Ha Hc Vit Nam

Ngun: Chembuddy
Dch: Thi Ph Khnh Ha

Cc Phng Php
Tnh Ton Nng

Mc lc
Nng l g?............................................................................................................................... 1
Nng phn trm khi lng.................................................................................................. 1
Cc n v tnh ppm, ppb, ppt, ppq...........................................................................................1
Nng phn trm khi lng th tch.................................................................................2
Nng phn trm v th tch................................................................................................... 2
C vn g khi s dng n nng phn trm hay khng?............................................ 3
Nng Phn t gam.................................................................................................................. 3
Nng chun.............................................................................................................................. 3
Nng mol khi lng..............................................................................................................4
Phn mol........................................................................................................................................ 4
Chuyn i t nng phn trm khi lng sang nng mol th tch......................... 5
Chuyn i t nng phn trm sang nng mol khi lng....................................... 6
Pha long v trn dung dch....................................................................................................... 7
Cc k hiu dng trong bi ny............................................................................................ 9
Ph ch...........................................................................................................................................9
Bng tm tt mt s cng thc tnh ton nng .................................................................10

Nng l g?
Nng l mt cch m t thnh phn ca hn hp. Trong khi , hu ht chng ta
u dng nng m t cc dung dch cht lng, khi nim nng c th dng
cho cc hn hp bt k, ch khng ch dng cho cc hn hp cht lng. Thnh phn cc
kim loi trong hp kim cng c tnh theo t l phn trm tng t nh thnh phn
ca cc cht trong phn ha hc. Khi chng ta ni khng kh c cha 1% kh tr, ng
ngha vi vic chng ta ang cp n khi nim nng . Cch biu din nng
theo thnh phn phn trm thng t c dng n, nhng cch ny vn c s
dng trong cc lnh vc chuyn bit khc.
Nng mol th tch v nng ng lng (nng chun) thng c dng n
trong lnh vc Ha Hc Phn Tch v chng thun li cho vic tnh ton hm lng
ca cht tham gia v sn phm phn ng. Nng Mol khi lng v nng Phn
mol thng c dng trong lnh vc Ha L v chng khng thay i theo nhit .
T l phn trm thng khng c dng n ngoi tr phn trm v khi lng, v n
gip chng ta d hiu, cc dung dch vi nng phn trm cho trc, gip chng ta
d dng chun b hn.

Nng phn trm khi lng

T l phn trm v khi lng thng c dng biu din nng . N c nh
ngha nh sau:
C % w /w =

m cht tan
100 %
m dung dch

(1)

Khi lng ca dung dch (trong trng hp n gin ch c mt dung mi v mt cht

tan) s l:
m dung dch = m cht tan m dung mi

(2)

Do vy chng ta c th vit li cng thc ca nng phn trm khi lng nh sau:
C % w/ w =

m cht tan
100 %
m dung dch m cht tan

(3)

T l phn trm v khi lng l nng phn trm xc nh, khc vi nng phn
trm v th tch, cc bn nn ch ti n v ca cc thng s ghi trn nhn ca cc l
ha cht.

Cc n v tnh ppm, ppb, ppt, ppq

PP (Parts per) l mt k hiu qui c dng cho cc nng c gi tr rt nh. Nhn
chung n tng t vi thnh phn phn trm khi lng, khi ni 1% khi lng iu
ny c ngha l 1g cht no trong 100g hn hp, v c gi l (mc d rt t khi
1

dng) pph (parts per hundred ) mt phn trm. Cc k hiu khc c lit k di
y:
ppm
Phn triu (parts per milion) (106)
ppb

Phn t (parts per bilion) (109)

ppt

Phn nghn t (parts per trillion) (1012)

ppq

Phn triu t (parts per quadrilion) (1015)

n v ppq rt t khi c dng n, ch dng cho vic tnh ton l thuyt, cn ppt
thng hay b nhm ln vi parts per thousand (mt phn nghn)- Trong trng hp
ny nu bn mun dng k hiu part per th cch an ton l dng ppth (parts per
thousand) hoc l dng k hiu (pro mille).
Ch rng k hiu Parts per thng rt hay b nhm ln, ppm thng c ngha l 1
n v khi lng trong 106 n v khi lng, nhng n c th dng cho n v th
tch hoc l 1 ht c bn trong 106 ht c bn. 1ml SF6 (kh) c thm vo 1000 lt H2
(kh) th t l s l 1ppm v th tch, nhng t l v khi lng s l 73ppm. V d: Trong
mu ca Be c 1 nguyn t Pb trong 106 nguyn t Be, nh vy t l khi lng ca Pb
so vi Be l 23ppm.

Nng phn trm khi lng th tch

Trong sch gio khoa Ha Hc bng ting Vit th nng phn trm khi lng-th
tch thng c gi l Nng phn trm (% w/v) c nh ngha nh sau:
C % w /v =

m cht tan
100 %
Vdung dch

(4)

V d: mt dung dch cha 5g cht tan trong 100ml dung dch th dungdch ny c nng
l 5% w/v.
y c 2 iu quan trng ng ch . Th nht l, nng phn trm khi lng th
tch khng c biu th bng n v phn trm (%) n thun, m l bng n v [%
g/l]. Th hai l, do cch nh ngha ca nng phn trm khi lng-th tch do vy
vn c nhng dung dch c nng cao hn 100% w/v.

Nng phn trm v th tch

Nng phn trm v th tch [ % v/v ]c nh ngha nh sau:
C % v/ v =

Vcht tan
100 %
Vdung dch

(5)

V d: Ru vang c nng l 12% v/v etanol, iu ny c ngha l trong mi 100ml

ru vang s c 12 ml etanol.
Ch c th tch ca cc kh l tng l c tnh cng hp. Nhng i vi tt c trng cc
2

hp khc th th tch cui khng l tng ca cc th tch u c dng chun b hn

hp, do vy nng phn trm v th tch ca cc cht trong mt hn hp c tng
khng l 100%.
Nu bn nc vo 50ml etanol thu c 100ml dung dch th bn s c c mt
dung dch 50% v/v ca etanol. Nh vy th nng phn trm th tch ca nc trong
dung dch l bao nhiu? V mt logic th cu tr li thng l 50%, nhng do s co li
ca th tch nn c c 100ml dung dch th bn phi thm 53,7 ml nc, nh vy
nng ca nc l 53,7% v/v. Do vy tng nng ca etanol v nc trong dung
dch l 103,7% iu ny qu tht khng hay cht no.
Do s co li v th tch nn khi chuyn i nng phn trm th tch bn phi cn n
khi lng ring ca dung dch, dung mi v cht tan.

C vn g khi s dng n nng phn trm hay khng?

Nh cc vn c nhc n trong cc mc Nng phn trm khi lng -th
tch v Nng phn trm th tch. t nht c thm hai l do phi cn trng khi
dng n nng phn trm.
Nng phn trm thng b lm dng nhiu phng din khc nhau. Mt dung
dch c trn nhn l 5% th c th l n chun b bng cch thm 5g cht tan vo
95g dung mi, tuy nhin cch sau y thng c khuyn co nhng t khi c
ngi ta n, l: ly 5g cht tan ri thm dung mi n th tch 100ml (nng
l % w/v), hoc l ly 5g cht tan ri vo 100ml dung mi. Nu lm u khi pha
dung dch vi nng % w/v c l bn s ly 5g cht tan ri thm dung mi vo n
th tch 100ml, hoc ly 5g cht tan pha vi mt t dung mi cht tan, tan ht ri sau
mi a th tch ca dung dch ln 100ml. Dung dch vi nng phn trm v th
tch 50% v/v thng c chun b bng cch ong mt mt th tch bng nhau ca 2
cht lng. Trong tng trng hp trn kt qu cui cng s khn ging nhau v tht ra
th nng ca cc cht c trong dung dch l rt kh xc nh.
Thng thng th ngi ta t n s chnh lnh v nng tht v nng gi
nh, mc du chng khng chun xc khi chun b dung dch. Khi dng n cc dung
dch loi ny, bn nn bit rng thnh phn ca cc cht trong dung dch s khng nh
bn mong i. Nng phn trm theo th tch v khi lng- th tch u ph thuc
vo nhit . Khi nhit thp th chnh xc ca chng l rt ng nghi ng.

Nng Phn t gam

Nng phn t gam hay nng mol th tch (SGK thng gi l nng mol)
thng c biu th bng M, c nh ngha l:
CM =

n cht tan
Vdung dch

(6)

V c n v l [ mol/L]. y l n v nng thng dng. Nng mol thng

c dng trong cc ng dng phn tch v thng c o vi chnh xc rt cao.
3

V y l cch biu th nng c khuyn co v n gip cho vic tnh ton hm

lng ca cht tham gia v sn phm phn ng d dng hn.
Bt li duy nht l nng mol li b nh hng bi nhit , khi m dung dch b lm
nng ln th gn nh l th tch ca n thay i do vy m nng mol gim xung.
Khi nhit chnh lnh 5 C s lm cho nng mol thay i trong khong 1% nn
sai s trong khong ny vn c th xy ra cho d chng ta c gi tr th tch ghi trn
buret mt cch chnh xc.
Trong cc sch hay cc bi bo c, thnh thong bn thy nng c vit di dng
M/500- iu ny c ngha l 1 mol trong 500 lit dung dch (M/500 = 0.002mol/L).

Nng chun
Nng ng lng (hay nng chun) cng tng t nh nng mol nhng
dng ng lng thay cho mol cht tan trong dung dch. N biu th s ng lng
trong mt lit. Do vy vi cng mt dung dch c th c nhiu nng ng lng cho
cc loi phn ng khc nhau. V d dung dch axt sulfuric 1M s c nng ng
lng 2N cho phn ng axt/baz nhng ch l 1N trong phn ng to ta BaSO4 .
tnh ton nng ng lng ca mt dung dch no bn cn bit chnh xc nng
mol ca n cng nh h s t lng ca cc cht phn ng c dng.
chuyn i nng ng lng sang cc dng nng khc th trc ht bn phi
tm c nng mol ca n. Nng chun c n v l [ng lng/L].

Nng mol khi lng

Nng mol khi lng c nh ngha theo mt cch c lp vi s thay i nhit
ca :
Cm =

n cht tan
m dung mi

(7)

V n c biu th bng n v [mol/kg]. Dng nng ny rt him khi

dng trong Ha phn tch nhng li hay c dng trong Ha l c
bit l khi tm hiu tnh cht ca mt cht no , mt khong nhit
giao ng kh rng, hoc l tnh cht ca dung dch thay i cng vi nhit
v thnh phn ca cc cht.

Phn mol
Phn mol c nh ngha l t s ca s mol mt cht trn tng s mol ca tt c cc
cht. V d: Mt dung dch cha 10 mol etanol trn mi 1000g nc. M 1000g nc c
55.51 mol nc do vy phn mol ca etanol l: 10/(55.51+10)=0.1527.
Phn mol khng ph thuc vo nhit. Phn mol c th dng cho hn hp ca bt k cc
cht, Phn mol c gi tr cc i lun l 1 v tng tt c phn mol ca cc cht trong hn
hp bng 1. chuyn phn mol sang cc dng nng khc, cn bit khi lng ca
dung mi v cht tan. V mt im ng ch l phn mol khng c n v.

Chuyn i t nng phn trm khi lng sang nng mol

th tch
Trc ht, trong tt c cc trng hp khi bn mun chuyn i cc n v nng
bn cn phi bit phn t lng ca cht tan v khi lng ring ca dung dch. Mc
du rng nhng ngi trong ngh c th chuyn i nng bng tay nu khi cn,
nhng cch tt nht vn l dng cc cng c c kh nng tnh ton nng nh phn
mm CASC ca ChemBuddy. Nhng gi thnh ca cc phn mm ny th Vit Nam
khng my ai mun mua c bn quyn hn hoi c, h th l tnh ton bng tay. n
gin v l khng c kinh ph mua bn quyn. Du sao tnh ton bng tay vn logic
hn khi khi lng cng vic khng ln lm. Nhng php tnh n gin m dng phn
mm tnh ton thng hay lm cho con ngi li i.
Trong cc phng php chung dng chuyn i nng th phng php c bn m
bn n u tin l nh ngha ca cc nng , nhm p dng cc cng thc
chuyn i. Nhng thnh thong bn phi cn thm mt s thng tin ph hon tt
cng vic. By gi gi s rng ti cn chuyn t nng phn trm khi lng sang
nng mol th tch. Ti phi xem li nng mol th tch c nh ngha th no?

CM =

n cht tan
Vdung dch

(8)

Trong CM l nng mol th tch, ncht tan l s mol v Vdung dch l th tch. Nng
mol khi lng c nh ngha l:
C % w/w =

m cht tan
100 %
m dung dch

(9)

Vic ti phi lm by gi l biu din s mol v th tch dng trong phng trnh (8)
theo nh ngha ca nng phn trm khi lng. Trc ht ti biu din s mol ca
cht tan theo khi lng ca n.
n cht tan =

m cht tan
mM

(10)

Trong mM l phn t lng ca cht tan, mcht tan c th tnh theo nng phn trm
khi lng. T phng trnh s (9) ti c th rt ra c:
m cht tan =

C% w / w
100 %

m dung dch

(11)

T phng trnh (10) v (11) ti s biu din c ncht tan nh di y.

n cht tan =

C % w/ w m dung dch
100 % m M
5

(12)

By gi phi gii quyt n th tch dung dch, ti c mdung dch by gi cn tm thm

th tch dung dch, nhng hai i lng ny li c mi lin h theo phng trnh sau
y:
Vdung dch =

m dung dch
1000 d

(13)

Ti sao li phi dng n tha s 1000? L v th tch ly n v l L cn khi lng

ring li c n v l g/ml nn phi cn n tha s 1000 qui i. 1000 l s ml trong
mt L.
By gi n lc ti gp cc phng trnh trn li thnh mt phng trnh tng qut
hn:

CM =

n cht tan
V dung dch

C % w/w m dungdch
100 % m M
mdung dch
1000 d

10 C% w/ w d
mM

(14)

Hay
CM =

10 C% w /w d
mM

(15)

Trong cc sch tham kho bn trn th trng, ti thng thy h dng cng thc
tng t nhng k hiu c hi khc mt cht:

CM =

10 C % d
M

(16)

Trong C % v M ln lt l nng phn trm v phn t lng ca cht tan. Bn

nn bit rng nng phn trm c hiu l nng phn trm khi lng.
Khi vit thut ton cho cc phn mm chuyn i t nng phn trm khi lng,
bn cng cn n phng trnh (16). Tuy rng ngn ng lp trnh khc nhau v c php
nhng u dng chung mt thut ton.

Chuyn i t nng phn trm sang nng mol khi lng

Vic chuyn i sang nng mol khi lng i hi yu cu cao hn, v chng ta cn
phn bit dung mi v dung dch. Hy xem li nh ngha ca nng phn trm khi
lng v nng mol khi lng.

Cm =

n cht tan
m dung mi

(17)

C % w /w =

m cht tan
m dung mi mcht tan

100 %

(18)

Xem ra hai cng thc trn khng thy c im no chung c, do chng ta phi tm ra
im chung ca chng bng cch chuyn ncht tan sang dng gc ban u ca n.

n cht tan =

m cht tan
mM

(19)

T biu thc (17) v (19) ta thu c biu thc di y:

Cm =

1000 m cht tan

m M m dung mi

(20)

Tha s 1000 l cn thit l v nng mol khi lng c n v [mol/kg] trong khi
khi lng ca cc cht c n v l gam. Nu chng ta c rt ra c t l mcht tan /
mdung mi t cng thc (18) th coi nh vic a ra cng thc chuyn i hon tt.
C % w / w mdung mi C % w / w m cht tan = m cht tan 100 %

(21)

t nhn t chung ta s thu c:

C % w / w mdung mi = m cht tan 100 % C % w / w

(22)

v thu c t l thc sau y:

m cht tan
m dung mi

C% w/ w
100 % C % w/ w

(23)

Thay biu thc (23) vo (20) thu c cng thc cui:

Cm =

C % w/ w
1000

m M 100 % C% w /w

(24)

Hay
Cm =

1000 C % w/ w
m M 100 % C % w / w

T phng trnh ny bn c th tnh Cm theo C% w/w v ngc li.

(25)

Pha long v trn dung dch

Phng php n gin nht trn ln cc dung dch l da vo cng thc di y.
C M1 V1 C M2 V 2 ... = C MF V F

(26)

Trong CM v V ln lt l nng mol v th tch ca hn hp dung dch. Khi

khng c yu cu no khc th phng trnh cn bng khi lng s l:
C M1 V 1 = C MF VF

(27)

C hai cng thc trn u ng nhng chng khng cho chng ta manh mi no
tnh ton th tch ca hn hp dung dch sau khi trn chung c. V l do khi lng
ring thay i sau khi trn ln, hoc l do s co li v th tch nn th tch cui c i
khi khng bng tng ca cc th thch tng dung dch trc khi trn. Tuy nhin th
bng lit k khi lng ring cng khng gip c g nhiu cho vic tnh ton nng
nu nh bn khng bit th tch ca dung dch. V bn khng th tnh ton c th
tch ca dung dch nu khng bit c khi lng ring ca n. Khi lng ring l
mt hm ca nng m khng th tnh c.
Cch tt nht thot khi b tc trn l tnh ton nng phn trm khi lng.
Trng hp ny chng ta thng tham chiu n bng lit k khi lng ring ca cc
nng bit.
Nu bit th tch ca cc dung dch trc khi trn ln, chng ta c th dng bng tham
chiu khi lng ring tm khi lng ca dung dch ri sau dng n cng thc
tnh nng phn trm khi lng.
C % w/ w =

m cht tan
100 %
mdung dch

(28)

V hin nhin l: m dung dch = m cht tan m dung mi

tm khi lng cht tan v dung mi ta dng cc phng trnh sau:
m cht tan =

C 5 w /w
100 %

m dung dch

; m
dung dch = m dung mi m cht tan

(29)

C ki lng cht tan, c khi lng dung mi chng ta s tm c khi lng dung
dch, chng ta c th tm c nng phn trm khi lng ca dung dch. Tm c
C% w/w chng ta c th tm c nng mol th tch ca dung dch da theo bng thao
chiu khi lng ring. Khi tm c nng mol th tch ca dung dch, p dng vo
biu thc (26) hoc (27) chng ta c th tm c th tch cui ca dung dch mt cch
d dng.

Cc k hiu dng trong bi ny

C% w/w
C% w/v
C% v/v
CM
Cm
m
mM
n
V
d

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

Nng phn trm khi lng

Nng phn trm khi lng-th tch
Nng phn trm th tch
Nng mol th tch
Nng mol khi lng
khi lng
Phn t lng
S mol
Th tch
khi lng ring

Ph ch
Di y ti s nh km mt bng tm tt cc cng thc tnh ton v chuyn i gia
cc dng nng . Bn c th in trn t giy A5 hoc nh hn, gp lm i, kp chung
vi my tnh b ti s rt tin dng, khi cn n bn ch cn m ra m khng cn phi
vt c nh li. Bn khng nn em bng tm tt ny vo phng thi, gim th pht
hin ra th bn gp rc ri ri. Nu phi thi th bn phi nh cc cng thc ny thi,
khng cn la chn no khc. Ti khng mun gian ln nhng c bng tm tt ny
cng vic chun b ha cht trong phng th nghim s d dng hn.
Ti l ngi Vit, nhng tht xu h khi ni rng ti khng gii ting Vit din t
bi dch ca mnh mt cch tri chy v d c hn. Nu bn thy c ngn t no cha
thch hp, hy gp kin cho ti cc bn dch ln sau s tt hn.
Mi kin gp xin gi vo: h2vnteam[AT]gmail dot com

Bng tm tt mt s cng thc tnh ton nng

Nng mol th tch

Trn ln cc dung dch

M 1 V1 M 2 V 2 ... = M F V F ; Trong MF, VF l nng cui v
th tch cui.

n cht tan
m cht tan
M =
hoc l M =
V dung dch
mM
Vdung dch
chttan

Cc phng trnh khc

Nng mol khi lng

Cm

n cht tan
m cht tan
=
=
m dung mi
mM m
cht tan

S mol cht tan n cht tan =

chttan

dung mi

Khi lng ring ca dung dch: d =

Nng ng lng
Eqcht tan
Vdung dch

N =

Trong Eqcht tan l s ng lng ca cht tan.

m cht tan
m cht tan
100 % =
100 %
m dungdch
m cht tan m dung mi

ppm, ppb, ppt

ppm =

m cht tan
mdung dch

10 ; ppb =

mcht tan
mdung dch

10 ; ppt =

m cht tan
m dungdch

10

Phn mol
x =
hp.

n cht tan

ni

ni

tng s mol ca tt c cc cht c mt trong hn

m dung dch
; V c n v l L (lit).
1000 V

Cc k hiu thng dng

M
N
Cm
Eq
n
mM
V
m
d

Nng phn trm khi lng

C% w / w =

m cht tan
; m dung dch = mdung mi m cht tan
mM

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

Nng mol th tch (mol/L)

Nng ng lng (Eq/L)
Nng mol khi lng (mol/L)
S ng lng
S mol
Phn t khi (g)
Th tch
Khi lng (g)
Khi lng ring (g/mL)

Chuyn i sang nng mol th tch

T nng phn trm khi lng sang nng mol th tch:
M =

10 C % w/ w d
mM
chttan

T nng mol khi lng sang nng mol th tch:

M =

1000 m d
1000 m m M

cht tan

Phn mol sang nng mol th tch:

M =
mM

chttan

1000 d
1 x

mM
x

dung mi

Chuyn i t nng mol

Nng mol sang nng phn trm khi lng:
C % w/ w =

M mM

chttan

10 d

Nng mol th tch sang nng mol khi lng:

Cm =

1000 M
1000 d M m M

cht tan

Nng mol th tch sang phn mol:

x =

M mM
1000 d M m M

dung mi

dung mi

mM

cht tan

Bng tham chiu khi lng ring g/ml

% w/w

NaOH

H2SO4

Axetic

HCl

NH3

0.0

0.9991

0.9991

0.9982

0.9992

0.9991

1.0

1.0106

1.0054

0.9997

1.0032

0.9956

2.0

1.0219

1.0129

1.0012

1.0082

0.9913

3.0

1.0331

1.0198

1.0026

1.0132

0.9832

4.0

1.0443

1.0266

1.0041

1.0181

0.9792

5.0

1.0554

1.0334

1.0055

1.0230

0.9597

10.0

1.1111

1.0687

1.0126

1.0474

0.9421

15.0

1.1655

1.1048

1.0195

1.0725

0.9256

20.0

1.2219

1.1430

1.0261

1.0980

0.8951

30.0

1.3311

1.2212

1.0383

1.1493

40.0

1.4339

1.3070

1.0488

1.1980

50.0

1.5290

1.3989

1.0575

60.0

1.5031

1.0642

70.0

1.6150

1.0642

80.0

1.7323

1.0699

90.0

1.8197

1.0660

100.0

1.8305

1.0497