gi li cho n khi tt c cc gi tin cn thiu (gi tin c s th t nh hn) c chuyn n, khi tt c cc gi tin s c chuyn ln tng trn theo ng th t.

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15. giao thc TCP: cu trc TCP header v RTT +TCP segment structure:

- TCp header gm 20 byte: (32 bit word x5) - 16 bit source port,16 bit destination port - 32 bit sequence number - 32 bit acknowledge number, - 4 bit header length, 6 bit not used, 6 bit flag ,16 bit receive window: dng iu khin dng. - 16 bit checksum,16 bit urgendatapointer Trng s th t (sequence number) 32 bit v trng s bin nhn (acknowledge number) 32 bit c bn gi v bn nhn s dng trong vic cung cp dch v truyn d liu tin cy, s c cp k hn trong phn di y. Trng ln ca s (window size) 16 bit c s dng kim sot lu lng. y chnh l s lng byte d liu ti a m bn nhn c th chp nhn c. Trng di tiu (length field) 4 bit xc nh di ca tiu TCP theo n v l cc t 32 bit. Tiu TCP c th c di thay i ph thuc trng option (Nu trng option rng, th chiu di ca tiu TCP l 20 byte).

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 Trng option l tu chn, c th thay i tu . Trng ny c s dng khi bn gi, bn nhn c th thng lng v gi tr MMS hoc gi tr gia tng ca ca s trong mng cao tc. La chn nhn thi gian (timestamping) cng c nh ngha. Trng c (flag) gm 6 bit. Bit ACK c s dng ch ra rng gi tr t trong trng bin nhn l ng. Cc bit RST, SYN v FIN c s dng trong vic thit lp hay ng kt ni. Khi bit PSH c bt, th y l du hiu yu cu bn nhn phi chuyn d liu ln tng trn ngay lp tc. Cui cng, bit URG c dng bo hiu d liu trong segment c thc th tng trn pha gi to ra l khn cp. V tr byte cui cng ca d liu khn cp c xc nh bi con tr d liu khn 16 bit (ptr to urgent data). TCP phi bo cho tng trn bit c d liu khn v t con tr vo cui d liu khn (Trong thc t, PSH, URG v con tr d liu khn khng c s dng) - URG - ACK - PSH - RST - SYN - FIN C cho trng Urgent pointer C cho trng Acknowledgement Hm Push Thit lp li ng truyn ng b li s th t Khng gi thm s liu

+RTT (Round Trip Time): - Thi gian chuyn i vng quanh (RTT) l di ca thi gian cn cho mt tn hiu c gi cng vi chiu di ca thi gian cn cho mt s tha nhn tn hiu c nhn. Do , thi gian tr ny bao gm thi gian truyn ti gia hai im ca mt tn hiu. - SampleRTT l khong tthi gian t khi gi segment n khi nhn c ack cho segment ny. - Thi gian k vng: EstimatedRTT = (1-)*EstimatedRTT + *SampleRTT Trong : =0.125 - lch chun: DevRTT = (1-)*DevRTT + *|SampleRTT - EstimatedRTT| Trong : =0.25 - Thi gian ch: TimeoutInterval = EstimateRTt + 4*DevRTT >>Hay: thi gian ch = thi gian k vng + 4 ln lch chun

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16. giao thc TCP: hot ng v kim sot lung, bt tay 3 bc +TCP: - TCP l dch v hng ni (connection-oriented). - TCP hng ni v trc khi tin trnh ng dng c th bt u gi d liu ti mt tin trnh khc, hai tin trnh ny phi c th tc bt tay vi nhau, ngha l chng phi gi mt s gi segment c bit xc nh cc tham s m bo cho qu trnh truyn d liu. - Trong giai on thit lp kt ni TCP, hai bn s khi to nhiu bin trng thi TCP cho kt ni. - TCP s dng nhiu nguyn l truyn d liu tin cy, bao gm c ch pht hin li, truyn li, bin nhn tch lu, timer, trng tiu cho s th t v s bin nhn. - Vn c chc nng dn knh, phn knh. +Hot ng ca TCP: cc kt ni TCP c ba pha: - thit lp kt ni - truyn d liu - kt thc kt ni - Thit lp kt ni: thit lp mt kt ni, TCP s dng mt quy trnh 3 bc (3-way handshake) Trc khi client th kt ni vi mt server, server phi ng k mt cng v m cng cho cc kt ni: y c gi l m b ng. Mt khi m b ng c thit lp th mt client c th bt u m ch ng. - Truyn d liu: hai bc u tin trong ba bc bt tay, hai my tnh trao i mt s th t gi ban u (Initial Sequence Number -ISN). S ny c th chn mt cch ngu nhin. S th t ny c dng nh du cc khi d liu gi t mi my tnh. Sau mi byte c truyn i, s ny li c tng ln. Nh vy ta c th sp xp li chng khi ti my tnh kia bt k cc gi ti ni theo th t th no. C cc c ch: + Truyn d liu khng li (do c c ch sa li/truyn li) + Truyn cc gi d liu theo ng th t + Truyn li cc gi d liu mt trn ng truyn + Loi b cc gi d liu trng lp + C ch hn ch tc nghn ng truyn - Kt thc kt ni:

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 kt thc kt ni hai bn s dng qu trnh bt tay 4 bc v chiu ca kt ni kt thc c lp vi nhau. Khi mt bn mun kt thc, n gi i mt gi tin FIN v bn kia gi li tin bo nhn ACK. V vy, mt qu trnh kt thc tiu biu s c 2 cp gi tin trao i. +Kim sot lung (Flow control): Cp thit b u cui mi pha ca kt ni TCP u c b m d liu (buffer). Khi kt ni TCP nhn c ng mt dng byte lin tc (ng th t), n s t dng byte ny vo b m nhn (receive buffer). Tin trnh ng dng nhn tng ng s c d liu t b m ny, nhng khng nht thit l phi c ngay khi d liu n. C th tin trnh ng dng nhn phi thc hin nhiu tc v khc nn cha c c d liu trong b m. Nu ng dng c d liu chm th bn gi c th lm trn b m nhn do d liu c gi qu nhiu v qu nhanh. Chnh v l do ny TCP cung cp dch v kim sot lung (flow control) trnh hin tng bn gi lm trn b m bn nhn. - Kim sot lung l qu trnh lm tng thch (matching) v tc : tng thch gia tc bn gi gi vi tc nhn ca bn nhn.

- cung cp c ch kim sot lu lng, TCP bn gi s dng bin receive window. y l gi tr m bn nhn bo cho bn gi bit ln vng m cn ri ca n. - Trong kt ni hai hng, mi pha kt ni c gi tr receive window phn bit. - Gi tr receive window ng, c ngha l n s thay i trong thi gian kt ni. - Gi s my A gi mt file ln ti my B qua kt ni TCP. My B s khi to b m cho kt ni ny vi ln RcvBuffer. Tin trnh ng dng trn B c d liu t b m. Chng ta nh ngha mt s bin sau:

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+LastByteread = s th t ca byte cui cng trong dng d liu m tin trnh ng dng trong my B c t buffer. +LastByteRcvd = s byte cui cng trong dng d liu n t mng v c trong receive buffer ca my B. +V TCP khng c php trn b m nn chng ta phi c : LastByteRcvd LastByteread < RcvBuffer +Receive window l gi tr RcvWindow, l ln vng m ri: RcvWindow = RcvBuffer - [LastByteRcvd LastByteread] +My A cng c hai bin LastByteSent v LastByteAcked. lch gia hai bin ny, LastByteSent - LastByteAcked l s lng d liu cha c bin nhn m A gi qua kt ni. Bng cch khng ch s lng d liu cha c bin nhn nh hn gi tr RcvWindow, A m bo khng lm trn b m ti B. Do vy trong sut thi gian kt ni, A phi m bo: LastByteSent - LastByteAcked <= RcvWindow +Bt tay 3 bc: 1. Client yu cu m cng dch v bng cch gi gi tin SYN (gm c SYN=1 v sequence number) ti server, trong gi tin ny, tham s sequence number c gn cho mt gi tr ngu nhin X. (client_isn) 2. Server hi p bng cch gi li pha client bn tin SYN-ACK, trong gi tin ny, tham s acknowledgment number c gn gi tr bng X + 1, tham s sequence number c gn ngu nhin mt gi tr Y. (server_isn) 3. hon tt qu trnh bt tay ba bc, client tip tc gi ti server bn tin ACK, trong bn tin ny, tham s sequence number c gn cho gi tr bng X + 1 cn tham s acknowledgment number c gn gi tr bng Y + 1 Ti thi im ny, c client v server u c xc nhn rng, mt kt ni c thit lp.

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(P.S: xem hnh 3.39 trang 266 trong sch, y client_isn l X, server_isn l Y. Cch nh l ngoi 2 s sequence c to ngu nhin bc 1 v 2 ra th: s ACK sau = s sequence trc +1; v s sequence sau = s ACK trc) 17. giao thc IP: cu trc IPv4

+Khun dng gi d liu IP (IP datagram format):

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 Phin bn (version): Trng 4 bit ny xc nh phin bn giao thc IP ca gi d liu. Cc phin bn IP khc nhau s dng cc khun dng d liu khc nhau. di tiu (Header length): Gi d liu IPv4 c th c nhiu trng mang tnh la chn (t trong tiu gi d liu IPv4). 4 bit ny c dng xc nh v tr bt u ca d liu thc s trong gi d liu IP. Tuy nhin phn ln gi d liu IP khng cha cc trng la chn nn tiu ca gi d liu thng c nh l 20 byte Kiu dch v (Type of service - TOS): Trng kiu dch v (TOS) gip phn bit cc kiu khc nhau ca gi d liu IP, t c th x l theo nhng cch khc nhau. di gi d liu (datagram length): y l tng di tnh theo byte ca gi d liu IP (c phn tiu ln phn d liu). di trng ny l 16 bit nn v l thuyt kch thc ti a ca gi d liu IP l 65.535 byte. Tuy nhin, him khi kch thc gi d liu vt qu 1500 byte v thng gii hn l 576 byte. nh danh, c v v tr phn on (Identifer, Flags, Fragmention Offset): 3 trng ny c s dng khi phn mnh gi IP (fragmentation). Ch phin bn mi ca IP (IPv6) khng cho php phn mnh gi d liu ti cc router. Thi gian tn ti (Time-To-live - TTL): Trng thi gian tn ti (TTL) c s dng bo m gi d liu khng c lu chuyn mi mi (nh tuyn lp theo cc ng vng) trong mng. Trng ny c gim i mt (1) mi ln gi tin i qua mt router. Nu trng TTL bng 0 th router s loi b gi tin. Giao thc (Protocol): Trng ny ch c s dng khi gi d liu IP n c my tnh ch. Gi tr ca trng ny xc nh giao thc tng giao vn my tnh ch s nhn c phn d liu trong gi d liu IP. Ch rng vai tr ca trng giao thc trong gi d liu IP tng t vai tr trng s hiu cng trong segment ca tng giao vn. Trng giao thc c xem l im ni gia tng mng v tng giao vn cng nh trng s hiu cng l im ni gia tng giao vn vi ng dng c th. Checksum ca tiu (Header checksum): Trng checksum trong tiu gip router pht hin li trong tiu gi d liu IP c gi n. Gi tr checksum c tnh bng cch xem phn tiu l mt chui cc t hai byte, cng cc t ny li v sau ly b mt. S b mt ca tng ny c gi l Internet checksum. Router tnh li Internet checksum cho mi gi d liu IP nhn c v c th pht hin ra li nu nh gi tr checksum tnh li khc gi tr checksum trong gi d liu.

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 ia ch IP ngun v ch: Nhng trng ny l 32 bit a ch IP ca my tnh gi v my tnh nhn. Tm quan trng ca a ch ch l r rng. La chn (Option): Cc trng ny cho php m rng tiu IP. Phn la chn trong tiu him khi c s dng. S tn ti ca phn la chn trong tiu lm phc tp vic x l cc gi tin v tiu ca gi d liu c phn la chn khng c di c nh, do khng xc nh c v tr bt u ca d liu thc s. Nh vy thi gian x l gi d liu IP ti mi router c th khc nhau. y l nhc im ca cc mng hiu sut cao. V th, IPv6 s loi b cc trng la chn. D liu (payload): Cui cng l trng quan trng nht - trng d liu. Thng thng trng d liu ca gi IP l gi d liu ca tng giao vn (TCP hay UDP segment) chuyn n ni nhn. Tuy nhin, trng d liu c th l cc kiu d liu khc, v d thng ip ICMP.

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Ch : - Cu 14 my ci rdt 2.0 ti 3.0 ch cn v hnh l (c th ch thch bng ting vit), mun th ghi thm vi , xem hnh trong sch d hn. - on no b trong du ngoc kp th c th b. - c hiu ri nh chnh thi, sao hc ht ni >< !

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