2.

PRINCIPLES

OF

ENGLISH

SPELLING,

INTRALANGUAGE

AND

INTERLANGUAGE TRANSCRIPTION

There are 3 major way of rendering words from one language to another ( ): 1. Translation - Frequent in the past Cape of Good Hope = , New Zealand = 2. transliteration involves the substitution of graphemes of one language with graphemes of another: Sh French ch; Gm sch; Polish sz and Bulgarian names into English. 3. transcription phonetic rendition of words written by means of one alphabet by means of another alphabet. English orthography English phonetic script = intralanguage transcript English orthography Bulgarian = interlanguage transcript. It renders the name into the target language in such a way as to be as close as possible to the original phonetic form without violating what is acceptable in the source language. Principles to take into consideration 1. Phonetic similarity name rendition into Bg as close as possible plus the original phonetic form. 2. Phonological analysis. (Phonetic analysis is not enough.) 3. Pronunciation and spelling norms of target language should be observed; untypical grapheme combinations should be avoided as much as possible. 4. Principle of easy retrieval when choosing between various alternatives of rendering the name choose the variant which makes it easier to be rendered from target to source language. 5. Tradition observe established public language. Andray Danchev Model of cross-language rendition of name: Linguistic component o Phonetic, phonological subcomponent o Morphological subcomponent o Lexical subcomponent Sociolinguistic component Psycholinguistic component Short vowels: /e/ Ellis Elis /i/ Jim /o/ Fox /u/ Cook // , , phonetically all 3 can be justified. Australian tends to /e/; northern - //; and Bg innovation (???) // - established usage lazy retrieval - // also RR and GA differences Chandler // /:/ Long vowels and diphtongs phonological criterion cannot be met, cannot preserve length opposition because its superceded by target language norms. /i:/ - possible in Bg () 1) word finally Lee () 2) word medially before a sequence of consonants and vowels () 3) Cons. __ Cons. Is not typical position in Bg: Graham Green accepted by speakers in Bg. It helps distinguish between pairs of words, ex: Pit, Pete. longer names Greenbaum /u/, principle of economy wall street - // - for morphological transparency. Established usage Peter Steve Sheffield /u:/ () avoided for psychological reasons and to observe the norms of the target language. The only established usage is, Food, Wood /:/ Bath, Armstrong established use - // Hall, Broadway established use o

tradition by Shaw. // - Poe, Pope GA accepted /o/ /a/ - is OK with Bg /a/ - - /e/ - but only in common nouns training, cake. Traditionally Wales , Wells /o/ - , PRINCIPLES
OF

ENGLISH

SPELLING

(P. 184, 214), . .

OE ME The runic letters passed out of use. Thorn // and the crossed // were replaced by the digraph /th/ while retained the same sound value // and //. Wynn was displaced by /w/. Ligatures // and /oe/ fell into disuse. 11 13th century (after Anglo-Norman dominance) English regained its prestige as the language of writing but remained in French spelling hands Influence of French seribal tradition: ou, ie, ch adopted as new ways of indicating /u:/, /e:/, /ts/ ME double /duble Out /wt/ OE /ut/ j, k, v, q probably first used in imitation of French manuscripts. Twofold use of /g/ and /c/ - owes its origins form French usually [d] and [s] before front vowels and [g] [k] before back vowels ME gentil [dentil] mercy [mersi] Good [go:d] cours [ku:rs] sh for [] ME ship (from OE scip) dg for [d] j, g ME edge, joye, engendren wh replaced OE hw OE hwt ME what [hwat] long sounds shown by double letter book [bo:k] not so regular with vowels [e] Theif [ef], feet [fet], meten [metn] gh for [x] and [x] helped distinguish between Fricatives and h (aspirale). ME knight [knixt] OE cnieht he [he:] OE he (- ) /o/ used also for [u] with u when u stood close to n, m, o and hard to distinguish in handwritten texts. OE munuc ME monk [muk] OE lufu ME love [luv] Beg [j] /y/ used = to i" close to m, n end of word (y, w) for purely ornamental reasons. ME nyne, very, my /w/ interchangeable with u in digraphs. ou, au ME doun, down [du:n] preferred finally ME how [hu:], now [nu:], lawe [lau] th, s voiced sounds between vowels. Initially, finally, next to voiceless become voiceless. ME worthy [wuri] esy [izi] thing [i] f, v distinguished now HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN ENGLISH SPELLING The alphabet way of writing was originally based on a phonetic principle. It was designed to give an accurate graphic representation of pronunciation by using letter to indicate sounds. Modern English spelling displays many deviations from this principle history. OE spelling was phonetic. OE notaries employed Latin characters in accord with the Latin written convention to put down English words as best they could. They attempted to use a separate letter for each distinct sound. The sound values of the letters were for the most part the same as in Latin. But

some letters stood for more sounds [] stood for 4 phonemes, [c] stood for 2 letters, [f], [], [] and [s] 2 allophones each (which developed into phonemes later). On the whole OE spellings were fairly good transcriptions of words, made with the help of Latin characters. ME spelling innovations incorporated many sound changes which had taken place somewhere in the 9th 10th century, and yet spelling had generally become more ambiguous and conventional. In many instances the one to one correspondence of letter and sound had been lost. More letter than before had two sound values o for [] and a for [o:], c for [s] and [k], g for [g] and []. U could even indicate 3 sounds [u], [y] and [v]. One and the same sound was commonly shown by different means [d] by g, j and dg; [k] by g, c and k. The digraphs introduced in ME look familiar to the modern reader, since many are still in use but ME application was rather contradictory, so that they did not make spelling more precise or more phonetic. Double oo and o for [:] and [o:] Ou, ow for [u:] and [ou] [e:], [:] ee, e, ie The use of digraphs was a digression from the phonetic principle for u was based on conventional association between sounds and their graphic representation. th, dg symbols of single sounds [] [] [d] The conventional principle of spelling was later reinforced by the fixation of the written form of the word in printing and by extensive sound changes. The introduction of printing and the spread of printed books perpetuated the written forms of the words reproduced from the manuscripts. They reflected the pronunciation of the age and the accepted devices of spelling; numerous variant spellings characteristic of the manuscripts were employed unrestrictedly in the printed books of the late 15 and 16th century. The phoneticians and spelling reformers of the 16th century strove to restrict the freedom of variation and to improve English orthography by a more consistent use of letters and digraphs and by the introduction of new symbols. They insisted on a strict distinction between [u] and [v] when used to indicate a vowel and a consonant [u] and [v]. Early NE loue, selues, vnripe, later and spelt as love, selves, unripe insisted on the regular use of the final mute [e] to show the length of the vowel in the preceding syllable rode, rose, and even beene, moone introduced new digraphs to show the difference between some open and close vowels, namely ee for [:] e, ee, ie [e:] o, oa [] ME eech, sene [] [e:] oo [o:] eNE each, seek ME hooly, boot [:] [o] eNE holy, boat, boot The use of double consonants became less frequent except in traditional spellings like kiss, sell but double letters were sometimes employed to show that the preceding vowel was short eNE sitten, shott, dipped. Most recommendations made were never accepted. The activities of the scholars in the period of normalization late 17th and 18th century had a stabilizing effect on the development of English spelling. The dictionaries and grammars fixed the written forms of the words as obligatory standards; numerous variant spellings of eNE went out of use. Only a few innovations a few new digraphs adopted with borrowed words ph, ps NE photograph, psychology ch NE chemistry, scheme, machine g NE genre In the 18th century the sound changes slowed down, standard pronunciation (later RP) and standard spelling were firmly established, and the gap between spoken and written form of the word was perpetuated. The conventional use of letters had prevailed over their original phonetic use. NB! Spelling always lagged behind the changing pronunciation but this discrepancy grew in the NE period. In eNE vowels and consonants were subjected to extensive changes, while spelling changes were few and inadequate. ME spelling shows the pronunciation of words in the late 14 th and in the 15th century that is before eNE sound changes ( ME pronunciation). That is why modern spelling is largely conventional and conservative but seldom phonetic.

Recent developments: SMS, Internet, ICQ Use of numericals: sk8, 4 u, 2nite CV, thru Acronyms of simple word combinations: brb = be right back. CONSONANTS Problems: 1. Rendition of [] [] fricatives rendered with plosives () 2. Do exist in both languages but have different distribution G /./ - restrictive distribution In Bg write whenever it occurs in English spelling to ensure correct back transcription. (???) // - velar nasal [] [] /z/ - Bg word finally following a consonant; gets devoiced Zelda, Arizona, Lizi Charles [], James [] Psycholinguistic factors Leeds, Leoyds, /d/ - - established usage George /ts/ z or ts doublet forms Tazher, , - preferred for simplicity. /ts/ - [] keep ts for morphological transparency finally /t/ Ashton () morphological factor quite important here /er/ Common nouns Bg names: , recent: RENDITION BG ENGLISH

OF

NAMES INTO

Transliteration because of phonological and morphological factors replace Bg graphemes with Latin ones. Principles 1. One to one interlingual graphemic correspondence. 2. Established public usage. 3. Simplicity, economy where variation is possible. 4. Easy retrieval. Doublet forms names of recognizably foreign origin Filip, Philip Translation of geographical names Rose Valley, Golden Sands. initially and medially i finally Levski (not y) e initially & medially e finally not pronounced (Abe), or pronounced as /i/ - Penelope; diacritics Rousse (better not) a a o o a, (in some languages) u on analogy Hunter / y Established usage /ou/. Also support from French En / Bg soup - group . do not try to change that Yodation initially before a vowel Yonkov Kolyo Lyuba, Yuliya (Julia) Yambol (unstressed iya, - ia Victoria simpler) stressed / Iliya; Iliana / Iliyana vewel + j / Peichev Aitos (Aytos Murray -)

, f, ph ts ch

-iy -zh Zheravna -dzh Pazardzhic -h Khan, Hristo, Chrsito (k) sh sht ks / x Alexander, Max