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VRay D|nh nghia v cch su dng

Phn 2: Cch su dng c th



V d v xc lp nh sng cho khung canh trong Vray
Trong phn 1 chng ta d tm hiu nhung nguyn l lm vic co ban v chuc nng cua mt
s thng s xc lp trong Vray. Cn by gio hy cng xem xt nhung diu d ung dung trn
thuc t nhu th no.
Khung cnh
Cho cc thit lp ti chon mt khung canh m cc ban c th tm thy trn Internet tai dia chi
http://hdri.cgtechniques.com/~sponza/files. Chon chnh khung canh d do 3 nguyn nhn
sau. Thu nht khung canh duoc tao ra dc bit d thu (test) cc kha nng cua cc chuong
trnh render khac nhau v c trnh by tt ca cc dang 3D co ban. Cung trn trang web d c
trnh by mt gallery lon cc hnh anh d render cua khung canh ny cho nn c th so snh
kt qua cua mnh voi nhung nguoi khc. Thu 2, khung canh c mt tnh cht trung gian d
khng hn l mt canh ni tht cung nhu khng phai l mt canh ngoai tht hon ton. D l
mt ci sn trong nho, duoc bao boc kn boi 4 buc tuong. nh sng chiu vo trong tu pha
trn qua mt ci ging kh su duoc tao nn tu cc buc tuong cua ngi nh. Trong khung
canh c tng 2, vng duoi ban cng, v nh sng chiu thng vo d. Thu 3 l khung canh
kh lon, khoang 40m chiu di. Khung canh gc duoc tao trong LightWave. Trn trang web
cung c version cng voi vt liu d tuong thch voi 3ds cua n, v chng ta s lm vic voi
n. Trong scan-line renderer 3ds max n trng nhu th ny.

Hnh 1: Khung canh duc nhn thy th ny trong scan-line renderer 3ds max . Thi gian
render vi AthonXP 3200 14 giy.


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Vt liu v hnh khi.
VRay, d sao, cung nhu nhung renderer khc, c mt loat cc yu cu v hnh hoc cua khung
canh. Hnh khi phai chnh xc, tuc l cn phai tun theo nhung di hoi bnh thuong v dung
hnh dng. Hnh khi khng duoc chua nhung poligon di, manh (dai), cn cc vt ni cn phai
khng c bt ky khe ho no. Su tn tai nhung khe ho l nguyn nhn chnh d lot nh sng
xuyn qua gc (xut hin hin tuong tu sng o gc) v vt ni cc b mt. Tt nht nu nhu cc
vt th ring bit l nhung m hnh ring bit. V du, khi xy dung phng dang hp nn lm bng
1 vt th chu khng phai tao thnh tu 6 vt th hnh hp (box). Khi dung hnh cn su dung cc
hnh khi xy duoc, v du nhu tuong trong th gioi thuc lun lun c b dy th trong khung
canh dung c gng dung n bng mt khng c d dy. Ban thn ti lun trnh su dung thao tc
boolean d tao cc l cua v cua s boi v n thuong tao ra nhung luoi poligon khng ti uu.
Phuong php tt nht d dung hnh ti c th khuyn l lm vic voi Editable poly.
VRay khng di hoi v hnh khi nng nhu cc chuong trnh su dung radiosity, tuy nhin, dung
hnh tt l bao dam cho vic tnh ton trn n nhanh v khng li. V th kim tra v tinh chinh
hnh cua khung canh khi cn l vic lm du tin d chun bi cho render.
Vic chon don vi do cho khung canh l kh quan trong mc d khng phai l bt buc. Khi lm
vic voi VRay tin nht l lm vic voi millimetre. D l yu cu cua pham vi do cc gi tri cua
VRay, m vic su dung mm s tng d chnh xc khi lm vic voi n. V du, gi tri nho nht cua
thng s Max. density cua photon map l 0.001 trong h do luong d chon. Nhung 0.001 cua 1m
v 1mm l hon ton khc nhau. Tt nhin d chnh xc cao nhu vy cua Max. density cho
photon map l nx ]oronno xaprt khng xc dng, nhung VRay cn c mt loat nhung thng
s khc c gioi han do cung dua trn h don vi do nhu vy. H don vi duoc dng lun c th
thay di sang h khc, v du, bng cng cu Rescale World Units 3 ds max. N chi c th anh
huong manh o ch khi luong lon cng vic tnh ton s phai tnh lai.
Cung tuong tu cn giu nguyn tc tuong ung giua kch thuoc cua cc vt th trong khung canh
v th gioi thuc. Su cn thit cua yu cu d bi chi dinh boi su su dung lut tt dn cuong d
chiu sng theo khoang cch trong moi chuong trnh render c tnh Global Illumination hin
thoi.
V ti d dinh dng photon map nn cn xy dung vt liu. Nhu ta d r, VRay chi tnh photon
map cho vt liu VrayMtl. V th cn phai chuyn di cc vt liu Standard 3ds max d duoc
dng trong khung canh sang dang VrayMtl. Vic chuyn di vt liu kh d, chi cn thay di
dang vt liu sang VrayMtl, m phong tnh diffuse cua vt liu s duoc p vo muc tuong ung.
V mt s vt liu gc c bump nn chng s duoc thit lp tuong tu trong vt liu moi cung voi
gi tri nhu vy.
Dung luong cua khung canh l 66 454 poligon, nhu th hon ton chp nhn duoc. Cc chi s
v s luong hnh hoc v vt liu cung quan trong chi ph cho chng l b nho s khng duoc
dng cho cc muc dch khc tip theo, v du - cho photon map. Cng nhiu b nho tn km cho
hnh hoc v vt liu th cng t b nho cn lai cho cc photon v Windows khng th quan l
nhiu hon 2 GB b nho - d l tt ca nhung thu truy cp duoc cho h thng v chuong trnh dang
chay. Nu khung canh qu lon render c th l hon ton khng thuc hin duoc. Hoach dinh v
ti uu kch thuoc cho khung canh cung l mt diu khng km phn quan trong khi chun bi tnh
ton.
D hoach dinh cn ly gi tri gn voi 1.5 GB (nu ban khng bt dng thoi voi 3ds max thm
Photoshop, Corel Draw, WinAmp, Word v IE :). Dy l khung canh voi vt liu d duoc xy
dung xong.
nh sng
V ban thn khung canh cua chng ta cn c nh sng ban ngy, ti du dinh dng 2 ngun sng
(NS). Mt trong s chng m phong mt troi ci cn lai nh sng rai rc rng khp cua vm
troi.

Mt NS bt ky thoa mn 3 diu kin sau c th m phong nh sng mt troi
N khng giam cuong d nh sng theo khoang cch
Cc tia sng cua n song song voi nhau;
N c mt truoc chiu sng dang mt phn cua mt phng, hnh chu nht hay hnh trn.
Trong 3 ds max cc yu cu trn gn nhu dn dn su lua chon NS Target Direct. VrayLight
khng ph hop v khng cung cp cc tia sng song song (yu cu thu 2). Thm ch khi tt
Ignore light normal trong thng s cua n, mt truoc chiu sng s c dang cu. Diu d s dn
toi tn tht cc tia photon, tuc l toi vic tng thoi gian tnh ton v ch.
Yu cu khng c su tt dn theo khoang cch mu thun voi nguyn tc chnh xc vt l v
chng ta dang xy dung mt troi. Trong d hoa my tnh chi c 1 trong s cc phuong php tt
dn c th - kt qua cua vic thay di mt d dng nng luong nh sng khi thay di din tch
mt truoc chiu sng khi phn b nh sng (tng bn knh hnh cu mt truoc chiu sng theo
theo thoi gian hoc chi don gian l theo khoang cch tu ngun sng). Diu d dn dn vic tt
dn theo bnh phuong khoang cch, cn su thay di cuong d chi phu thuc vo su thay di
khoang cch (bn knh). Ni v mt troi th khoang cch m tia sng di tu d toi tri dt qu lon
so voi su thay di bn knh mt truoc chiu sng trong pham vi tri dt. V th su thay di cuong
d chiu sng trong pham vi cc khoang cch trn tri dt, cu cho l hng trm Km hay vin bi
10mm l rt nho. Ni mt cch khc, qua cu sng toa ra tu mt troi toi tri dt lon toi c m b
mt cua n c th co l phng (hon nua voi co so lon hon rt nhiu so voi vic coi b mt tri dt
l phng), su thay di mt d nh sng l khng dng k cn cc tia sng l song song. V d
chnh l su chnh xc vt l di voi mt troi nhu l mt ngun sng. Cc ngun sng bnh thuong
cua tri dt - hon ton khc. Su thay di tuong di bn knh qua cu sng cua chng lc no
cung lon, nhn thy duoc v cn phai tnh dn theo qui lut tt dn theo bnh phuong khoang
cch.
Xc lp vi tr v d cao cua Target Direct trong khung canh duoc chon sao cho phn nhn thy
trong camera duoc chiu sng dep nht. Mt truoc chiu sng chon l hnh chu nht (Light
Cone>rectangle) d giam nhe su chiu tia vo phn dep cua khung canh sao cho tht thot khi
chiu cc tia photon l ti thiu. nx oneruennx ero npoennponannx na nnrepecymmym uacrt
cnent rax, urot mnnnmnsnponart norepn npn nsnyuennn ]oronon. Su tt dn tt nhin l
chng ta s bo (Decay>Type>None). Chon loai bng d l VRayShadow voi cc gi tri theo mc
dinh.
Ngun sng thu 2 cn phai m ta nh sng toa xung tu bu troi v v th nht dinh phai l loai
khng gian (dang Area). C th chon NS dang Skylight tu b NS cua 3ds max, v khng ti nu
nhu cung voi n dng mt hnh anh bu troi ph hop vo HDRI. Mt khc nu tnh dn vic
photon map khng lm vic voi Skylight v HDRI th thay vo d ta dng loai NS VrayLight l
thch hop. Tuy th, phuong n dng Skylight+HDRI hon ton khng bi loai bo, chi don gian l
tai dy v by gio ti chua d cp dn.
Thit lp VrayLight sao cho n c dang chu nht tuong ung voi kch thuoc trng pha trn cua
sn trong v dt n thp hon mt cht so voi mi. Vi tr nhu vy han ch ti da tht thot photon,
cn su chiu sng ngoi mi cua ngi nh s do VRay Environment dam nhim. Su tt dn vn
d bt dy khng phai l mt troi.


Hnh. 02. Xc lp VRayLight
Cui cng, d th hin mu sc cua bu troi ta p mu trng cho Environment 3ds max.

Hnh 03. Khung canh vi cc ngun sng v camera.
Kch thuoc render chng ta dt l 640x480, Nhu th l hon ton du cho muc dch xc lp nh
sng. Sau khi xc lp ngay truoc khi tin hnh render ln cui n cn duoc thay di sang kch
thuoc cn thit. Cung cn d thng s chng rng cua (sau dy s vit tt l AA) ti thiu ch d
fixed rate, subdivs=1, c th cn d th hon.
By gio, sau khi b tr nh sng, cn thit lp h s nhn (Multiplier) cho cuong d cua chng.
Thao tc ny cn thuc hin qua nhiu buoc. Du tin chi d nh sng truc tip. By gio ta s lm
vic d.
Tt tnh GI cua VRay v bt du thu voi cc gi tri cuong d bng cch chi render nh sng truc
tip v diu chinh cua NS. Cho khung canh ny ti dung lai o cc gi tri sau: cho Target Direct -
3, cho VRayLight - 5 v mu trng cho ca hai (255, 255, 255). Khi xc lp cuong d nh sng
ngay tu ban du ta cung dng cng cu diu khin theo lut s mu trong VRay: Color mapping,
loai - HSV Exponential, Dark Multiplier =1.6, Bright multiplier =1, Affect background off.

Hnh. 04. Khung canh vi nh sng trc tip s trng nhu th ny.
Cng cu diu khin ny hay o ch cho php loai di nhung nh sng thua o nhung ch qu sng.
Trong khung canh ny ti mun th hin cam gic ruc r cua nh sng ban ngy, do d s thua
sng o vng mi khi dat duoc d sng cn o cc vng khc. Vn d duoc giai quyt bng cng
cu diu khin theo lut s mu su chiu sng. Ni chung su cn thit trong kim sot cc ch thua
hoc thiu sng d nay sinh do cc renderer hin gio du tnh gi tri cuong d theo su chnh xc
vt l, diu khng phai lc no cung gng guong thuc hin duoc trong m hnh RGB chun.


Hnh. 05. Cc thng s cua nhm Color mapping gip diu chinh cc cung d chiu sng
Tt ca c 3 loai diu khin: Linear multiply (duong), Exponential (theo lut s mu), HSV
exponential (theo lut s mu c giu lai su bo ha mu sc). Su khc nhau giua Exponential v
HSV exponential l o ch khi bo ha v tng (tone) sau khi tinh chinh c su dung Exponential
hnh anh s nn hon, kh hon. Trong cc buoc cui cng, sau khi tnh photon map v
irradiance map, c th xut hin yu cu tinh chinh b sung cho nh sng. Vic d hon ton c
th thuc hin bng cch tuong tu v khng phai tnh lai ban d.
Thit lp photon map
D tnh sng phuong php irradiance map + photon map d duoc chon. Lm nhu th v nhung
nguyn nhn sau: photon map cung cp kt qua nhanh v chnh xc, ban d chiu sng
(irradiance map) cung cho tc d nhu vy v voi thit lp cn thit l cht luong render. Uu vit
cua phuong php ny d duoc xem xt kh k trong phn 1.
Chng ta bt du thit lp photon map. Truoc d, trong bang VRay: Indirect Illumination nhp
vo nhung thng s nhu sau. ntcrannxem cneymmne napamerpt:

Hnh 06. Chn photon map
By gio cho first bounce chon phuong php Global photon map voi muc dch tao ra photon map.
Sau dy, khi photon map d c, ti s su dung Irradiance map.
Nhp vo gi tri Secondary bounces>Multiplier lon nht bng 1, v l do kch thuoc cua khung
canh lon v c nhung phn photon kh bay dn. Cung v l do d gi tri d su tia d photon,
Bounces, thit lp bng 20 thay cho 10 nhu mc dinh.
Tt Refractive GI caustics v Reflective GI caustics, v ti khng c dinh tnh hiu ung caustic
tu nh sng phan xa khuch tn.
Xc lp quan trong nht by gio l s luong tia photon tu cc ngun sng (subdivs). N cn phai
du lon d cho hnh anh c cht luong cn thit v du nho d dam bao diu kin tc d cao nht
cho cc tnh ton sau. Trong tuong, mt d cua photon map cng cao th bn knh thu thp
photon (Search distance s vit tt l SD) cng nho v photon map cng cht luong. Thuc t
cung cn tnh dn yu t thoi gian tnh ton v han ch cua b nho h thng (1,5 GB tru di phn
b nho cho cho hnh hoc v vt liu, chc ban cn nho?). V th, su chon lua SD hop l v chinh
dng mt d photon cho n l chin luoc ct yu o buoc ny.
Phn tch ban thn khung canh l tiu chun cho su lua chon gi tri SD ph hop. Nu, v du nhu,
trong khung canh c mt s vt th quan trong nhn thy tt, ch chuyn bng cua chng cn th
hin th lua chon SD l huong vo chng - SD cn phai c gi tri sao cho cung cp duoc d
chnh xc chuyn bng doc theo chng. Nu khng c vt th trong tm, SD c th chon dua vo
kch thuoc cua khung canh v don vi su dung (SD duoc do bng don vi duoc dng trong khung
canh). V trong khung canh cua chng ta khng c vt th trong tm, ti d xut SD trong gioi
han 50-150 mm.s l ph hop v dung lai o gi tri SD = 100. Su lua chon SD cho php ngay lp
tuc xc dinh ca Max. density (kch thuoc cua photon map, hay d nn cua n, tip theo s vit
tt l - MD), boi v giua chng c mi lin h. R rng l SD khng th nho hon MD boi v khi
d trong gioi han cua SD s khng c mt photon no. Tc gia bi ny khuyn nn giu ty l giua
SD v MD trong gioi han 2 dn 6, tuc l SD=MDx2.6, , chng ta cung s dng ty l d by
gio. Nu ban bo qua MD tuc l cho n gi tri 0 (photon map giu nguyn dang) th s khng thnh
cng boi v chng ta cn chiu mt luong kh lon photon, m han ch cua b nho h thng
khng cho php lm nhu th. Chon MD =100/6=15, trong mi tuong quan ny gi tri cua MD
lun cn tin toi gi tri nho nht c th duoc. By gio chng ta tnh 4 photon map voi cc gi tri
khc nhau cua subdivs cho ngun sng ln luot l : nx 3000, 5000, 7000 v 8000 subdivs . Mi
photon map tt nhin cn luu vo mt file ring bit.

Hnh.07 Cc thng s cua photon map
Cc thng s cua photon map s khng thay di, c chng chi l gi tri cua subdivs cho ngun
sng. Truoc khi tnh c th tt thm su pht sinh caustic photons cua ngun sng v cc vt th
(boi v chng ta khng dinh tnh caustic tu nh sng truc tip trong khung canh ny) v kim tra
tnh cht cua cc vt th xem Generate GI/Receive GI cho chng d duoc xc lp chua?

Hnh phot_map#3 Photon map s trng nhu th ny vi 3000 subdivs v nh sng trc
tip.
Thng k cua photon map:
subdivs 3000 3000 (ngun sng thu nht v thu hai - Target Direct n VrayLight, mt
troi v bu troi cua chng ta) ;
chiu ti da: 18 000 000 photon;
S photon luu tru trong ban d: 5 635 989;
Dung luong b nho cn 516.4 MB;
Kch thuoc file trn dia 315.6 MB.

Hnh. phot_map#5. Photon map vi 5000 subdivs trng nhu th ny.
Thng k cua photon map:
subdivs 5000 5000;
chiu ti da: 50 000 000 photon;
Luu tru trong ban d 7 788 992;
Dung luong b nho cn 714.1 MB;
Kch thuoc file trn dia 436.1 MB.


Hnh. phot_map#7. Photon map vi 7000 subdivs trng nhu th ny.
Thng k cua photon map:
subdivs 7000 7000;
chiu ti da: 98 000 000 photon;
Luu tru trong ban d 9 023 203;
Dung luong b nho cn 827.7MB;
Kch thuoc file trn dia 505.2 mMB.


Hnh. phot_map#8. Photon map vi 8000 subdivs trng nhu th ny.
Thng k cua photon map:
subdivs 8000 8000;
chiu ti da: 128 000 000 photon;
Luu tru trong ban d 9 486 395;
Dung luong b nho cn 869.8MB;
Kch thuoc file trn dia 531.2 MB.
D dng nhn thy l ban d tt nht nhn duoc voi 128 triu photon (hnh phot_#8). Boi v n
duoc tnh voi thoi gian chp nhn duoc v di hoi khng qu nhiu ch trn dia d luu tru. (c l
ti d chon n k ca 3 nm v truoc:), v by gio ti cung chon n d tnh tip. Ni chung, nu
nhu ti mun thu hep gc nhn cua camera th hon c th su dung photon map du tin voi 3000
subdivs. Nhung ti mun tm hiu xem ci g s xay ra o ban cng m o d mt d photon map
s l thp nht trong khung canh v 3000 subdivs c th l khng du d cho mt anh render cht
luong. moxer
By gio load photon map tu file m n d duoc ghi v tip tuc cuc choi voi vic xc lp
photon map. Cu th chng ta s thu thay di SD v vic d khng di hoi tnh lai photon map.


Hnh. sd-10. SD=10uu. Ban thn bn knh rt tt v d cho php chi tit ha hnh anh cao.
Nhung tic rng dng bn knh d vi mt d hin thi cua photon s nhn duc photon
map rt nhiu, t thit thc d su dng.







Hnh. sd-1000. SD=1 met. Nhiu hu nhu khng c, nhung b vo d cc chi tit bng rt
m nht do bn knh qu ln. Hnh anh trng phng v t th v|. V dng l thi gian tnh
tng gn ti 30 ln v trong tnh sng d thao tc vi mt s lung ln photon.









Hnh. sd-90. Sau mt vi php thu b sung vi bn knh, ti quyt d|nh dng li vi gi tr|
SD=90 uu. Photon nhn duc c d nhiu chp nhn duc v bn knh thu thp c du kha
nng din ta chi tit chiu sng, cn cc vt ni v gc nhn duc lin mch, khng nhn
thy b| dn don. Thi gian tnh photon map cng hon ton chp nhn duc.
Cho thit lp photon map nhu vy c th ni l d hon tt. Nhung ti mun d xut tiu tn
thm t thoi gian b sung v thuc hin thm mt k xao, cho php nng cp cht luong cua
photon map.
Dn thoi dim ny s luong photon thu thp Max. photons vn duoc dt l 0 d khng c g anh
huong dn vic thit lp bn knh thu thp. Chng ta hy cho gi tri Max. photons sao cho n
tuong ung voi s luong photon thu thp duoc trong gioi han SD cua chng ta tai vi tr c mt d
photon thp nht khung canh. tuong l d cho trong cc vng cua ban d c mt d photon
cao, su chiu sng cua dim s duoc tnh voi Max. photons. Khi d bn knh thu thp s nho hon
so voi gi tri d thit lp trong cc xc lp cua SD v s thay di phu thuc vo mt d photon
cua ban d, dat dn gi tri d thit lp cua gi tri SD trong nhung vng c mt d thp nht. Nhu
vy chng ta s dat duoc cng mt lc 2 muc dch: bn knh thu thp s thay di trong sut
photon map v cc vt nhiu s mt di su du dn cua n. Cn do vic giam bn knh thu thp
thuc t, kha nng din ta chi tit bng s duoc nng ln, dc bit o vng c sc d trung bnh.
Lm sao d tm duoc gi tri Max. photons? Chng ta bt du nng tung buoc gi tri cua n tu 0
voi mt vi buoc (v du 10 photon) v mi ln s tin hnh render hnh. Lc hnh anh o cc vng
c mt d photon nho nht (ti v kh chiu sng) khng thay di nua trong khi ta vn tng di
Max. Photons th gi tri lc d cua Max. photons s duoc ly. Chi cn tic l khng c cng cu
thuong truc d theo di mt d photon map tai mt dim bt ky cua khung canh.

Hnh. mp-10. Photon map vi Max. photons = 10. Rt nhiu, tip tc tng s photon thu
thp.

Hnh. mp50. Tip tc tng tng buc gi tr| cua Max. photons, ti dng li o gi tr| 50
photon. Sau ngung 100 photon hnh anh s hon ton khng thay di na - ti mi vng
cua khung canh d dt ti gii hn duc d|nh boi SD. Ch rng cc vt nhiu by gi d
tro nn t du d}n hon v khng r nhu o hnh sd-90. S ti o cc vt ni v gc cng gn
nhu bin mt hon ton - Convex hull area estimate d lm vic.
Mt photon map duoc xc lp tt l cha kha cho thnh cng v render nhanh. By giuo chng
ta chuyn sang phn xc lp irradiance map.
Xc lp Irradiance map
Chng ta lai chuyn sang bang VRay: Indirect illumination v trong vai tr tnh khuch tn bt
ln du tin chng ta chon irradiance map. D xc lp irradiance map ti chon Irradiance map
preset>High, ngay sau d chon - Custom. Diu d cho php chinh cc xc lp cua preset High



Hnh 08. Cc xc lp tnh s bt ln du tin cua nh sng bng phuong php irradiance
map
Cc gi tri ngung cho mu sc, php tuyn, khoang cch v s luong samples subdivs ta s giu
nguyn nhu cua preset High. S luong subdivs l 50 samples c nghia l d tnh su chiu sng
khuch tn cua mi dim s su dung toi 2500 tia, diu hon ton du cho hu ht cc truong hop.
Ni chung, pham vi lm vic cua subdivs nm trong khoang 30-120 samples v c th tng
hon nua khi xut hin nhiu nhiu trong hnh.
Khi c nhiu cn nghim tc phn tch cc nguyn nhn c th cua n boi v giam gi tri ngung
tuong ung c th dn dn giai php khng tng. Gi tri Min. rate v Max. rate c th d hoi cao
v d xc lp chng ta dng hnh c kch thuoc nho (640x480). D theo di qu trnh qut cc
dim c th bt Show calc. phase.
By gio ta chuyn sang cc xc lp cua chnh ban d trong bang VRay: Advanced irradiance
map parameters.

Hnh. 09. Cc xc lp irradiance map
Thuc hin vic thit lp cac thng s kha la don gian. Chon Interpolation type: Least squares fit.
Ngoai ra chi co thm mt phuong an nua - Delone triangulation, cai s khng lam mo su chiu
sang ni suy va khac voi cac loai khac, co th duoc dung cho hinh doi hoi su r net cao. Khung
canh cua chung ta hoan toan binh thuong vi th chung ta s d Least squares fit. Sample lookup
(kha nng chon cac dim d tinh cho phep ni suy- Precalc'd overlapping, tt nht trong nhung
ty chon c, chng ta s d nguyn. Thit lp Randomize samples. Check sample visibility dng
d bt chi khi xut hin vn d trong khung canh lin quan dn vic thm thu nh sng qua b
mt. Trong khung canh ny vn d nhu th khng c, tuc l ta s khng bt.
Calc. pass interpolation samples xc dinh s luong cc gi tri sng d tnh cho php ni suy su
chiu sng cua cc dim chua tnh. Gi tri d cng cao duong dc cng bng v cng nhiu vt
nhe. Pham vi gi tri cho thng s ny nn l 12-25, ta d 15. Dnh du ghi photon map vo file,
diu d c th huu ch cho cc thao tc tinh chinh bng Color map (diu chinh chiu sng theo
lut s mu) v xc lp chng rng cua. By gio tt ca d sn sng v c th nhn nt Render !
Ti tnh 2 hnh voi 2 xc lp cua photon map - cho Search distance=90, Max. photons=0 v cho
Search distance=90, Max. photons=50 (chnh l nhung map ta d tnh o hnh sd90 v hnh
mp50). Cn dy l nhung g nhn duoc (kch thuoc v xc lp AA tam thoi chua thay di).

Hnh. irr-1. Hnh anh nhn duc bng phuong php irradiance map+ photon map vi
Search distance=90, Max. photons=0. 640x480, khng c AA.


Hnh. irr-2. Hnh anh nhn duc bng phuong php irradiance map+ photon map c
Search distance=90, Max. photons=50. 640x480, khng c AA.
C nhn ti thch hnh thu hai hon v ti s render ln cui voi chnh n. Ti chi diu chinh mu
sc mt cht, thay Dark Multiplier tu 1.6 thnh 1.4, v dt AA:


Hnh.10. Cc xc lp AA cho render cui.
V su lm mm AA l mt buoc b sung dc lp trong mi quan h voi buoc tnh irradiance
map, nn cho xc lp AA, cung nhu cho xc lp Color map, ban d d luu trong file s duoc
dng. Tu cc b loc AA cht luong nht l Catmull-Rom v Mitchell-Netravali. Don gian nht l
Area. Cc b loc d xc dinh anh huong ln nhau cua cc pixels trong hnh v l kt qua cua cc
nghin cuu l thuyt chng rng cua. Cc b loc khc cua nhm ny d dng cho cc truong hop
dc bit, miu ta v diu d c th thy trong ti liu huong dn cua VRay. Truoc khi render, ti
thay di c anh ln 1024x768 v giam gi tri Min. rate xung -4, cn Max. rate xung -1. V s
dim anh tng ln, cht luong irradiance map s khng bi tn tht. V :


Hnh. cam-1. Render cui, anh t camera 1.
Trong khung canh c mt camera nua dt trn tng 2. Ti render mt anh tu n vn dng chnh
photon map tu file v irradiance map duoc tnh lai cho anh moi cung voi cc xc lp tuong tu.





Hnh. cam-2. Render cui cho canh t camera 2. Khu vc ny c mt d photon thp nht
khung canh. S photon o dy khng vut qu 30 trn din tch thu thp vi Search
distance =90 mm. Mt php thu thc s cho photon map.






Hnh.11. Irradiance map, chi c s bt ln khuch tn du tin.









Hnh. 12. Irradiance map, chi c s bt ln khuch tn du tin v chiu sng trc tip.



Hnh. 13. Photon map v nh sng trc tip.


Hnh. cam-3. Thm mt canh na t camera 1, quay li 180 d. Vn photon map d vi
nhng xc lp d, irradiance map duc tnh li.

C xc lp dng cho photon map v irradiance map by gio c th ly render tu moi dim cua
khung canh hay thm ch c th lm hoat canh. Trong truong hop hoat canh cho irradiance map
Mode c th dng Multiframe incremental ban d s duoc tnh lai cho mi anh moi khng
hon ton m chi tnh cho nhung dim moi, xut hin trong anh.

Hnh. cam-4. Thm mt canh t hnh lang trn.
Su dung cng cu diu khin theo lut s mu Color mapping khng phai l phuong php duy
nht d su l cc vng qu sng/ti trong hnh. C th dua ra thm 1 so d tuy di hoi thoi gian
thit lp cc thng s lu nhung c kha nng dem lai hnh anh th vi hon.
Du tin dt cuong d cc ngun sng bng phuong php thuong voi su h tro cua Color
mapping. Nhung truoc khi render ln cui ta cung dt Color mapping>Type>Linear multiply, G-
buffer output channels>Unclamped color v du ra cua hnh anh vo file dang HDRI. Hnh anh
tnh bng cch ny s chua dung gi tri mu cua cc dim anh trong format voi cc gi tri cuong
d tht ( chu khng phai RGB). Sau d file nhn duoc c th mo lai trong HDRShop v dng cc
kha nng cua n ( hay kha nng cua cc plugin, v du - tonemap) d chinh sua pham vi dng cua
hnh thnh pham vi khng gian mu RGB ( cua mn hnh) voi file duoc luu tru o dang thuong.
Uu dim cua giai php ny l o kha nng su dung cc thut ton dc bit khc nhau duoc tao ra
cho muc dch diu chinh pham vi dng cua hnh v nhn duoc hnh anh cui hp dn hon. V
thm ch d dua mt hiu ung dc bit hay mt dim nhn vo hnh, v du nhu nh kim trn cc
chi tit crm.


Hnh.14. V d thao tac vi HDRI-render trong HDRShop. Vng c sc d trung gian d|ch
chuyn theo hung v pha c sc d sng hon vi s h tr cua TONEMAP, plugin cho
HDRShop.
.
Caustic


Hnh. 15.gif Cc thng s xc lp caustic
Ti s khng dung lai chi tit o dy voi thm ca phn xc lp cc hiu ung caustic, boi v n
duoc tao thnh bng photon map v phuong php lm vic voi n ging nhu phuong php chung
thit lp photon map. Ti s chi ni v su khc nhau cn phai tnh toi giua chng. Du tin, su
chiu photon huong v pha vt th, caustic lai tnh tu vt th. Diu d cho php voi gi tri khng
lon caustic-subdivs cho cc ngun sng s nhn duoc photon map c mt d v cht luong rt
cao. Caustic-photon map duoc tnh v luu tru ring r. Diu d cho php thit lp chng dc lp
v nhp vo theo yu cu khi render cui. Khi tao caustic cung cn ch rng trong qu trnh
tnh chi tham gia 2 hay mt vi ( nhung cn xa moi c th l ton b) vt th cua khung canh-
ngun pht caustic v vt nhn (phan xa) caustic. Tuong ung, vt th - ngun pht, trong tnh
cht cua n cn bt Generate caustic v tt Receive caustic. Cua vt th phan xa caustic nguoc
lai. Ngun pht cn c tnh phan xa hoc khc xa manh v IOR lon hon 1, vt nhn nguoc lai,
cn phai l vt chi phan xa khuch tn.
Search dist cng nho th caustic cng cht luong v r rng, cung tuong tu voi Max. photons khi
mt d cua photon mapdu cao. D l tt ca.
Kt lun.
VRay rt th vi v l mt renderer giu kha nng. Ti d du suc (hy vong l th) miu ta nhung
thu quang trong nht v n 1 trong cc phuong php tnh su chiu sng ton canh. Nhung vn
cn rt nhiu vn d m vic xem xt chng khng th chi voi k do don gian rng khng th
hiu thu thu khng th hiu thu , nht l trong khun kh mt bi vit. D cn l thao tc voi
vt liu, v depth of field v motion blur, v lm vic voi cc ngun sng, dc bit l ngun sng
photometric Mi mt chu d du dng d quan tm v thao lun chi tit.
May thay, VRay l chuong trnh duoc su dung rng ri trn thuc t, dc bit l o ch chng ti.
V th lun c th tm duoc nhung chuyn gia thuc thu, nhung nguoi c th tra loi cu hoi cu th.
Trong mi lin h ny ti rt khuyn vo xem din dn v VRay trn
http://www.3dcenter.ru/forum. O d d tch luy duoc mt co so rt lon kin thuc theo nhung cu
hoi cu th v su dung chuong trnh v ban c th tm thy loi giai cho hu ht cc cu hoi v
VRay.
Ti mun nhn dip ny trn thnh cam on nhung nguoi m kinh nghim v lng nhit huyt v
tu cua ho d tao nn gi tri cua nhung kin thuc duoc thu thp lai.
Thuc t VRay c kha nng dn du c th thy qua cc tc phm cua cc master. V o dy dang
ni dn vic su dung diu luyn, cn phai khng dinh mt diu rng trnh d cc san phm do
nguoi Nga lm trong VRay rt cao. Cc dng nghip phuong ty du nghim tc ni v vic tn
tai mt truong phi Visual Rusia .

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