i hc Thi Nguyn-Khoa CNTT

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DANH SCH NHM 2

STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

H v Tn Bi Vn c H Anh c Nguyn Th H(9/10/1989) Nguyn Th H(23/12/1989) Nguyn Th Hng Nguyn Thi Hong L Quang Huy

Chc V Thnh Vin Thnh Vin Thnh Vin Thnh Vin Thnh Vin Nhm Trng Thnh Vin

nh Gi

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Mc Lc
trang M u..3

iu ch v gii iu ch FSK4
1. Gii thiu..4 2. iu ch FSK...5 2.1. Khi nim..5 2.2. Nguyn tc iu ch FSK...5 2.3. S iu ch6 3. Gii iu ch FSK.6 4. Gin xung.8 5.u im v nhc im ca iu ch FSK..11

5.1. u im...11 5.2. Nhc im.11

iu ch, gii iu ch FSK

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M u

Nhng nm gn y, k thut truyn hnh tin tin gii quyt thnh cng vn m ngun (nn audio v video) nhm ch yu gim tc bit vi suy gim cht lng n mc c th chp nhn c v m knh (ng dng cc thut ton sa li, cc k thut iu ch nhm t c hiu sut ph tn tt nht. Khi cc qu trnh m ngun v m knh c thc hin, chng ta c mt dng d liu c s dng iu ch sng mang tn hiu chng trnh. Tuy nhin truyn tn hiu chng trnh n ngi xem cn ph thuc vo phng thc truyn dn tn hiu (truyn qua v tinh, truyn theo mng cp, truyn theo mng mt t). Do vy, n phi bao hm cc c trng k thut nh: t s tn hiu trn tp m, cng trng h s sng phn x... v nhiu ch tiu k thut khc. Vic chn tn s lm vic cho mi phng thc c quc t quy nh. Trn c s t hiu qu cao nht, mi phng thc truyn dn cn chn cho mnh mt phng thc iu ch sng mang thch hp.

iu ch, gii iu ch FSK

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iu ch v gii iu ch FSK
1. Gii thiu. iu ch (modulation) l qu trnh l qu trnh ghi tin tc vo 1 dao ng cao tn chuyn i xa nh bin i mt thng s no (v d: bin , tn s, gc pha, rng xung,). Tin tc gi l tn hiu iu ch, dao ng cao tn gi l ti tin. Dao ng cao tn mang tin tc gi l giao ng cao tn c iu ch. Tn hiu bng gc c pht ra bi cc ngun thng tin khc nhau, khng phi lc no cng thch hp cho vic truyn trc tip qua mt knh cho trc. Cc tn hiu ny thng c bin i vic truyn c d dng. Mt trong nhng qu trnh ny gi l iu ch. Trong qu ch ny tn hiu bng gc dng lm bin i mt vi thng s ca tn hiu sng mang cao tn nh bin , tn s hoc pha.iu ch l mt thnh phn ca b pht trong h truyn thng, c lin quan n hiu qu v kh nng ca h. iu ch gii quyt vn bng truyn. Vi cc tn hiu c cng rng ph, nu truyn ng thi trn mt knh truyn m khng bin i chng s can nhiu ln nhau. gii quyt vn ny, ta dng cc ngun tn hiu khc nhau iu ch cc tn s sng mang khc nhau. Nu tn s sng mang c chn ph hp, ph ca cc tn hiu dn tri trn mt bng truyn ph hp. Phng php iu ch ny gi l ghp knh phn chia theo tn s FDM. iu ch cng gip cho vic bc x d dng. Trong truyn thng v tuyn, bc x c hiu qu, nng lng sng in t anten pht phi c kch thc ti thiu 1/10 chiu di bc sng tn hiu bc x. Vi nhiu tn hiu bng tn s thp nh tn hiu m tn, c bc sng rt ln do vic bc x rt kh v khng hiu qu. c th bc x, ta cn iu ch tn hiu ny ln min tn s cao,khi ng ten pht s c kch c ph hp hn. Mc ch ca iu ch: chuyn ph tn hiu tin tc tn s thp khng c kh nng bc x i xa ln tn s cao thc hin yu cu trn, n ni thu thc hin gii iu ch loi b ti tin ly li tin tc ban u. iu ch s l tn hiu sng mang cao tn s mang tn hiu li vo l tn hiu s. C ba dng k thut trong iu ch s: + ASK (Amplitude shift key): iu ch kha dch bin . + PSK (phase shift key) : iu ch kha dch pha. + FSK (Frequency shift key) : iu ch kha dch tn s.

iu ch, gii iu ch FSK

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2. iu ch FSK. 2.1. Khi nim FSK ( vit tt ca Frequency Shift Keying), ting Vit gi l iu ch s theo tn s tn hiu. Tn hiu FSK c dng sng dao ng vi tn s khc nhau, mi bit c c trng bi tn s khc nhau ny ca tn hiu. FSK c th xem nh tn hiu trc giao. Cc s tn hiu ch yu u s dng cho truyn s liu s tc thp, l do dng rng ri cc Modem s liu l tng i d dng to tn hiu v dng gii iu ch khng kt hp. Nh tn gi, tin tc s c truyn i mt cch n gin bng cch dch tn s sng mang i mt lng nht nh tng ng vi mc nh phn 1 v 0. 2.2. Nguyn tc iu ch FSK: Gi s c sng mang: x(t) = a.cos[c.t +(t)] = a.cos[(t)] vi (t) =ct+(t) Ta gi nguyn bin, pha v ch thayi tn s: i = d(t)/dt =c + d(t)/dt Trong : i l tn s tc thi d(t)/dt l s thayi tn so vi tn s sng mang. Ta gi l iu tn khi d(t)/dt = kf.s(t) s(t) l tn hiu sin kf l h s iu tn Suy ra: Suy ra y(t)= a.cos[ Trong trng hp iu ch s FSK th s(t)= Khi y(t) = a.cos( = a.cos( Tn s ng vi mt bt no : - i vi bt 0 tn s sng mang l f1, ta c 1= c- - i vi bt 1 tn s sng mang l f2, ta c 2= c+ rng bng khi iu ch FSK c tnh l: Bw = F1 + 2/Tp (F2 - 2/Tp) = F 1 F 2+2/Tp = 2(F + 1/Tp) Trong : Bw l rng bng tn. Tp l rng xung. rng bng tn khi iu ch FSK ph thuc vo dch tn F, tc l khong cch gia hai tn s F1 v F2 v rng bt s liu Tp.

iu ch, gii iu ch FSK

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2.3. S iu ch: Phng php iu ch FSK cho php to tn hiu FSK dng sin vi hai tn s : - Khi Data bit = 1, iu khin kho K v tr ni sng mang tn s F1 vi li ra FSK. - Khi Data bit = 0, iu khin kho K v tr ni sng mang tn s F2 vi li ra FSK. => S :

Hnh 1. Phng php iu ch FSK s iu ch FSK kiu (1.b), s dng my pht iu khin bng th VCO (Voltage Control Oscillator). ng dng trng thi 0 hoc 1 ca ti liu, VCO s pht hai tn s F1 v F2 tng ng. - Trn hnh (1.c) l s iu ch s dng cc b chia vi cc h s chia khc nhau: N v: M. Data bit s dng iu khin chn h s chia. V d, khi Data bit = 1, b chia c h s chia N, to chui xung ra c tn s F1 = f Clock /N. cn khi Data bit = 0, b chia c h s chia M, to chui xung ra c tn s F2 = f Clock /M. - Gin tn hiu FSK cho trn hnh (1.d). 3. Gii iu ch FSK: S gii iu ch:

iu ch, gii iu ch FSK

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Mch ph bin nht ca b gii iu ch cc tn hiu FSK l vng kho pha (PLL). Tn hiu FSK li vo ca vng kho pha ly hai gi tr tn s.in th lch mt chiu li ra ca b so pha theo di nhng s dch chuyn tn s ny v cho ta hai mc (mc cao v mc thp) ca tn hiu li vo FSK. B gii iu ch PLL c km theo mt mch lc thng thp ly i nhng thnh phn cn d ca sng mang v mt mch to li dng xung khi phc dng xung chnh xc nht cho tn hiu iu ch. Gii iu ch FSK c th thc hin trn c s hnh 2.Tn hiu FSK cha hai thnh phn tn s c gii iu ch bng s vng gi pha (PLL).

Hnh 2. Phng php gii iu ch FSK

iu ch, gii iu ch FSK

i hc Thi Nguyn-Khoa CNTT => S chung ca iu ch v gii iu ch FSK:

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4. Gin xung. Ta cng bt u vi sng mang cha iu ch: e(t) = Ac cos(ct + ) = Ac cos(t) (*) Tn s (t) l gi tr bin i theo thi gian ca (t), ngha l: (t) =d(t)/dt. (1) Vy tn s ca tn hiu cha iu ch l: (t) = d (ct + ) / dt = c iu ch, gii iu ch FSK (2) 8

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Gi s tn hiu iu ch l g(t), theo nh ngha ca php iu ch tn s, tn s tc thi ca sng mang l: (t) = c [1 + g(t) ] (3) Thay (3) vo (1): (t) =c[1 + g(t) ] dt=c t + g(t).dt Thay vo (*) ta c: eFM(t) = Accos{ ct +c g(t).dt.

(4)

Biu thc (4) cho thy tn hiu g(t) c ly tch phn trc khi c iu ch. Xt trng hp g(t) l tn hiu h tn c dng hnh sin: g(t) = ( / c ) Cosm l di tn v m l tn s ca tn hiu h tn (t) = c t + c ( / c ) Cosm = ct + mf sinmt vi mf = / m l ch s iu ch. l t s ca di tn v tn s ca tn hiu iu ch (h tn). eFM (t) = Ac cos{ ct + mf sinmt} (5) thy ph tn ca sng FSK ta trin khai biu thc (5): eFM (t) =AcJ0(mf).cosct+AcJ2n(mf)[ cos(ct+2ncosmt)+ cos(ct - 2ncosmt)] AcJ2n+1(mf) { cos[c t + (2n+1)cosmt] - cos[ct - (2n+1)cosmt]} (14) J l hm Bessel theo mf v n c mi tr nguyn t 0 n . T (4) ta thy sng FM gm thnh phn c bn c tn s ca sng mang v bin cho bi s hng th I , J0(mf) , v cc bng cnh cho bi cc s hng cn li. V ly mi gi tr t 0 n nn ph tn ca sng FM rng v hn, tuy nhin do nng lng tn hiu gim rt nhanh vi tn s cao nn ngi ta xem bng thng trong FM xp x bng: BW = 2(mf .m + m ) = 2( + m ) rad/s
t.dt t.dt

iu ch, gii iu ch FSK

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Hnh 3: iu ch FSK

FSK c dng rng ri trong truyn s liu. Trong FSK bit 1 c truyn i bi tn s fm v bit 0 bi tn s fs v d, trong h thng truyn s dng tiu chun ca hng Bell bit 1 c truyn bi tn s 1070 Hz (fm) v bit 0 bi tn s 1270 Hz (fs).

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i hc Thi Nguyn-Khoa CNTT * Minh ha tn hiu iu ch FSK

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5. u im, nhc im ca iu ch, gii iu ch FSK. 5.1. u im: - Dng nhiu hn hai tn s. - c s dng truyn d liu tc 1200bps hay thp hn trn mng in thoi - Bng thng c dng hiu qu hn. - t li hn so vi ASK. - C th dng tn s cao (3-30MHz) truyn trn sng radio hoc cp ng trc. - Mi phn t tn hiu c biu din nhiu hn 1 bt d liu. - Ch yu dng trong modem truyn d liu v trong truyn v tuyn s. - i hi phc tp ca mch mc trung bnh. 5.2. Nhc im: - Truyn s liu tc thp. - Tin tc s liu c truyn i n gin bng cc dch tn s song mang mt lng nht nh tng ng vi mc nh phn 1 v 0 - Cng ngh ch to phc tp hn ASK. - Hiu qu ph thp. - Kh nng p ng tn s ca mi trng l mt mt hn ch ln ca FSK. - Tn s tn hiu tng i cao, iu ny mt mt dn n kh nng gy nhiu mnh i vi bn ngoi, mt khc hn ch vic tng tc truyn.

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