Truyen Song Va Anten

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
BI GING
TRUYN SNG V ANTEN
Ging vin: Nguyn Vit Minh
in thoi/E-mail: (090) 406-2112/minhnv@ptit.edu.vn
B mn: V tuyn Khoa Vin thng 1
Hc k/Nm bin son: II/2010
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GING VIN: NGUYN VIT MINH
B MN: V TUYN KHOA VIN THNG 1
Trang 2
Tn hc phn:
Truyn sng v anten

(Radiowave Propagation and Antenna )
Tng lng kin thc:
60 tit
+
L thuyt: 50 tit; Thc hnh: 6 tit; Bi tp: 4 tit
Mc tiu hc phn:
Gii thiu cc khi nim, cc biu thc ca qu trnh truyn lan sng v
tuyn. Nghin cu s truyn lan ca sng cc ngn trong mi trng thc
Gii thiu l thuyt chung v anten, cc anten nguyn t. Nghin cu hot

ng ca chn t i xng, cc loi anten trong thng tin v tuyn
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Trang 3
Ni dung hc phn:
Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng

+
Tnh cht ca sng in t; Cc phng php truyn lan sng; Qu trnh
truyn lan sng trong khng gian t do
Chng 2: Truyn lan sng cc ngn

+
Truyn lan trong iu kin l tng; Truyn lan trong iu kin thc; Phadinh
v bin php chng
Chng 3: Truyn lan sng trong thng tin di ng

+
c tnh knh truyn sng di ng; Cc m hnh knh v tuyn di ng; nh
gi c tnh knh
Chng 4: L thuyt chung v anten

+
Cc tham s ca anten; Cc ngun bc x nguyn t; Nguyn l ca anten
thu

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Trang 4
Ni dung hc phn:
Chng 5: Anten chn t

+
Bc x ca chn t i xng, anten chn t n, cc loi anten s dng
nhiu chn t
Chng 6: Anten gc m
+
Nguyn l bc x mt, anten loa, anten gng parabol, anten khe , anten vi
di
Chng 7: K thut anten

+
Tng hp th phng hng anten, m rng di tn lm vic, cp in v
phi hp tr khng anten
Chng 8: Anten trong thng tin v tuyn tin tin

+
Anten thng minh, k thut a anten, anten cho h thng v tuyn bng siu
rng.
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Trang 5
Ti liu tham kho:
[1] Nguyn Vit Minh, Truyn sng v Anten, Bi ging, Hc vin cng
ngh BCVT, 6/2010
[2] Phan Anh, Trng in t v truyn sng, NXB i hc Quc gia, 2002
[3] Phan Anh, L thuyt v k thut anten, NXB KHKT, 2004
[4] Robert E.Collin, Antennas and Radio wave propagation, McGraw Hill
[5] N. Blaunstein, Radio propagation in cellular network, Artech House
[6] Frank Gross, Smart antenna for wireless communication, McGraw Hill
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Trang 6
nh gi hc phn
Chuyn cn: 10% (ngh 2 tit tr 1 im)

(Ngh t 16 tit tr ln khng c d thi ht mn)
Kim tra: 15% (2 bi, vng nhn im 0)
Thc hnh: 15% (1 bi, vng nhn im 0)

(Vng thc hnh khng c d thi ht mn)
Thi kt thc hc phn: 60%

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Trang 7
CC VN CHUNG
V TRUYN SNG
CHNG 1
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Trang 8
Ni dung chng 1: (6)
1.1 Gii thiu
1.2 Tnh cht c bn ca sng in t
1.3 Phn loi sng in t
1.4 Phng thc truyn lan sng in t
1.5 Biu thc truyn lan sng trong khng gian t do
1.6 H s suy gim
1.7 Cu hi v bi tp
NI DUNG
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Trang 9
H thng vin thng

1.1 Gii thiu
Hnh 1.1. M hnh h thng vin thng
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Trang 10
Truyn dn v tuyn (Radio Transmission)
Mi trng truyn dn
+
Khng gian (bu kh quyn)
Phng tin truyn dn

+
Sng in t
1.1 Gii thiu
Hnh 1.2. Mi trng truyn dn v tuyn
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Trang 11
Khi nim
Sng in t l qu trnh bin i nng lng tun hon gia in trng

v t trng lm cho nng lng in t lan truyn trong khng gian.
c im
Sng in t c hai thnh phn:

+
in trng : E (V/m)
+
T trng : H (A/m)
y l hai i lng vect (c phng, chiu, ln), c quan h mt thit vi
nhau trong qu trnh sng truyn lan trong khng gian
Cc ngun bc x sng in t thng c dng sng cu hoc sng tr,

khi nghin cu ta chuyn v dng sng phng
1.2 Tnh cht c bn ca ST
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Trang 12
Biu thc quan h gia cc thnh phn
Nghin cu vi sng in t phng, truyn lan trong mi trng in mi

ng nht v ng hng
Biu din sng in t bng h phng trnh Maxoel dng vi phn:

+
Gii h
y x
y x
H E
t z
H E
z t
c c
c =
c c
c c
c c
c: H s in mi
: H s t thm
z: C ly truyn sng
t: Thi gian
(1.1)
x 1 2
y 1 2
E F
G
z z
t F t
v v
z z
H t G t
v v
=
=
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
F, G: Cc hm sng
v: Vn tc truyn lan ca sng (m/s)
v
z 1
t .
=
c
=
c c
(1.2)
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Trang 13
Tr khng sng, Z: Biu th nh hng ca mi trng ti qu trnh truyn

sng

+
Vi khng gian t do
(1.3)
(1.4)
( ) Z
E
H
=

= O
c
( ) ( )
( )
( )
9
7
0 0
8
0 0
0
0
0
v
10
4 .10 H/ m ; F/ m
36
1
3.10 m/ s c
Z 120
=
= t c =
t
= =
c
= = t O
c
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Trang 14
Bin i Fourier biu din sng in t di dng tn hiu iu ha

+
Nhn xt: Khi sng truyn lan, ti mi im thnh phn t trng v in
trng c pha nh nhau v bin lin h qua cng thc (1.5)
(1.5)
( )
( )
( )
( )
x m m
m m
y
E E
H
z
cos t E cos t kz
v
E E
z
cos t cos t kz
v
Z Z
2 .f 2 .f 2
k
v c f .
=
=
e = e
e = e
e t t t
= = = =

k: H s sng, c trng cho s thay i pha ca sng
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Trang 15
Thng lng nng lng ca sng in t, S

+
Thng lng nng lng trung bnh

Sng in t ngang, TEM

(1.6)
[ ] S E H =
( ) ( )
2
m m m
avg e
1 E .H E
S R E H
2 2 2.Z
2
W/m = = =
Hnh 1.3. Sng TEM
(1.7)
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Trang 16
Mt sng
+
Sng in t lan ta trong khng gian, ti mi im sng in t c c
trng bi pha v cng
Mt sng: L qu tch nhng im trong khng gian ti sng in t c

pha nh nhau v cng bng nhau
Hai dng mt sng c bit: Mt sng phng, mt sng cu
Qu trnh truyn lan sng in t: Tnh cht sng

+
Sng in t bc x ra khng gian di dng v s cc mt sng lin tip
+
Ngun bc x sng in t ch ng vai tr l ngun bc x s cp
+
Qu trnh sng truyn lan, cc mt sng c to ra ng vai tr l ngun
bc x th cp to ra cc mt sng tip sau n
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Trang 17
Phn cc sng
KN: Trng phn cc l trng in t vi cc vecto E v H c th xc

nh c hng ti thi im bt k (bin i c tnh quy lut)
Ngc li l trng khng phn cc (bin i ngu nhin trong khng gian)
Mt phng phn cc: L mt phng cha vec t E v phng truyn lan

sng (vecto Z)
Phn loi
+
Phn cc ng thng: Mt phng phn cc c nh khi sng truyn lan
-
Phn cc ng: Vecto E vung gc vi mt phng nm ngang
-
Phn cc ngang: Vecto E song song vi mt phng nm ngang
+
Phn cc quay: Mt phng phn cc quay xung quanh trc ca phng
truyn lan
-
Phn vc trn: Khi vecto E quay, bin khng thay i (v ln ng trn)
-
Phn cc elip: Khi vecto E quay, bin thay i lin tc v ln ng elip
Quay phi: Quay thun chiu kim ng h
Quay tri: Quay ngc chiu kim ng h
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Trang 18
Phn cc sng
Hnh 1.4. Cc dng
phn cc sng
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Trang 19
Phn chia sng in t

+
Da vo tnh cht vt l, c im truyn lan: Chia thnh cc bng sng
Hnh 1.5. Cc bng
sng
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Trang 20
Phn chia sng in t

+
Da vo tnh cht vt l, c im truyn lan: Chia thnh cc bng sng
Bng 1.1. Cc bng
sng
Tn bng tn (Bng sng) K hiu Phm vi tn s
Tn s v cng thp ULF 30 - 300 Hz
Tn s cc thp ELF 300 - 3000 Hz
Tn s rt thp VLF 3 - 30 kHz
Tn s thp (sng di) LF 30 - 300 kHz
Tn s trung bnh (sng trung) MF 300 - 3000 kHz
Tn s cao (sng ngn) HF 3 - 30 MHz
Tn s rt cao (sng mt) VHF 30 - 300 MHz
Tn s cc cao (sng decimet) UHF 300 - 3000 MHz
Tn s siu cao (sng centimet) SHF 3 - 30 GHz
Tn s v cng (sng milimet) EHF 30 - 300 GHz
Di milimet 300 - 3000 GHz
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Trang 21
Phn chia sng in t
Tnh cht quang hc

+
Sng nh sng cng l sng in t, bng tn th gic cm nhn c, khi
nghin cu sng in t thng s dng sng nh sng cho trc quan
+
Cc tnh cht quang ca sng nh sng cng ng cho sng in t
-
Truyn thng
-
Phn x, khc x
-

ng dng cc bng sng

+
LF, MF: Pht thanh iu bin ni a, thng tin hng hi
+
HF: Pht thanh iu bin c ly xa
+
VHF, UHF: Pht thanh iu tn (66 108 MHz), truyn hnh, viba s bng
hp, h thng thng tin di ng mt t
+
SHF: Viba s bng rng, thng tin v tinh
+
EHF: Thng tin v tr
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Bu kh quyn
Hnh 1.6. Phn tng
bu kh quyn
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Trang 23
Sng t
Nguyn l
+
B mt tri t l mi trng dn khp kn ng sc in trng
+
Ngun bc x nm thng ng trn mt t, sng in t truyn lan dc theo
mt t n im thu

c im
+
Nng lng sng b hp th t i vi tn s thp, c bit vi mt t m,
mt bin ( dn ln)
+
Kh nng nhiu x mnh, cho php truyn lan qua cc vt chn
+
S dng cho bng sng di v trung vi phn cc ng
Thu
Pht
A B
Hnh 1.7: Qu trnh truyn lan sng t (sng b mt)
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Trang 24
Sng khng gian
Nguyn l
+
Anten t cao trn mt t t nht vi bc sng
+
Sng in t n im thu theo 2 cch
-
Sng trc tip: i thng t im pht n im thu
-
Sng phn x: n im thu sau khi phn x trn mt t (tha mn L PX)

c im
+
Chu nh hng nhiu ca iu kin mi trng
+
Ph hp cho bng sng cc ngn, l phng thc truyn sng chnh trong
thng tin v tuyn
Hnh 1.8: Truyn lan
sng khng gian
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Trang 25
Sng tng in ly (sng tri)
Nguyn l
+
Li dng c tnh phn x sng ca tng in ly vi cc bng sng ngn
+
Sng in t phn x s quay tr v tri t

c im
+
Khng n nh do s thay i iu kin phn x ca tng in ly
Hnh 1.9: Truyn lan
sng tng in ly
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Trang 26
Sng t do (sng thng)
Nguyn l
+
Mi trng truyn sng l tng (ng tnh, ng hng, khng hp th)
+
Sng truyn lan trc tip n im thu theo mt ng thng

c im
+
Mi trng ch tn ti trong v tr, s dng cho thng tin v tr
+
Bu kh quyn tri t trong mt s iu kin nht nh c coi l khng gian
t do
Hnh 1.10: Truyn lan sng t do
Mc tiu trong v tr
Trm trn mt t
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Trang 27
Tng kt:
Hnh 1.11: Cc phng thc truyn lan sng v tuyn
Sng t do
Sng tri
Sng t
Mt t
Khng gian t do
Tng in ly
Tng bnh lu
Tng i lu
Sng khng gian
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Trang 28
Mt cng sut, cng in trng
Bi ton
+
Khng gian t do
+
Ngun bc x v hng, cng sut bc x P
1
(W), t ti im T
+
Xt trng ti im R cch T mt khong r (m)
Gii quyt
+
Ngun bc x s bc x v s mt sng cu lin tip c tm ti T
+
Xt mt cu i qua R c bn knh l r. Thng lng nng lng (mt cng
sut) ti mt cu:

( )
1
2
2
S
P
4 .r
2
W/m =
t
1 m
2

r
T
R
(P
1-W
)
(1.8)
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Trang 29

Theo l thuyt trng

+
Cng in trng ti im thu
(1.9)
h h
2 h h h
0
2
h
2
E E
S E
E
S
.H ; H
Z 120
120
=
=
= =
t
t

E
h
, H
h
: Cng in trng, t trng hiu dng
Z
0
: Tr khng sng ca khng gian t do
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
h
2
1
h
E
30P
r
60.P
E E . 2.cos t kr .cos t kr
r
V/m
V/m
=
= e = e
(1.10)
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Trang 30

+
S dng anten c hng

-
Tp chung nng lng gip tng cng sut ti im thu
-
c trng bi h s tnh hng D
1


(1.11)
( )
'
1 2
1 2 1 1
'
1 2
1 1
1 1
2
2
( constant); ( constant)
60. .
.
. . .
4 .
P P
D P D P
P P
P D
P D
S E cos t k r
r r
e
t
= = = =
= =
Hnh1.13: Ngun bc x c hng
R; P
2

bc x v hng
T; P
1

(P
1
)
R; P
2

(P
2
)
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Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng

(Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power - EIRP)
L cng sut bc x tng ng ca mt anten v hng c th t

c cng trng ti im thu bng vi khi dng anten c hng

G
1
: H s tng ch anten pht (G
T
)
q
1
: Hiu sut anten pht (q
T
)
P
1
: Cng sut bc x anten pht (P
)
P
a1
: Cng sut a vo anten pht (P
T
)
(1.12)
( ) ( )
( )
1 1
1 1
1
1 1 1 1
1
1 1
.
; .
. .
dB dB
a
a T T
EIRP P D
EIRP P D dB
G
D P P
EIRP P G P G
q
q
=
= +
= =
= =
(1.13)
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Trang 32
Cng sut nhn c trn anten thu, P

2

+
L tch gia mt cng sut ti im thu, S
2
v din tch lm vic ca anten
thu, A

+
Trng hp s dng anten gng parabol trn xoay vi h s tnh hng D
2

+
Cng sut thc t u ra anten thu

A
h
: Din tch hiu dng ca anten thu
q
2
: Hiu sut anten thu
(1.15)
2 2
. P S A =
( )
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 1 1
2 1 1 2
2
. . .
;
4 4.
. .
. . . . W
4. 4. . 4. .
D d d
A D A
D P D
P P D D
r r
t t
t

t t t
| |
= = =
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
2 2 2
. ; .
a h h
P S A A A q = =
(1.16)
(1.14)
d: ng knh ming anten
: Bc sng cng tc
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Trang 33
Tn hao truyn sng, L

+
Xc nh bng t s gia cng sut bc x ca my pht vi cng sut anten
thu nhn c

+
Tn hao truyn sng trong khng gian t do gy ra bi s khuch tn tt yu
ca sng theo mi phng, cng sut thu c ch l mt phn nh. Tn hao
ny gi l Tn hao khng gian t do, L
td

+
Trng hp s dng anten v hng, gi l tn hao c bn trong khng gian
t do, L
0

1
2
P
L
P
=
2
1 2
4 . 1
.
.
td
r
L
D D
t
| |
=
|
\ .
(1.17)
(1.19)
(1.18)
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
0
0
1 2
4 .
20lg 20lg 92, 45
20lg 20lg 92, 45 10lg 10lg
GHz km
td GHz km
r
L
L f r dB
L f r D D dB
t
| |
=
|
\ .
= + +
= + +
(1.20)
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H s suy gim, F
Mi trng thc t c nhiu yu t nh hng ti qu trnh truyn sng,

nh hng ti cng sut thu
Cc nh hng ca mi trng thc ln qu trnh truyn sng c biu

din qua h s suy gim: F
Trong mi trng thc

1.6 H s suy gim

2
1 2
4 . 1
.
. .
td
r
L
F D D
t
| |
=
|
\ .
(1.24)
( ) ( )
( )
1 2
20lg 20lg 92, 45 10lg 10lg 20lg
td GHz km
L f r D D F dB = + +
2
1 1
2
2
.
.
4 .
P D
S F
r t
=
( )
1
h
E
30P
.F
r
V/m =
(1.23)
(1.22)
(1.21)
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Bi tp chng 1
1.7 Cu hi v bi tp
6. Mt tri c cng sut bc x theo mi hng khong 3,85.10
20
W, khong cch nh nht t qu
t n mt tri l 147.098.090 km (vo thng ging) v ln nht l 152.097.650 km. Tnh:
- Mt cng sut bc x cc tiu v cc i ca mt tri ln b mt qu t?
- Mt cng sut bc x mt tri khong cch trung bnh v t l phn trm sai s ca
bc x cc i v cc tiu so vi gi tr trung bnh?
7. Mt my pht c cng sut 3 W, anten pht c h s khuch i l 30 dBi. c ly 40 km t
mt anten thu c din tch hiu dng l 3,5 m
2
, hiu sut lm vic 100%. Tnh cng sut sng
mang nhn c anten thu.
(a) 0,164.10
-5
W; (b) 0,164.10
-4
W; (c) 0,154.10
-5
W ; (d) 0,154.10
-4
W
8. Xc nh cng sut my pht cn thit thc hin tuyn thng tin c cc iu kin: c ly
thng tin 50 km, tn s cng tc 2GHz, h s khuych i ca anten thu v anten pht l 30 dBi,
cng sut anten thu nhn c l 10
-6
W.
(a) 1,63W; (b) 2,63W; (c) 3,63W; (d) 4,63W
9. Mt my pht c cng sut 50 W. Biu din cng sut my pht sang n v dBm v dBW?
(a) 15 dBW v 45 dBm; (b) 16 dBW v 46 dBm; (c) 17 dBW v 47 dBm; (d) 18dBW v 48 dBm
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Trang 36
Bi tp chng 1
1.7 Cu hi v bi tp
10. Cng sut bi 9 c cp cho anten v hng lm vic vi sng mang c tn s 900 MHz,
tm cng sut thu (tnh theo dBm) ti im cch anten pht mt khong 10 km. Gi s anten thu c
h s khuch i l 2 v sng truyn trong khng gian t do.
(a) - 45,5 dBm; (b) - 51,5 dBm; (c) - 55,5 dBm; (d) - 61,5 dBm
11. S liu nh bi 9 v 10, tnh bin cng in trng hiu dng ti im t anten thu.
(a) 2,9 mV/m; (b) 3,9 mV/m; (c) 4,9 mV/m; (d) 5,9 mV/m
12. Tnh tn hao khi truyn sng trong khng gian t do (theo dn v dB) bit c ly truyn sng 50
km, tn s cng tc 2 GHz, vi anten v hng.
(a) 132,5 dB; (b) 135,5 dB; (c) 142,5 dB; (d) 145,5 dB
13. S liu nh bi 12, nu c hai anten c h s khuych i l 30 dBi th tn hao l bao nhiu?
(a) 72,5 dB; (b) 75,5 dB; (c) 82,5 dB; (d) 85,5 dB
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Bi tp chng 1
1.7 Cu hi v bi tp
14. Mt ngun v hng c cng sut bc x 100W. Mi trng truyn sng l khng gian t do.
Hy xc nh:
a, Mt cng sut ti im cch xa ngun 1000 m.
(a) 6,96 W; (b) 6,96 mW; (c) 7,96 W; (d) 7,96 mW
b, Mt cng sut ti im cch xa ngun 20 km.
(a) 19,9 pW

; (b) 19,9 W ; (c) 20,9 pW; (d) 20,9 W
15. Xc nh cng in trng hiu dng ti im thu vi cc gi thit cho trong bi 14.
(a) 44,7 mV/m v 1,74 mV/m; (b) 44,7 mV/m v 2,74 mV/m; (c) 54,7 mV/m v 1,74 mV/m; (d)
54,7 mV/m v 2,74 mV/m
16. Xc nh mt cng sut ti im cch anten 30 km ca mt anten c cng sut bc x 5 W
v h s khuch i ca anten l 40 dBi.
(a) 4,42 pW; (b) 4,42 W; (c) 5,42 pW; (d) 5,42 W
17. Mt anten pht c h s khuych i 30 dBi, hiu sut lm vic 60%. c cng in
trng hiu dng ti im thu cch anten pht 100 km bng 3,46 mV/m th cn phi a vo anten
cng sut l bao nhiu? Vi iu kin sng truyn trong khng gian t do.
(a) 3 W; (b) 3,5W; (c) 4 W; (d) 5 W
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TRUYN LAN SNG CC NGN
CHNG 2
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Ni dung chng 2: (5)
2.1 Tng Qut
2.2 Truyn lan trong gii hn nhn thy trc tip vi iu kin l tng
2.3 nh hng ca cong tri t
2.4 nh hng ca a hnh
2.5 nh hng ca tng i lu
2.6 Cu hi v bi tp
NI DUNG
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c im truyn lan sng cc ngn
Bc sng t 1mm n 10m (30MHz 300GHz): L sng siu cao tn

(RF Radio Frequency)
Phng php truyn

+
Tn s cao nn khng th phn x trong tng in ly (i xuyn qua)
+
Bc sng ngn nn kh nng nhiu x km, b hp th mnh bi mt t
+
Phng php truyn sng khng gian: L ph hp nht
-
Tn x tng i lu
-
Siu khc x tng i lu
-
Truyn lan trong gii hn nhn thy trc tip
2.1 Tng qut
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Tn x tng i lu
+
Tn ti cc vng khng gian khng ng nht trong tng i lu
+
Sng i vo trong vng khng ng nht s khuych tn theo mi hng
Li dng truyn sng n im thu

+
c im: Khng n nh do vng khng ng nht lun thay i

2.1 Tng qut
Hnh 2.1: Tn x tng i lu
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Siu khc x tng i lu

+
Ch s chit sut N gim theo cao.
+
Khi tc gim t dN/dh < -0,157 (m
-1
)
Tia sng c bn knh cong ln

hn cong tri t nn quay tr li mt t : Siu khc x
Li dng truyn sng n im thu sau khi phn x nhiu ln trn mt t

+
c im: Khng n nh do min siu khc x lun thay i

2.1 Tng qut
Hnh 2.2: Siu khc x tng i lu
1
2
3
4
5
4
5
o
4

o
gh

h
0

A
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+
Hai anten thu v pht phi c t cao trn mt t trnh b che chn bi
cc vt cn trn ng truyn hay cong ca tri t
+
Sng truyn t pht n thu trong min khng gian nhn thy trc tip gia
hai anten
+
c im: t ph thuc vo iu kin thin nhin, s dng ph bin

2.1 Tng qut
Hnh 2.3 Truyn lan trong gii hn nhn thy trc tip
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S tuyn thng tin
Kho st qu trnh truyn lan sng vi iu kin l tng

+
Mt t l bng phng, khng c vt cn trn ng truyn
+
Kh quyn ng nht, ng hng v khng hp th
+
Anten t cao trn mt t t nht vi bc sng cng tc ()
S truyn lan sng

Tia 2
Tia 1
C
B
A
h
t

h
r

r
Hnh 2.4 M hnh truyn sng vi iu kin l tng
Sng n im thu theo hai ng:
+ Sng trc tip: i trc tip t pht
n thu
+ Sng phn x: n thu sau khi phn
x t mt t (ch c mt tia tha mn
nh lut phn x)
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Tng hp cng trng hai sng thnh phn (giao thoa)

+
Cng trng do tia trc tip

+
Cng trng do tia phn x
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
R 1 2
T1 T kW
j t
1
1 km
T2 T kW
j t k r
2
2 km
E
E
E E E
245. P G
e
r
245. P G
R e
r
mV/m
mV/m
e
e A
= +
=
=
r
1
: on ng i ca tia ti trc tip; r
2
: on ng i ca tia phn x
Ar: hiu s ng i ca hai tia Ar = r
1
-r
2
; k : h s sng (= 2t/)
R : h s phn x phc t mt t:
j
R Re
u
= , R: m un, u gc sai pha
G
T1
v G
T2
: h s khuch i ca anten pht theo hng tia trc tip v tia phn x
(2.1)
(2.2)
(2.3)
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Do chiu cao anten h

T
, h
R
<<r
G
T1
= G
T2
= G
T
; r
1
= r
2
= r, nhng khi tnh
sai pha th khng b qua v Ar = r
2
r
1
~
+
Cng in trng do tia trc tip

+
Cng in trng do tia phn x

+
Cng in trng tng
( )
( )
( )
T T kW
j t
1
km
E
245. P G
e
r
mV/m
e
=
( )
( )
( )
2
j t r
T T kW
2
km
E
245. P G
R e
r
mV/m
t | |
e uA
|
\ .
=
( )
( )
( )
2
j r
T T kW
j t
1 2
km
E E E
245. P G
1 R.e e
r
mV/m
t | |
u+A
|
e \ .
=
(
( + = +
(

(2.4)
(2.5)
(2.6)
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Trang 47

+
t | = u + k.Ar: Gc sai pha ton phn. Chuyn dng hm m sang hm
lng gic

+
Cng in trng tng ti im thu

+
H s suy gim trong trng hp mt t phng
2
1 . 1 .cos .sin 1 .cos .
.sin
1 .cos
j j
Re R jR R R e
R
tg
R
|
| | |
|
|

+ = + = + +
=
+
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
T T kW j t
km
T T kW
2
h
km
2
E
E
245. P G . 1 2Rcos R
.e
r
173. P G
. 1 2Rcos R
r
F 1 2Rcos R F 1 R F 1 R
mV/m
mV/m
e
+ |+
=
= + |+
= + |+ = | s s +
(2.7)
(2.8)
(2.9)
(2.10)
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Vi tuyn xc nh: h
T
, h
R
, , u, c th xc nh c ly thng tin r c h
s suy gim t cc tr
+
Cc i ti (u + k.Ar) = 2n.t vi n = 1,2,
+
Cc tiu ti (u + k.Ar) = (2n + 1).t vi n = 1,2,
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Trang 49

+
Hiu s ng i gia hai tia
B
B

h
r
-h
t

Tia 2
Tia 1
C
A
h
t

h
r

h
r
+h
t

r
h
r

( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2 2 2
1 r t
2
2 2 ' 2
2 t r
2 2
2 2
2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1
t r
r AB h h r
r AB h h r
r r
r r r r . r r r
r r
2h h
r m
r
= = +
= = + +
= + A =
+
A =
(2.11)
Hnh 2.5 Xc nh hiu s ng i gia hai tia
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Do r >> h
T
, h
R

gc ti tia phn x rt ln (~ 90
0
)
R ~ 1; u ~ 180
0

+
Cng thc hp l ha

+
Cng thc giao thoa n gin
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
T R
T R T R
T m R m
km m
T T kW
T m R m
h
km m
km
F 1 2Rcos R
4 .h .h
F 1 2Rcos R
r.
4 .h .h 2 .h .h
F 2 2cos 2. sin
r. r.
0,36.h .h
F 2. sin
r .
346. P .G
0,36.h .h
E . sin mV/ m
r .
r
= + | +
t
= + u + +
t t
= =

| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
(2.12)
(2.13)
(2.14)
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Xc nh im giao thoa t cc tr
+
Cc i

+
Cc tiu
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
T R T R
T R
T R
n _ max
2 .h .h 2 .h .h
sin 1 sin 1
r. r.
2 .h .h
2n 1 . n 0,1, 2,...
r.
2
4.h .h
r m
2n 1 .
t t
= =

t
t
= + =
=
+
( )
( )
( )
( )
T R T R
T R
n _ min
2 .h .h 2 .h .h
sin 0 n 1 . n 0,1, 2,...
r. r.
2.h .h
r m
n 1 .
t t
= = + t =

=
+
(2.15)
(2.16)
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Cng thc Vvedensky

+
Vi sin(o) ~ o
(rad)
khi o < 20
0
, nn

+
Cng thc Vvedensky xc nh cng in trng ti c ly
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
T R
T R
T T kW T m R m
h
2
km m
r.
h .h
18
4 .h .h
F
.r
2,18. P .G .h .h
E mV/ m
r .
<
t
=

=
T R
18.h .h
r >

(2.18)
(2.17)
(2.19)
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S tuyn thng tin khi k n cong tri t
nh hng ca cong tri t

+
Hiu s ng i gia sng trc tip v sng phn x thay i
+
im phn x li nn c tnh tn x
H s phn x nh
+
Hn ch tm nhn trc tip gia anten thu v pht
A
B
A
1
B
1
C
O
a
h
r
h
t

h
t

h
r

Hnh 2.7 M hnh truyn
sng trn mt t cu
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C ly nhn thy trc tip, cng in trng ti im thu
C ly nhn thy trc tip r

0
+
L c ly ln nht c th nhn thy c vi anten c cao h
t
, h
r

+
Cng thc thc nghim
(r
0
= r, c ly dc theo mt t)
O
h
r

h
t

A
B
a
r
o

C
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
0
2
2 2
t t t t t
2
2
r r r
0 t r
0 t m r m
r AC CB
AC a h a 2a.h h 2a.h h a
CB a h a 2a.h h a
r 2a. h h m
r 3,57 h h km
= +
= + = + ~ <<
= + ~ <<
= +
= +
(2.20)
(2.21)
Hnh 2.8 C ly nhn thy trc tip
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C ly nhn thy trc tip, cng in trng ti im thu
Cng in trng
+
Qu trnh truyn sng c ly nh hn c ly nhn thy trc tip
-
Tng t nh mt t phng, chiu cao anten xc nh bng chiu cao gi
nh : h
t
, h
r
-
Gi tr chiu cao anten gi nh xc nh bng h s b m (tra theo bng hoc
th - ph thuc h a l)
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
' '
t r t r
t r
t r
T T kW t m r m
h
2
km m
E
h .h m.h .h
2.m.h .h
r m
r
4 .m.h .h
F
.r
2,17 P G .m.h .h
mV/ m
r .
=
A =
t
=
(2.22)
(2.23)
(2.24)
(2.25)
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g gh ca tri t (tia phn x)
nh hng gh ca tri t
+
Hin tng tn x
+
Tiu chun Rayleigh

Khi tiu chun Rayleigh tha mn
s phn x sng khng c tnh tn x
Mt t coi l phng
2.4 nh hng ca a hnh
( )
h m
8sin
<
u
B
B
u
C

C
A

A
h
Tia B
Tia A
Mt sng 1
Mt sng 2
h: cao ca mt t phng gi nh
so vi mt t thc
u: Gc ti ti im phn x
(2.26)
Hnh 2.10 M hnh tiu chun Rayleigh
Hnh 2.9 Mt ct ngang a hnh thc
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Nguyn l Huyghen, min Fresnel (tia trc tip)
Nguyn l Huyghen
+
Nhn xt
-
Bn cht in t ca sng nh sng
-
Tnh cht sng ca sng in t khi truyn lan
+
Nguyn l: Mi im nm trn mt mt sng do mt ngun bc x sng in
t s cp gy ra s tr thnh ngun bc x th cp mi. Ngun bc x th
cp mi ny li to ra cc mt sng th cp mi khc. Nh vy trng in t
ti mt im trong khng gian do mt ngun bc x s cp sinh ra s do ton
b vng khng gian bao quanh ngun bc x s cp gy ra.

2.4 nh hng ca a hnh
S r
A
M
Hnh 2.11: Xc nh trng theo nguyn l Huyghen
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Nguyn l Huyghen

+
ngha
-
Qu trnh truyn sng in t t im pht n im thu khng phi ch theo
mt tia m cng trng ti im thu l do ton b min khng gian bao
quanh im pht gy ra
-
C th xc nh cng trng ti mt im bt k trong khng gian khi bit
mt trng ca mt sng to ra n.
2.4 nh hng ca a hnh
C

A

A

B

B

o

Hnh 2.12. Biu din nguyn l Huyghen
trong khng gian t do
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Min Fresnel
+
Xy dng min Fresnel

+
Khi nim
2.4 nh hng ca a hnh
N
n

r
1

A B
N
n

N
0

r
2

N
0

N
1

N
2

N
4

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
-
- -
-
-
-
-
N
3

N
1

N
1

+ Ngun pht A, im thu B, AB = r
+ Dng mt sng i qua im N
0
+ Dng mt nn trn xoay trc BN
0
,
ng sinh l: (BN
0
+ n./2), ct mt
sng N
n
(n = 1,2,3 )

+ Min Fresnel th n (F
n
) l vng khng gian c
gii hn bi qu tch cc im m hiu s gia tng
khong cch t im ny n im pht v im thu
vi khong cch gia hai im thu pht l hng s c
gi tr bng n ln na bc sng cng tc.
( ) n n
AN N B AB n.
2
+ =
+ Min Fresnel c dng elip trn xoay nhn hai im thu
v pht lm tiu im, c bn knh l b
n
(2.27)
Hnh 2.13: Nguyn l cu to min
Fresnel trn mt sng cu
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Trang 60
Min Fresnel
+
Tnh bn knh min Fresnel n, b
n

+
Cng thc hp l ha
2.4 nh hng ca a hnh
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
n n 1 2
2 2
2 2 n n
n 1 n 1 1 n 1 2
1 1
2 2
2 2 n n
n 2 n 2 2 n 2 2
2 2
2 2
n n
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1(km) 2(km)
1 2 GHz
km
AN BN r r n.
2
b b
AN r b r . 1 r b r
r 2r
b b
BN r b r . 1 r b r
r 2r
b b
r r r r n.
2r 2r 2
r .r
b .n. m
r r
r .r .n
b m
r r .f
n
n

=
= 17,32.
+ = + +
= + = + ~ + <<
= + = + ~ + <<
+ + + = + +
+
+
(2.28)
(2.29)
Hnh 2.14: Xc nh bn knh min Fresnel
b
1max

B A
Hnh 2.15: Vng tham gia vo qu trnh
truyn lan sng
B
N
n

A
b
n

S
0

N
0

r
1
r
2

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Min Fresnel
+
Chng minh c rng: Cng trng ti im thu ch yu c gy ra
bi vng khng gian nm trong khong mt na min Fresnel th nht
(0,6b
1
). Tng cng trng do cc im nm ngoi min ny gy ra ti
im thu s b tr cho nhau v trit tiu do pha ca chng ngc nhau. y
l gii hn ca vng truyn sng trong phm vi nhn thy trc tip.
+
ngha
-
Qu trnh truyn sng v tuyn gia hai anten thu v pht khng phi ch theo
mt tia, cng khng phi do ton b min khng gian m ch l vng khng
gian c dng elip trn xoay nm trong khong mt na min Fresnel th nht
-
Qu trnh truyn sng v tuyn c bn tn ti khi vng khng gian gii hn bi
0,6 b
1
khng b cn tr sut dc ng truyn.
-
qu trnh pht v thu sng v tuyn t hiu qu cao, ta dng cc bin
php k thut sng in t bc x ra ch tp chung trong min Fresnel th
nht
s dng anten c hng (anten parabol).

2.4 nh hng ca a hnh
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Chit sut (n), ch s chit sut (N)

+
Chit sut, n, ca tng i lu xp x bng 1, trong tnh ton m bo
chnh xc cao ta s dng ch s chit sut N
+
Tng i lu khng ng nht, cc thng s thay i theo khng gian v thi
gian
chit sut thay i

+
Tc thay i ch s chit sut theo cao nh hng ti qu trnh sng
truyn lan: Qu o sng b cong do hin tng khc x
Hin tng khc

x kh quyn
-
Tc thay i:
( )
'
'
6
c 1
n 1
v 2
N 10 . n 1
c
= = c = +
=
( )
dN
1/
dh
m
A
B
C
(2.30)
Hnh 2.16 Qu o ca tia sng trc tip v tia
phn x t mt t trong tng kh quyn thc
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Bn knh cong ca sng

+
Nguyn tc

+
Bn knh cong
Qu o sng
d
+ d

R
O
c
a
b
dh
n = const
n + dn = const
+ Chia tng i lu thnh cc lp
mng vi dy dh, chit sut thay
i mt lng dn
+ Cung AB nm trn ng trn bn
knh R, gc chn tm d
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
6
0
t r
ab
R
d
dh dh dh
ab d R
c c c .d
sin .dn
n.sin n dn .sin d c .
n
n 1 10
R R h , h r 90 ; n 1
dn dN
dn
sin .
dh dh
dh
os +d os os
os d
=
= ~ << =

= + + =
= = = << = =
| |

|
\ .
+ dN/dh > 0 R < 0; dN/dh < 0 R > 0; dN/dh = 0 R =
(2.31)
Hnh 2.17 tnh bn knh
cong tia sng
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Phng php tnh cng in trng
Bn knh tng ng ca tri t, a

td
+
Mt t thc bn knh a = 6.378 km, tia sng b khc x vi bn knh cong R
+
Mt t c bn knh a
td
, tia sng i thng (R = )
Bn knh a
td
phi tha mn iu kin: cong tng i gia mt t v tia
sng khng i

Bn knh
tri t
Bn knh
cong qu
o
a)
a
R
b)
a
t

( )
td
6
td
2 1
td
1 1 1 1 a a
a
a dN
a R a
1 1 a .10
R dh
dN
4.10 m a 8.500km
dh

= = =
+
= =
(2.32)
Hnh 2.18 Cc qu o ca sng v tuyn
a) Qu o thc vi tri t bn knh thc
b) Qu o ng thng vi tri t c bn
knh tng ng
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Phng php tnh cng in trng
H s cong tia sng, k

+
C ly nhn thy trc tip

+
li tri t
td
6
a 1
k
dN
a
1 a .10
dh
= =
+
( )
( )
'
0 t r
r 2k.a h h m = +
( ) ( )
( )
1 km 2 km
r .r
B m
12, 74.k
=
(2.33)
(2.34)
(2.35)
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Loi khc x

(1/m)
R (m) a
t
(m) Qu o sng thc t
Qu o sng tng
ng

Khc x m

>0

< 0

< 6,378.10
6

Khng khc x

0

6,378. 10
6

Khc x thng

- 0,04

2,5. 10
7

8,5. 10
6

Khc x ti hn

- 0,157

6,378. 10
6

Siu khc x

< - 0,157

< 6,378. 10
6

< 0

dN
dh
a
td
=
a
a
a
td
= a

a
a
td
< 4a/3

a a
td
< a
a a
td
< 0
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Hp th sng trong tng i lu

+
Nng lng sng b hp th do cc phn t kh, ma, sng m
+
Hp th ph thuc vo tn s, thay i theo khng gian, thi gian
Hp th phn t
+
Ch yu do phn t nc v xy
+
Ph thuc thiu vo tn s
c bit tng nhanh vi tn s trn 10GHz

3 6 15 30 60 150 300
10
+2

10
+1

10
0

10
-1

10
-2

10
-3

Tn s GHz
Suy
hao
dB/
km
f = 22 GHz
O
2

H
2
O
Hnh 2.19. S ph thuc ca h s hp th sng
ca O
2
v H
2
O vo tn s
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Hp th sng trong tng i lu
Hp th trong ma v sng m
+
Hp th trong ma ph thuc vo cng ma tnh theo mm/h, v theo tn
s, tng nhanh vi tn s t 6GHz tr ln
+
Hp th do sng m ph thuc
theo tn s v tm nhn xa ca anten
+
Gy thay i phn cc sng
6
8 10 20 30 40 50 60 100
2
3
4
8
40
30
20
10
Tn s GHz
Hp
th
dB/km

41 m 150 m
Hp th dB/km
0,01
0,1
1
10
10 30 100 3
1
Tn s GHz
30 m
Hnh 2.21. S ph thuc ca h s hp th trong
ma vi cng ma 100 mm/h vo tn s
Hnh 2.20. S ph thuc ca h s hp th trong
sng m theo tm nhn xa v tn s
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Bi tp chng 2
2.6 Cu hi v bi tp
9. Cho ng truyn c cc thng s sau: Cng sut bc x 15 W, bc sng cng tc 35 cm, h
s khuch i ca anten pht l 100, cao ca anten pht v anten thu ln lt l 80 m v 20 m,
c ly ng truyn l 10 km. Vi R = 0,91 v u = 180
0
khi sng phn cc ngang v R = 0,68; u =
180
0
khi sng phn cc ng. Xc nh h s suy gim?
(a) 0,42 v 0,44; (b) 0,52 v 0,54; (c) 0,62 v 0,64; (d) 0,72 v 0,74
10. S liu nh bi 9, xc nh cng in trng hiu dng ti im thu?
(a) 10 mV/m v 11,5 mV/m; (b) 11 mV/m v 10,5 mV/m; (c) 11 mV/m v 11,5 mV/m; (d) 10,5
mV/m v 11,5 mV/m
11. S liu nh bi 9, xc nh tn hao truyn sng bit h s khuch i ca anten thu l 100.
(a) 76,78 dB v 76,45 dB; (b) dB; (c) 76,78 dB v 80,45 dB; (d) 80,78 dB v 80,45 dB
12. Xc nh h s suy gim khi ng truyn c cc tham s: cng sut pht 50 W, bc sng
cng tc 10 cm, h s khuch i anten pht 60, cao anten pht 25 m, anten thu 10 m, c ly
truyn sng 10 km, h s phn x R = 1 v u = 180
0
.
(a) 1,62 ; (b) 1,72; (c) 1,82; (d) 1,92
13. S liu nh bi 12, xc nh cng in trng ti im thu?
(a) 115,34 V/m; (b) 125,34 V/m; (c) 115,34 mV/m; (d) 125,34 mV/m
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Bi tp chng 2
2.6 Cu hi v bi tp
14. S liu nh bi 12 nhng bc sng cng tc l 1m. Hy xc nh cng in trng ti
im thu?
(a) 15 mV/m; (b) 16 mV/m; (c) 17 mV/m; (d) 18 mV/m
15. Mt anten pht c t cao 49m v anten thu c t cao 25m. Khong cch tm
nhn thng ca hai anten ny l gi tr no di y?
(a) 35,8 km; (b) 42,8 km; (c) 45,8 km; (d) 50,8 km
16. Mt anten pht c t cao 30m v anten thu c t cao 15m. Khong cch tm
nhn thng ca hai anten ny l gi tr no di y?
(a) 27,4 km; (b) 30,4 km; (c) 33,4 km; (d) 35,4 km
17. Anten pht v tuyn truyn hnh t cao 64m. Tnh cao ca anten thu ti mt im t
cch xa i pht mt khong 50 km c th thu c tn hiu.
(a) 2 m; (b) 2,5 m; (c) 3 m; (d) 3,5 m
18. Xc nh bn knh cong ca tia sng khi i trong tng i lu i lu tiu chun?
(a) 2.10
6
m; (b) 2,5.10
6
m; (c) 2.10
7
m; (d) 2,5.10
7
m
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TRUYN LAN SNG
TRONG THNG TIN DI NG
CHNG 3
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Ni dung chng 3: (6)
3.1 Gii thiu
3.2 c tnh knh trong cc min
3.3 Pha inh phm vi hp
3.4 Phn b Rayleigh v Rice
3.5 Cc m hnh knh
3.6 Phn tp
3.7 Cu hi v bi tp
NI DUNG
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c tnh knh v tuyn di ng nh hng trc tip n cht lng

truyn dn v dung lng.
Tnh c bit
Tnh ngu nhin

3.1 Gii thiu
My pht
My thu
Hnh 3.0: Truyn sng v tuyn
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Cc yu t hn ch t mi trng v tuyn
Suy hao: Tng theo khong cch, gi tr t 50 n 150dB
Che ti: Cc vt cn trn ng truyn lm suy gim tn hiu
Phainh a ng: Tn hiu trc tip, phn x, nhiu x, tn x giao thoa

vi nhau gy mo tn hiu (thay i cng tn hiu; Nhiu giao thoa
gia cc k hiu ISI, InterSymbol Interferrence, do phn tn thi gian)
Nhiu: Trng tn s (CCI CoChannel Interference), knh ln cn (ACI

Adjacent Channel Interference)
Knh v tuyn
Khng gian truyn dn gia anten pht v anten thu

+
u vo ca knh: Anten pht
+
u ra ca knh: Anten thu
3.1 Gii thiu
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Phn loi knh v tuyn
Theo phm vi khng gian

+
Phadinh phm vi rng
-
Khong cch nh gi knh ln (vi km), phainh xy ra trong thi gian di
+
Phadinh phm vi hp
-
Khong cch nh gi knh nh, phainh xy ra trong thi gian ngn
(phainh nhanh, do hin tng a ng)
Theo c tnh knh

+
Phn tp khng gian: c tnh knh thay i theo khng gian (phadinh chn
lc khng gian)
+
Phn tp tn s: c tnh knh thay i theo tn s (phadinh chn lc tn s)
+
Phn tp thi gian: c tnh knh thay i theo thi gian (phadinh chn lc
thi gian)
3.1 Gii thiu
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Minh ha c tnh ca knh

3.1 Gii thiu
Tnh chn lc khng gian ca knh
Bin
Min khng gian
Tnh chn lc tn s ca knh
Bin
Min tn s
Tnh chn lc thi gian ca knh
Bin
Min thi gian
Hnh 3.1; 3.2; 3.3: Tnh cht knh trong min khng gian, min tn s, min thi gian
Hnh 3.1 Hnh 3.3 Hnh 3.2
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Min khng gian
Tn hao ng truyn: PL (Path Loss) hay L

p
+
L hm ph thuc khong cch

n = 2: Khng gian t do; n = 3 5: Mi trng di ng
d: Khong cch truyn dn
+
Cng sut thu trung bnh gim so vi khong cch theo hm logarit
+
M hnh tn hao ng truyn bao gm nhiu tham s, ti mt khong cch d
xc nh th PL l mt qu trnh ngu nhin c phn b log chun quanh gi
tr trung bnh

: Tn hao ng truyn trung bnh ti khong cch d

X
o
: Bin ngu nhin phn b Gausse, trung bnh 0 vi lch chun o
d
0
: Khong cch tham chun thu pht
n: M tn hao ng truyn
n
PL d
(3.1)
( )[dB] = PL(d) ( ) lg dB ( )
d
PL d X PL d n X
d
o o
+ = + +
| |
|
\ .
0
0
10
(3.2)
( ) PL d
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Min tn s
iu bin tn s
+
Gy ra do hiu ng Doppler: Dch tn s doppler, f

v : Tc my di ng (MS)
: Bc sng
o: Gc gia phng chuyn ng ca MS v sng ti
f
d
: Tn s doppler cc i
+
Tn hiu a ng t cc phng khc nhau lm tng rng bng tn tn
hiu, gi l tri ph doppler
Chn lc tn s
+
Mt s on ph ca tn hiu qua knh chn lc tn s b nh hng nhiu
hn (thay i theo tn s)
+
Phadinh chon lc tn s lm mo tn hiu
cos cos cos
v v
= o = o = o
=
c
Rx c
d
f f f
c
f f f
(3.3)
S
A
B
v
o
Hnh 3.4 Hiu ng Doppler
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Min thi gian

+
Cc knh v tuyn thay i theo thi gian (phadinh chn lc thi gian)
+
Biu din tn hiu thu

x(t): Tn hiu pht t: Tr a ng
h(t,t): p ng xung kim knh v tuyn vi tr t
+
nh hng a ng knh v tuyn l tri tr (phn tn thi gian), nghim
trng vi cc h thng tc cao

( ) ( ) ( , ) ( ) ( , ) y t x h t d x t h t t t t t
= = -
}
(3.4)
"0"
"1"
"0" "1"
Hnh 3.5 nh hng ca tri tr
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Min thi gian
Tri tr trung bnh qun phng, RDS (Root mean square Delay Spread)

P(t
k
): Cng sut trung bnh a ng vi tr t
k

+
RDS biu th tr so vi ng n sm nht (LOS Line Of Sight)
+
RDS nh gi nh hng ca ISI (InterSymbol Interference)
2
2
2
2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
k k k k
k k
k k
k k
P P
P P
t
t t
t t t t
t t
t t
o
= =
=

(3.6)
(3.5)
(3.7)
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Min thi gian
Tr tri cc i
+
Tr tri cc i ti, X dB, l tr thi gian m nng lng a ng gim
X dB so vi nng lng cc i.
Thi gian nht qun, T

c
+
L thi gian knh tng quan rt mnh vi tn hiu thu
+
T
c
xc nh tnh tnh ca knh, cc k hiu truyn qua knh chu nh hng
ca phadinh nh nhau (khng ph thuc thi gian; knh phadinh chm)
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Quan h cc thng s trong cc min khc nhau
Bng thng nht qun v tri tr trung bnh qun phng

+
Bng thng nht qun, B
c
, l di tn m knh c c tnh tnh theo tn s, tc
ng ca knh ln cc thnh phn ph trong di tn u nh nhau
+
Vi tng quan tn s l 0,5

Thi gian nht qun v tri doppler

c
1
B
5
(3.8)
C
d
T
f
~
1
(3.9)
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Min khng gian Min tn s Min thi gian
Thng s d;
Thng ging ngu nhin
f
d
;

o
t
;

Nhc im Chn lc khng gian Chn lc tn s Chn lc thi gian
Gii php MIMO OFDM Thch ng
Mc ch Li dng a ng Phainh phng
(T>o
t
)
Phainh chm
(B
S
>>f
d
)
Ch thch d: khong cch thu pht; MIMO: Multile Input Multiple Output; f
d
:
tri Doppler; B
C
: rng bng nht qun ca knh xt cho trng
hp tng quan ln hn 90%; T: chu k k hiu; o
t
: tri tr trung
bnh qun phng; T
C
: thi gian nht qun ca knh; B
S
: rng
bng tn hiu pht
Tng kt c tnh knh

c
B
t
~
o
1
50
c
d
T
f
~
1
Bng 3.1 Cc c tnh knh ca ba min
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Phn loi phadinh phm vi hp
Tri tr a ng
+
L thng s min thi gian, lm mo tn hiu do tr v phadinh chn lc tn
s (nh hng ln c tnh knh min tn s)
-
Phainh phng
-
Phainh chn lc tn s
Tri doppler
+
L thng s min tn s, dn n tn tn v phadinh chn lc thi gian (nh
hng ln c tnh knh min thi gian)
-
Phainh chm
-
Phainh nhanh
ngha
+
iu kin phadinh ngoi ph thuc thng s knh l tri tr a ng v bng
thng nht qun, cn ph thuc c im ca tn hiu bao gm chu k k hiu
v rng bng tn
+
La chn tn hiu ph hp s ci thin c hiu nng truyn dn

3.3 Phadinh phm vi hp
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Phn loi phadinh phm vi hp

B: rng bng tn tn hiu
B
c
: Bng thng nht qun
f
d
: Tri doppler cc i
T: Chu k k hiu
o
t
: Tri tr trung bnh qun phng

3.3 Phadinh phm vi hp
C s phn loi Loi Phainh iu kin
Tri tr a ng
Phainh phng B<<B
C
; T>10o
t

Phainh chn lc tn s B>B
C
; T<10o
t

Tri Doppler
Phainh nhanh T>T
C
; B<f
d

Phainh chm T<<T
C
; B>>f
d

Bng 3.2. Cc loi phainh phm vi hp
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c s dng m t tnh cht thng k thay i theo thi gian ca tn

hiu phadinh phng
Phn b phadinh Rayleigh
L phn b ng bao ca tng hai tn hiu c phn b Gauss vung gc
Hm mt xc sut, PDF

|: Bin ngu nhin ca in p ng bao tn hiu thu, r: gi tr ca |
o: Gi tr trung bnh qun phng ca tn hiu thu ca tng thnh phn Gauss
o
2
: Cng sut trung bnh theo thi gian ca tn hiu thu
3.4 Cc phn b Rayleigh v Rice
( )
,
( )
,
o
|
s s
= =
o
<
r
r
e r
f r p
r
r
2
2
2
2
0
0 0
(3.10)
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Phn b phadinh Rayleigh
Gi tr trung bnh ca phn b rayleigh

Phng sai ca phn b rayleigh (thnh phn cng sut xoay chiu)
(3.11)
[ ] ( ) ,
t
= | = = o | = o
}
tb
E rp r dr
0
2
1 253
[ ] - [ ] ( ) ,
r
E E r p r dr
o t t
o = | | = = o
| |
= o
|
\ .
}
2
2
2 2 2 2
0
2
2
2 2
0 4292
(3.12)
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Phn b phadinh Rice
L phn b ng bao phadinh phm vi hp, nhn c khi tn hiu thu c

thnh phn n nh vt tri, (LoS Line of Sight)
Thnh phn a ng xp chng ln tn hiu vt tri
Hm mt xc xut

A: Bin nh ca tn hiu vt tri
I
0
(.): Hm Bessel ci tin loi mt bc khng
(3.13)
( )
cos
, ,
( )
,
( )
r A
y t
A r
r Ar
e I
f r
r
I y e dt
+
o
t
t
> >
|
=
o o
<
=
t
| |
|
\ .
}
2
2 2
2
0
2 2
0
0 0
0 0
1
2
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Phn b phadinh Rice
Phn b Rice thng c m t bng tha s K

K
0: Suy thoi thnh knh Rayleigh

K
: Knh ch c ng trc tip

(3.14)
=
o
2
2
Cng sut trong ng vt tri A
K =
Cng sut trong cc ng tn x
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M hnh knh trong min thi gian
Nguyn tc:
+
Knh phadinh a ng: c trng ton hc bng b lc tuyn tnh thay i
theo thi gian (ng tr)
+
Knh c trng bng p ng xung kim knh

+
Tn hiu u ra bng tch chp tn hiu u vo knh vi p ng xung kim
knh
3.5 M hnh knh
( )
( )
( ; ) , , ...., ( ) ( ) ,
L
i t
h t L t e t
=
t = = | o t t
1
0
0 1 1
(3.15)
Trong
|
l
(t),
l
(t), t
l
(t) biu th cho bin , pha v tr i vi xung thu th l (ng truyn l);
t biu th cho tr, t biu th cho s thay i theo thi gian ca chnh cu trc xung kim
o(.) biu th cho hm Delta Dirac, L biu th cho s ng truyn
( ) ( ) ( , ) ( ) ( , ) y t x h t d x t h t t t t t
= = -
}
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M hnh knh trong min thi gian

3.5 M hnh knh
0

x(t)
0 1
L 2
L 1
y(t)
0
0
1
L 2
(L 2)
L 1
(L 1)
1 L 2 L 1
Hnh 3.6 M hnh knh v tuyn di ng bng ng tr a nhnh
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M hnh knh trong min tn s
Nguyn tc:
+
S thay i thi gian tr t dn n thay i tn s f, ngha l tn thi ca
knh khin knh mang tnh chn lc tn s
+
Thc hin bin i Fourier p ng xung kim knh trong min thi gian
3.5 M hnh knh
(3.16)
'
-
[ ' ( )]
( ', ) ( , ) ( , )
j f
L
j f t
h f t h t e d h t e
t t
t t
=
= t t = t
}

2
1
2
0
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Phn tp
Thng tin c truyn ng thi trn nhiu ng c lp t c

tin cy truyn dn cao (cc ng truyn khng tng quan nhau)
+
Phn tp thi gian: Cc k hiu c truyn phn tn trong cc khong thi
gian khc nhau m bo tnh c lp (m ha v an xen)
+
Phn tp tn s: Cc k hiu c pht hai tn s c lp (cch nhau mt
khong bng rng bng tn nht qun)
+
Phn tp phn cc: Cc k hiu c pht hai phn cc cho nhau m
bo tnh c lp
+
Phn tp khng gian: Cc k hiu n im thu theo ng i c lp nhau
(s dng nhiu anten pht hoc thu t khong cch xa)
SIMO: Single Input Multiple Output
MISO: Multiple Input Single Output
MIMO: Multiple Input Multiple Output

3.6 Phn tp
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Phn tp khng gian

+
S dng hai anten tr ln cho thu hoc pht
-
B tr cch nhau > 5 theo phng thng ng
-
Khong cch m bo tn hiu i trn hai knh khng tng quan nhau
+
ng thi cng truyn mt tn hiu trn hai knh
-
Do hai knh c lp nn khng b phadinh ng thi
Kt hp tn hiu t cc
anten nhn c tn hiu tt
L phng php s dng ph bin, chng c c phadinh phng v phadinh
la chn, thng s dng phn tp khng gian thu
3.6 Phn tp
f
f

T
x

R
x

R
x

Kt
hp
S liu
vo
S liu ra
Hnh 3.7 Phn tp khng gian
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Phn tp tn s
+
S dng hai cp my thu/pht lm vic hai tn s khc nhau
-
Cc tn s phi c khong cch m bo khng tng quan phadinh vi nhau
-
To nn hai knh v tuyn c lp
+
ng thi cng truyn mt tn hiu trn hai knh
-
Do hai knh c lp nn khng b phadinh ng thi
Kt hp tn hiu t cc
my thu nhn c tn hiu tt
L phng php s dng khng hiu qu tn s, phc tp trong cu hnh, hiu
qu trong chng phadinh la chn tn s
3.6 Phn tp
Hnh 3.8 Phn tp tn s
SW
f
2

f
1

T
x1
R
x1

R
x2

S liu vo
S liu ra
T
x2

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Phn tp thi gian

-
Phadinh su xy ra trong thi gian ngn gy li cm
+
Phn tn thi gian tn hiu pht khc phc li cm
-
Phn tn cc li trong khong thi gian rng hn
Duy tr cht lng tuyn dn trung bnh gi tr m bo yu cu

+
Thc hin bng k thut an xen tn hiu trc khi pht
L phng php hiu qu trong vic chng li khi, c s dng ph bin
3.6 Phn tp
Hnh 3.9 Phn tp thi gian
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Bi tp chng 3
3.7 Cu hi v bi tp
15. Xt mt my pht pht x sng mang c tn s 1850 MHz. My di ng c
t trn xe t chy vn tc 80 km gi. Tnh tn s sng mang ti my thu khi
my di ng tin thng n my pht?
(a) 1850,000010 MHz; (b) 1850, 000120 MHz; (c) 1850,000137MHz
16. (Tip). Tnh tn s sng mang ti my thu khi my di ng ri xa my pht
(a) 1850,000118MHz; (b) 1850,000220MHz; (c)1849,999863MHz
17. (Tip). Tnh tn s sng mang ti my thu khi my di ng chuyn ng vung
gc vi phng sng ti.
(a) 1850,000118MHz; (b) 1850,000220MHz; (c)1849,999863MHz; (d) 1850 MHz
18. Gi thit p ng xung kim knh c s dng lp m hnh cho cc knh v
tuyn vi tr tri ln nht l100s. Nu s nhnh tr c c nh l 64. Tm At
ca m hnh ng tr a nhnh.
(a) 1,3s; (b)1,56s; (c)1,5625s; (d)1,625s
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L THUYT CHUNG V ANTEN
CHNG 4
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Ni dung chng 4: (5)
4.1 Gii thiu
4.2 Cc tham s c bn ca anten
4.3 Cc ngun bc xa nguyn t
4.4 Nguyn l anten thu
4.5 Cu hi v bi tp
NI DUNG
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Trang 100
Vai tr ca anten
L thit b bc x sng in t ra khng gian v thu nhn sng in t t

khng gian bn ngoi
+
Anten pht: Bin i tn hiu in cao tn t my pht thnh sng in t t
do lan truyn trong khng gian
+
Anten thu: Tp trung nng lng sng in t trong khng gian thnh tn hiu
in cao tn a n my thu.
4.1 Gii thiu
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Cc loi anten
4.1 Gii thiu
Hnh 4.2. Mt s loi anten
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Qu trnh vt l bc x sng in t
in trng xoy
+
L in trng c cc ng sc khng b rng buc vi cc in tch to ra
n m t bn thn chng khp kn.
iu kin to sng in t
+
Quy lut ca in t trng bin thin, in trng xoy bin thin s sinh ra
t trng bin i. Bn thn t trng bin i li sinh ra mt in trng
xoy mi. Qu trnh lp li v sng in t c hnh thnh
4.1 Gii thiu
Hnh 4.3. Qu trnh truyn lan
sng in t
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Qu trnh vt l bc x sng in t
Kho st qu trnh bc x
4.1 Gii thiu
a
b
M
c
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Trang 104
Hm tnh hng
Khi nim: L hm s biu th s ph thuc ca cng trng bc x

bi anten theo hng kho st khi c ly kho st l khng i

u, : Gc bc x ca anten (gc phng v v gc ngng)
Hm tnh hng bin : Biu th quan h ca bin trng bc x theo

hng kho st vi c ly kho st khng i

Hm bin tng i (chun ha)

4.2 Cc tham s c bn
( ) ( ) ( )
, , . , . f f i f i
u u
u u u = +
(4.1)
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
, , , f f f
u
u u u = +
(4.2)
( )
( )
( )
ax
ax
,
, ; 1
,
m
m
f
F F
f
u
u
u
= =
(4.3)
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th tnh hng
+
L th khng gian biu th s bin i tng i ca bin trng bc x
theo hng kho st khi c ly kho st l khng i
+
c v t F(u,) trn ta cc hoc ta cc
-
Mt phng chn v th l hai mt phng vung gc i qua hng bc x
cc i ca anten (u,)
-
Vi ta cc, trc chun ban u chn trng vi trc i xng ca th, bt
u hng cc i
-
Thang biu din c th theo thang thp phn hay thang logarit
4.2 Cc tham s c bn
-60 -30
30
u
o

0,25
0,50
0,75
1,0
0 90 -90 60
Hnh 4.5. th
tnh hng
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Trang 106
rng th tnh hng
L gc gia hai hng m theo hng cng sut bc x gim

+
Gc bc x khng (2u
0
): Cng sut bc x hng cc i gim n 0
+
Gc bc x na cng sut (2u
1/2
hay u
3dB
): Cng sut bc x gim mt na
so vi hng cc i
Th hin tnh tp chung nng lng bc x theo hng lm vic

4.2 Cc tham s c bn
0
90
0
90
0
0
2 /
max
P
2 /
max
P
max
P
) ( 2
3
2
1 dB
u u
0
2u
0
0
Hnh 4.6. rng ca
th tnh hng
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Cng sut bc x, in tr bc x, hiu sut

+
Cng sut bc x (P
E
): L phn cng sut bc x thnh nng lng in t
+
Cng sut tn hao (P
th
): Cng sut b tiu tn do nhit bi vt dn, trong cc
lp in mi
+
Cng sut a vo anten: P
a
= P
E
+ P
th

Hiu sut anten

in tr bc x: L gi tr in tr tng ng tiu hao cng sut bng

cng sut bc x khi c dng in cao tn vi bin nh trn anten chy
qua

+
in tr bc x c trng cho kh nng bc x ca anten

4.2 Cc tham s c bn
1
1
a
th
a
P
P
P
P
q
E
E
= =
+
2
1
.
2
m
P I R
E E
=
(4.4)
(4.5)
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Trang 108
H s tnh hng, h s tng ch
H s tnh hng
+
L t s gia mt cng sut ca anten ti mt hng xc nh vi mt
cng sut ca mt anten chun khi hai anten t cng v tr v cng sut bc
x nh nhau. Anten chun thng chn anten v hng

H s khuych i anten (tng ch)

+
nh ngha nh h s tnh hng nhng hai anten c cng sut a vo
anten nh nhau v anten chun c hiu sut bng 1

-
H s tng ch va biu hin tnh hng, va biu th tn hao trn anten
4.2 Cc tham s c bn
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
0 0
2
ax ax
, ,
, ; , ;
, . , , . ,
m m
S E
D D
S E
E E F D D F
u u
u u
u u u u
= =
= =
( )
( )
( )
0
,
, . . ,
a a
S
G D
S
u
u q q u = =
(4.6)
(4.7)
(4.8)
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Trang 109
Tr khng vo
Anten l ti ca my pht, tr s ti c trng bi tr khng vo ca anten

+
Thun tr R c trng cho thnh phn nng lng bc x thnh sng in t
+
in khng X l do phn trng gn, b rng buc vi anten (v cng)
Tr khng vo nh hng ti ch lm vic ca cc thit b ni ti anten

4.2 Cc tham s c bn
a
va va va
a
U
Z R jX
I
= = +
Hnh 4.7. Mch tr khng tng ng ca anten
(4.9)
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Trang 110
Chn t in (dipol in)

+
L phn t dn in thng, rt mnh, c di
l
rt nh hn bc sng. Dng
in phn b u c v bin v pha
4.3 Ngun bc x nguyn t
H

E
u

I
e

I
e

I
e

l
E
u

H

I
e

Hnh 4.9. Bc x ca chn t in trong khng gian t do Hnh 4.8. Phn b dng in trong chn t
x
z
I
e

r
u
k
H

E
u

y
M
O
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Trang 111
Chn t in (dipol in)
Kho st trng ti im M
+
Tn ti vecto in trng trong mt phng in trng (u)
+
Tn ti vecto t trng trong mt phng t trng ()
sin ( / )
4
0
0
sin
4
ikr
e
ikr
e
ikZ e
E I l i V m
r
E
H
ik e
H I l i
r
u u
u

u
t
u
t
=
=
=
=
Trong : k = 2t/ l h s sng
Z: l tr khng sng ca mi trng truyn lan. Trong khng gian t do Z = 120 t (O)
I
e
: l dng in trong dipol in
r: l khong cch t tm O dn im kho st M
l : chiu di ca dipol
u,: l cc gc ca h ta cu
(4.10)
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Trang 112
Chn t in (dipol in)
Kho st trng ti im M
+
Nhn xt
-
Trng bc x ca dipol in l trng phn cc ng thng, in trng ch
c thnh phn E
u
v t trng ch c thnh phn H

-
Mt phng E trng vi mt phng kinh tuyn cha trc chn t, mt phng H
trng vi mt phng v tuyn vung vi trc chn t
-
Ti mi im vecto E v H c pha ging nhau nn nng lng bc x l nng
lng thc
+
Hm tnh hng

-
Trng bc x c hng trong mt phng E, v hng trong mt phng H

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
, . . .sin .
, . . . sin
sin onst
onst onst
e
e
f Z I l i
f Z I l
F c
F c c
u
u u
u u
u u
u
=
=
= =
= =
(4.11)
(4.12)
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Trang 113
Chn t in (dipol in)
Kho st trng ti im M
+
th tnh hng
c) Ta vung gc

1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
360
0

0
0

180
0
360
0
0
0
180
0

0

u
0

F()
F(u)
a) Trong khng gian

x
y
z
b) Ta cc

u

E
u

F(u); = const

F() = 1;u = const
Hnh 4.10. th tnh hng
ca dipol in
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Chn t in (dipol in)
Kho st trng ti im M
+
Cng sut bc x

+
in tr bc x

+
H s tnh hng
( )
2
2
2
2 3
0 0 0
1 1
E x H . sin sin
2 2 4
e
e
s
Z I l
E
P ds d r d d
Z
t t t
u
t
u u u u
E
| |
= = | =
|
\ .
} } } }
2
2
3
e
Z l
R
t
E
| |
=
|
\ .
2
2
3
e
e
Z I
l
P
t
E
| |
=
|
\ .
( )
( )
2 2
2
ax
, .4 .
1 3
, . sin
2 . 2
3/ 2
h
m
E r
D
Z P
D
u t
u u
E
= =
=
(4.13)
(4.14)
(4.15)
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Trang 115
Chn t t (dipol t)
+
L phn t dn t thng, rt mnh, c di
l
rt nh hn bc sng. Dng
t phn b u c v bin v pha
Hnh 4.12. Bc x ca chn t t trong khng gian t do Hnh 4.11. Phn b dng t trong chn t
I
m

l
E

H
u

I
m

a)
H
u

E

I
m

x
z
I
m

r
u
k
E

H
u

y
M
O
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Trang 116
Chn t t (dipol t)
Kho st trng ti im M
+
Tn ti vecto in trng trong mt phng in trng ()
+
Tn ti vecto t trng trong mt phng t trng (u)
sin ( / )
4
0
0
sin
4 .
ikr
m
ikr
m
ik e
E I l i V m
r
E
H
ik e
H I l i
Z r

u
u u
u
t
u
t
=
=
=
=
Trong : k = 2t/ l h s sng
Z: l tr khng sng ca mi trng truyn lan. Trong khng gian t do Z = 120 t (O)
I
m
: l dng t trong dipol t
r: l khong cch t tm O dn im kho st M
l : chiu di ca dipol
u,: l cc gc ca h ta cu
(4.16)
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Chn t t (dipol t)
Kho st trng ti im M
+
Nhn xt
-
Trng bc x ca dipol t l trng phn cc ng thng, in trng ch
c thnh phn E
v t trng ch c thnh phn H

u
-
Mt phng H trng vi mt phng kinh tuyn cha trc chn t, mt phng E
trng vi mt phng v tuyn vung vi trc chn t
+
Hm tnh hng

-
Trng bc x c hng trong mt phng H, v hng trong mt phng E

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
, . .sin .
, . . sin
sin onst
onst onst
m
m
f I l i
f I l
F c
F c c
u
u u
u u
u u
u
=
=
= =
= =
(4.17)
(4.18)
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Trang 118
Chn t t (dipol t)
Kho st trng ti im M
+
th tnh hng
c) Ta vung gc

1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
360
0

0
0

180
0
360
0
0
0
180
0

0

u
0

F()
F(u)
a) Trong khng gian

x
y
z
b) Ta cc

u

E
u

F(u); = const

F() = 1;u = const
Hnh 4.13. th tnh hng
ca dipol t
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Chn t t (dipol t)
Kho st trng ti im M
+
Cng sut bc x

+
in dn bc x

+
H s tnh hng
( )
2
2
1/
3
m
l
G
Z
t
E
| |
= O
|
\ .
2
2
3
m
m
I
l
P
Z
t
E
| |
=
|
\ .
( )
( )
2 2
2
ax
, .4 .
1 3
, . sin
2 . 2
3/ 2
h
m
E r
D
Z P
D
u t
u u
E
= =
=
m e
I ZI =
(4.19)
(4.20)
(4.21)
(4.22)
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Trang 120
Nguyn t bc x hn hp
Cu to: Phn t bc x gm mt dipol in t vung gc vi mt dipol

t
+
Dipol in t theo ox, dng I
e
x
; Dipol t t theo oy, dng I
m
y

+
di bng nhau:
l
;
+
Quan h dng in v dng t:
.
m
y
e
x
I
a Z
I
=
M(u,)
I
e
x

x
z
I
m
y

r
u

y
Hnh 4.14. Nguyn t bc x hn hp
(4.23)
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Trang 121
Nguyn t bc x hn hp
Kho st trng ti im M
+
Trng bc x gm 4 thnh phn E
u
,

E
,
H
u
,

H
.
+
Trng ti vng xa:
( )
( )
( )
( )
os os +a
4
sin 1 os
4
os os +a
4
sin 1 os
4
ikr
e
x
ikr
e
x
ikr
e
x
ikr
e
x
ikZ e
E I lc c i
r
ikZ e
E I l ac i
r
ik e
H I lc c i
r
ik e
H I l ac i
r
u
u

u
u

u
t
u
t
u
t
u
t
=
= +
=
= +
(4.24)
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Trang 122
Nguyn t bc x hn hp
Kho st trng ti im M
+
Hm tnh hng

+
Hm tnh hng bin chun ha

Max: u = 0; Min: u = t
+
H s tnh hng (a = 1)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
, os os +a
, sin 1 os
e
x
e
x
f ZI lc c i
f ZI l ac i
u u

u u
u u
=
= +
( )
( )
( )
( )
os os +a
,
1
sin 1 os
,
1
c c
F
a
ac
F
a
u
u
u
u
u
=
+
+
=
+
( )
( )
2
ax
3 os +1
, ; 3
4
m
c
D D
u
u = =
(4.27)
(4.26)
(4.25)
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Trang 123
Nguyn t bc x hn hp
Kho st trng ti im M
+
th tnh hng

-
th hnh cardioit trn xoay,
-
Nng lng bc x cc i v mt hng, l hng ca tch vc t (I
e
xI
m
)
z
y
x
u
z
Hnh 4.15. th phng hng ca nguyn t bc x hn hp
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Trang 124
Kho st
Hai anten t cch nhau trong mi trng ng hng
Tr khng tng l Z
1
v Z
2

Nguyn l tng h
1 1 1
2 2 2
t v
t v
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
= +
= +
x
1
y1
z1
x
2
y2
z2
R
u
1
u
2
Hnh 4.12. M t tng h hai anten
1 2
2 1 thu thu
e e
I I
=
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Trang 125
Xc nh S trn anten thu
Trng bc x v dng u vo

S trn anten
( )
21 1 01 1 1 1
,
4
ikR
h
ik e
E L I F
R
u
t

= Z
( )
21
01
1 01 1 1 1
.4
,
ikR
h
E R
I
ik L I F e
t
u

=
Z
( )
( )
21 1
1
1 1 1 1
12 2
2
2 2 2 2
.4 .
,
.4 .
,
ikR
h
ikR
h
E R Z
e
ik L F e
E R Z
e
ik L F e
t
u
t
u
Z
Z
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Xc nh dng trong ti anten
Tng qut:

Do cc anten l bt k nn dng trong ti anten l

S nhn c trn anten thu

( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
12 1 1 1 1 21 2 2 2 2
, ,
thu t v thu t v
h h
I Z Z I Z Z
E L F E L F u u
+ +
=
( )
( )
0
,
h
thu
t v
E L F
I C
Z Z
u
=
+
( )
0 0
,
h
e CE L F u =
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Bi tp chng 4

4.5 Cu hi v bi tp
10. Xc nh h s hng tnh (theo dBi) ca mt anten c tnh hng to nn mt cng sut ti im xem xt l
3mW/m
2
khi m anten v hng to nn mt cng sut cng ti im l 0,5W/m
2
.
(a) 30,8 dBi; (b) 33,8 dBi; (c) 35,8 dBi; (d) 37,8 dBi
11. Xc nh h s khuch i (theo dBi) ca anten c h s hng tnh l 40 v hiu sut lm vic 60%.
(a) 13,8 dBi; (b) 15,8 dBi; (c) 17,8 dBi; (d) 20,8 dBi
12. Xc nh cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng (theo dBW v dBm) ca mt anten c h s hng tnh 43 dBi,
hiu sut 70% v cng sut u vo anten l 5 W.
(a) 45,44 dBW v 75,44 dBm; (b) 48,44 dBW v 78,44 dBm; (c) 45,44 dBW v 78,44 dBm; (d) 48,44 dBW v 75,44 dBm
13. Mt anten c in tr bc x 20O, in tr tn hao 0,5O v h s hng tnh l 200.
a, Xc nh hiu sut ca anten: (a) 87,56 %; (b) 90,56 %; (c) 95,56 %; (d) 97,56 %
b, Xc nh h s khuch i: (a) 22,4 dBi; (b) 22,6 dBi; (c) 22,8 dBi; (d) 22,9 dBi
14. Mt anten c cng sut bc x 65W, cng sut tn hao 5W v h s hng tnh l 500.
a, Xc nh hiu sut ca anten: (a) 90,86 %; (b) 92,86 %; (c) 95,86 %; (d) 97,86 %
b, Xc nh h s khuch i: (a) 26,6 dBi; (b) 26,7 dBi; (c) 26,8 dBi; (d) 26,9 dBi
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ANTEN CHN T
CHNG 5
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Ni dung chng 5: (5)
5.1 Gii thiu
5.2 Anten chn t i xng
5.3 Anten chn t n
5.4 Anten nhiu chn t
5.5 Cu hi v bi tp
NI DUNG
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Khi qut
Anten chn t cn c gi l anten dipol, s dng chn t lm phn t

bc x trc tip sng in t
Anten chn t c kt cu n gin, c tnh tng t ng y dn mt

u h mch
Cc loi anten chn t in hnh

+
Anten chn t i xng
+
Anten chn t n
+
Anten nhiu chn t
5.1 Gii thiu
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Khi nim
L mt cu trc gm hai vt dn hnh dng ty

+
Kch thc ging nhau, t thng hng trong khng gian
+
gia ni vi ngun in cao tn
S dng nh anten hon chnh, hay cu to nn anten phc tp
Phn b dng in
Tng quan chn t i xng v ng dy song hnh

l
z
a) b)
Hnh 5.1 S tng quan gia chn t i xng v ng dy song hnh
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Trang 132
Phn b dng in
Tng quan chn t i xng v ng dy song hnh

+
Khc bit: Chn t i xng c
-
Thng s phn b L, C thay i dc theo chn t
-
Nng lng bc x ra khng gian di dng sng in t
+
Vi chn t mnh (d << 0,01 ), im kho st xa (r >> ): Coi l tng
quan. Phn b dng in trn chn t i xng c dng sng ng

+
Phn b in tch
( ) ( ) { }
.sin
z b
I z I k l z =
I
b
l bin dng in im bng .
l: l di mt nhnh chn t
( ) { }
( ) { }
.
.cos . , 0
.
.
.cos . , 0
.
b
z
b
k I
k l z z
i
Q
k I
k l z z
i
e
e
>
+ <
(5.1)
(5.2)
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Trang 133
Phn b dng in
Q
I
a) l = 0,25
Q I
c) l = 0,675
Q
I
b) l = 0,5
Hnh 5.2 Phn b dng in v in tch trn chn t i xng
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Trang 134
Bc x ca chn t i xng trong khng gian t do
Bi ton
+
Chn t i xng chiu di 2
l
t trong khng gian t do
+
Kho st trng ti M cch chn t r
0
>> , lp vi trc chn t gc u
Xc nh cng trng
+
Chia chn t thnh cc phn t rt nh dz >> . Mi phn t tng ng vi
mt chn t in
-
Chiu di dz
-
Khong cch r
-
Mt dng khng i I
z

u
Ar
dz
dz M
r
o

r
1

r
2

l
z
Hnh 5.3 M t cc thng s tnh trng bc x ca
chn t i xng trong khng gian t do
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Trang 135
Xc nh cng trng
+
Trng do phn t dz nhnh 1 v 2 gy ra ti M

+
Tng hp cng trng do hai phn t
1
2
1
1
2
2
60
sin
60
sin
ikr
z
ikr
z
I dz
dE i e i
r
I dz
dE i e i
r
u
u
t
u
t
u
=
=
1 0
2 0
os
os
do r
r r zc
r r zc
u
u
>>
=
= +
( ) { }
( ) { } ( )
( ) { } ( )
0
0
1 2
os os
0
0
; .sin .
60 . .
.sin .sin . .
.
60 . .
sin .sin . .2cos kz.cos
.
z b
ikr ikzc ikzc b
ikr
b
dE dE dE I I k l z
I dz
dE i k l z e e e i
r
I dz
dE i k l z e i
r
u u
u
u
t
u
t
u u
= + =
= +
=
(5.3)
(5.5)
(5.4)
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Trang 136
Xc nh cng trng
+
in trng do ton b chn t gy ra ti M
( )
( )
( )
0
0
0
0
0
0
cos klcos coskl
60
. . .
sin
60
. . ,
60.
. ,
l
ikr
b
ikr
b
b
E d E
I
E i e i
r
I
E i e f
r
I
E f
r
u
u
u
u
u
=
=
= e
}
(5.7)
(5.6)
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Trang 137
Tham s ca chn t i xng

Hm tnh hng v th tnh hng
Hm tnh hng bin

Trong mt phng H vung gc vi trc chn t c u l hng s, hm tnh hng
ch ph thuc vo k.l, (hay chiu di tng i l/)
+
Chn t ngn: l < /4

-
Tng t chn t in: C hng mt phng E cha trc chn t, v hng
mt phng H vung gc vi trc chn t, cc i hng vung vi trc
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) cos klcos cos kl
,
sin
f f
u
u u
u
= =
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2 k.l
x
cos x 1 sin
2
2
sin
x f
F
u u
u u
~ < =
=
(5.10)
(5.9)
(5.8)
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Trang 138

Hm tnh hng bin

+
Chn t na sng : l = /4

+
Chn t c sng: l = /2

-
th hp hn
( )
.
2
cos cos cos cos .cos
2 2 2
sin sin
k l
f
t
t t t
u u
u
u u
=
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
= =
( )
( )
2
.
2cos .cos
cos .cos 1
2
sin sin
k l
f
t
t
u
t u
u
u u
=
| |
|
+
\ .
= =
(5.11)
(5.12)
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Trang 139

Hm tnh hng bin

+
Chn t di: l > /2
Trn mi nhnh xut hin dng in ngc pha, do
-
Ti hng vung gc, khng c sai pha v ng i nhng dng in ngc
pha nn cng trng tng gim (bp chnh thu hp li)
-
Ti hng c sai pha v ng i th sai pha c b tr nh sai pha v dng
in nn xut hin cc bp ph (bp ph ln dn). Khi l = , bn bp ph tr
thnh bn bp chnh.
Tnh hng ca chn t i xng ph thuc vo chiu di in:

l
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Trang 140
th tnh hng ca chn t i xng trong mt phng E

90
o

0
o
180
o

c) l s 0,5
u
90
o

0
o

180
o

a) l s 0,1
u
90
o

0
o
180
o

b) l s 0,25
u
90
o

0
o
180
o

d) l s 0,75
u
90
o

0
o
180
o

e) l s
u
Hnh 5.4 th phng hng
ca chn t i xng trong mt
phng E
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Trang 141

Tr khng sng, tr khng vo
Tr khng sng
+
Tr khng sng dy song hnh

D: Khong cch tm hai dy dn
r: Bn knh dy dn
+
Chn t i xng thng s in dung phn tn thay i
-
Vi l s

-
Vi l > (cng thc Kesenich)

E: Hng s le (= 0,577)
276.lg
f
D
Z
r
| |
=
|
\ .
( )
( )
2
120 ln 1
120 ln
.
A
A
l
Z
r
Z E
r
t
( | |
= O
| (
\ .
( | |
= O
| (
\ .
(5.13)
(5.14)
(5.15)
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Tr khng sng, tr khng vo
Tr khng vo
+
Vi ng dy song hnh h mch u cui c tr khng vo

+
Chn t i xng nng lng bc x ra khng gian nn c thnh phn in
tr bc x u vo ng vai tr thun tr

+
Tr khng vo ca chn t

(Vi l < 0,75)
( )
cotg .
vA A
X iZ k l =
( )
( )
( )
2
2
sin
.cotg
sin
b
vA
b
vA vA vA A
R
R
kl
R
Z R jX iZ kl
lk
E
E
=
= + =
(5.17)
(5.18)
(5.16)
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Trang 143
Tr khng vo
- 300
- 400
- 200
- 100
0
100
200
300
400
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2
X
VA
(O)
l/r=40
l/r=20
l/r=60
100
-100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,7 1,0 1,2
R
VA
(O)
l/r =40
l/r =20
l/r =60
0
Hnh 5.5. S ph thuc ca Z
vA
vo
l
Nhn xt:
- Chn t ngn (l < /4): cotg l (+) nn Z
VA
l (-) Tr khng vo mang tnh dung
- Chn t na sng (l = /4): cotg = 0 nn Z
VA
= R
VA
= 73,1 O Mch cng hng ni tip
- Chn t c (/4 < l < /2): cotg l (-) nn Z
VA
l (+) Tr khng vo mang tnh cm
- Chn t ton sng (l = /2): cotg = 0, sin = 0, nn Z
VA
= Mch cng hng song song
l
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Cng sut bc x, in tr bc x, h s tnh hng
Cng sut bc x
+
Cng sut bc x qua din tch ds

+
Cng sut bc x ca chn t
x
d

ds = r
2
sinudud
z
r
u
y
Hnh 5.6. Xc nh cng sut bc x
ca chn t i xng
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
0 0
2
2
0
. . . .
2
cos klcos cos kl
sin
8 sin
cos klcos cos kl
30 .
sin
b
b
tb h h
E
dP S ds E H ds ds
Z
ZI
P r d d
r
P I d
t t
u
t
u
u u
t u
u
u
u
E
E
= =
E
= = =
(
=
(

(

= e
} }
}
(5.20)
(5.19)
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Trang 145
in tr bc x
+
Xc nh ti im bng

Nhn xt
-
Khi l/ nh, ging dipol in, tng l lm cho dng ng pha tng
Tng R
E
-
Khi l > /2, xut hin dng in ngc pha
Gim R
E

-
in tr bc x dao ng cc i di l bi s chn ln /4, cc tiu
di l bi s l ln /4
( ) ( )
2
2
0
1
.
2
cos klcos cos kl
60 .
sin
b b
b
P I R
R d
t
u
u
u
E E
E
=
(

=
}
(5.21)
0
50
100
150
200
250
0,25 0,5 0,75 1,0
R
bxb
(O)
Hnh 5.7. Quan h gia in tr bc
xv di tng i
l
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Trang 146
H s tnh hng
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
ax
b
, .2 .
,
Z.P
Z
1 cos kl
2
.
m
E r
D
D D
R
u t
u
t
t
E
E
=
= =
Nhn xt:
- Khi l/ s 0,675: Bc x anten cc i hng u = t/2, tng l D tng
- Khi l/ > 0,675: Tng l D gim do cc i chnh gim
(5.22)
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Trang 147
Chiu di hiu dng

+
KN: L chiu di tng ng ca mt chn t c dng in phn b ng
u v bng dng in u vo ca chn t tht vi din tch phn b dng
in tng ng.
I
m

I
m

2l = /2
l
hd

Hnh 5.8. Chiu di thc v chiu di hiu dng ca
chn t i xng
.
.
2
hd
k l
l tg
t
| |
=
|
\ .
Nhn xt:
- Chn t ngn, coi: tgx = x l
hd
= l (chiu di mt nhnh chn t tht)
- Chn t na sng: tg(kl/2) = 1 l
hd
= /t
(5.23)
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Trang 148
nh hng ca mt t ln bc x ca chn t i xng
Phng php nh gng

+
Chn t trong mi trng thc, cc vt dn gn nh hng ti s bc x
-
Trng bc x ca anten lm pht sinh dng th cp
ngun bc x th cp
-
Cng trng ti him thu l giao thoa gia trng s cp v th cp
+
Coi nh hng ca ngun th cp l do chn t nh
Mt t
Chn t tht
h
h
Chn t nh
Chn t tht v chn t nh
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Phng php nh gng

+
nh hng ca mt t c xc nh bng phng php nh gng
-
Tc dng ca dng th cp xc nh tng ng vi mt chn t o l nh
ca chn t tht qua mt phn cch gia hai mi trng
chn t nh
Dng in trong chn t nh c bin bng bin dng in trong
chn t tht, pha ty thuc phng ca chn t tht trn mt t: Song
song ngc pha, vung gc ng pha
Bc x s tng ng vi h hai chn t c khong cch 2h t trong
khng gian t do
Theo l thuyt phn x sng phng, quan h dng: I
a
= I
t
.R.e
i

I
e

h
h
E
t

E
t

E
0
E
0

I
m

h
h
E
t

E
t

E

I
e

E
t

E
t

E
u

E
u

Hnh 5.9. Nguyn l
nh gng
I
a
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Trang 150
Bc x ca chn t i xng t nm ngang

r
0

A
A
A
M
r
1

h
h
r
2

Hnh 5.10. Chn t i xng t
nm ngang trn mt t
- Coi l hai chn t i xng c dng in ngc pha
- Xc nh cng trng ti M cch xa chn t
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 0 0
0
2 . .sin
2 1
2 . .sin
1 2 0 0
2
0 0
.
cos kl.sin cos kl
1-cos kl .cos
. 1
. 1 2 cos 2 . .sin
px
px
i k h
px
i k h
px
px px px
E E F
F
E E R e
E E E E F R e
E E F R R k h
A
A
= A
A
A =
A
=
(
= + = A +
(

= A + + A
E
0
: cng trng ca chn t hng bc x cc i
F
0
(A): hm tnh hng chun ha ca chn t trong mt phng kho st
E
1
: bin cng trng ca chn t i xng trong khng gian t do
A: hng kho st
(5.24)
(5.25)
(5.26)
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Trang 151
Bc x ca chn t i xng t nm ngang

+
Chn t t nm ngang nn mt phng vung gc vi trc v i qua tm
chn t c F
0
(A) = 1
+
Vi mt t dn in l tng c R = 1 v = t

F(A) th hin nh hng ca mt t thng qua chn t nh
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 0
2 1 cos -2k.h.sin 2 .
sin . .sin
E E E F
F k h
t = + A = A (

A = A
90
o

A = 0
o

180
o

h = 0,25
180
o

90
o

A = 0
o

h = 0,5
Hnh 5.11. th tnh hng ca chn t i xng t nm ngang trn mt t (mp H)
(5.28)
(5.27)
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Trang 152
Bc x ca chn t i xng t thng ng

+
Hai chn t c dng in ng pha
+
Hm tnh hng bin ging ca chn t i xng (A v u l gc ph nhau)
Hnh 5.12. th tnh hng ca chn t i xng t thng ng trn mt t (mp H)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
0 0
0
os klsin oskl
os sin
1-coskl os
2 .
c c
F F c kh F
c
E E F
A
A = A A A =
A
A = A
90
o

A = 0
o

180
o

l= 0,25 ; h =
90
o

A = 0
o

180
o

l= 0,25 ; h = 0,75
(5.30)
(5.29)
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Trang 153
H hai chn t i xng t gn nhau
Bc x ca h hai chn t t gn nhau

+
to anten c tnh hng khc nhau phi s dng h chn t i xng t
gn nhau
+
Quan h dng trong hai chn t
2
2
2
1
i
I
a e
I
=

a
2
- l t s bin dng in ca chn t 2 v chn t 1
2
- gc sai pha ca dng in trong chn t 2 so vi dng trong chn t 1
u
E

M
2l
d
z
a) Mt phng E

M

u
H

b) Mt phng H

z

d
Hnh 5.13. H hai chn t i xng t song song gn nhau
(5.31)
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Trang 154

+
Cng trng ti im kho st

+
Hm tnh hng tng hp

Hm ny ph thuc cc gi tr khc nhau ca d/ v a
2
.e
-i
2
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1 2
cos
1 2
os
2
. . . 1
4
1
M
ikr
i ikd
i ikdc
k
E E E
ik e
E f a e e
r
f a e e
u
u
u
t
u
= +
= +
= +
(5.33)
(5.32)
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+
Trng hp dng trong hai chn t ng bin, ng pha: a
2
= 1,
2
= 0

-
Hng bc x cc i
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) { } ( )
cos cos cos
cos
2 2 2
cos
2
k
1
2cos kd/2 .cos .
2cos kd/2 .cos
arg f kd/2 .cos
ikd ikd ikd
ikd
k
ikd
k
k
f e e e e
f e
f
u u u
u
u
u
u u
u u
u u
| |
= + = +
|
\ .
= (

= (

=
max
max
cos .cos 1 .cos 2 0,1, 2,...
2
2 .
cos 1
kd
kd n n
n n d
n
kd d
u u t
t
u
| |
= = =
|
\ .
= = s s
(5.34)
(5.35)
(5.36)
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+
Trng hp dng trong hai chn t ng bin, ngc pha: a
2
= 1,
2
= 180
0

-
Hm tnh hng

-
Hng bc x cc i

-
Hng bc x cc tiu

( )
( ) os
1
ikdc
k
f e
+
= +
u t
u
( ) ( )
os
2
2sin kd/2 os
ikdc
k
f c e = (

u
u u
( ) ( ) 2 sin kd/2 os
km
f c = (

u u
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
max
max
sin .cos 1 .cos 2 1 0,1, 2,...
2
2 1 2 1 . 2 1
cos 1
2 2
kd
kd n n
n n n
d
kd d
u u t
t
u
| |
= = + =
|
\ .
+ + +
= = s s
min
min
sin .cos 0 .cos 2 0,1, 2,...
2
2 .
cos 1
kd
kd n n
n n d
n
kd d
u u t
t
u
| |
= = =
|
\ .
= = s s
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+
Trng hp dng trong hai chn t ng bin, vung pha: a
2
= 1,
2
= 90
0

-
Hm tnh hng

-
Khi d = /4
Cc tiu bng 0 khi u = 0, cc i bng 2 khi u = 180
0
( )
os
2
1
ikdc
k
f e
| |
+
|
\ .
= +
t
u
u
( )
os
2 4
2cos os
2 4
ikdc
i
k
kd
f c e
(
+
(

(
= +
(

u t
t
u u
( )
kd
2 cos os
2 4
km
f c
| |
= +
|
\ .
t
u u
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d/ = 1/4
a) = 0
o

0
o

90
o

180
o

d/ = 1/2
d/ = 1
b) = 180
o
c) = 90
o

Hnh 5.14. th phng
hngca hai chn t t song
song vi nhau
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Trang 159

Tr khng vo, in tr bc x ca h hai chn t
Tr khng vo
+
S tng ng h hai chn t

+
Tr khng vo ca mi chn t gm thnh phn tr khng ring v tr khng
tng h ca chn t ln cn
e
2

Z
11

Z
22

I
a2

I
a1

ae
i
.Z
12
(1/a).e
-i
.Z
12

Hnh 5.15. S tng ng h hai chn t
e
1

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Tr khng vo
+
Tr khng tng h nh hng ti s thc t t ln hai chn t
1 1 11 2 12
2 2 22 1 21
a a
a a
e I Z I Z
e I Z I Z
= +
= +
e
1
, e
2
: S u vi hai chn t khi xt n tng h
Z
11
, Z
22
: Tr khng ring hai chn t
Z
12
, Z
21
: Tr khng tng h hai chn t
2
1
i a
a
I
ae
I
=

( )
( )
1
1 11 12
1
2
2 22 12
2
11 11 11 22 22 22 12 12 12
1 11 12 12 11 12 12
2 22 12 12 22 12 12
1
( os sin ) sin os
1 1
( os sin ) sin os
i
v
a
i
v
a
v
v
e
Z Z ae Z
I
e
Z Z e Z
I a
Z R iX Z R iX Z R iX
Z R a R c X i X a R X c
Z R R c X i X R X c
a a
= = +
= = +
= + = + = +
= + + + + (

(
= + + + +
(

(5.38)
(5.39)
(5.40)
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in tr bc x

-
in tr bc x ca h khng ph thuc vo in khng ring v in khng
tng h ca hai chn t
( )
( )
2
*
1 1
1 11 12 12
*
2 2
2 22 12 12
*
2 1 1
1 2 11 22 12
2
0 11 22 12
.
2
os sin
2
1
cos sin
2
2aR cos
2
2aR cos
bx
bx
a a
bx
a a
bx
a a
bx bx bx
bx
I R
P
I I
P R a R c X
I I
P R R X
a
I I
P P P R a R
R R a R

=
= + (

(
= + +
(

( = + = + +

= + +
(5.41)
(5.42)
(5.43)
(5.44)
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Chn t ch ng, chn t th ng

+
Chn t ch ng: c ni trc tip vi ngun v t bc x sng in t
+
Chn t th ng: Khng c cp ngun, hot ng da trn nguyn tc
cm ng in t
Ngun bc x th cp
e
1

I
a2

X
2c

I
a1

d
a)
Z
11

Z
22

I
a1

ae
i
.Z
12
(1/t).e
-i
.Z
12

X
2c

b)
Hnh 5.16. a) Chn t ghp; b) S tng ng
2
1
.
i a
a
I
a e
I
=
(5.45)
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Chn t ch ng, chn t th ng

+
Dng trong chn t th ng

+
Tr khng vo v in tr bc x
( )
( )
( )
1 1 11 2 12
2 12 12 12
2 22 2dc 2 21
1 22 2 22 22 2
2 2
12 12
2
2
22 22 2
22 2 12
12 22
i.X
0 iX
iX R X
X X
arctg arctg
R
a a
a
a a
a dc dc
dc
dc
e I Z I Z
I Z R
I Z I Z
I Z i X
R X
a
R X X
X
R
t
= +
+
= + + = =
+ + +
+
=
+ +
+
= +
( )
2
12
1 11 2 2
22 2
2
0 11 22 12
; 0 0
. 2 . .cos
v v
dc
bx
Z
Z Z Z e
Z iX
R R a R a R
= = =
+
= +
(5.46)
(5.47)
(5.48)
(5.49)
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Cu to
Gm mt nhnh chn t t trn mt t thng c di bc sng
Cc thanh cho to nn mt c s rng m bo th bc x tt
c im
in tr bc x: 36,56O
di thanh cho khong 1/3 bc sng
ng dng ph bin cho di ng

5.3 Aten chn t n
Lp cch ly
Cp ng trc
0
/4
Ct anten
Hnh 5.19. Anten chn t n
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Dn chn t ng pha
Cu to
+
Cc chn t i xng ton sng: l = /2
+
Xp xp trn mt mt phng theo hng v ct
+
Khong cch gia cc chn t l /2
Tip in: Tip in ng pha

+
Kiu u cho
+
Kiu song song
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Dn chn t ng pha (2)

-
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
/2
/2
a)
b)
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Dn chn t ng pha (3)
c im lm vic
+
th tnh hng ging chn t i xng nhng c tnh hng cao hn.
+
Hng bc x cc i ti A = 0 v t
+
bc x n hng: Kt hp vi mt phn x, khong cch d = (0,20,25)
A = 0
o

180
o

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Anten Yagi
Cu to
+
Mt chn t ch ng: Vng dt na sng sng: l = /4 (Z
v
=300O)
+
Cc chn t th ng: Phn x v dn x
+
t song song vi nhau trn mt mt phng
Tip in cho chn t ch ng

Chn t
phn x
Chn t
ch ng
Chn t
dn x
D
A
P
z
270
o

0
o

330
o

30
o

90
o

180
o

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Trang 169
Anten Yagi (2)
Nguyn l hot ng

+
2l > /2: X
22
< 0, tnh cm, I sm pha hn
Chn t phn x
d = (0,150,25)
+
2l < /2: X
22
> 0, tnh dung, I chm pha hn
Chn t hng x
d = (0,10,35)
2
1
.
j
I
a e
I
=

( )
2 2
12 22
2 2
22 22
12 22
12 22
R X
a
R X
X X
arctg arctg
R R
+
=
+
= + t
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Trang 170
Anten Logarit chu k
Cu to
+
Nhiu chn t c di khc nhau, t khong cch khc nhau
+
Kch thc v khong cch anten thay i theo mt t l gi l chu k anten

+
t song song vi nhau trn mt mt phng
Tip in cho tt c cc chn t

+
Tip in ng pha
1 1 1 2 1 2
2 3 2 3
.. ...
n n
n n
d l d d l l
d d d l l l
t

= = = = = = = =
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Trang 171
Anten Logarit chu k (2)

t
max
= 0,95
o
min
= 10
0


o
l
6
l
5

l
4
l
3

l
2

l
1

Phi cp
in
d
1

d
2

d
5

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Anten Logarit chu k (3)
Nguyn l hot ng
+
Tn s kch thch l f
0
: Chn t l
0
=
0
/2 ng vai tr chn t ch ng (tr
khng vo thun tr = 73,1O)
+
Cc chn t khc c thnh phn in khng, gi tr ph thuc di so vi
chn t cng hng
+
Tip in so le, cc chn t pha trc (l < l
0
) tho mn iu kin ca chn t
hng x, cc chn t pha sau (l > l
0
) tho mn iu kin chn t phn x.
+
Min bc x ca anten ch yu to bi chn t cng hng v mt vi chn
t ln cn.
Cng thc xc nh tn s lm vic

( ) t
t
ln . 1 ln
.
1
1
1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

n
f
f
f f
n
n
n
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Trang 173
Bi tp chng 5
5.7 Cu hi v bi tp
13. Mt chn t i xng c chiu di ton b 50 cm, cng tc tn s 300 MHz.
Xc nh chiu di hiu dng ca n?
(a) 32 cm; (b) 35 cm; (c) 40 cm; (d) 45 cm;
14. S liu nh bi 13, xc nh in tr bc x ca chn t?
(a) 70,1 O; (b) 73,1O; (c) 80,1O; (d) 83,1O;
15. S liu nh bi 13, xc nh tr khng vo ca chn t?
(a) 65,1 O; (b) 70,1O; (c) 73,1O; (d) 80,1O;
16. in tr bc x ca chn t vng dt c gi tr bng bao nhiu?
(a) 210 O; (b) 250 O; (c) 292 O; (d) 310 O;
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ANTEN GC M
CHNG 6
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Ni dung chng 6:
6.1 Gii thiu
6.2 Nguyn l bc x mt
6.3 Anten loa
6.4 Anten gng
6.5 Anten khe
6.6 Anten vi di
6.7 Cu hi v bi tp
NI DUNG
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c im anten gc m
Vi anten gc m sng in t c bc x ra t gc m ca anten
Hot ng ca anten gc m da trn nguyn l bc x mt
c h s khuch i cao chiu di gc m v rng phi bng vi ln

bc sng
Ph hp vi bng sng siu cao tn

6.1 Gii thiu
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Nguyn l chung
Cc b mt c kch thch bi trng in t bc x t mt ngun s cp
Trn b mt hnh thnh cc thnh phn in t trng vung gc nhau

b mt tr thnh ngun bc x th cp
Vi bc x sng phng th mt phng c gi l mt m ca anten

(khu )
c im
S dng ph bin di sng cc ngn
To anten c tnh hng hp
Cc anten in hnh: Anten loa, anten gng

6.2 Nguyn l bc x mt
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Bc x b mt c kch thch bi trng in t
Bi ton
+
Ming anten c din tch S, trn cc thnh phn trng phn b theo quy
lut
+
t anten trong h ta vi trc z trung vi phng vecto php tuyn ngoi
ca mt
6.2 Nguyn l bc x mt

M(R,u,)
R

u
y

x

z
e
S
x
H
y
E
/
2
k

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Kho st qu trnh bc x
+
Trng kch thch trn ming anten l hm s theo ta ca mt

+
Tr khng b mt

6.2 Nguyn l bc x mt
( ) ( )
( ) ,
0 0
, ,
j x y
x x x m
H i H f x y i H f x y e

= =
Trong :
- H
x
l bin phc ca vect cng t trng trn b mt bc x.
- H
0
l bin phc ca vect cng t trng ti gc ta .
- f(x,y) l hm phn b phc ca trng, trong f
m
(x,y) l hm phn b bin
cn (x,y) l hm phn b pha.
( )
,
y
s
x
E
Z x y
H
=
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Kho st qu trnh bc x
+
p dng nguyn l dng mt tng ng phn tch bc x b mt
-
Mt dng in mt

-
Mt dng t mt

+
Mt bc x l tng l phng, cc thnh phn tip tuyn ca trng ng
bin v ng pha
6.2 Nguyn l bc x mt
( )
.
e e
s x y y x
J n H J i H = = =
( )
.
m m
s y x x y
J n E J i E = = =
( )
( )
, 1
, 0
m
f x y
x y
=
=
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Kho st qu trnh bc x
+
Chn z trng vi phng truyn ti ca sng kch thch, vi hai thnh phn

+
Trng hp ny ta c
6.2 Nguyn l bc x mt
0 y x
E E i E = =
0 x x
H H i H = =
0
0
0
x
y
s
x
H H
E
E
Z
H H
=
= =

Sng phng
kch thch
u
y

x

z
e
S
Hnh 6.15

H

E

n

k

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Cu to
Thuc loi anten bc x mt

+
L on ng dn sng c mt u h.
+
Ming ng dn sng c m thon dn tr khng sng bin i u.
6.3 Anten loa
a)
b)
c)
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Nguyn l hot ng
M t loa hnh nn
6.3 Anten loa
z
Ming loa
2|
0

L
2R
0

R
C loa
O
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Nguyn l
+
Nng lng cao tn n c loa dng sng phng.
+
Sng phn k theo thn loa ti ming loa.
+
Ti ming loa nng lng sng bc x ra khng gian vi dng sng cu.
+
Chn gc m thch hp

+
th tnh hng

6.3 Anten loa
( )
2
0
2
0,15
2, 4
R
R
>
u

=0
0

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Nguyn l
Da trn nguyn l lm vic ca gng quang hc

+
B bc x s cp: Bc x ra sng in t vi mt sng v hng truyn lan
xc nh.
+
Mt phn x: Bin i thnh sng th cp vi mt sng v hng truyn lan
theo yu cu nh kt cu ca mt phn x lm vic theo nguyn l gng
quang hc.
Anten gng thng c tnh hng cao

+
Sng th cp l sng phng, tp chung nng lng trong mt khng gian
hp.
6.4 Anten gng
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Anten Parabol
Cu to
+
B bc x s cp: S dng anten chn t i xng hoc anten loa. V tr t
ti tiu im parabol.
+
Mt phn x: Hnh parabol trn xoay vi h s phn x cao.
6.4 Anten gng
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Anten Parabol (2)
Nguyn l hot ng
+
Tnh cht quan hc gng parabol
FO + OO = FA + AB = f + h = Const.
+
Cc tia sau khi phn x i n ming gng vi qung ng nh nhau, do
ti ming gng mt sng l mt phng.
6.4 Anten gng
A
O
B
F
+
+
0
+
0
F
O
A
f
a)
b)
O
h
d
z
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Anten Parabol (3)
Cc tham s
+
th tnh hng
6.4 Anten gng
0 dB
3 dB
Bp chnh
Cc bp ph
Bp
ngc
G
180
0

- 180
0

0
2u
1/2

3 1
2
21
2
dB
fd
u u = =
3 1
2
70
2
dB
d
u u = =
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Anten Parabol (4)
Cc tham s
+
H s tnh hng, h s khuych i
6.4 Anten gng
2
2
4 S d
D
| |
= =
|
\ .
t q t

2
2
4 S d
G
| |
= =
|
\ .
t q t
q

( ) 4 , 20 lg 20 lg 20 dBi D + + =
GHz m
f d
( ) ( )
( ) 20lg 20lg 10lg 20, 4
m GHz
G dBi d f q = + + +
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Mt s loi anten gng
Anten Cassegrain (anten hai gng)

6.4 Anten gng
F
F
2
1
Gng phn x
chnh
(Parabol trn xoay)
Gng phn x ph
(Hybperbol trn xoay)
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Mt s loi anten gng
Anten Gregorial
6.4 Anten gng
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Anten khe na sng
Cu to:
+
Khe hp trn thnh ng n sng hoc hc cng hng
+
Chiu di bng na bc sng cng tc
Hot ng
+
Quan h dng p

+
Trng bc x

6.5 Anten khe
E
e

x
z
e

/2
y
( ) ( ) 2 2
m
day khe khe
I bE z U z = =
2 sin
2
m
day bkhe
l
I U z
| |
=
|
\ .
kl kl
os os os
2 2
sin
kl kl
os os os
2 2
sin
ikr bkhe
ikr bkhe
c c c
U
E i e
r
c c c
U
H i e
Z r
u
u
t u
u
t u
( | |
| (
\ .
( =
(
(

( | |
| (
\ .
( =
(
(

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Trang 193
Anten khe na sng
th bc x
6.5 Anten khe
z
x
u
a)
y

x
b)
Hnh 6.16. th phng hng ca khe na
sng a) mt phng H; b) mt phng E
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Trang 194
Anten vi di in hnh
6.6 Anten vi di
B mt in
mi
Ming ng
ch nht
Mt ni t
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Anten vi di ch nht
Cu to
6.6 Anten vi di
Hnh 6.23. Cu to anten vi di ch nht
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Anten vi di ch nht
Hot ng
+
Tn s lm vic

+
Trng bc x

+
Hm tnh hng
6.6 Anten vi di
0 0
1
2 2
= =
c
r r
c
f
L L c c c
sin sin
sin
2
cos sin cos cos
sin sin
2
2
sin sin
sin
2
cos sin cos cos sin
sin sin
2
2
| |
|
| |
\ .
=
|
\ .
| |
|
| |
\ .
=
|
\ .
kZ
kL
E
kZ
kZ
kL
E
kZ
u
u
u
u
u
u u
u
( )
2 2
, = + f E E
u
u
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Anten vi di ch nht
Hot ng
+
th bc x
6.6 Anten vi di
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Bi tp chng 6
6.7 Cu hi v bi tp
6. Mt anten parabol ng knh 5m c hiu sut lm vic 0,65 lm vic ti tn s 6GHz. Tm din tch mt m hiu
dng ca anten
(a) 12,76 m
2
; (b) 13,76m
2
; (c) 14,76m
2
; (d) 15,75m
2

7. S liu nh bi 6, tm h s khuch i ca anten.
a ) 45,1dBi; (b) 46,1dBi; (c) 47,1dBi; (d) 48,1dBi
8. S liu nh bi 6, xc nh rng bp sng chnh.
a ) 0,5
0
; (b) 0,7
0
; (c) 1,5
0
; (d) 1,7
0

9. Mt anten parabol ng knh 3m c hiu sut lm vic 0,55 lm vic ti tn s 2GHz. Tm din tch mt m hiu
dng ca anten.
a ) 2,9 m
2
; (b) 3,5 m
2
; (c) 3,9 m
2
; (d) 4,5 m
2

10. S liu nh bi 9, tm h s khuch ica anten.
11. S liu nh bi 9, xc nh rng bp sng chnh.
a ) 2,5
0
; (b) 3,0
0
; (c) 3,5
0
; (d) 3,7
0

12. Mt anten gng parabol c h s khuch i l 50 dBi, hiu sut lm vic 60%. Tnh gc na cng sut.
a ) 0,44
0
; (b) 0,54
0
; (c) 0,64
0
; (d) 0,74
0

13. Mt anten c gc na cng sut bng 2
0
. Xc nh h s khuch i khi bit hiu sut lm vic ca anten l 55%.
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Bi tp chng 6
6.5 Cu hi v bi tp
14. Mt anten pht c h s khuch il 40 dBi, anten c cng sut pht l bao nhiu anten thu gng parabol c
ng knh ming gng 0,9 m; hiu sut lm vic 0,55 t cch anten pht 50 km nhn c cng sut 70 dBW.
Gi thit sng truyn trong khng gian t do.
a ) 0,5 mW; (b) 0,5 W; (c) 0,9 mW; (d) 0,9W
15. Anten gng parabol c h s khuch il 40 dBi, hiu sut lm vic 60%, lm vic ti tn s 4GHz.Tnh ng
knh ming gng.
a ) 3,08 m; (b) 3,28 m; (c) 3,58 m; (d) 3,78 m
16. S kiu nh bi 15, tnh rng bp sng u
3dB
.
a ) 1,5
0
; (b) 1,7
0
; (c) 2,5
0
; (d) 2,7
0

17. Mt anten pht c h s khuch il 30 dBi, cng sut pht ca anten l 5W. c ly 50 km t mt anten thu
gng parabol c ng knh ming gng 1,5m. Tnh cng sut anten thu nhn c.
a ) 1,13 pW; (b) 1,13W; (c) 1,13 mW ; (d) 1,13 W
18. S liu nh bi 17, tnh tn hao truyn sng trong khng gian t do khi truyn t anten pht n anten thu.
a ) 60,45dB; (b) 63,45dB; (c) 65,45dB; (d) 66,45dB
19. Mt anten gng parabol c h s khuch i l 30 dBi, hiu sut lm vic 60%. Tnh gc na cng sut.
a ) 4,38
0
; (b) 5,38
0
; (c) 6,38
0
; (d) 7,38
0

20. Mt anten c gc na cng sut bng 1,2
0
. Xc nh h s khuch i khi bit hiu sut lm vic ca anten l 55%.
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K THUT ANTEN
CHNG 7
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Ni dung chng 7:
7.1 Gii thiu
7.2 Tng hp th phng hng
7.3 M rng di tn
7.4 Gim nh kch thc
7.5 Cp in v phi khng
7.6 Tp m anten
7.7 Cu hi v bi tp
NI DUNG
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Phng php tn s
S h thng

Hng bc x cc i

+
Nu sng bc x v trong phido cng tn s
My pht
Phn t bc x
H dn sng
Ti hp th
d
l
( )
0
1 2
. 0, 1, 3,...
2
cos
KN
M
S
F n
l
n n
d d
u o t

u
t
= =
| |
= + + =
|
\ .
0
2
. ;
.
2
cos
S S
M
k
l
n
d d
t

u
t
= =
| |
= + +
|
\ .
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Phng php pha
S h thng
H thng bc x
Tia 1
u vo
H thng phn phi nh pha
Tia 2
Tia n
uMn
Hnh 7.2. H thng phn phi nh pha loi 1
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Phng php c bn m rng di tn
Gim nh tr khng sng ca chn t
Bin i t t thit din ca chn t
Hiu chnh tr khng vo trong di tn

7.3 M rng di tn
e f
0
b a d c
vo
e f
0
d c
a b b)
a)
Hnh 7.4. Anten hiu chnh tr khng
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Thit lp anten di rng
Nguyn l kt cu t b
7.3 M rng di tn
1
1
Hnh 7.5. V d cu trc anten t b
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Dng ti thun khng

7.4 Gim nh kch thc anten
l
td
l/2
L/2
I
0
I
0
l
td
z
C ti
Khng ti
a)
b)
Hnh 7.6. Dng ti thun khng cui chn t
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Tn hiu t my pht ti anten thng qua ng dy phid, gi l ng

tip in
Chn t c s dng ph bin l chn t na sng
Cp in bng dy song hnh
c im
+
Tr khng khng phi hp: 73,1O v 300 hoc 600 O
+
Cn to cc ng dy song hnh tr khng thp
7.5 Cp in cho chn t i xng
276 2
lg
o
r
D
Z
d
=
c
D l khong cch gia hai dy dn tnh t tm
d l gn knh ca dy dn
c
r
l h s in mi tng i ca mi trng bao
quanh dy dn
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Chn t kiu Y (tip in kiu song song)

+
Chn t c ni ngn mch gia
+
Dy song hnh c mc vo im A-A trn hai nhnh chn t sao cho phi
hp tr khng

+
Vi phid 600O, c gi tr
l
2
l
1

l
1

l
2

2l = /2
D C
d
D
A /4
C
A
Hnh 5.19. Tip in kiu song song v mch tng ng
( )
2
2
AA AA
sin
73,1
v
kl
R R Z ~ ~
1
2 0,12
0,15
l
D
~
~

A
A
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Chn t kiu T (tip in kiu song song)

+
on chuyn tip OA song song vi chn t
Khc bit tr khng vi phi

chnh; hiu ng bc x
+
Tr khng vo ca chn t tnh ti AA, bin i qua on chuyn tip OA
+
Tr khng vo ti OO t cc i khi l
1
= /8, gim khi l
1
tng
+
Vi phi 600 O:
O
A /4
C
A
O
l
2
l
1

l
1

l
2

2l = /2
D C
d
1

d
2

O O
A
A
Hnh 5.20. Tip in kiu song song kiu T v mch tng ng
( )
( )
1
1 2
0, 09 0,1
0, 01 0, 02
l
D
d d
=
=
=
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Chn t vng dt
+
L chn t kiu T vi im AA u mt chn t
+
Gm hai chn t na sng vi u mt c ni vi nhau, mt chn t c
cp in v mt chn t b ngn mch
+
Bc x tng t vi hai chn t na sng
+
Tr khng l thun tr
+
Cp in trc tip bng dy song hnh tr khng 300O
/2
A A
+
_
C A A
C
Hnh 5.21. Chn t vng dt v mch tng ng
'
4 292
bx bx
R R = = O
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Cp in bng cp ng trc
+
S dng cho bng sng cc ngn
+
Dng trong dy dn trong v dng trong dy dn ngoi
+
Khng th cp in i xng cho chn t
Cp in phi hp hnh I
+
m bo tnh i xng tng i
+
im O ni vi dy n ngoi
+
Dy dn trong ni vi im c tr khng ph hp vi tr khng ca cp
I
1

I
2

I
2
I
1

I
2

I
2

(a)
a
b
O
(b)
a
b
O
Hnh 5.23. Cp in trc tip Hnh 5.24. Cp in c b phi hp
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Cp in bng cp ng trc
Thit b bin i i xng vi on cp ch U

+
Phi cp in ni vo im c, vi khong cch ti hai u chn t
+
Tr khng ti u cui ab:
+
Dng cp vo hai nhnh chn t m bo tnh i xng
+
Dng trong dy dn ngoi b trit tiu
+
Tr khng sng: Nu phi cp in c tr khng sng l 70 O th phi hp
tr khng hon ton
I
l
1

I
1

I
2

I
2
I
1

o
a b
d c
(a)
l
2
= l
1
+/2
o
a
b
/2
(b)
Hnh 5.25. B bin i i xng ch U
'
1 2
2
l l =

2
ab
ao bo
R
R R = =
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Tng quan

Cng sut tp m
7.6 Tp m anten
d
O
Chn t
Vt th hp
th
Mt phn
x
R
Z
c
Hnh 7.14. in tr R ni ti u vo anten
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
2
2
.
1 . 1 .
1
l l
n g A
e e k f
P T T T
L
o o
| |
I A
= I I + |
|
I
\ .
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Bi tp chng 7
7.7 Cu hi v bi tp
1. Trnh by phng php tn s iu khin th phng hng
2. Trnh by phng php pha iu khin th phng hng
3. Trnh by vic thit lp anten di rng theo nguyn l t b
4. Trnh by vic thit lp anten di rng theo nguyn l tng t
5. Trnh by phng php iu chnh phn b dng in gim nh kch thc anten
6. Trnh by nguyn tc phng php lm chm sng gim kch thc anten
8. Trnh by bin php cp in cho chn t i xng bng dy song hnh.
9.Trnh by bin php cp in cho chn t i xng bng thit b bin i i xng
dng on cp ch U.
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ANTEN TRONG THNG TIN
V TUYN TIN TIN
CHNG 8
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Ni dung chng 8:
8.1 Gii thiu
8.2 Anten thng minh
8.3 K thut a anten
8.4 Anten cho h thng bng siu rng
8.5 Cu hi v bi tp
NI DUNG
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c im truyn lan sng
Bc sng cc ngn : 1mm 10m (30MHz 300GHz)

+
S giao thoa gi tia trc tip v tia phn x
+
nh hng bi cc iu kin truyn sng: a hnh, kh quyn
+
Hin tng phading
Pht/thu c hng
+
Hng thng tin xc nh
+
Tn hao truyn sng rt ln
8.1 Gii thiu
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Yu cu vi anten
H s tnh hng cao

+
Nng cao hiu sut truyn dn
+
Gim nhiu t cc trm v tuyn ln cn
Bp sng ph nh
H s bo v ln
Di tn cng tc rng: Truyn c tn hiu ph rng
Phi hp tr khng tt: Trnh hin tng phn x
Kt cu chc chn, bn cao

8.1 Gii thiu
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Chng ny sinh vin t c ni dung trong bi ging

Hng dn
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Bi tp chng 8
8.5 Cu hi v bi tp
1. Trnh by cc khi nim tng quan v khng tng quan trong cc cu hnh a anten
2. Trnh by cc li ch ca s dng cc k thut a anten
3. Trnh by cc k thut a an ten thu
4. Trnh by nguyn l phn tp anten pht
5. Trnh by nguyn l phn tp tr v phn tp tr vng
6. Trnh by nguyn l phn tp theo m khng gian thi gian
7. Trnh by nguyn l phn tp theo m khng gian tn s
8. Trnh by nguyn l c s ca ghp knh khng gian
9. Trnh by nguyn l ghp knh khng gian da trn b tin m ha
10. Trnh by nguyn l x l thu khng tuyn tnh
11. Trnh by c im, cc thng s c bn ca anten UWB
12. Trnh by nguyn l DBF da trn cc i SIR
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KT LUN
*
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Ni dung c bn
1. Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng
Tnh cht ca sng in t; Cc phng php truyn lan sng;
Qu trnh truyn lan sng trong khng gian t do
2. Chng 2: Truyn lan sng cc ngn
Truyn lan trong iu kin l tng; Truyn lan trong iu kin thc
3. Chng 3: Knh truyn sng v tuyn
c tnh knh truyn sng; Phadinh; Cc m hnh knh
4. Chng 4: L thuyt chung v anten
Cc tham s ca anten; Cc ngun bc x nguyn t
5. Chng 5: Anten chn t
Trng bc x ca chn t i xng;
Anten chn t n, anten nhiu chn t
6. Chng 6: Anten gc m
Nguyn l bc x mt; Anten loa, anten gng, anten khe
KT LUN
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Ni dung c bn
7. Chng 7: K thut anten
Tng hp th phng hng
M rng di tn, thit lp anten di rng
Gim nh kch thc anten
Cc tham s, phng php cp in cho chn t i xng
8. Chng 8: Anten trong thng tin v tuyn tin tin
Anten thng minh
K thut a anten
Anten cho UWB
KT LUN
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Ti liu tham kho:
Gio trnh: L thuyt v k thut anten

GS. TS. Phan Anh, 1997
Bi ging: Truyn sng v anten

Nguyn nh Lng, 1999
Antennas and Radio wave propagation

Robert E.Collin, 1991
TLTK
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TRUYN SNG V ANTEN !!
KT THC HC PHN

Truyen Song Va Anten

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Truyen Song Va Anten

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

Truyn sng v anten

Tng lng kin thc:

Gii thiu l thuyt chung v anten, cc anten nguyn t. Nghin cu hot

Chng 1: Cc vn chung v truyn sng

Chng 2: Truyn lan sng cc ngn

Chng 3: Truyn lan sng trong thng tin di ng

Chng 4: L thuyt chung v anten

Chng 5: Anten chn t

Chng 7: K thut anten

Chng 8: Anten trong thng tin v tuyn tin tin

Ti liu tham kho:

[3] Phan Anh, L thuyt v k thut anten, NXB KHKT, 2004

[5] N. Blaunstein, Radio propagation in cellular network, Artech House

Chuyn cn: 10% (ngh 2 tit tr 1 im)

Kim tra: 15% (2 bi, vng nhn im 0)

Thc hnh: 15% (1 bi, vng nhn im 0)

Thi kt thc hc phn: 60%

Ni dung chng 1: (6)

1.1 Gii thiu

1.2 Tnh cht c bn ca sng in t

1.3 Phn loi sng in t

1.4 Phng thc truyn lan sng in t

1.5 Biu thc truyn lan sng trong khng gian t do

1.6 H s suy gim

H thng vin thng

Truyn dn v tuyn (Radio Transmission)

Phng tin truyn dn

Sng in t l qu trnh bin i nng lng tun hon gia in trng

Sng in t c hai thnh phn:

Cc ngun bc x sng in t thng c dng sng cu hoc sng tr,

Biu thc quan h gia cc thnh phn

Nghin cu vi sng in t phng, truyn lan trong mi trng in mi

Biu din sng in t bng h phng trnh Maxoel dng vi phn:

Biu thc quan h gia cc thnh phn

Tr khng sng, Z: Biu th nh hng ca mi trng ti qu trnh truyn

Biu thc quan h gia cc thnh phn

Bin i Fourier biu din sng in t di dng tn hiu iu ha

Biu thc quan h gia cc thnh phn

Thng lng nng lng ca sng in t, S

Sng in t ngang, TEM

Mt sng: L qu tch nhng im trong khng gian ti sng in t c

Hai dng mt sng c bit: Mt sng phng, mt sng cu

Qu trnh truyn lan sng in t: Tnh cht sng

KN: Trng phn cc l trng in t vi cc vecto E v H c th xc

Mt phng phn cc: L mt phng cha vec t E v phng truyn lan

Phn chia sng in t

Phn chia sng in t

Phn chia sng in t

Tnh cht quang hc

ng dng cc bng sng

Sng khng gian

Sng tng in ly (sng tri)

Sng t do (sng thng)

Mt cng sut, cng in trng

Mt cng sut, cng in trng

Mt cng sut, cng in trng

Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng

L cng sut bc x tng ng ca mt anten v hng c th t

Cng sut nhn c trn anten thu, P

Tn hao truyn sng, L

Mi trng thc t c nhiu yu t nh hng ti qu trnh truyn sng,

Cc nh hng ca mi trng thc ln qu trnh truyn sng c biu

Trong mi trng thc