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Phn tch nc

Mc lc
Mc lc .............................................................................................................. 1
1. pH ......................................................................................................... 1
Mt s kin thc v my o pH ................................................................... 2
2.1 KIM (Alkalinity) ............................................................................... 5
2.2 AXIT (Acidity) .................................................................................... 7
3. C (Turbidity) .................................................................................... 7
n v : NTU, FTU ........................................................................................... 7
4. MU ...................................................................................................... 9
5. TH XY HA KH (ORP/ Eh ) ............................................................ 10
6. DN IN (EC) ................................................................................. 12
7. MN (Salinity) .................................................................................... 14
8. Tng cht rn ha tan (TDS) (Cn ho tan) ............................................ 15
9. TNG CHT RN L LNG (TSS) (Cn khng tan) ........................... 16
10. CNG (Hardness) ............................................................................. 17
11. CANXI ..................................................................................................... 21
12. OXY HA TAN (DO) ............................................................................. 22
12.1 Phng php chun Winkler ci tin (azide modification) .......... 24
12.2 Phng php u o in ha ........................................................... 26
12.3 Phng php so mu ........................................................................... 28
13. NHU CU OXY SINH HC (BOD5) .................................................... 28
13.1 Nguyn tc phng php chun iod .............................................. 30
13.2 Nguyn tc phng php o gim p sut bng u d ................ 31
14. NHU CU XY HA HC (COD) ....................................................... 33
14.1 Phng php KMnO4 (Ch s Permanganat) .................................... 34
14.2 Phng php K2Cr2O7 .................................................................... 35
15. CACBON HU C TNG S (TOC) ................................................... 37
17. TNG ST ............................................................................................... 40
18. NHM ...................................................................................................... 42
19. CACBON DIOXIT (CO2) ....................................................................... 43
20. HYDROGEN SUNFUA (H2S) ................................................................ 44
21. AMMONIUM (NH4) ............................................................................. 45
22. NITRIT (NO2) ......................................................................................... 48
23. NITRAT (NO3) ........................................................................................ 49
a. Tng quan ............................................................................................... 49
b. Nguyn tc phng php ct kh Cd ..................................................... 50
c. Thc nghim ............................................................................................ 51
24. TNG NIT (Total Nitrogen ) ................................................................ 52
24a. Phng php phn hy Kjehdahl: ....................................................... 52
24b. Phng php phn hy mu bng persunphat: ................................... 54
25. PHOSPHAT (PO4) ................................................................................... 56
26. TNG PHOSPHO .................................................................................... 58
Phn tch nc
27. PH DNG HA ................................................................................. 58
28. SILICA (SiO2) ......................................................................................... 60
29. SUNPHAT (SO4) ..................................................................................... 61
30. CLORUA ................................................................................................... 63
30.1 Phng php chun AgNO3 ch th K2CrO4 (Phng php
MOHR) ........................................................................................................ 63
30.2 Phng php chun Hg(NO3)2 ..................................................... 65
31. DU M (OIL AND GREASE) ............................................................. 65
30.1 Phng php khi lng .................................................................... 65
30.2 Phng php hng ngoi xc nh du khong/ du tng ................. 66
30.3 Phng php sc k kh xc nh du khong .................................. 66
30.4 Phng php hynh quang xc nh du khong (petroleum oil) ...... 66
32. VI SINH ................................................................................................... 67
Phn tch nc
1. pH
pH l mt trong nhng nhn t mi trng c nh hng rt ln trc tip
v gin tip i vi i sng thy sinh vt nh: sinh trng, t l sng, sinh sn v
dinh dng. pH thch hp cho tt c cc ng vt u gn bng 7. pH an ton
cho cy la l trn 4,1. Do , khi pH mi trng qu cao hay qu thp u khng
thun li cho qu trnh pht trin ca thy sinh vt. Tc ng ch yu ca pH khi
qu cao hay qu thp l lm thay i thm thu ca mng t bo lm ri lon qu
trnh trao i mui - nc gia c th v mi trng ngoi. Do , pH l nhn t
quyt nh gii hn phn b ca cc loi thy sinh vt.
pH con a nh hng n cn bng chuyn di ch gia cac khi c NH
3
, H
2
S
(dang phn t ) va ion cu a chung (NH
4
+
, HS
-
, S
2-
). Mi trng qua kim gy bt li
vi dang NH
3
chim a s so vi dang NH
4
+
. Ngc lai, mi trng qua axit cung
gy bt li dang H
2
S chim a s so vi dang HS
-
, S
2-
pH c nh hng rt ln n s pht trin ca phi, qu trnh dinh
dng, sinh trng v sinh sn ca c. C sng trong mi trng c pH thp s
chm pht dc, nu pH qu thp s khng hay rt t. Theo Swingle (1969) th
s nh hng ca pH nc n c nui nh sau:
- pH = 4: im cht acid
- pH = 5: c khng sinh sn
- pH = 5-6,5: c pht trin chm
- pH = 6,5-9,0: mi trng thch hp cho cc loi tm c
- pH = 9,0-11,0: c pht trin chm
- pH = 11,0: im cht baz
pH nc t nhin nm trong khong 6,0-8,5, ph thuc cn bng gia
cacbonat, bicacbonat, cacbonic cng nh axit humic, fulvic. Cng chnh nh h
1
Phn tch nc
m cacbonat m pH ca mu ngi c n nh t 7,35 -7,45. nhng vng t
phn, nc c pH rt thp do qu trnh thu phn mui st v nhm, pH trung
bnh khong 4. pH c bit thp sau trn ma u ma (pH=2,1) nht l nc
ng rung hoang, nc trong knh tiu v nc mch phn.
pH ca nc ph thuc vo:
Qu trnh h hp ca thy sinh vt, qu trnh phn hy ca cc hp cht hu
c phng thch CO
2
lm gim pH nhng khng lm thay i kim
CO
2
+ H
2
O HCO
3

+ H
+
Trong cc ao giu dinh dng, thc vt ph du pht trin mnh, pH nc
thp nht vo lc sng sm (bnh minh 6h) khong 6,5. Sau khi qu trnh
quang hp xy ra mnh pH nc tng dn, t cc i lc 14-16h, pH c th
ln n 9 - 10. Bin dao ng pH cng ln nu rong to pht trin mnh v
nc c h m yu.
CO
2
t kh quyn lm gim pH nu dung dch c pH > 4. Do , cc
dung dch m pH 10 km bn khi tip xc khng kh. Mun nc ct
khng c CO
2
, c th un nng hoc sc kh nit. Nc ct khng cha
CO
2
c pH>6 v EC< 2 S/cm. Nc ma sch pH c th thp 5,6 hay
hn na do hp thu CO
2
khi ri xung.
Ma axit do cc hot ng ca con ngi thi vo kh quyn NH
3
,
SO
2
, NO
x
.
Ngoi ra, pH cn ph thuc nhit , s hot ng ca vi sinh vt v tc ng
ca con ngi.
Mt s kin thc v my o pH
- Gi tr pH c th thay i nhanh chng do cc qu trnh ho hc, vt l,
sinh hc trong mu nc. Do , cn o pH cng sm cng tt, khng qu 6 gi
sau khi ly mu
- in cc thu tinh khng b nh hng sai s do mu, mn, cht l
lng, cht oxy ho, cht kh. Tuy nhin, khi pH>12, in cc mc sai s Na v cho
kt qu pH thp hn gi tr tht. Cn khi pH<1, in cc li cho kt qu pH cao hn
gi tr tht.
- i vi nc c lc ion thp ( dn nh hn 50 S/cm) nh nc qua
ct trao i ion v nc ma s gp kh khn: kt qu chm n nh, lp li
km.
- Vi my o pH c hai hiu chun ng vi hai nguyn nhn gy sai s:
2
Phn tch nc
+ Asymmetry/offset: l gi tr mV khi o m pH 7. Trn l thuyt pH=7
ng vi im Zero mV. Thc t c th chp nhn im Zero trong khong 7,00 t
0,34 pH, tc l t 20mV.
+ Slope/span ( dc): l gi tr mV ng vi 1 n v pH, trn l thuyt l
59,16 mV 25
o
C. C th coi y l i lng c trng cho nhy ca my.
Kim tra slope bng cch o 2 dung dich m khc nhau v yu cu phi trn 92%
tc l ln hn 54,4 mV.
- Khi nhit thay i th dc thay i theo, do , cc my pH u c b
phn b tr nhit Auto Temperature Compensation (ATC). Sai s ny khong
0,003 pH/
o
C.

nh gi tnh trng in cc theo WTW
Rt tt Trung
bnh
Xu Khng ph hp
3
Phn tch nc
Asymmetry [mV] -15...+15 -30....+30 <-30 hay >+30
Slope[mV/pH] -60,5...-58 -62...-61 hay
-56...-50
<-62 hay >-50
<85% hay >105%
Vic hiu chun c thc hin 1,2 hay 3 im vi hc iu chnh. Cc my
pH hin i u t ng nhn bit gi tr pH ca m, vic hiu chun tip theo do
my thc hin. Thng thng ta hiu chun 2 im gm mt dung dch pH 7.Cc
dung dch m thng dng l: 1,68/ 2,00/ 4,01/ 6,86/ 7,01/ 9,18/ 10,01
m pH
HCl 1,0-2,2
potassium hydrogen phthalate 2,2-5,9
Na
2
HPO
4
/KH
2
PO
4
5,8-8,0
tris (hydroxymethyl)
aminomethane
7,0-9,0
Na
2
B
4
O
7
.10H
2
O 8,0-10,8
Na
2
CO
3
/NaHCO
3
9,6-11,0
Na
2
HPO
4
10,9-12,0
NaOH 12,0-13,0
Khi pha cc dung dch m c pH > 4, t pH chnh xc cn ui kh CO
2
khi dung dch bng nhiu cch: un nng, nh sng siu m, to p sut km,
cht hot ng b mt.
- Lm sch cc in cc thng xuyn bng cch lau cn thn bng vi mm,
hoc nu mu cha tp cht hu c th trng in cc bng tanol (70%), axtn
hoc dung dch cht ty ra nh nhit 50
o
C. S dng dung mi hu c ch
trong thi gian ngn bi v dung mi hu c lm gim nhy ca in cc thu
tinh do n lm mt lp nc ngoi. Nu dng dung mi hu c th li phi ngm
in cc vo nc nhiu gi.
- Khi khng dng, lun m bo b mt in cc c hi m bng cch bo
qun trong dung dch KCl bo ho 3-4 M (i vi loi in cc thu tinh kp) hay
dung dch m pH= 4 (i vi loi in cc thu tinh n) hay bt k dung dch
mui no c EC>4000 S/cm. Khng ngm nc ct v cc ion trong thu tinh
khuch tn ra lm mt hot tnh in cc.
- Nu in cc c bo qun kh, phi hot ho ln lt bng dung dch
HCl 0,1N v NaOH 0,1N.
4
Phn tch nc
2.1 KIM (Alkalinity)
Do nc t nhin c tnh cht ca mt h m kp nn ngi ta c trng
tnh cht acid baz ca nc t nhin khng ch bng gi tr pH m c thm thng s
kim. kim ng vai tr quan trng thng qua kh nng lm gim s bin
ng pH. kim l tng cc baz c th chun , ch yu l cc dng bicarbonat.
pH 6 - 7, nng bicarcbonat ln gp 10
4
ln nng carbonat. Ngoi ra, cc
mui ca acid yu cng ng gp vo kim nh: borat, phosphat, silicat, sulfua,
amoniac, anion ca axit humic v cc axit hu c khc.
Qu trnh phong ho feldspar (mt dng silicat), vi:
2NaAlSi
3
O
8
+ 2CO
2
+ 11H
2
O Al
2
Si
2
O
5
(OH)
4
+ 2Na
+
+ 2HCO
3
-
+ 4H
4
SiO
4
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O + CO
2
Ca
2+
+ 2HCO
3
-
Nc c kim cao c kh nng trung ha axit, baz c ngun gc t ma
axit, nc thi, do pH c duy tr n nh, cng nh khng nh hng do nng
CO
2
dao ng trong ngy. kim cao thng do nc chy qua vng a cht
vi hay to pht trin mnh. kim thp thng do nc chy qua vng a
cht granit hay ma axit.
Trong ni hi, kh CO
2
b ui ra khi nc, pH c th ln ti 11.
2HCO
3
-

CO
3
2-
+ H
2
O + CO
2
CO
3
2-
+ H
2
O 2OH
-
+ CO
2
Trong keo t ho hc, kim ca nc ln s trung ha lng axit gii
phng ra t cht keo t, ng vai tr 1 h m vi khong pH thch hp cho qu
trnh keo t. kim l thng s chnh dng tnh ton nhu cu ho cht (vi,
soda) lm mm nc bng phng php kt ta.
kim thch hp cho nui trng thy sn l 20-150 mg/l CaCO
3
mg/meq 50,043 * meq/L mgCaCO3/L
Phng php: Chun vi cht ch th pH, nu mu c hoc c mu th phn tch
bng chun in th (o pH). Vi mu c pH>8,3, ta c hai kim:
- kim phenoltalein l kim hydroxid v carbonat ; xc nh vi ch
th phenolphtalein 0,5% trong etanol:nc t l 1:1 c pT = 8,3: chuyn t mu
hng sang mt mu.
- kim tng s l kim bicacbonat, cacbonat v hydoxyt trong nc.
C th dng 1 trong 3 ch th sau:
+ Metyl cam 0,1% trong nc, mu trung gian dng chun ng vi pH
cui
= pT = 4,0: chuyn t mu vng sang da cam (nhn ra nh sng hng).
pH<3,1 mu / pH>4,4 mu vng
5
Phn tch nc
+ Metyl 0,2% trong etanol, mu trung gian dng chun ng vi pH
cui
= pT = 5,5: chuyn t mu vng sang cam.
pH<4,4 mu / pH>6,2 mu vng
+ Ch th hn hp: Ha tan 0,020g metyl v 0,100g bromocresol lc trong
100ml etanol hay nc ct. Trung ha dung dch bng khong 2ml natri hydroxit
0,1 mol/l n khi mu nu xut hin. Kim tra trung ha ca dung dch ch th
bng cch chun mt mu n im cui. Nu mu nu khng tn ti sau khi
thm hn 10 git ch th th iu chnh pH ca dung dch ch th. Gi trong bnh
thy tinh mu nu, dung dch bn t nht 6 thng.
Ch th (pT=5,4) chuyn t mu xanh l sang xm vi vt mu .
pH 5,4, bromocresol lc s gi nguyn mu chm(tr mu).
Xanh ngc
hng
Do dng mt gi tr pH im cui cao hn, nh hng ca cc cht nhn H
+
nh anion ca axit humic trong phng php ny c gim i. Ngoi ra, ch th
hn hp cho kt qu chnh xc hn v c khong pH i mu hp, mu sc gia
dng acid v dng baz rt tng phn, v vy khi chun khng cn n mu
trung gian.
Ti im tng ng, pH s ph thuc vo nng CO
2
, nng CO
2
li
ph thuc vo kim. Nh vy pH im tng ng s khc nhau ty thuc
kim: 30mg/l pH=4,9; 150mg/l pH=4,6 v 500mg/l pH=4,3. Khi sc kh khng
cha CO
2
vo bnh chun ui H
2
CO
3
di dng CO
2
ra khi dung dch th
6
Phn tch nc
khong bc nhy pH c ni rng, c th s dng ch th c pT>4,5, trnh sai s
i vi mu c kim ln.
Thc nghim:
Xc nh kim tng s ( kim cacbonat) c gi tr gn vi kim metyl cam.
* Na
2
CO
3
0,02N: sy 250
o
C trong 4h (hay 285
o
C trong 1h), cn 0,5300 g pha
trong 500ml nc ct. Dung dch ny bn t nht 1 thng nu gi 4
0
-8
0
C.
* Axit HCl 1 N: ha tan khang 85 ml HCl 37% (d=1,18g/l) trong 1000ml nc ct.
* Axit HCl 0,02 N pha long 50 ln t dung dch HCl 1N, xc nh li nng
bng Na
2
CO
3
Lu : Clo d lm mt mu ch th. C nhiu cch loi b clo d nh tia UV, sc
kh hay dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
2,5% , NaAsO
2
2%, H
2
O
2
3%. Th li clo d bng KI-h
tinh bt hay DPD.
2.2 AXIT (Acidity)
acid nc t nhin gy ra bi carbonic, tanic, humic, fulvic v t qu
trnh thy phn mui kim lai (Fe, Al).
- Chun gc xc nh li nng NaOH:
+ Potassium hydrogen phthalate (M=204,10) 0,05N: sy 120
o
C trong 2 gi,
cn 5,1025g ho tan trong 500 ml nc ct.
+ Hydrazin sulfat (M=130,12): ha tan 0,4346g trong 500 ml nc ct
3. C (Turbidity)
n v : NTU, FTU
c c trng cho kh nng nc tn x v hp thu nh sng (kh nng
nh sng chiu xuyn qua nc) gy ra bi cc ht l lng nh ph sa, cc mnh
hu c nh, sinh vt ph du. Ngun gc ca c l do phn hu thc vt, xi
mn, nc thi. nhng thy vc khc nhau, nguyn nhn gy ra c khc
nhau:
sng: vn c ca nc l do s c mt ca cc cht l lng, cc cht
keo c ngun gc v c v hu c. Do vn c thay i theo ma r
rt: ma ma - nc ma chy vo sng cun theo cc tp cht trn mt t
nn vn c ca nc sng cao (thng thy sau trn ma ln) v vn
c gim dn theo ma kh.
ao: ngoi cc nguyn gy ra vn c nh sng cn do s pht trin
ca cc vi to.
7
Phn tch nc
c cao th lng nh sng xm nhp vo thy vc t gy nh hng:
gim cng quang hp ca thc vt ph du, gy hn ch pht trin to & thc
vt, gim kh nng tm thc n ca c. Ngc li, khi trong qu cao, nc
ngho dinh dng, sinh vt ph du pht trin km, hn ch thnh phn thc n t
nhin ca c - nng sut c nui gim.
Cng vi mu sc v mi v, y l ch tiu nh hng cm quan thng
c quan tm i vi nc my, nc ng chai, bia ru. Ngoi ra, c cn
lm cho qu trnh kh trng nc km hiu qu. B Y t quy nh tiu chun nh
hn 2 NTU.
My o c kiu nephelometer l o bc x khuch tn (scatter) gy ra do
cc ht l lng. Trong cu to my, detector c t vung gc 90
o
hay 90
o
30
o
so vi tia sng ti. V ngun sng, hin nay c 2 tiu chun khc nhau:
+ Tiu chun quc t ISO, Chu u EN s dng n hng ngoi IR-LED
bc sng pht x 860nm c u im l loi tr sai s m do mu, tuy nhin
km nhy vi cc ht l lng kch thc nh.
+ Tiu chun M USEPA s dng n tungsten; c u im l nhy vi
khong nng thp, tuy nhin d mc sai s m nu mu c mu v ch nn o
trong vng gi tr 0 40 NTU trnh sai s. Cc mu c c cao cn pha long
bng nc ct.
Cng ca bc x khuch tn ph thuc vo bc sng ca cc bc x
ti, gc o v hnh dng, kch c ht v s phn b ht l lng trong nc. Do ,
khng c cng thc lin h gia tng hm lng cht l lng (TSS) v c cho
mi trng hp. Cc yu t nh hng kt qu: mu, cc ht vn l lng khng
lng xung gy kt qu thp, bt kh gy kt qu cao.
- Ha cht :
Dung dch chun c formazin C
2
H
4
N
2
khng bn nn khng c bn sn, do vy
c th chun b nh sau:
+ Dung dch A: 10,00g hexametylentetramin C
6
H
12
N
4
trong 100ml
+ Dung dch B: 1,000g hydrazinsulfat (NH
2
)
2
.H
2
SO
4
trong 100 ml.
Cnh bo - Hydrazin sunfat l cht gy ung th
Sau ht 5 ml dung dch A v 5 ml dung dch B gi 25 t 3
0
C trong 24
gi. Sau pha long bng nc n 100 ml c c dung dch chun 400 NTU
(nephelometer turbidity units). Chun ny bn 1 thng nu bo qun ti. Cc chun
nng thp hn ch bn khong 1 tun.
8
Phn tch nc
Hin nay c bn chun pha sn l copolymer ca styren v divinylbenzen vi
u im bn hn v t c hn.
- Thc nghim:
Trc khi o mu cn lc trn mu, i ht bt kh, cc ht kch thc ln
nhanh chng lng xung y kt qu n nh.
Nu mu lnh cn n nhit phng trnh hi nc ngng t thnh
ngoi cuvet gy sai s. nh du v tr cuvet lun o cng mt v tr, trnh sai s
do thnh cuvet khng ng nht.
4. MU
Khi nim mu dng ch mu thc ca nc, l mu sau khi lc b
cc cht l lng gy c mu nc. mu do cc hp cht ha tan trong nc gy
ra: cc mui Fe, Mn, Cu, cc cht hu c nh axit humic, thuc nhum cng
nghip. Nc t nhin c mu nu vng nht ch yu do cc cht mn hp thu cc
i bc sng 436 nm. Tiu chun v sinh nc n ung ca B Y t nm 2005
quy nh mu nh hn 15 mg Pt/L.
Cn mu gi hay mu biu kin (apparent) l mu ca c cht ha tan v cht
l lng, sinh vt ph du trong nc gy ra. Bng cch ng t hay lc, ta c th loi
b c mu gi ca dung dch. Mu gi c xc nh trc quan gm: cng
mu (khng mu, mu nht, hoc mu sm); mu sc (mu nu hi vng,),
trong ca mu (trong, c hoc m c).
Trong ngnh nui trng thy sn ta ch n mu gi ca nc nhiu hn,
v qua c th nh gi s b mt sinh vt ph du, mi trng nc giu hay
ngho dinh dng. Mu nc thch hp cho cc ao nui l mu xanh l chui non.
Nc mu xanh l cy nht: do to lc (Chlorophyta) - l thc n tt cho
tm c
Nc mu xanh l cy m: do to lam (Cyanophyta) - nhiu c t,
khng tt.
Mu vng gch: do c vng st, nc c nhiu st.
Mu nu vng: nc c nhiu to ct (Diatom), cht hu c ho tan, axit
humic t t, phn hu thc vt, c trng cho cc loi nc vng m
ly v rng.
Mu nu : nc c nhiu ph sa do t ct b bo mn.
Mu nu en: do s pht trin ca to mt (Euglenophyta).
9
Phn tch nc
Mu xanh en hay mu vng nu: c ln nc thi sinh hot trong cng
nghip.
Mu xanh dng: nc trong, nng sut thp.
Nc trong: rt t to do phn
Thc nghim :
Phng php xc nh mu da trn cc dung dch chun Pt-Co ln u tin
c m t bi Hazen vo nm 1892. Phng php ny thc cht l o mu vng
ca mu v c ng dng phn tch nc, cc dung mi, ho cht, xng du.
- Chun mu 500 mg Pt/L: Ho tan 1,246g kali hexacloplatinat (IV)
(K
2
PtCl
6
) tng ng 500 mg Pt v 1,000g coban (II) clorua ngm 6 phn t nc
(CoCl
2
.6H
2
O) trong 500ml nc. Thm 100ml axit HCl tinh khit trong bm
1000ml v thm nc ti vch. Bo qun dung dch ny trong chai thy tinh y
np kn trong ch ti nhit thp hn 30
0
C. Dung dch ny bn t nht l 6
thng.
T chun ny pha thnh cc chun 5,10,20,30,40,50,60,70 (bn 1 thng).
- Bc sng: Hin nay c nhiu ti liu quy nh khc nhau: TCVN dng
bc sng 436 nm, WHO 465 nm, HACH 455nm.
u tin lc mu qua mng 0,45 m, nu qu nhiu cht l lng th em ly
tm, em o chun v mu 436nm. V pH ca mu th c lin quan ti mu
sc nn nu cn phi chnh v pH =7,6.
i vi nc thi cng nghip, mu sc ch yu do cc cht l lng nn cn
o c mu thc v mu biu kin. Tuy nhin, mu thc khng nh mu chun Pt-Co
nn cn o mt quang ti bc sng hp thu cc i.
5. TH XY HA KH (ORP/ E
h
)
ORP l in th gia cc bng kim loi tr, chng hn nh platin hoc
cacbon v mt in cc so snh. Th cng dng th mi trng cng c tnh oxi
ho mnh v th cng m th tnh kh ca mi trng cng mnh.
E
h
l th o khi dng in cc so snh l in cc hydro tiu chun (Standard
Hydrogen Electrode). Cn ORP l khi nim dng chung cho mi loi in cc so
snh. V SHE t c dng do c bt tin, in cc so snh Ag/AgCl l loi thng
dng nht. Khi , phi b tr ORP mt khong chnh lch v th (+207mV@25
o
C,
+203mV@30
o
C) quy i v E
h
. V u s dng chung in cc so snh nn
thng 2 loi in cc pH v ORP c kt hp lm mt, cn nu in cc ORP
nm ring th c th o trn tt c my pH/mV.
10
Phn tch nc
Cc lnh vc ng dng ch yu ca ORP l:
+ Nui trng thu sn:
Nc cht lng tt, ph hp cho tm c c ORP khong 300 mV. Khi ORP
thp bo hiu nc nhim v khi , hm lng cht oxy ho thp lm gim tc
phn hu cht hu c, kh nng t lm sch km. Cn khi ORP trn 500 mV gy
nh hng, c tnh i vi cc loi thu sn.
+ Kh trng nc h bi, spa:
Trong cc h bi, ORP dng ch th nng chorine t do, qua kim tra
vi sinh, tnh trng v sinh nc h bi. Nu ORP > 600 mV, vi khun ch sng st
trong 2 pht, khi ORP=650 mV l 30 giy, cn trn 700 mV vi khun cht ngay lp
tc. Nc h bi c ORP >700 mV c coi l t tiu chun, khng cn cho thm
cht oxy ho. Nu nc b nhim bn lm gim hot tnh ty u ca chlorine th
lng chlorine phi dng nhiu hn t cng gi tr E
h
.
+ X l nc thi cng nghip: qu trnh kh cromat, qu trnh xi ho
xyanua, qu trnh phn nitrat.
V ORP phn nh chung cho tnh oxy ho/kh ca dung dch nn i vi
ngun nc t nhin, ngi ta t khi o ORP m ch o trong trng hp hin din
mt dng oxy ho/kh chim u th nng cao (oxygen, st, sulfua, chlorine,)
trong theo di phn ng ho hc, nc h bi, nc thi. c im ca in cc
ORP l thi gian p ng chm hn in cc pH, dc t bin i do ch to t
kim loi Pt hay Au.
Vi ORP, ngi ta khng quan tm n chnh xc m quan tm n s
thay i tng i. Cc dung dch ORP bn sn khng c coi l dung dch hiu
chun my (calibration) m ch l dung dch kim tra (checking) xc nhn tnh trng
hot ng cu my. Bn thn cc dung dch ny c ORP bin ng ln t 35mV v
thay i theo thi gian, nhit , pH. S thay i ca ORP theo nhit phc tp
v khng d b tr.
Mt khc, cc quy trnh cng khng yu cu hiu chun my o ORP v
nhiu my khng c phn hiu chun. C th kim tra tnh trng hot ng ca my
(in cc ch th Pt, in cc so snh Ag/AgCl KCl bo ho 25
o
C) theo mt trong
nhiu cch sau:
- Dung dch Zobell 1000 ml: ORP=229 mV
+ 1,0480 g K
4
Fe(CN).3H
2
O
+ 1,0975 g K
3
Fe(CN)
+ 7,4555 g KCl
11
Phn tch nc
- Dung dch Light 1000 ml: ORP=476 mV
+ 39,21 g Fe(NH
4
)
2
(SO
4
)
2
.6H
2
O
+ 48,22 g Fe(NH
4
)(SO
4
)
2
.12H
2
O
+ 56,2 ml H
2
SO
4
- Dung dch Quinhydrone 255t 15 mV@25
o
C
6. DN IN (EC)
dn in ca nc l do cc ion ca cc mui ho tan trong nc, ph
thuc vo nng , in tch v kch thc ca ion. Tuy nhin, ngay i vi cc
dung dch cng cha 1 loi mui, dn khng tng t l thun tuyt i vi nng
, m do tng tc ion, nng ln kh nng phn ly ca cht in ly gim i.
n v o lng quc t SI l miliSiemen/m (mS/m).
Gi tr EC tng theo nhit . Tuy nhin sai lch do nhit ny khng
tuyn tnh trn ton thang o, sai lch trung bnh khong 2 %/
o
C. Sai s ny s cng
ln khi EC thp, di 500 S/cm sai lch l 5%/
o
C. Theo quy c, kt qu o EC
phi c thc hin nhit tiu chun 25
o
C. Vi my o c b tr nhit , EC
s c quy i v nhit tiu chun 25
o
C.
Lu : Cc cht rn nh ng tan c trong nc nhng khng ng gp
vo EC.
dn ( S/cm)
Resistivity
L thuyt K
w
=10
-14
0,0548
Nc siu sch 0,055
18,3 M .cm
12
Phn tch nc
(absolute pure)
Nc ni hi 1,0
Nc deionised 0,1-1
1 M .cm
Nc ct <2,0
300 k .cm
Nc RO 10
100 k .cm
Nc my 65
15 k .cm
- EC ca khng kh khong 120 S/cm, do cc chun nh hn 120
S/cm EC s tng chm n khi t cn bng, khng cn ng gi tr ban u. Cc
dung dch nh hn 10 S/cm b nh hng bi kh cacbonic v amoni.
- Lau sch in cc bng cht ty ra nh hay dung dch HCl 5% hay HNO
3
1% (w/w).
- Sau khi o xong c th ngm nc hay kh in cc. Nu bo qun in
cc kiu khng ngm dung dch, khi dng li phi hot ho li in cc: ngm in
cc trong nc, bt my trong 30-60 pht.
- My o mn tht ra l o EC sau nhn cho 1 h s m nh sn xut
ci t sn.
Kim tra EC bng tng nng ng lng cc ion:
EC
tnh
( S/cm) = [349,7. 10
3-pH
+ 80,0. c(SO
4
-2
) + 71,5. c(NO
3
-
) +
76,3. c(Cl
-
) + 73,5. c(NH
4
+
) + 50,1.c(Na
+
) + 73,5. c(K
+
) + 59,8. c(Ca
+2
) +
53,5. c(Mg
+2
) + 44,5. c(HCO
3
-
) ]
T y tnh c h s R nh sau:
R = 100 x (EC
tnh
EC
o
)/ (EC
tnh
+ EC
o
)
Bng Khong bin thin %R cho php
EC S /cm %R
< 5.0
t 20
5.0 - 30
t 13
> 30
t 9
OIML Series certified conductivity standard solutions
**
Type Value Tolerance(expanded
13
Phn tch nc
uncertainty k=2)
KCl 1 D 111.3 mS/cm0.5% at 25C
KCl 0.1 D 12.85 mS/cm0.35% at 25C
KCl 0.01 D 1408 S/cm 0.5% at 25C
NaCl
0.05%
1015 S/cm 0.5% at 25C
KCl 500 S/cm
KCl 5 mS/cm
7. MN (Salinity)
n v : g/l - ppt -
mn l php o tng hm lng cc mui trong nc. C th coi mn
l tng nng 7 ion Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO
4
, HCO
3
v cc ion ny thng chim
95% tng s ion ho tan. o mn bng t trng k, khc x k (tin li hn,
chnh xc hn) hoc my o dn EC.
Nc bin c mn trung bnh 35. Trong , nng NaCl khong
27g/l, chim hn 75%, tuy nhin cha bng 1/10 mc bo ho l 35,9g NaCl/100
ml @25C. Bin h c mn ln nht l bin Hng Hi(38). Bin kin c
mn ln nht l bin Cht (31.5%). Bin nht nht l bin Baltic, mn khong
8.
mn S ()
EC ( S/cm)
Nc ngt < 0,5 1.495
Nc l 0,5 - 30
Nc bin 30 - 35 60.000
Khi mn trn 4 g/l (EC 6.000 S/cm), cy trng b gim nng sut v
khi trn 8 g/l tt c cc thc vt u b cht, tr rng ngp mn. Theo tiu chun
nc ti cho nng nghip, mn cho php l 1 g/l i vi m v 4 g/l i vi la
giai on sinh trng. Do , ngi ta thng ly mn 4 g/l l ranh mn-ngt.
Tiu chun ny i vi rau mu v cy n tri cng thp hn (1 g/l) do nhy cm
vi mn hn la v thy sn, c bit l cy n tri lc ra hoa v t non.
Thy sn nc ngt c th chu c mn cao hn 4 g/l. Tiu chun cho
gia sc l 0,4 g/l.
Tiu chun v sinh nc n ung ca B Y t nm 2005 quy nh mn
nh hn 1,0 g/l.
Bng Hng dn FAO 1985 nc ti
dn in Mc nh hng
14
Phn tch nc
( S/cm)
Khng
Nng sut 100%
Nh
Nng sut 50-90%
Nghim trng
Nng sut <50%
Cy trng ni
chung
<700 700-3.000 >3.000
Cy la <2.000 2.000-4.800 >4.800
8. Tng cht rn ha tan (TDS) (Cn ho tan)
Cc cht rn ho tan trong nc bao gm ch yu l cht v c (mui
khong) v mt phn nh cht hu c t s phn hu ng thc vt. nh ngha ny
tng t vi mn. Khi nim TDS thch hp hn cho nc ung, cn khi nim
mn thng dng trong cc ngnh trng trt, thu sn. Tiu chun v sinh nc
n ung do B Y t ban hnh nm 2002 v TCVN 5502: 2003 v nc cp sinh
hot u quy nh TDS nh hn 1000 mg/l.
Thc nghim :
Cc phng php xc nh:
1) PP trng lng: sau khi lc qua giy lc 2 m, ht mt th tch chnh xc, lm
bay hi ht (95
o
C ri 105
o
C) v em cn tnh ra phn cn. Cch ny tn thi gian
nhng cho kt qu ng hn o my. PP mc sai s nu mu cha cht hu c phn
t lng nh-d bay hi. Tuy nhin, vi nc t nhin khng cn quan tm n sai
s ny. Mu nc c hm lng mui ln th ht m mnh, i hi thi gian sy lu
v cn nhanh.
Khi nung 180
o
C, bicarbonat s b chuyn v carbonat v kt qu s gn vi
tnh ton t cc thnh phn ion bit.
2NaHCO
3
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O + CO
2
200
o
C
2) PP o my : T php o dn in, my s cho ra gi tr TDS sau khi nhn cho
h s quy i f.
TDS
(mg/l)
= f x EC
( S/cm)
vi f =0,55-0,7
Vi nc t nhin c thnh phn 4-4-2 (40% Na
2
SO
4
+ 40% NaHCO
3
+ 20% NaCl)
th h s f = 0,67. Vi nc bin, thnh phn ch yu NaCl, cn dng h s f nh
hn f =0,568. VD: Khi Sal=0.5g/l: f=0,66. Khi Sal=13g/l: f=0,52
C 2 nguyn nhn lm php o TDS cng nh mn khng chnh xc:
- i vi cc dung dch cng cha 1 loi mui, dn khng tng t l thun
tuyt i vi nng mui, nguyn nhn do tng tc ion nng ln kh nng
phn ly ca cht in ly gim i.
15
Phn tch nc
- Ngoi ra, nc trong t nhin thnh phn ho hc thay i khc nhau trong
khi h s quy i ny ch ng vi mt loi nc thnh phn bit trc.
3) Kim tra TDS bng tng nng cc ion mg/l, ring kim l mg CaCO
3
/l:
TDS = 0,6(Alkalinty) + Mg + Ca + Na + K + Cl +SO
4
+ SiO
3
+ NO
3

2 , 1
tnh
TDS
o
TDS
0 , 1 < <
9. TNG CHT RN L LNG (TSS) (Cn khng tan)
TSS c dng nh gi s xi mn b mt, nh hng ca cht thi, vn
chuyn cht dinh dng nh phosphat, kim loi nng, ho cht nng-cng nghip.
Vo ma l, TSS nc sng c th ln ti 110g/L. Cc ht l lng c
phn loi da vo kch thc: 0,00024 0,005mm l ht st, t 0,005 0,05mm l
ph sa, trn 0,05mm l ht ct mn. Thnh phn hu c trong sediment chim di
1%, cht hu c ch yu l cc cht mn. Trong cc cht mn th axit humic, phn
khng tan chim trn 70%, y l cht khng tan trong c mi trng kim hay axit,
do rt bn vng v khng th phn hu sinh hc trong t nhin.
Cc cht l lng c th mang theo vi sinh vt gy bnh. Trong x l nc,
qu trnh keo t loi b cc vt th l lng che chn vi sinh vt trc tc ng ca
clo, nh vic kh trng bng clo hiu qu hn, gim tiu hao ho cht kh trng
do gim c nhu cu clo ca nc.
Ho cht, dng c :
- Huyn ph so snh, = 500mg/l.
Ho tan 0,500g vi tinh th xenlul (microcrystalline cellulosis) sy kh,
loi dng cho sc k lp mng (TLC) hoc tng ng, trong bnh nh mc
1000ml v thm nc ct n vch mc. Huyn ph ny bn t nht ba thng. Lc
k huyn ph trc khi dng.
- Huyn ph xenlul so snh, = 50mg/l.
Lc k huyn ph so snh 500mg/l cho n hon ton ng th. ong nhanh
vo bnh nh mc 100ml. Chuyn th tch o vo bnh nh mc 1000ml v
nh mc n vch mc bng nc ct. Chun b huyn ph xenlulo so snh ny
hng ngy v lc k trc khi dng.
Thc nghim :
16
Phn tch nc
Lc trn u mu, sau cho mt th tch mu lc qua giy lc si thu tinh
loi tiu chun ng knh 47 mm, c lc 2 m (Whatman GF/A) bit trc
khi lng W
1
, tt nht ngm giy lc 24h ri sy v cn. Sy giy lc c cht l
lng 105
o
C 2
o
C trong 1-2 gi. Ly ra cho vo bnh ht m ngui 30 pht,
em cn. Lp li quy trnh sy-lm ngui-cn cho n khi giy lc c khi lng
khng i W
2
khng sai khc 0,0005 g hay 4% so vi ln trc(chn gi tr no nh
hn). Th tch mu chn la sao cho cho chnh lch W trong khong 0,0050
0,0500 g.
V
W W
TSS
1 2

Khi nung bng l 550


o
C trong 15 pht, phn mt i l cht rn bay hi
(VSS), phn cn l cht rn c nh (fixed solid),
Lu :
- Cc mu cha du m kh t n khi lng khng i.
- Gii hn di ca php xc nh l khong 2 mg/l.
- i vi cc mu mn trn 1g/l, cn trng ci lc ba ln sau khi nc
mu rt ht, mi ln 50ml nc ct.
- Kt qu xc nh ph thuc vo loi ci lc c dng. Bi vy cn ch r
kch thc l ca giy lc.
- C cc ht trong cc loi nc c th rt khc nhau. Khng c mi quan h
gia kt qu thu c vi c l ca giy lc, v khng c h s chuyn i kt qu
t cc loi giy lc khc nhau.
- hao khi lng trong mt php th trng khi thay mu bng 150ml nc
ct phi nh hn 0,0003 g.
10. CNG (Hardness)
cng ch cc ion kim loi ha tr II, ch yu l Ca v Mg, ngoi ra cn
c Sr, Ba, Fe, Mn. Trong nc sng, cc ion ny ch yu dng bicarbonat. Trong
nc bin th ngc li dng clorua, sunfat chim u th, kim s bng cng
cacbonat ( cng tm thi). Tc hi ca cng l to ra cn lng trong thit bi
un nong, ng dn-d gy n thit b, tng lng in tiu thu , lm gim hiu qu
ty ra. i vi sc khe con ngi, nc cng s gy hi cho sc khe qua n
ung, qua ng tiu ha to cc bnh si mt, si thn, si bng quang, gy bu
c, nh hng n men rng... Tiu chun nc sinh hot & n ung cho php
cng n 300mg/L, nhng ch cn nc c cng khong 100mg/L l c th c
hin tng cn trng khi un si, pha tr s sm mu.
17
Phn tch nc
Cn phn loi cng theo anion la chn phng php lm mm nc
thch hp. cng cacbonat ( cng tm thi) l tng nng cc mui
bicacbonat, cacbonat ca Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
trong nc. Nhng v hm lng cacbonat
trong nc thin nhin rt nh, nn thc cht cng cacbonat ch yu do mui
bicacbonat ca Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
. cng phicacbonat (vnh cu) l tng nng cc
mui clorua, sunfat, nitrat ca Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
trong nc.
C th gim cng (lm mm nc) bng ho cht, ct trao i ion .
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
2CaCO
3
+ 2H
2
O loi b cng do HCO
3
CaSO
4
+ Na
2
CO
3
Na
2
SO
4
+ CaCO
3
loi b cng do SO
4

Bng Phn loi nc theo cng
Phn lai mg/l CaCO3
Rt mm 0-20
Mm 20-50
Cng 50-500
Rt cng >500
Phng php chun EDTA vi ch th EBT:
EDTA c cng thc vn tt l H
4
Y nm chung trong mt nhm cc hp cht
cha nhm amino-dicarboxylic, goi l mt complexon. N c kh nng to phc
bn vi nhiu ion kim loi vi t l hp thc 1:1. Trong phn t EDTA c 4 nhm
carboxyl v 2 nhm amin, c th to ra 6 ni ho tr vi mt ion kim loi. pH12,
hai nhm amin vn cn i lc vi proton nn EDTA ch to phc chelat c 4 ni
ho tr. Chelate l phc cht vng cng, l mt dng phn t m trung tm l mt
ion ca 1 nguyn t kim loi gia, v cc phi t xung quanh l cc cht hu c.
MeEBT + H
2
Y
2-
MeY + 2H
+
+ EBT
nho ko mu ko mu xanh dng
u tin Mg
2+
to phc bn hn vi EBT (pK
pH=10
=5,37 so vi 3,8 ca Ca
2+
).
Sau , Ca
2+
b chun trc do hng s bn phc EDTA ca Ca ln hn Mg
2+
(pK
pH=10
=10,24 so vi 8,24 ca Mg
2+
). Phc ca Ca-EBT c mu lt, cn phc
Mg-EBT c mu m. do , s hin din ca Mg
2+
lm chuyn mu r rt hn.
V vy, nu mu khng cha Mg
2+
, cn cho vo dung dch m mt t Mg-EDTA ,
iu ny khng gy nh hng php xc nh v Mg v EDTA u thm vo t l
bng nhau 1:1.
Phn ng chun c thc hin trong khong pH t 7-11 v cc nguyn
nhn sau:
18
Phn tch nc
+ Mu phc ca kim loi vi ch th c mu . pH < 6,3 ch th c mu
, pH>11,6, ch th c mu cam. Ch khi duy tr pH=7-11 ch th c mu xanh
dng th s chuyn mu c tnh tng phn.
+ Vi m pH=10, EDTA tn ti dng H
2
Y
2-
phc ca Ca, Mg vi EDTA
bn nht, phc vi cc kim loi khc km bn nht, nhiu kim loi c th kt ta, v
vy, cn cho thm vo 1 cht to phc cnh tranh ngn khng cho cc hydroxit to
thnh. Trong trng hp ny, NH
3
v trietanolamin ng vai tr nh vy.
Trietanolamin N(CH
2
-CH
3
-OH)
3
to phc bn vi Al
3+
, Mn
2+
, Fe
3+
.
+ Phn ng sinh ra H
+
, lm gim pH dn ti thay i hng s bn ca phc,
mu sc ca ch th. Do phi dng m.
Bng: Hng s bn cc phc EDTA (Martell & Smith, 1974)
Metal Log K Metal Log K
K (+I) 0.8 Pb (+II) 18.04
Na (+I) 1.66 Sn (+II) 18.3
Li (+I) 2.79 Ni (+II) 18.62
Ba (+II) 7.86 Cu (+II) 18.80
Mg (+II) 8.79 Hg (+II) 21.7
Ca (+II) 10.69 Al (+III) 16.3
Cr (+II) 13.6 Cr (+III) 23.4
Mn (+II) 13.87 Mn (+III) 25.3
Fe (+II) 14.32 Fe (+III) 25.1
EBT to phc vi Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Cr(III), Fe(III), Al(III) bn hn
phc ca EDTA. Nh vy, khng th chun trc tip cc ion trn bng EDTA
m phi chun ngc. Php chun ngc cn c s dng khi phn ng to
phc EDTA xy ra chm. Phn ng ca Fe(+III) v Al(+III) cn thc y bng
cch un nng, sau ngui ri mi cho ch th.
Vi mu nc c cha mt lng ng k kim loi nng th ch th chuyn
mu khng r rng hay mt mu. C th dng 2 cht che sau:
- NaCN l cht che hiu qu Fe, Cu, Co, Ni. Phi m bo mi trng kim
trc khi cho vo.
- Na
2
S l cht che hiu qu Mn (1 mg/l), Zn, Pb, polyphosphat.
Ngoi ra, trong mi trng kim, Mn(II) s chuyn v Mn(IV) ph hu ch
th. ngn nga cn cho thm hydroxylamin.
19
Phn tch nc
Ho cht:
- Chun Ca 20 meq/l : cn 1,000g CaCO
3
v thm vo tng git HCl 1:1 n khi
tan hon ton, sau thm 200ml nc ct v un si ui CO
2
. Sau khi ngui,
nh mc n vch 1000ml.
- Dung dch EDTA nng 20 meq/L c hai cch pha:
- Pha t dng mui disodium dihydrat (Titriplex III, M=372,24): nu cn
sy 80
o
C khong 2 gi, ho tan 3,72 g pha trong 1L nc ct.
- Pha t dng axit (Titriplex II, M=292,25): ho tan 2,92g pha trong 1L
nc ct, dng ny rt t tan nn phi cho thm 0,8850g NaOH chuyn
v dng mui d tan.
Bnh thng c th coi EDTA l cht chun gc. Nu cn thit, c th xc nh li
nng EDTA theo cht gc CaCO
3
. Khi chun li nng EDTA cn cho 2 git
dung dch MgEDTA 0,85% phn ng chun chuyn mu d nhn.
- Ch th EBT dng dung dch: cn trong beaker 0,5g Eriochrome Black T
(C
20
H
12
N
3
O
7
SNa), thm 2ml etanol, lc cho tan, cho vo 100g trietanolamin
[(HOCH
2
CH
2
)
3
N]. C th pha dng bt vi NaCl nhng khng pha trong nc ct
hay ru v km bn.
- Dung dch m pH=10: 34g NH
4
Cl + 285ml NH
3
trong 500ml, dng trong 1
thng, y kn ngn nga NH
3
bay hi.
Thc nghim :
Ht 20 ml mu vo erlen + 1 ml m + 1 git ch th ri chun t mu
nho (wine-red) chuyn sang xanh dng r rt (sky-blue). im cui chun l
lc nh cui cng cng bin mt. Sc thi mu dung dch khng thay i nu
thm mt git EDTA na. Khi xut hin mu tm (mu trung gian) cn chun
chm li. Nu s chuyn mu khng r l do ch th hng hay c mt cc cht cn
tr (kim loi nng, polyphosphat).
20
Phn tch nc
nho Xanh
cng
(mg CaCO3/L)
= CaMg
(meq/L)
x 50,043
100 mg/L CaCl
2
0.9 mmol/L CaCl
2

0.9 mmol/L Ca
2+
0.9 mmol/L as CaCO
3
or 90 mg/L as CaCO
3
Lu :
- Ch th calmagit pha trong nc cng chuyn mu ging EBT nhng r rt
hn.
- Sau khi cho m nn chun sm trong vng 5 pht trnh CaCO
3
kt
ta mc d ta CaCO
3
c th tan tr li khi c EDTA. Vi cc mu ht th tch nh
nn cho thm nc trc khi cho m. Nn chun ni nh sng v thiu nh
sng th ti lc chuyn sang mu xanh vn thy nh tm.
- cng tm thi hay cng carbonat l mt phn ca cng chung,
tng ng vi hm lng cacbonat v bicacbonat trong nc: chun HCl v
ch th metyl cam.
- cng vnh cu: un n kh mu, ho tan phn cn vi nc ct, lc b
ta, chun EDTA v ch th EBT.
11. CANXI
Canxi c nhiu trong nc chy qua vng vi (calcite, CaCO
3
) hay thch cao
(gypsum, CaSO
4
.2H
2
O). Vi mu nc sng Mekong, nng Ca gp 3 ln Mg.
Vi mu nc sng ng Nai, Ca=Mg. Vi mu nc bin Ca=1/4*Mg(16-25%).
21
Phn tch nc
Phng php: kt ta Mg di dng hydroxid pH=12. Chun Ca bng EDTA
v dng ch th murexid . Ngoi ra c th dng ch th Eriochrome blue black R c
u im l chuyn mu r rt hn, t sang xanh da tri.
Thc nghim:
- Ch th Murexid dng kh: 200mg murexid+100g NaCl hay KCl, nghin tht k.
Nn bo qun trong bnh ht m. Khng pha ch th dng nc do km bn.
- Dung dch NaOH 1N
Ht 20 ml mu + 1ml NaOH+ 1 t ch th, chun ngay khng lu v trong mi
trng kim mnh, ch th khng bn, ngoi ra Ca to CaCO
3
gy sai s m. Ch th
chuyn t mu cam sang mu tm m.
12. OXY HA TAN (DO)
Qu trnh xi ha cc cht hu c s tiu th xy ho tan trong nc(DO).
Nu nc cng nhim, xy ho tan cng thp, vi sinh vt k kh s chim u th
v phn hu cht hu c thnh NH
3
, H
2
S (mi hi thi), CH
4
(d chy) lm cho
nc gim kh nng t lm sch. Nc ung c DO nh hn 80% mc bo ha gy
mi, v kh chu.
nh hng ln nht ca DO l i vi nhu cu h hp ca loi thu sn. Nhu
cu oxy cn thit cho sinh vt di nc thay i ty theo loi v ty thuc giai
on sinh trng. Nhn chung c th nh gi nh sau:
+ DO = 5-6 mg/l: p ng cho sinh trng.
+ DO < 3 mg/l: gy cng thng, n mi gim v d b nhim bnh.
+ DO < 2 mg/l: gy cht c.
Tiu chun cht lng nui c ca FAO quy nh nng DO trong nc
phi cao hn mc 50% bo ha tc cao hn 4 mg/l 25
0
C. vng nhit i, gii
hn ny vo khong 3,8 mg/l.
Tiu chun cht lng nc ngt bo v i sng thy sinh (TCVN 6774:
2000) quy nh DO trung bnh ngy phi ln hn 5 mg/l.
Trong nc mt, DO chu nhiu nh hng ca cc qu trnh nh:
- Qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c lm gim DO.
- S thm nhp t khng kh (chm) c th l tc dng, tc gi, s
khuy trn lm tng DO.
- Qu trnh h hp lm gim DO.
- Qu trnh quang hp ca rong to lm tng DO.
22
Phn tch nc
Kt qu ca cc qu trnh trn l DO s thay i theo su v theo thi gian
trong ngy. Tng nc mt giu oxygen do qu trnh quang hp v tip xc khng
kh, cn tng y c rt t oxygen do vt cht hu c tch t v phn hy. Trong ao
h giu dinh dng, thc vt pht trin mnh, DO thp nht khi gn sng 3-6h
(DO~0 mg/l) v cao nht l lc tra 14-16h (DO~200%).
V bn cht, kh nng xygen ho tan trong nc ph thuc 3 i lng vt
l l mn, nhit v p sut kh quyn. Gi tr DO bo ha t l nghch vi
mn, nhit ; t l thun vi p sut kh quyn nn ngoi n v mg/l, v vy ngi
ta thng o DO theo % so vi mc bo ho c th so snh, nh gi ng cht
lng ngun nc. nhit 26-28
o
C, mn 0 th DO bo ho khong 8,1-7,9
mg/l, mn 35 th DO bo ho khong 6,6-6,4 mg/l .
C
mn (g/L) ti mc nc bin
F
0 g/L 10 g/L 20 g/L 30 g/L 35 g/L
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
11.3
10.8
10.3
9.9
9.5
9.1
8.7
8.4
8.1
7.8
10.6
10.1
9.7
9.3
8.9
8.5
8.2
7.9
7.6
7.4
9.9
9.5
9.1
8.7
8.4
8.0
7.8
7.5
7.2
7.0
9.3
8.9
8.6
8.2
7.9
7.6
7.3
7.1
6.8
6.6
9.0
8.6
8.3
8.0
7.6
7.4
7.1
6.9
6.6
6.4
50.0
53.6
57.2
60.8
64.4
68.0
71.6
75.2
78.8
82.4
Cao (ft)
p sut
(mm Hg)
H s hiu chnh
-540 775 1.02
Sea Level 760 1
500 746 0.98
1000 732 0.96
1500 720 0.95
2000 707 0.93
2500 694 0.91
3000 681 0.9
3500 668 0.88
4000 656 0.86
4500 644 0.85
5000 632 0.83
5500 621 0.82
6000 609 0.8
23
Phn tch nc
Trn thc t, phn nh y , cn ly mu DO theo nhiu thi im,
su, v tr khc nhau, ng thi ghi nhn nhit , mn ti hin trng.
12.1 Phng php chun Winkler ci tin (azide modification)
Khi thm dung dch kim cha iodua v dung dch Mn(II) vo mu nc, kt
ta trng mangan hydroxit xut hin. Kt ta ny lp tc b O
2
trong nc oxy ho
thnh kt ta Mn(III). Qu trnh ny l c nh oxygen trong mu.
Mn
2+
+ 2OH

Mn(OH)
2
(trng)
2Mn(OH)
2
+ O
2
+ H
2
O 2Mn(OH)
3
(nu)
Khi thm vo axit, hp cht Mn(III) oxi ho iodua to ra iot. Dng dung
dch natri thiosunfat chun lng iot sinh ra, t s tnh c hm lng
oxi ho tan trong mu nc.
Mn(OH)
3
+ 2I

+ 3H
+
Mn
2+
+ I
2
+ 3H
2
O
I
3
-
+ 2S
2
O
3
2-
3I
-
+ S
4
O
6
2-
Iot trong mi trng axit c tnh xy ho s b cc cht hu c nh tanin,
axit humic, lignin kh v iodua gy sai s m :
H
2
S + I
2

S + 2H
+
+ 2I
-

Ngc li, s hin din mt s ion v c gy sai s dng v sinh ra iod:
Fe(OH)
3

+ 2I
-
+ 3H
+
Fe
2+
+ I
2
+ 3H
2
O
NO
2
-
+ 2I
-
+ 4H
+
N
2
O
2
+ I
2
+ 2H
2
O
N
2
O
2
tip tc phn ng vi xy khng kh sinh ra NO
2
-
lm lp li qu trnh sai s
nh mt vng tun hon. Nh vy, sai s do ion NO
2
-
s rt ln.
N
2
O
2
+ O
2
+ H
2
O 2NO
2
-
+ 2H
+
C th khc phc nh hng cn tr ca Fe(III) bng dung dch axit H
3
PO
4
m c khi axit ha mu c c nh oxi: ion phosphat s to phc bn vi
Fe(III) v ngn s xy ho thnh Fe(II).
Vi mu cha NO
2
>0,05 mg/l, cn dng azid loi tr nh hng. Nng
NO2 n 15 mg/l khng gy cn tr php xc nh v chng b phn hy khi
thm azid.
NO
2
-
+ N
3
-
+ 2H
+
N
2
O + N
2
+ H
2
O
Nu mu nc cha nhiu cht l lng c kh nng c nh hoc tiu hao iod
cn phi loi b bng nhm hydroxit trc khi c nh oxi.
Ho cht, dng c:
24
Phn tch nc
* Bnh thy tinh ming hp, dung tch t 100-300 ml. Th tch mi bnh c th xc
nh bng cch cn.
* Dung dch DO(I): ho tan 210g MnCl
2
.4H
2
O trong 500 ml nc ct un nng. C
th dng MnSO
4
dng ngm 1,2,4 phn t nc pha.
* Dung dch DO(II): ho tan 250g NaOH, 75g KI, 5g NaN
3

trong 1000ml nc ct.
Cnh bo: Natri azid l cht c cc mnh. Nu bit chc khng c nitrit
trong mu th khng cn dng azid.
* H tinh bt: ho tan 2,0g tinh bt vo 100ml nc ct un nng, thm 0,2g axit
salicylic bo qun. Thay v dng axit salicylic bo qun, c th dng 2 git
chloroform, toluen, amylic.
* Dung dch kali dicromat 0,02N: Ho tan 0,9807g K2Cr2O7 c sy kh
105
o
C bng nc ct trong bnh nh mc 1 lt, nh mc n vch.
* Dung dch natri thiosunfat 0,02M=0,02N : pha Na
2
S
2
O
3
.5H
2
O 4,96g/L. Thm 0,2
g Na
2
CO
3
hay 0,4 g NaOH bo qun .
Thiosunfat ch bn trong mi trng kim hay trung tnh. Trong mi trng axit, n
phn hy thnh sulfur dioxid v sulfur S.
S
2
O
3
2-
(aq)
+ 2H
+
(aq)
SO
2(g)
+ S
(s)
+ H
2
O
Chun li nng Na
2
S
2
O
3
: Cho vo erlen 10ml dung dch kali dicromat
K2Cr2O7 0,02N v 1g kali iodua KI, 10ml dung dch axit clohhidric HCl 2:1. Lc
nh n khi tan ht KI dung dch c mu vng nu, chun ngay bng dung dch
natri thiosunfat n mu vng nht. Thm 1 ml dung dch h tinh bt ri tip tc
chun n va mt mu xanh (khng quan tm n s li mu).
Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ 9I
-
+ 14H
+
2Cr
3+
+ 3I
3
-

+ 7H
2
O
C th thay K
2
Cr
2
O
7
bng kali iodat KIO
3
hay kali bi-iodat KH(IO
3
)
2
IO
3
-
+ 8I
-
+ 6H
+
3H
2
O + 3I
3
-
Thc nghim:
- Ly mu vo chai DO.
- Thm thuc th di b mt nc ca mu bng cch dng cc pipet c
mi nhn 0,5ml dung dch Mn(II) ri 0,8 ml dung dch kim, y np chai sao cho
khng c bt kh, lc trn u to kt ta.
- i sau khi kt ta lng xung th cho tip 1 ml H3PO4, y np, lc n
khi tan ht ta (khoang 30 phut). Ht ra 50 ml cho vo erlen chun bng
Na2S2O3, ch th h tinh bt nh trn.
25
Phn tch nc
T
V
f V N
DO
1000 * 8 * * *

N : nng ng lng gam ca dung dch natri thiosunfat;


V : th tch dung dch natri thiosunfat tiu tn, ml;
V
T
: th tch dung dch I
2
em chun
Trong :
R B
B
V V
V
f

V
B
: th tch chai c nh oxi, ml;
V
R
: tng th tch hai thuc th cho vo c nh xy, ml;
8 : ng lng ca oxi;
12.2 Phng php u o in ha
* Nguyn tc my o DO:
Nhng u o cha mng chn lc, hai in cc kim loi v cht in gii vo
nc cn phn tch. Mng thc t khng thm nc v cc ion ha tan, ch thm
oxy mt vi cht kh v cht a dung mi.
Do s chnh lch th gia cc in cc gy ra bi tc ng ca in k hoc
do in p ngoi t vo, oxy thm qua mng b kh trn catot trong khi cc ion
kim loi i vo dung dch ti anot.
Kiu Clark (polarographic) Kiu Galvanic
Anod 2Ag + 2Cl
-
2AgCl + 2e
-

(in cc Ag/AgCl, dung dch in
gii KCl)
2Pb + 4OH
-
2PbO + 2H
2
O + 4e
-
(in cc Pb, Zn, Cd)
Catod 2e
-
+ O
2
+ H
2
O 2OH
-
(in cc Pt, Au, Pd)
2e
-
+ O
2
+ H
2
O 2OH
-
(in cc Au, Ag)
2Ag + O
2
+ H
2
O + 2Cl
-
2AgCl + 2OH
-

Dng in sinh ra t l thun vi tc chuyn oxy qua mng, qua lp cht
in ly v do vy lm tng p sut ring phn ca oxy trong mu nhit cho.
Phng php ny c cc u im: c th o DO cc mu nc c hay c
mu, mu c mt cc cht cn tr (nitrit, cht hu c,...), trnh sai st trong qu
trnh c nh mu bng ha cht, c th o ngay ti hin trng hay o lin tc.
My o DO phi b tr 3 loi sai s nh hng kt qu:
26
Phn tch nc
- Nhit : lm thay i ha tan ca oxygen trong nc, kh nng
khuch n ca oxygen qua mng, nhit c b tr t ng.
- mn: b tr t ng hay th cng (nhp tay gi tr mn)
- p sut: b tr th cng, khng cn b tr nu my c hiu chun ti
ni c p sut bng vi lc o mu.
* Hng dn s dng my o:
- Hiu chun my bng mt trong cc cch sau:
+ Gi tr DO bo ha 100% (khng kh m bo ha hi nc hay
dung dch sc kh ) nhit , p sut kh quyn phng th nghim.
+ Gi tr DO ca 1 dung dch bit trc.
+ Gi tr DO bng 0 mg/l (dung dch Na
2
SO
3
.7H
2
O bo ha >70g
trong 100 ml nc ct)
Gi tr zero khong 1 mV (trong khi mc DO bo ha 200 mV) v
vy, php o zero khng quan trng, ch cn hiu chun 1 im bo ha.
- Vi in cc loi cc ph (loi Clarke-anod Ag) cn 20 pht phn cc
sau khi bt my n nh.
- Nu o trong vng khng c dng chy, cn khuy trnh thiu ht
oxygen ti mng.
- Phi bo m khng c bt kh bn trong mng in cc v bt kh t
mu bm trn mng.
- Khi kt qu o khng n nh hay p ng chm, cn thay mng hay lau
sch anod, catod. Thay in cc hng thng, ty thuc vo mc s
dng. Vi mng mi thay, cng cn dng mt thi gian o cho kt qu
n nh.
- Kh v hi nh clo, sunfua dioxit, hydro sunfua, amin, amoniac, cacbon
dioxit, brom, iod c kh nng khuch tn qua mng gy cn tr vic xc
nh.
- Mu c nhiu dung mi, du m, sunfua, cacbonat, rong to, axit hay
kim c th gy cn tr vic o dng in hoc ph hy mng, n mn
in cc.
- Khi khng o, phi lun gi in cc trong khng kh m trnh bay
hi dung dch in phn bn trong.
- chnh xc l t 0,1 mg/l; lp li l t 0,05 mg/l
27
Phn tch nc
12.3 Phng php so mu
Mu nc c cho vo ampoule c cha cc ho cht, phn ng ln mu
xy ra, cng mu m dn t l theo nng oxygen. Khi mu so snh vi
thang bng mu, ta c c gi tr DO ca mu. Phng php ny c u im l
thao tc n gin, c th o ngay ti ch nhng phn gii, nhy u km, chi
ph cao.
13. NHU CU OXY SINH HC (BOD5)
BOD
5
l lng oxi ha tan b tiu th bi vi sinh vt xi ha cc cht hu
c v / hoc cht v c trong 5 ngy 20

t 1
o
C. Nhu cu oxygen bao gm cc loi
sau:
+ Qu trnh xi ha cc cht hu c d phn hu bi vi sinh vt bao
gm: cacbonhydrat (cellulose, tinh bt, ng), protein, hydrocacbon du mTh
t b phn hu l ng, protein, sau l tinh bt, cht bo. Cc cht nh
cellulose, tannin, lignin, kitin bn vng, kho phn huy.
+ Qu trnh xi ha ho hc cc hp cht v c, thng gp nht l
sunfua, Fe(II) gp phn vo gi tr BOD v ta khng th khc phc c sai s ny.
+ Qu trnh nitrat ho cc dng kh hp cht nitrogen (amoni, cc hp
cht hu c N) gy tiu hao oxygen, gi chung l nhu cu oxy sinh ha hp cht
nit (Nitrogenous BOD). Ta c th khc phc bng cch cho vo 1 ha cht c ch
qu trnh nitrat ha. Lc ny php o l tng nhu cu oxy sinh ha hp cht cacbon
(Carbonaceous BOD).
Cht hu c trong nc ng vai tr l thc n cho cc vi sinh vt d dng.
Khi phn hy cht hu c thnh cc cht v c khng c hi (CO2, NO3, SO4,
PO4 - qu trnh khong ho) th vi sinh vt hiu kh cng ng thi tiu th oxy ho
tan. Oxy ho tan trong nc b tiu th qu nhanh trong khi oxy khng kh khuch
tn vo chm th cc sinh vt cn xy h hp s cht, k c vi sinh vt hiu kh ni
trn. Khi , vi sinh vt k kh s chim u th v phn hu cht hu c thnh cc
hp cht mi thi hay c hi nh NH
3
, H
2
S, CH
4
, do , nc cng tr nn
nhim hn. Tc phn hu k kh thng chm v khng hon ton.
xy ha ht cht hu c cn thi gian t 21-28 ngy, theo quy c 20
ngy l thi gian xy ha hon ton (BOD
u
). Nh th thi gian xc nh qu
di. Trong thc t, php o BOD thc hin trong 5 ngy, qu trnh oxy ha ch t
60-70%. Ngoi ra, BOD 5 ngy s trnh c sai s do qu trnh nitrat ha vn
thng xy ra t ngy th 5 n ngy th 7.
Phn ng BOD xy ra theo ng hc bc 1 v c biu din bng
phng trnh:
28
3
1
3
2
6L
k
b
Phn tch nc
y = L
o

(1 e
-kt
)
Trong :
L
o
: gi tr BOD ton phn (BOD
u
) l lng oxy tiu th ln nht khi cc
cht hu c trong nc thi b phn hu sinh hc hon ton, mg/l.
y : BOD thi im ngy th t (BOD
t
), mg/l.
k : hng s tc phn ng BOD, ngy
-1
.
th BOD trong 5 ngy c dng hnh hyperbol: BOD lin tc tng nhng mc
tng s gim dn. n y, ta c nhiu phng php tnh k, L
o
khc nhau, trong
phng php Thomas c dng nhiu nht. Qua nhiu thut ton bin i, ta c:
( )
t
y
k L
k
L
t

_
,
+

1
]
1

1
3
1
3
2
3
1
3
6
V th (t/BOD
t
)
1/3
theo t, th l ng thng vi on chn b v h s gc a:
Suy ra: k = 6 b/a v L = 1/(ka)
3
Vai tr ca hng s k rt quan trng. T l BOD
5
= 70% BOD
u
cng nh
BOD
5
:COD s thay i nu k thay i. V vy khng th so snh BOD
5
nu 2 mu
gi tr k khc nhau. Khi mu cha nhiu cht hu c kh phn hy v dng l
lng th k nh (k=0,1) : BOD
5
= 39% BOD
u
, ngc li khi k ln (k=0,4) : BOD
5
=
87% BOD
u

Bng. Phn loi cht lng nc theo BOD
5
BOD
5
(ppm) Cht lng nc
1 - 2 Rt tt
3 - 5 Tng i sch
6 - 9 Kh nhim
10+ Rt nhim
Nc thi sinh hot c BOD
5
khong 600 mg/l, sau khi x l l 20-100 mg/l.
Php th BOD
5
cng nh qu trnh phn hu hiu kh c th b nh hng bi nhiu
yu t nh nhit , mn, pH, vi khun:
- Nhit : nhit tng 10
o
C th tc phn hu tng gp i. Nhit ti
u l t 5 - 35
o
C. Khi nhit tng t 20
o
ln 30
o
C, tc phn hu cht hu c
tng 30%.
- Cc yu t nh mn cao, pH qu axit hay qu kim, cht c i vi
sinh vt nh cc cht dit khun, cc kim loi nng, clorin t do... gy c ch, thm
29
( )
3
1
kL a
Phn tch nc
ch tiu dit vi khun. Theo mt nghin cu, cc mu mn cao c tc phn
hy cht hu c gim i 30%.
- To trong bng ti s tiu th xy. Khi to cht i, vi khun tip tc tiu th xy
phn hu cht hu c c gii phng. Do phi lc mu trc khi cho mu
vo t .
Vi nc sng, gi tr BOD
5
bng khong 70% COD. Nc thi cng nghip
thng c gi tr BOD
5
thp hn nhiu ln COD, c bit c trng hp bng khong
15% COD do:
Cht hu c nm dng kh phn hy sinh hc (cht hu c tng hp,
lignin, tanin, cellulose), hm lng C ln nhng cht dinh dng N, P thp.
Cht hu c nm dng cht rn l lng. Trn thc t, qu trnh BOD
5
ch
yu phn hy cht hu c nm dng ha tan.
Cc yu t gy c ch, tiu dit vi khun nh pH qu thp hay qu cao, kim
loi nng v cht st trng, cc cht c hi.
So vi COD, php o BOD mt thi gian hn nhiu, ng v lp li
km hn (h s bin ng CV khong 12% so vi COD khong 6%), ph thuc
nhiu vo hng s tc k, hot tnh ca vi khun trong nc pha long. Php o
COD cn c u im thao tc n gin nu s dng cc ng c sn ha cht. Tuy
nhin, BOD c trng hn do ch bao gm cc cht hu c phn hy sinh hc, thch
hp cho nc thi sinh hat. Php o BOD m phng theo qu trnh phn hy t
nhin, tuy nhin php o ny khng cho s liu sm c thng tin kp thi. Khi c
s lng o c BOD, COD ko di qua mt thi gian, ta c th tm ra v chng
minh mi tng quan BOD:COD, t c th thay BOD bng COD.
* Nhng nhit v thi gian khc vi tiu chun:
Php o BOD 3 ngy 30
o
C c mt mi tng quan vi BOD 5 ngy
20
o
C. H s tng quan gia chng thay i theo tng nhm nc mt v ch xc
nh c qua thc nghim.
Vi mu nc BOD cao, cha cht thi kh phn hu, BOD
3/30
70% BOD
5/20
.
Vi mu nc mn, BOD
3/30
120% BOD
5/20
13.1 Nguyn tc phng php chun iod
Phng php tiu chun l xc nh DO ca mu trc v sau khi trong 5
ngy 20

t 1
o
C. Mu c ch ti trong bnh hon ton y mu v nt kn
nhm ngn nga s quang hp ca to v tip xc khng kh. m bo ti u
cho qu trnh oxy ha sinh hc ca mu, ta ha long mu vi nc ct bo ha
xy, thm mt lng c nh vi sinh vt mm ging, pH thch hp, cung cp cht
dinh dng nit, phospho, mui khong.
BOD
5
= F (D
0
- D
5
) - (F - 1)(T
0
- T
5
)
vi F : h s pha long
30
Phn tch nc
D
0
, D
5
: nng xy ho tan ca mu ngy u v sau 5 ngy.
T
0
, T
5
: nng xy ho tan ca nc pha long ngy u v sau 5 ngy.
Trong thi gian 5 ngy, vi khun oxy ha cc cht hu c ch yu l dng
tan, ch 1 phn nh cht hu c dng rn l lng b oxy ha. Kt qu c coi l
ng tin cy khi:
- DO ngy th 5 ln hn 1 mg/l v chnh lch DO gia ngy 1 v 5 t nht
2 mg/l.
- Nng DO d nm trong khong 1/3 v 2/3 nng DO ban u
3
2C
) C (C
3
C
1
2 1
1

* Khi lm nhiu thang pha long, c th dng hi quy tuyn tnh tm BOD:
Dng ng chun bc nht Y = aX + b
vi Y l DO ngy th 5
X l th tch mu em pha long
Khi tm c a,b em th X=th tch chai BOD s c DO ngy th 5 trong trng
hp mu y chai BOD
BOD
5
= aV
chai
- b - DO
mu
b chnh l BOD
5
ca nc pha long. Nh vy, ta ch cn xc nh DO ban u ca
mu v cc gi tr DO
5
ng vi cc th tch mu em pha long. Cch ny cng
gip loi b sai s do BOD nc pha long ng gp.
13.2 Nguyn tc phng php o gim p sut bng u d
Chai sau khi 1 th tch mu ph hp s y kn bng np c u d p
sut, mu lin tc khuy trn bng c t. Khi vi khun s dng oxy ha tan trong
mu oxy ha cht hu c, lng oxy t phn khng kh nm bn trn s thm
nhp b sung vo phn sung dch, v CO
2
sinh ra b cht kim hp thu. u d s
o s gim p sut (khng phn bit CO2, O2) v tnh trc tip ra gi tr BOD.
u im ca phng php ny l tit kim cng sc, ha cht, c th theo
di BOD bt c thi im no (k c sau 5 ngy), t sai s dng do qu trnh nitrat
ha, chnh xc hn do khng mc sai s chun , khng b nh hng ca nc
pha long hay vi khun cy. Tuy nhin, c nhc im l khng lm c nhiu
mu cng lc.
31
Phn tch nc
ng A
N
: qua trinh nitrat ho a xut hin sau 6 ngay.
ng H: thiu vi sinh vt trong giai oan u.
ng B: h thng o ap sut bi h
Thc nghim phng php chun iod
a) Chun b dung dch pha long t cc mui sau:
- m photphat pH 7,2: Ha tan 8,5g (KH
2
PO
4
) ; 21,75g (K
2
HPO
4
) ; 33,4g
(Na
2
HPO
4
.7H
2
O) v 1,7g (NH
4
Cl) trong 1000ml nc ct. m ny va to mi
trng trung tnh va cung cp cht dinh dng P.
- Magie sunfat: Ha tan 22,5g (MgSO
4
.7H
2
O) trong 1000ml nc ct.
- Canxi clorua: Ha tan 27,5g (CaCl
2
khan) trong 1000ml nc ct.
- St clorua: Ha tan 0,25g (FeCl
3
.6H
2
O) trong 1000ml nc ct.
Nc ct c sc khng kh trong 1 gi nhit 20
o
C v thm 1ml mi
dung dch mui trn vo khong 1000ml v lc u. Sau , cy vi sinh vt hiu
kh. Nc pha long ny ch nn dng trong ngy.
Cn tin hnh xc nh BOD nc pha lang song song vi mu, nc pha
lang t yu cu phi c BOD<0,2 mg/l.
b) Dung dch chun kim tra glucose- glutamic axit (GGA)
Sy mt t glucose khan (C
6
H
12
O
6
) v mt t axit glutamic (HOOC-CH
2
-CH
2
-
CHNH
2
-COOH) 103
o
C trong 1 gi. Cn mi th 150t 1mg, ha tan trong nc
v pha thnh 1000 ml. Chun b dung dch ny ngay trc khi dng v b lng
d vo cui ngy lm vic .
kim tra nc pha long cy vi sinh vt v k thut ca ngi phn
tch, tin hnh xc nh BOD ca dung dch GGA pha long 50 ln (pha long 20ml
dung dch GGA vi nc pha long cy vi sinh vt thnh 1000ml). Kt qu
32
Phn tch nc
BOD
5
coi l t yu cu nu nm trong khong 198 t 30 mg/l (SMEWW), 220
30 mg/l (AOAC), 180 - 230 mg/l (TCVN), 220 t 18 mg/l (VELP ).
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2
6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
180 192
C
5
H
9
NO
4
+ 4,5O
2
5CO
2
+ 3H
2
O + NH
3
147 144
Theo l thuyt oxy ha 1mg glucose cn 1,066mg O
2
, oxy ha 1mg glutamic cn
0,98mg O
2
. Nhu cu oxy l thuyt ca dung dch ny l 307 mg/l.
c) X l s b
Trung ha mu: Nu pH ca mu khng nm trong khong 6,5 v 8, cn
dng dung dch axit HCl 0,5 mol/l hoc NaOH 20g/l. Khi trung ho khng
cn quan tm n kt ta nu c to thnh.
Clo t do v/ hoc clo lin kt thng gp trong nc sau x l: Trung ho
clo t do v clo lin kt c trong mu bng dung dch natri sunfit 0,5 mol/l.
(khng dng d v lng d s lm tng BOD v phn ng vi chloramin
hu c). Ngoi ra cng c cch cho chlorine bay hi bng cch sc kh hay
phi nng t 1-2 gi, sau kim tra nhanh chlorine bng cch cho vin
thuc th DPD (N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine). Nu thy dung dch
khng c mu hng l c.
* Cht c ch qu trnh nitrat ha:
+ alylthioure (ATU) (C
4
H
8
N
2
S) 0,1% t l 2 ml ATU cho 1 lit nc pha
long.
+ 2-clo-6-(triclometyl)pyridin (TCMP) (Cl - C
5
H
3
N - CCl
3
) thm sao cho
nng cui cng t 10mg/l.
14. NHU CU XY HA HC (COD)
L lng oxy cn thit oxy ho cc hp cht v c v hu c trong nc
bao gm dng l lng hay ho tan.
Ngun cung cp vt cht hu c cho thy vc bao gm:
Ngun ni ti: do chnh cc sinh vt trong thy vc cht i b phn hy.
Ngun ngoi ti: bao gm mn b hu c, nc thi sinh hot v cng
nghip vo thy vc.
Vt cht hu c trong thy vc trc ht l ngun thc n ca mt s loi thy
sinh vt, phn cn li lng ng di nn y thy vc to thnh cn gi l "lp
bn y". Cht bn ny b cc vi sinh vt phn hy to thnh cc mui v c ha
tan, cung cp dinh dng cho thc vt. Khi vt cht hu c trong thy vc nhiu
33
Phn tch nc
qa trnh phn hy chng lm tiu tn nhiu oxy ca mi trng gy nn hin
tng nhim bn thy vc.
Trong nc sng khng nhim, cht hu c ch yu l axit tannic, axit
humic c ngun gc t phn hu thc vt to nn mu vng hay nu ca nc.
Bng. Phn loi cht lng nc theo COD
COD (ppm) Cht lng nc
0 - 2 Rt ngho dinh dng
2 - 5 Ngho dinh dng
5 - 10 Dinh dng trung bnh
10 - 20 Giu dinh dng
20 - 30 Rt giu dinh dng
> 30 Nc b nhim bn.

14.1 Phng php KMnO
4
(Ch s Permanganat)
Ch p dng cho mu nc nhim nh v nng clorua di 300mg/l (EC<1200
S/cm). Tuy nhin, trong tnh hnh nhim ngy cng gia tng, phng php ny
khng cn c s dng do kh nng xi ho cht hu c km ca KMnO
4
.
Nguyn tc: un nng erlen cha mu v mt lng d KMnO
4
trong mi trng
axit bng b iu nhit (water bath) m bo cc dung dch trong erlen duy tr
nhit gia 96
o
C v 98
o
C trong 20 pht v KMnO
4
s xy ho cc hp cht hu
c. Sau ngui, cho vo erlen dung dch KI kh lng KMnO
4
cn d.
Lng I
2
sinh ra s c chun bng dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
.
10KI + 2KMnO
4
+ 8H
2
SO
4
5I
2
+ 2MnSO
4
+ 6K
2
SO
4
+ 8H
2
O
Ngay c khi s dng H
2
SO
4
1+2 un nng 30 pht, phng php ny ch xy
ha c 1 phn nh lng cht hu c v cng gim khi hm lng cht hu c
ln.
Dung dch COD=18 mg/l: COD
Cr
= 1,46 COD
Mn
(70%)
Dung dch COD=64 mg/l: COD
Cr
= 1,67 COD
Mn
(60%)
Ho cht:
* H
2
SO
4
1+3
* KI 4,15g/250ml
* Dung dch chun COD:
+ Dung dch resorcinol 6,0 mg/l c gi tr COD l 9,95 0,12 mg/l.
34
Phn tch nc
+ Dung dch axit salicylic 1,66 mg/l c gi tr COD l 2,33 mg/l.
* Dung dch tr KMnO
4
0,02M: ho tan 3,16g KMnO
4
trong 1L nc ct, qua
m cho n nh nng v bo qun chai ti mu. Khi lu s c ta MnO
2
v
cht ny s xc tc qu trnh phn hy KMnO
4
.
* Dung dch lm vic KMnO
4
0,002M: pha long t dung dch trn
* Dung dch natri thiosunfat (Na
2
S
2
O
3
.5H
2
O) 0,02M = 0,02N = 4,96g/L. Thm 0,1 g
Na
2
CO
3
bo qun trnh CO
2
ph hy. Chun li nng Na
2
S
2
O
3
bng KIO
3
hay
K2Cr2O7.
Thc nghim:
Ht 20ml mu cho vo erlen, thm 1ml axit, 4ml KMnO
4
0,002M. Lc u
v y nt erlen. un nng sau 20 pht ly ra lm ngui hon ton bng nc my.
Lu : phc mu xanh ca tinh bt v it b ph hu khi nhit trn 35
o
C
Cho vo erlen 1 ml KI ri chun ngay bng Na
2
S
2
O
3
, khi dung dch c
mu vng nht, cho ch th h tinh bt-khng nn cho ch th vo sm v chun
n khi dung dch va mt mu xanh th dng (d sau vi pht c mu xanh tr
li).
i vi mu nc l, cn tin hnh phn ng xy ho trong mi trng kim
nh sau: ht 20ml mu cho vo erlen, thm 2ml NaOH 0,4M v 4 ml KMnO
4
0,002M. Cch tin hnh tng t.
o
S2O3 S B
V
1000 * 8 * N * ) V (V
COD

vi V
B
,V
S
: th tch thiosunphat chun blank v mu, ml
N
S2O3
: nng ng lng ca thiosunphat, meq/l
V
o
: th tch mu ht ban u, ml.
8 : ng lng gam ca xy
Dung dch KMnO
4
khng bn, t phn hy chm hay khi tip xc vi cc
cht hu c (giy lc, cao su, bi) tc phn hy s tng khi c nh sng, nhit
. Do , cn tin hnh cc bc quy trnh mt cch lin tc thm KMnO
4
-un
nng-lm ngui-chun , khng c b d gia chng.
Khi COD
Mn
> 10mg/l tng ng tiu th khang 60% KMnO4 phi ht th
tch mu t hn.
14.2 Phng php K
2
Cr
2
O
7

un mu vi mt lng d kali dicromat 150
o
C trong 2 gi c th phn
hu 95-100% cc hp cht hu c.
35
Phn tch nc
vi d = 2n/3 + a/6 - b/3 - c/2.
Sau chun lng dicromat cn li bng dung dch st (II):
Cr
2
O
7
2-
+ 6Fe
2+
+ 14H
+
6Fe
3+
+ 2Cr
3+
+ 7H
2
O
vi E
o
Cr
2
O
7
2-
/Cr
3+
= 1,33V ; E
o
Fe
3+
/Fe
2+
= 0,77V
Ch th s dng l Ferroin, mt phc ca Fe
2+
v 1,10-phenantrolin. y l mt ch
th th in cc, dng kh c mu , dng oxy ho c mu xanh ngc,
E
0
Fe(phen)
3
3+
/Fe(phen)
3
2+

= +1,06V.
Mt s cht v c cng b oxy ho nh cc ion brm, it, nitrit, sunfua,
amoni, Fe(II), Mn(II). Tuy nhin dicromat khng oxi ha NH
4
v NO
3
. Thc t cc
ion v c ny coi nh mt phn ca gi tr COD tng s ca mu.
Dng Ag
2
SO
4
lm cht xc tc phn hy cc axit bo mch thng d bay hi
(khng oxy ho c hydrocacbon thm, pyridin, hp cht nit bc 4). Tuy nhin,
li to kt ta vi Cl, Br, I do thm HgSO
4
to phc tan vi cc ion ny. ng
thi, cng nh s to phc ny m gim c s cn tr ca clorua. Tuy nhin, hm
lng clorua khng c vt qu 1000-2000 mg/l (EC~6000 uS/cm).
Bng Cc cn tr v cch khc phc
Dng cn tr Loi b bng Dng to thnh
Clorua Mercuric sulfate Mercuric chloride
Nitrite Acid sulfamic N
2

St (II) Acid sulfamic -
Sunfua Acid sulfamic
* 1 mg Clorua=0,226 mg O
2
* 1 mg NO
2
= 1 mg O
2
Ho cht:
- Chun Potasium hydrogen phthalat c COD l thuyt bng 500 mg/l: ha tan
0,4251g KHC
8
H
4
O
4
( sy 110
o
C) trong 1000 ml nc ct. Chun ny bn trong
2 thng, phi tr lnh trong ti. Nu thm 2 ml H
2
SO
4
bo qun th c th bn
lu hn.
Chun ny dng kim tra k thut th nghim, ho cht, quy trnh th
nghim v xem l t yu cu nu kt qu COD ca chun t trn 95% gi tr l
thuyt.
36
Phn tch nc
KC
8
H
5
O
4
+ 7.5O
2
8CO
2
+ 2H
2
O + KOH
Theo tnh ton, nhu cu xy l thuyt cho 1 mg KHP l 1.175 mg.
- Dung dch st(II) 0,05M: ha tan 19,6g Fe(NH
4
)
2
(SO
4
)
2
.6H
2
O (FAS) v 20 ml
H
2
SO
4
pha long thnh 1000ml. Dung dch gi lnh v xc nh li nng bng
chun K
2
Cr
2
O
7
FAS
7 O 2 Cr 7 O 2 Cr
FAS
V
6 * *V M
N
- Dung dch oxi ha 0,0167M: 4,913g K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 167 ml H
2
SO
4
+ 33,3 g HgSO
4
- Dung dch axit H
2
SO
4
m c c thm Ag
2
SO
4
nng 5,5g/550 ml qua m
cho tan.
- Dung dch ch th Ferroin: ho tan 1,485g 1,10-phenantrolin monohydrat v
0,695g FeSO
4
.7H
2
O trong 100 ml nc ct.
Thc nghim:
Ht vo ng COD 2 ml mu, thm 3,5 ml dung dch axit H
2
SO
4
, 2 ml dung
dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
. y np ng, o ngc trn k. Ra lng axit bm bn ngoi
ng bng nc my. Cho ng vo bp, ung nng 150
o
C trong 2 gi . ngui,
chuyn sang erlen ri chun vi dung dch Fe(II), thm chnh xc 1 git ch th
ferroin, dng chun khi chuyn t mu xanh ngc sang nu bn 1 pht.
o
FAS S B
V
* )*N V (V
COD
1000 * 8

vi V
B
,V
S
: th tch FAS chun blank v mu, ml
N
FAS
: nng ng lng ca FAS, meq/l
V
o
: th tch mu ht ban u, ml.
8 : ng lng gam ca xy
Sau khi ninh, c th o mt quang trn my so mu 600 nm. Yu cu l cc
ng COD phi ng nht, khng try xc. Xy dng ng chun t cc dung
dch chun COD.
My Hach o cc bc sng khc nhau cho cc khong nng COD:
0 - 40 mg/L: = 350 nm ; 0-100 mg/l = 420 nm tng ng K
2
CrO
7
hp
thu cc i, ng chun dc m.
100-900 mg/l: = 620 nm tng ng vi Cr
3+
hp thu cc i.
15. CACBON HU C TNG S (TOC)
nh ngha:
37
Phn tch nc
TOC l tng carbon hu c lin kt tn ti trong nc, k c dng tan v
khng tan, gm c xianat, xianua. Cn DOC l carbon hu c ha tan, tc l sau khi
lc qua mng 0,45um.
Trn l thuyt, nu l cng 1 hp cht hu c: COD > BOD > TOC.
Kt qu TOC khng phn nh ng nhu cu xy (BOD, COD) ca cht hu
c do ch o lng CO sinh ra. V d 2 cht c cng s C l axit oxalic v ethanol
tuy c cng gi tr TOC nhng nhu cu xy ca ethanol cao gp 6 ln axit oxalic :
C
2
H
2
O
4
+ O
2
2 CO
2
+ H
2
O
C
2
H
6
O + 3 O
2
2 CO
2
+ 3 H
2
O
iu ny cng cho thy mi tng quan, t l gia TOC v nhm BOD,
COD l rt phc tp. Thng s TOC thng s dng khi nng cht hu c thp
nh trong sn xut thuc. So vi BOD&COD, qu trnh xc nh TOC nhanh hn
(vi pht i vi phng php t chy), lp li cao, khng c hi, c th t
ng ha vi autosampler.
Nguyn tc:
Carbon hu c c xy ha n CO
2
bng 1 trong 2 kiu sau:
+ t chy nhit cao 680
o
C hay 950
o
C, cht xc tc xy ha nh mui
Cobalt oxid, kim loi nhm Pt.
+ xi ho bng persunphat kt hp tia cc tm hoc nhit cao 105
o
C
(thch hp cho nng TOC vt)
Sau , ta c th xc nh CO
2
trc tip hoc sau khi kh v metan. Vic xc
nh CO
2
c th dng nhiu cch, th d nh o ph hng ngoi, chun trong
mi trng khng nc, dn nhit, dn in, in lng,
Ngai carbon hu c hu c, mu nc cn cn cha kh CO
2
, cc ion
HCO
3
, CO
3
, do xc nh TOC, ta c 2 cch:
Cch 1: Xc nh carbon tng s (TC) v carbon v c (IC) ri ly TC tr
IC s c TOC. Nh vy s thm 1 bc phn tch IC, cn phn tch TOC thc ra l
TC.
Cch 2: Trc khi xc nh TOC, loi b carbon v c bng sc kh mu
c axit ha pH2. Kh ny phi khng cha CO
2
v cc hp cht hu c. Cc
cht hu c bay c th mt i khi sc kh, c gi l nhm cht C hu c sc kh
(POC), cc cht C hu c cn li trong dung dch l NPOC.
Phn trm ca mt cht hu c b mt i theo kh sc ph thuc nhiu yu
t nh kh nng ho tan trong nc, iu kin sc kh, nhit , mn. Cc hp
cht ho tan km trong nc nh benzen, toluen, cyclohexan, chlorofom ch cn li
di 3% trong mu nc sau khi sc kh. Ngc li methanol, ethanol cn ti 98%
38
Phn tch nc
trong mu nc. Vi mu nc t nhin, v POC khng ng k nn c th xem
NPOC bng vi TOC.
Vi a s cc mu nc mt, TOC vo khong 1 ppm, thnh phn ch yu
trong carbon tng s l dng v c IC. Cch 1 d mc sai s gp li do 2 ln phn
tch, do cch 2 c nhiu u im hn. c bit, mu nc bin cha hm lng
Carbon v c rt ln (20ppm), phn tch theo cch 1 kt qu rt khng n nh
(RSD=150%).
Thc nghim:
Mu nc ly trong chai thy tinh hay polyethylen phi y chai, trnh
khng cho CO
2
trong khng kh xm nhp vo mu. Phi tin hnh phn tch ngay
sau khi ly mu, nu khng c th tr lnh v phn tch trong vng 1 tun.
Lu : Chai nha mi sn xut c th nhim bn cht hu c
a)Dung dch chun TC
- Sy Potasium hydrogen phthalat 105-120
0
C trong 1h, ngui trong bnh
ht m.
- Ha tan 1,0625g Potasium hydrogen phthalat trong 500 ml nc c c
dd nng TC 1000 ppm. Chun ny bn trong 2 thng, phi tr lnh trong ti.
Nu thm 2 ml H2SO4 th c th bo qun lu hn.
Cc dung dch TC di 100ppm ch nn dng trong 1 tun.
b)Dung dch chun IC
- Sy Na
2
CO
3
285
0
C trong 1h hay 250
o
C trong 4h, ngui trong bnh ht
m. Lm kh NaHCO
3
trong bnh ht m 2 gi.
Lu : nhit trn 60
0
C, NaHCO
3
bt u phn hy thnh Na
2
CO
3
.
- Ha tan 2,2075g Na
2
CO
3
v 1,7250g NaHCO
3
trong 500 ml c c dd
nng IC 1000 ppm. Dung dch ny bn t nht 1 thng nu bo qun lnh 4
0
C.
39
Phn tch nc
COD(quang ho
-chemilunescence)
COD (KMnO4,
alkaline)
TOC
Nc bin
1,58 t 0,05 0,65 t 0,25 0,70 t 0,9
17. TNG ST
Trong nc, st c th tn ti di dng Fe
2+
(ferrous), Fe
3+
(ferric), cc hp
cht hu c ha tan hay khng ha tan. Dng Fe
2+
ho tan tn ti trong iu kin
ym kh v mi trng kh nh nc ngm, nng c th ln ti 110 mg/l. Khi
c lm thong, Fe
2+
s chuyn ha thnh Fe
3+
dng kt ta Fe(OH)
3
c mu
vng, d lng, lm cho nc c v tanh, pha tr nu cm b en, git qun o b
vng. Ion Fe
2+
lan truyn nhanh, c hi i vi thy sinh vt, to thnh cc r st
bm trn mang c lm c khng h hp c. Cn ion Fe
3+
t di ng v t c hn,
trm lng pH>4,5. Cc hp cht Fe(OH)
3
v FeS bm vo r cy lm hn ch kh
nng trao i cht.
Hm lng cc mui st ha tan trong nc t l nghch vi pH: pH cng cao
cc mui ha tan ca st (II) cng thp, do khi qu trnh quang hp ca thc vt
ph du trong ao xy ra mnh lm pH ca nc tng, st trong nc hu nh khng
c.
Tiu chun TCVN 5502: 2003 cho nc cp sinh hot quy nh hm lng
st nh hn 0,5 mg/l.
Phng php Phenantrolin: Dng hydroxylamin kh Fe
3+
v Fe
2+
ri to phc vi
1,10-phenanthrolin. Phc c mu cam , tn ti dng cation v to thnh trong
khang pH rng t 2-9, khong tun theo nh lut Beer l 0,13-5 mg/L. phn
40
Phn tch nc
ng xy ra nhanh nn iu chnh pH trong khong 2,9 - 3,5 v dng lng tha
phenanthroline.
Fe(OH)
3
+ 3HCl Fe
+3
+ 3H
2
O + 3Cl
-
4 Fe
+3
+ 2 NH
2
OH 4 Fe
+2
+ N
2
O + H
2
O + 4H
+
- Cc cn tr: Cu
2+
to phc mu vng, xanh hay tm. Cu gy cn tr nng
trn 5 mg/l, Ni l 2 mg/l. Bi, Cd, Ag, Hg, Mo to ta vi thuc th. C th loi
b cc kim loi nng bng cch cho d phenantrolin.
Loi b cn tr do cc cht xy ho mnh bng cch cho d hydroxylamin.
Vic un nng vi axit gip loi b xyanua, nitrit v chuyn polyphosphat v
dng orthophosphat.
Ho cht:
* Chun Fe(II) 200mg/l: 1,404g mui Mohr Fe(NH
4
)
2
(SO
4
)
2
.6H
2
O + 20 ml H
2
SO
4
m c = > 100mL
* Dung dch hydroxylamin 10%: ho tan 10g NH
2
OH.HCl trong 100ml nc ct.
* Dung dch m pH 3,2: ho tan 250g amoni acetat trong 700ml axit axetic bng
v 150ml nc ct.
* Dung dch 1,10-phenanthrolin: ho tan 100 mg C
12
H
9
N
2
.H
2
O trong 100mL nc
ct, thm 2 git HCl m c cho d tan.
Thc nghim:
Ln mu ng chun: t chun Fe(II) trn pha long 50 ln c nng
4 mg/l. T y, ht 5, 10, 15, 20 ml vo bnh nh mc 25ml, ri thm 1 ml 1,10-
phenanthrolin, 2 ml m, nh mc v o bc sng 510 nm. Thi gian ln mu
rt nhanh (10 pht) v bn mu (6 thng).
Ln mu mu: un erlen c 20 ml mu + 1 ml hydroxylamin 10% +1ml HCl
1:1 trn bp in cho n khi cn khong 5ml, khng cn, un trong t ht v
HCl bay hi. Nu un cn th cho vo 5 ml H
2
O v 2 ml HCl 37%. Ly ra ngui,
chuyn sang bnh nh mc 25ml bng phu nh, trng erlen nhiu ln. Lu khi
o khng ng ht ca cuvet ht ln phn cn lng, khi mt quang tng rt
ln v khng n nh.
Bng. Mt quang v ng chun Fe(II)
41
Phn tch nc
V (ml) Nng Abs
0 0 0,004
5 0,8 0,159
10 1,6 0,314
15 2,4 0,469
20 3,2 0,625
y = 194x + 3
18. NHM
Nhm l nguyn t kim loi ph bin nht trong v tri t, c bit l trong
t phn, l cation trao i chnh ca t phn. Nhm c nhiu trong nc phn pH
thp, nng nm trong khong cn bnh thng hu nh rt thp (dng vt). Nng
cao nht trong nc phn l 50 mg/l.
Al
3+
c kh nng ho tan rt cao khi pH<4,5 gy ng c cho thc vt, r la
c th b thi. Vo ma kh, trong t phn hot ng xut hin nhiu mui
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
trn cc mt rung, khi pH trong t tng th xut hin dng Al(OH)
3
.
Trong nc ngm pH 3,5 nng Al
3+
c th t 20ppm. Trong nc phn, nng
Al
3+
dao ng trong khong 20-200ppm.
Phng php: Al phn ng vi pyrocatechol tm pH = 6,1 to phc mu chm
(mu xanh lam ch nhn thy khi nng nhm cao). Sau , em i o bc
sng 580 nm. St (III) cng to phc mu vi pyrocatechol tm. Cn tr ny c
lai tr bng cch kh v st (II) ri to phc 1,10-phenanthrolin. Nng 1 mg/l
Fe-phen tng ng 0,05 ug/l Al-PV.
Lu : dung dch pyrocatechol tm c mu vng , phc dng H
3
L
-
chim u
th c max =440nm.
Thc nghim:
* Chun Al 100 mg/l: cn 1.758 g KAl(SO4)2.12H2O + 10 ml H2SO4 4M
-->1000ml.
* Dung dch H
2
SO
4
2,5M
* Dung dch kh: NH
2
OH.HCl 14% v 1,10-phenantrolin 1.4%
* Dung dch m: Hexametylen tetramin (C
6
H
12
N
4
) tc methenamin 37% v NaOH
2.3%
Hay 210g hexamin/500ml
Lu : cn pha tht chnh xc dung dch m ny
* Dung dch pyrocatechol tm (C
19
H
14
O
7
S) 0,05%
42
Phn tch nc
Ht mt th tch mu lc xc nh + 0,5ml dung dch axit + 0,25 ml dung
dch kh + 0,5ml pyrocatechol + 2,5ml m. nh mc, i t nht 15 pht nhng
khng qu 60 pht em i o bc sng 580 nm.
ng chun : t chun Al 100 mg/l pha thnh chun 0.5 mg/l(A)
Bm 25ml Blank Standard 1 Standard 2 Standard 3
Dung dch A(ml) 0 5 10 20
Nng (mg/l) 0 0.125 0.25 0.5
Mu d nhim bn Al t cc bnh nh mc lm cho ng chun c tuyn tnh
rt km, do cn trng ra cn thn bng dung dch axit long.
Bng Th tch ht mu da trn pH
pH Th tch mu ht Al
(ml)
< 3,2 1 ml
< 3,7 2 ml
< 4,5 10 ml
> 4,5 20 ml
19. CACBON DIOXIT (CO
2
)
Kh CO
2
lm tng acid ca nc. Trong nc, n tn ti 3 dng l CO
2
t do, CO
3
2-
, HCO
3
-
nng cc dng thay i ph thuc vo pH. Trong , CO
2
l dng c cho tm c, thng gp trong nc axit hay trung tnh. Nc b mt c
rt t kh CO
2
ho tan (<6mg/l).
Nu p sut CO
2
trong nc ln hn p sut CO
2
trong mu c s lm cn tr
qu trnh bi tit CO
2
t mu c ra mi trng ngoi, a n s tch t CO
2
trong
mu c dn n nhng s thay i mnh m cc phn ng sinh l ca c th c nh:
lm tng acid ca mu ( pH gim s nh hng n cc trng thi tn ti ca
protid trong mu ), lm gim kh nng vn chuyn oxy ca mu.
Nc sch bo ha CO
2
25
o
C v p sut kh quyn (760mmHg) c hm
lng tng CO
2
l 0,46 mg/l, pH tnh theo cn bng l 5,68. hm lng tng CO
2
cao hn th pH s thp hn, tuy nhin khng nh hn 4,5.
Nc y h thng cha lng ln CO
2
do kt qu qu trnh phn hy
cht hu c bi vi khun k kh. Nc ngm, c bit khi pH thp (pH<5), cha ti
30-50 mg CO
2
/l, iu ny xy ra khi nc ngm thm qua lp t ngho CaCO3
hoc MgCO3 lm cho lng CO
2
khng b mt i theo phn ng:
CO
2
+ CaCO
3
+ H
2
O = Ca + 2HCO
3
43
Phn tch nc
Nng CO
2
trong h thay i trong ngy nh sau: bui sng sm c CO
2
cao do qu trnh h hp vo ban m, sau thc vt quang hp lm nng CO2
gim i. S thay i ny s cng r rt nu to trong nc pht trin dy c.
Nng CO
2
<15 mg/l ph hp cho tt c cc loi tm c, 15-30 mg/l gy
cht 50% c th v trn 30 mg/l gy cht ton b.
20. HYDROGEN SUNFUA (H
2
S)
Kh H
2
S tch t di nn y cc thy vc ch yu l do qu trnh phn hy
cc hp cht hu c cha lu hunh hay qu trnh phn sulfat ha vi s tham gia
ca cc vi khun ym kh. Trng hp th nht thng hay gp thy vc nc
ngt: cc vi khun s dng sulfur trong xc cc thc vt thi ra, trong , trong t
lm ngun thc n hay nng lng v sn sinh ra H
2
S, c bit l trong iu kin
nhit cao. Vi khun sulfur khng gy bnh, tuy nhin s hin din ca n trong
nc c th to nn mi v v khng thch hp cho vic s dng. Trng hp th
hai thng gp thy vc nc l, mn nh bin v i dng, ni c nhiu ion
SO42- trong nc.
Nc cha H
2
S thng khng gy tc hi cho sc kho nhng n lm cho
nc c mi v v ca trng thi. Nc cp c cha hm lng H
2
S thp khong
1,0 ppm c c tnh n mn, lm xn mu cc dng bng bc hay ng, lm
cho qun o v gm c vt en.
H
2
S l mt cht kh cc c i vi thy sinh vt, tc dng c hi ca n l
lin kt vi st trong thnh phn ca hemoglobine, khng c st th hemoglobine
khng c kh nng vn chuyn oxy cung cp cho cc t bo, thy sinh vt s cht v
thiu oxy. c ca H
2
S i vi c ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh pH, nhit ,
mn ca nc. Theo Bonn v Follis (1957) th nhit 25-30
o
C, pH nc bng
6,8 th nng H
2
S lm cht 50% c sau 3 gi th nghim (LC
50
3 gi) l 0,8 ppm.
Cn pH = 7 th LC
50
3 gi ca kh H2S i vi c nheo bt M l 1ppm v 1,4 ppm
i vi c trng thnh.
Cc pppt xc nh hm lng tng, do , cn tnh ring dng H
2
S. gim
tc hi ca H
2
S, sc kh to mi trng giu xi oxy ho sunfua v sunfat. H
2
S
l mt cht kh d bay nn chng ta d dng loi tr chng khi ao h bng my sc
kh hoc dng KMnO
4
oxy ho thnh hp cht Sulfur khng c. Sau mi chu k
nui c, cn vt y ao, li lp bn y khng qu 20cm v phi nng y ao t
2-3 ngy cc hp cht hu c trong y ao b phn hy hon ton.
Bng Phn trm H
2
S theo pH
pH % H
2
S
5,0 99
44
Phn tch nc
5,5 97
6,0 91,1
6,5 76,4
7,0 50,6
7,5 24,4
8,0 9,3
8,5 3,1
9,0 1,0
21. AMMONIUM (NH
4
)
Amoni c nhiu trong nc knh rch (25 mg/l) v nc ngm (60 mg/l) c
mi trng k kh. i vi nc sng khng b nhim, nng amni rt thp,
di 0,01mg/l. V bn cht, amni l sn phm ca qu trnh phn hy ng thc
vt, amni c ngun gc t nc thi sinh hot, phn bn, cht thi cng nghip
(lc du). Quyt nh s 505 cua B Y t ngy 13-04-1992 yu cu nng
amni(tnh theo NH4+) trong nc cp cho sinh hot < 3mg/l. T thang 4/2002,
Quyt nh s 1329/2002 ca B Y t quy nh NH4+ < 1,5 mg/l, tng ng
hng dn ca T chc Y t Th gii (WHO). Tiu chun ca cc nc Cng ng
chu u (EC) yu cu NH4+ < 0,5 mg/l.
Ti liu hng dn v cht lng nc ung ca T chc Y t th gii cng
nh Tiu chun 1329/2002 (B Y t) khng coi amni l cht gy nguy hi cho sc
kho con ngi m xp vo nhm cc cht anh hng cm quan (mi, v). Tuy
nhin, amni li l yu t gy cn tr trong cng ngh x l nc cp th hin hai
kha cnh. Th nht, n lm gim tc dng ca clo l tc nhn st trng ch yu p
dng cc nh my nc Vit Nam, do phn ng vi clo to thnh monocloamin l
cht st trng th cp hiu qu km clo hn 100 ln. Th hai, amni cng vi mt
s vi lng trong nc (hu c, pht pho, st, mangan) l thc n vi khun
pht trin, gy hin tng khng n nh sinh hc ca cht lng nc sau x l.
Nc c th b c, ng cn trong h thng dn, cha nc. Nc b xung cp v
cc yu t cm quan. Cng ngh x l amni trong nc ngm bng phng php
sinh hc l rt kh thi: amni c oxy ha thanh nitrit nh cc vi khun
Nitrosomonas, Nitrosospire, Nitrosococcus, Nitrosolobus (pha th 1). Sau cc
ion nitrit b oxy ha thanh nitrat nh cc vi khun Nitrobacter, Nitrospina,
Nitrococcus (pha th 2). loi b nitrat trong nc, cc vi sinh vt d dng trong
iu kin thiu kh s chuyn nitrat thnh dng kh N2. Qu trnh ny i hi ngun
c cht - cht cho in t, thng la axtat natri. Trong khi cc cng ngh nh sc
clo hay nc javen, trao i ion thng tn km, t tin, ch c th p dng c
cho cc trm cp nc quy m nh, phng php sinh hc cho php trin khai p
dng x l amni trong nc ngm vi quy m ln. Tuy nhin gi thnh sn
xut nc s ln ti 4.500 /m3, ngha l s tng gn gp 2 ln so vi gi nc hin
nay (ch yu ch c lam trong - loi b st, mangan v kh trng).
NH
3
+ H
2
O NH
4
+
+ OH
-
45
Phn tch nc
Dng c tnh vi cc loi tm c, lng c l dng phn t NH
3
do chng
khng th thi loi NH
3
ra khi mu. Cn i vi ngi v cc ng vt c v khc
do c enzyme chuyn ha NH
3
gip khng cho NH
3
tch t trong mu nn khng b
nh hng. Theo ti liu bo v tm c th hm lng NH
3
cho php ti a
khng qu 0,1 mg/l. Nng NH
3
c coi l an ton cho ao nui l 0,13 mg/l. Do
, vic theo di hm lng NH
3
trong ao nui thy sn l rt cn thit nng cao
nng sut nui. Phn trm NH
3
trong tng NH
4
+
v NH
3
ph thuc rt ln vo pH,
nhit . C th tnh phn trm NH
3
t kt qu tng hai dng:
%NH
3
=100/(1+10
pka-pH
)
Trong pKa = 0.09018 + 2729,92 / (273 + T)
25
0
C pH=7 l 0,56% ; pH=7,5 l 1,74% ; pH=8 l 5,31%. Nu tng 1 n v pH
th s tng 10 ln t l ca NH
3
(kh ho tan). Nh vy vi nc t nhin h m
HCO3/CO3 vi pH<8,3, t=28
o
C th c nhiu nht 10% tn ti dng NH
3
.
iu kin nhit , p sut bnh thng, NH
3
nm dng cht kh khng
mu, mi hng, c, c tnh n mn kim loi. Nhit bc hi l -33
o
C nn mun
gi NH
3
th lng phi tr p sut ln hay nhit thp. Dung dch nc bo ho
NH
3
c t trng 0,908 cha 25,65% amoniac theo khi lng.
Phng php indophenol/ phenat/ Berthelot:
Trong mi trng baz mnh, NH
4
chuyn thnh NH
3
, cng vi NH
3
sn c
phn ng vi hypochlorit mi trng kim nh to monochloramine. Khi c phenol
v lng d hypochlorit s cho mu xanh dng ca hp cht indophenol. Sodium
nitroprussid ng vai tr xc tc phn ng. Mu nc bin c hm lng Ca v Mg
cao s kt ta, c th khc phc thm vo citrat. Nu mu axit th phc c mu ,
do , ngay t u phi trung ha vi NaOH. Dng c thy tinh d b nhim bn
46
Phn tch nc
amoni do kh NH
3
bay hi khi xc nh cng, cc amonimolypdat dng khi xc
nh phosphat, silic.
Phng php ny nhy hn so vi Nessler (K
2
HgI
4
/KOH), khong nng
xc nh l 0,005-0,6 mg/l nh hn Nessler 0,01-1,6 mg/l.
Cc amin thm, focmandehit, hydrosunfua gy cn tr trong vic xc nh
nng amoniac.
OH
+ NaClO + NH3
OH
+ NaCl + H2O
NH
2
OH
NH
2
+ 2 NaClO
O
NCl
+ NaCl + NaOH + H2O
O NCl
+
OH O N OH
+ HCl
Ho cht:
* Hn hp thuc th I, Phenol v nitroprussid:
5g phenol (hay 9ml phenol lng 89%) + 100mg sodium nitroprusside ha tan
trong 100 ml H
2
O. Hn hp ny bn 1 tun nu tr lnh.
* Hn hp thuc th II, Hypochlorit:
2,5g NaOH + 0,21 g chlorine hot ng(hay 6 ml NaOCl) ha tan thnh 100 ml
H
2
O, nn pha mi mi ln phn tch.
* Dung dch chun NH
4
-N 100 mg/l: cn 0,3819g NH
4
Cl pha trong 1L. Dung dch
ny bn khng qu 2 thng. Nu cn bo qun bng 2 ml CHCl
3
.
Thc nghim:
Ln mu ng chun: t chun NH
4
-N 100mg/l pha thnh chun 1 mg/l ri
ht 2, 4, 8, 10 ml trong bnh nh mc 25. Thm 2 ml dung dch I + 2 ml dung dch
II , nh mc, lc u, i phn ng t nht 2 gi trong ti, o bc sng 640 nm.
Phc ny bn mu trong 24h.
47
Phn tch nc
Lu : Do chai l d nhim NH
4
v phn ng i khi khng n nh nn gi
tr mt quang ca cng 1 mu chnh lch nhau 10-20%.
Ln mu mu: Ht 20ml nc mu qua lc v cho cc thuc th tng t
nh chun.
Bng. Mt quang v ng chun NH
4
V (ml) Nng Abs
0 0 0,032
2 0,10 0,137
4 0,20 0,243
8 0,40 0,453
10 0,50 0,559
y = 1,054 x + 0,032
22. NITRIT (NO
2
)
Trong nc sch, hm lng NO2 t khi vt qu 0,02 mg/l, cn hu nh
khng c. NO2 l cht c i vi tm c.
Phng php: NO2 phn ng vi Sulfanilamid to mui diazonium ri cho ghp
cp vi Naptyletylendiamin to phm nhum azo mu tm trong mi trng axit
pH=2-2,5. Phng php ny nhy hn so vi khi dng thuc th Griess (axit
sulfanilic v -naphtylamin), khong nng xc nh 0,001-0,18 mg/l so vi
Griess 0,01-0,24 mg/l.
S O O
NH
2
NH
2
+ HNO2
S O O
NH
2
N
N

+ 2 H2O
S O O
NH
2
N
N

+
NH
NH
2
NH
NH
2
N
N
S
O
O
NH
2
Cc ion Cu(II), Fe(II) lm thp kt qu. Mt s ion Fe(III), Pb(III), Ag(I),...
to kt ta vi thuc th.
Ho cht:
- Dung dch Sulfanilamide: cn 5g thuc th NH
2
C
6
H
4
SO
2
NH
2
v 50ml HCl 37%
ho tan trong 500ml nc ct.
48
Phn tch nc
- Dung dch N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylendiaminedihydrochloride (NED): cn 0,5g thuc
th C
10
H
7
NHCH
2
CH
2
NH
2
.2HCl ho tan trong 500ml nc ct, phi bo qun lnh,
ch ti.
Cnh bo: NED rt c nu ht phi, tip xc vi da.
- Chun NO
2
-N 100 mg/l: cn 0,2463g NaNO
2
=>500ml. Dung dch ng trong
chai ti mu, tr lnh bn 01 thng. Do NaNO
2
b oxy ha bi khng kh m, cn
xc nh li nng nh sau: thm mt lng d chnh xc KMnO
4
( xc nh
nng ) v chun ngc bng H
2
C
2
O
4
hay mui Mohr.
Thc nghim:
Ln mu ng chun: t chun NO
2
-N 100 mg/l pha long thnh 1 mg/l ri
ht 1, 2, 3, 4 ml vo trong bnh nh mc 25. Thm ln lt 1ml sulfanilamid + 1ml
NED. nh mc, lc u, i 20 pht nhng khng qu 2 gi o bc sng 540
nm, cuvet 1cm.
Ln mu mu: ht 20 ml mu qua lc vo bm 25, nu pH mu khng
nm trong khong 5-9 th cn chnh pH bng 2 ml m, sau cho cc thuc th
tng t nh chun.
Bng. Mt quang v ng chun NO2
V (ml) Nng Abs
0 0 0
1 0,05 0,147
2 0,10 0,295
3 0,15 0,442
4 0,20 0,589
y = 2,946 x
23. NITRAT (NO
3
)
a. Tng quan
Cc mu nc sng, knh khng nhim c hm lng NO
3
-N trong khong
0,1-0,5 mg/l. Nitrat khng c i vi thy sinh vt, l cht dinh dng d tiu i
vi thc vt, chng hp thu v chuyn ha thnh cht hu c thng qua con ng
quang hp. Tuy nhin nng nitrat cao, c bit l trong nc ging, nc sau x
l sinh hc gy tc hi cho sc khe. Nc ging cha nitrat nhiu hn nc my
do d b nhim bi cht thi, phn bn thm thu qua cc mch nc ngm gn
.
Tr em di su thng tui do h tiu ho cha hon thin nn khi s dng
thc n nu t nc ging nhiu nitrat s b ng c: thiu xy nng, ton thn tm
tai, th nhanh, tim p nhanh, sau o hn m ri t vong nu khng iu tr kp
thi. C ch nh sau: nitrat c th chuyn thnh nitrit v gy t vong cho tr theo
49
Phn tch nc
c ch: nitrit phn ng vi hemoglobin chuyn thnh methemoglobin khng cn
kh nng vn chuyn oxy, gi l hi chng tr xanh (blue-baby syndrome). Vi tr
trn 6 thng, d dy tit ra axit HCl git cht vi khun, ngn nga chuyn ha nitrat
thnh nitrit. Ph n mang thai hp thu nhiu nitrat s sinh non, tr b nh hng h
thn kinh, nguy c ung th, tim mch. Ph n cho con b, ngi gi cng b nh
hng bi hm lng nitrat cao. Ngoi ra nitrat c th chuyn thnh nitrit kt hp
vi aminoacid to nitrosoamin l cht gy ung th.
Hin nay cha thng nht tiu chun nitrat cho php trong nc ung do
cha thy nh hng r rt khi hp thu qu nhiu nitrat v do nitrat cn i vo c
th qua thc phm hng ngy.
Trong t nhin di tc dng ca vi khun c s bin chuyn ho theo s :
Protein Aminoacids Amoni Nitrit Nitrat.
Ngc li khi gp mi trng kh thch hp s c s chuyn ho ngc li:
Nitrat --> Nitrit --> Amoni.
Do , cn phn tich mu cng sm cng tt.
b. Nguyn tc phng php ct kh Cd
Nitrat sau khi qua ct kh Cd s chuyn thnh nitrit, sau ln mu vi cp
thuc th sulfanilamid v N-(1-Naphthyl)-ethylendiamin. Ly kt qu tng
NO3+NO2 ny tr i NO2 xc nh ring s c hm lng NO3.
Trong mi trng axit, nitrat c th b kh v NO nh sau:
NO
3
-
+ 3H
+
+ 2e

HNO
2
+ H
2
O (E
o
= 0.94V)
NO
3
-
+ 4H
+
+ 3e

NO + 2H
2
O (E
o
= 0.97V)
Do , phn ng kh cn thc hin trong mi trng trung tnh hay kim nh.
NO
3
-
+ H
2
O + 2e

NO
2
-
+ 2OH
-
(E
o
= 0.015 V)
Cd
2+

+ 2e Cd (E
o
= -0.403V)
Tng qut: NO
3
-
+ H
2
O + Cd NO
2
-
+ Cd
2+
+ 2OH
-
50
Phn tch nc
Trong thc nghim, ta to ra lp Cu kim loi ph trn b mt ht Cd c tc dng
thc y vic chuyn electron t Cd sang nitrat, c th coi Cu ng vai tr mt cht
xc tc.
Cc cht cn tr gim hiu sut kh ca ct Cd l:
- Phosphat nng trn 0,1 mg/l
- Sunfua nng trn 0,1 mg/l to lp CdS, CuS
- Clo d xy ha Cd.
- Du m, cht rn l lng, kim loi nng nng vi mg/l.
- Clorua nng cao trong nc bin.
S lc, so snh cc phng php khc xc nh nitrat:
- So mu brucin/cromotropic/Devarda: Phng php ct Cd c u im l
thao tc n gin, nhy hn, c th xc nh NO
3
trong khong nng 0,01-1,0
mg/l.
- Sc k ion: u im l xc nh ng thi nhiu anion. Tuy nhin sc k ion
c nhc im l thi gian phn tch lu hn (nu so snh khi ch xc nh NO
3
),
thit b t tin, ct b mt hot tnh khi mu cha nhiu cht hu c ho tan, pic b
che kht bi anion Cl nng ln.
- in cc mng chn lc: khong tuyn tnh 0,14-1400 mg/l, u im l xc
nh nhanh, n gin, d mang i hin trng, tuy nhin gp nhiu cn nhiu,
lp li km, nhy km, i hi hiu chun v bo qun in cc cn thn.
c. Thc nghim
* Hot ha Cd: Cho 5 g Cd dng ht v 150ml HCl 2M vo erlen v lc. Gn b v
ngm ra vi nc ct. Ngm v lc tip vi 100ml dung dch CuSO
4
2% , mu
xanh mt dn th cho tip dung dch CuSO
4
mi vo, n khi xut hin kt ta dng
keo mu nu. Gn b v ngm ra vi nc ct t nht 10 ln loi b lng Cu
kt ta v dung dch tr nn trong sut.
* Ct Cd: lm bng thu tinh hay nha, c nhi t cc ht Cd hot ha
51
Phn tch nc
* Dung dch m pH 8,5: ha tan 13 g NH
4
Cl v 1,7g EDTA vo 900ml nc ct,
thm khong 7 ml NH
3
25% t pH=8,5, nh mc 1000 ml.
* Chun NO
3
-N 100 mg/l: Ho tan 0,3609 g KNO
3
( sy kh t nht 24h
105
o
C) trong bnh nh mc 500 ml. Bo qun bng 2 ml CHCl
3
. Dung dch ny bn
t nht 6 thng.
* Cc ha cht khc xem trong phn xc nh nitrit.
Tin hnh:
Ht 25 ml mu nc qua lc vo erlen, cho tip 75 ml dung dch NH
4
Cl-
EDTA, lc u. Sau di dung dch ny qua ct Cd chun b trn. B 25 ml
u tin, hng phn cn li vo bnh nh mc hay erlen ri em ln mu NO2.
Khng cn trng ra ct Cd gia cc mu. Tc dung dch chy ra khi ct
khong 7-10 ml/pht. Thi gian kh nitrat mi mu l 10 pht.
Cn so snh mt quang ca chun NO2 vi chun NO3 c cng nng
kim tra hiu sut kh ca ct. Khi hiu sut kh di 90% (theo SMEWW
75%), cn hot ha ct Cd nh trn.
24. TNG NIT (Total Nitrogen )
24a. Phng php phn hy Kjehdahl:
Nguyn tc thc hin c 3 bc:
- Bc 1: Ph mu bng H
2
SO
4
m c v cht xc tc trong iu kin
nhit cao (380
o
C i vi mu nc, 420
o
C i vi mu thc phm, mu t), cc
52
Phn tch nc
hp cht N ngun gc sinh hc nh aminoaxit, protein, peptid b xy ho thnh NH
3
v NH
3
tc dng vi axit sunfuric sinh ra (NH
4
)
2
SO
4

H
2
SO
4
SO
2
+ 2O + H
2
O
Phng php ny khng c kh nng phn hu c cc hp cht cha nit
nh azid, azo, azin, hydrazon, hydrazin, nitro, nitroso, semicarbazon, oxime,
hydroxylamin, nitrit, nitrat.
Trc y, HgO thng c dng lm cht xc tc qu trnh v c ho
mu. Tuy nhin HgO khng cn c dng do dc tnh cao v thay th bng
CuSO
4
, bt Se, TiO
2
. Ngoi ra, ta cn cho vo K
2
SO
4
tng im si ca hn hp.
Nu mu cha nhiu cht hu c th tiu th nhiu H
2
SO
4
hay mu cha
nhiu mui ho tan, t l mui/axit cao, nhit c th tng cao trn 400
o
C lm
phn hu mt N. Cn thm nhiu axit t l mui/axit cn bng. Ngc li qu
nhiu axit H
2
SO
4
s lm nhit h thp di 380
o
C khin qu trnh ph mu
khng hon ton.
- Bc 2: Thm vo mu NaOH to mi trng kim, sc hi nc ct
NH
3
v hp thu vo mt lng d axit.
- Bc 3: Chun lng axit cn li (chun ngc) hay so mu xc nh
NH
3

Trc y, ngi ta cho hp thu NH
3
vo axit H
2
SO
4
0,1N. Tuy nhin hin
nay, cc quy trnh u dng axit H
3
BO
3
2% c u im l khng cn pha nng
chnh xc.
Ho cht:
- Thuc th xi ha : Ha tan 67g K
2
SO
4
v 3,65g CuSO
4
vo khong 300ml
nc ct, sau thm vo t t 67ml H
2
SO
4
m c v nh mc 500ml.
Ngoi ra, c th pha ring hn hp xc tc dng rn: Trn k 200 K
2
SO
4
vi 2g selen bt th.
- Dung dch NaOH 50%: Ho tan 250g NaOH v 12,5g Na
2
S
2
O
3
.5H
2
O trong
1000ml nc ct.
- Ch th hn hp: Ho tan 0,020g metyl v 0,100g bromocresol lc trong
100ml etanol hay nc ct.
- Dung dch hp thu axit boric: Ho tan 20g H
3
BO
3
trong 1000ml nc ct.
- Dung dch axit HCl hay H
2
SO
4
0,2N
Thc nghim:
53
Phn tch nc
Chn th tch ht mu cho vo bnh Kendan nh sau: 50 ml mu ng vi
C
N
=20-50 mg/l, 100 ml mu ng vi C
N
=10-20 mg/l , 250 ml mu ng vi C
N
=1-10
mg/l. Sau thm vo 50 ml hn hp axit/xc tc hay 7ml H
2
SO
4
m c v 3,5g
xc tc K
2
SO
4
/Se. Vi mu t, thc phm cn thm 5ml H
2
O
2
35%. Thm vi ht
bt v un nng bnh Kendan 380
o
C. Phi tin hnh giai on ny trong t ht
thch hp.
un nng n khi khi trng bt u bc ln, dung dch trong bnh tr nn
trong sut, khng mu hoc vng nht/ xanh l nht th tip tc un thm 30 pht.
Lu : Thi gian ph mu hon ton khong 60-120 pht 380
o
C.
Sau v c ha, bnh ngui n nhit phng. Trong khi ly 50ml
dung dch axit boric v 10 git ch th vo bnh hng ca my chng ct li cun
hi nc. Cn lu sao cho u mt ca ng dn ra t sinh hn phi nhng ngp
vo dung dch boric. Sau dng ng ong thm khong 40-50ml dung dch
NaOH/Na
2
S
2
O
3
v lp ngay bnh vo my chng ct. un nng bnh ct sao cho tc
chy vo bnh hng khong 20ml/pht. Dng ct khi thu c khong 200ml
bnh hng.
Chun phn hng c n mu hng bng axit HCl hay H
2
SO
4
0,02N v
ghi th tch axit tiu th.
24b. Phng php phn hy mu bng persunphat:
N (phng php K
2
S
2
O
8
)= N hu c + NH
4
+ NO
3
+ NO
2
N (phng php Kjeldahl)= N hu c + NH
4
Amoniac t do, amonium, nitrit v nhiu hp cht hu c cha nit trong
mu c xy ha thnh nitrat bng cch phn hu mu vi potassium persunfat
trong mt h m kim nhit , p sut cao. S kh nitrat thnh nitrit thc hin
bng cch cho qua ct cha cadmi dng ht c x l vi CuSO
4
. Nitrit sinh ra
phn ng vi sulfanilamid v N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylendiamine to thnh phc mu
hng. o quang bc sng 543 nm.
Khng phi tt c hp cht nit chuyn nh lng thnh nitrat trong qu
trnh xy ha bng . chuyn ha thp c th thy vi cc hp cht cha nit vi
ni i hoc ni ba v vi cc hp cht cha nhm C = NH. Nhng hp cht c
nhm amino t do cng chuyn ha khng hon ton nhng khng bao gi t hn
87%. Phng php phn hu ny v c phng php Kjeldahl khng th phn hu
cc hp cht nh azid, azo, azin, nitril, nitro, nitroso, oxim, semicarbazon,
hydrazon.
Cn tr chnh l cc cht hu c khc (khng cha N) dng ho tan hoc
l lng c trong mu, chng cnh tranh vi hp cht cha N trong qu trnh oxy
54
Phn tch nc
ha bng persunfat. Hm lng ion Cl
-
cao cng gy cn tr do cnh tranh trong
qu trnh xi ho. Cn cho d cht oxy ha v tng thi gian ninh trong cc trng
hp sau:
- COD ca mu vt qu 120 mg/l tnh theo oxy hoc TOC vt qu 40
mg/l tnh theo carbon.
- Mu mn cha nhiu ion Cl
-
- Mu c cc cht l lng.
- Mu c cc cht hu c phn t ln, phc tp nh tanin, lignin, axit humic.
Nu sau khi ninh, cc cht hu c l lng khng tan c th kt qu c th mc sai
s m.
Trong nc thi sinh hot khi m gi tr tng N c th ln ti 50 mg/l th 70-
85% N l dng NH
4
, sn phm ca qu trnh khong ha phn hy vt th hu c.
Ho cht:
* Dung dch xy ha (A): ho tan 5g K
2
S
2
O
8
v 2,4g NaOH trong 500ml nc ct.
Thuc th ny tr trong chai ti mu, trnh nh sng, bn mt tun l.
* Chun N kim tra hiu sut qu trnh xy ho mu c th pha t mt trong cc
cht: axit glutamic, glycin, urea, axit sulfamic, acetanilide, NH
4
Cl,. Yu cu
tm thy (recovery) phi t trong khong 90-110%.
- Dung dch glycin, 100 mg/l tnh theo N
Ho tan 0,536 g H
2
NCH
2
COOH nh mc 1000ml. Gi trong bnh thu tinh.
Nu gi trong t lnh 0
o
C n 5
o
C th thuc th ny bn t nht 6 thng.
- Dung dch axit glutamic, 100 mg/l tnh theo N
Ho tan 1,051g C
3
H
5
NH
2
(COOH)
2
( sy 105
o
C trong 24 gi) nh mc
1000ml. C th thm 2 ml CHCl
3
bo qun.
* Dung dch m Amoni: cn 10,0 g NH
4
Cl v 3-4 vin NaOH nh mc 1000ml.
Dung dch ny phi c pH=8,5.
Thc nghim:
- Giai on ph hu mu bng persunphat: ht V
1
=10ml mu vo chai ninh
50 ml, thm 5ml dung dch A, y np v ninh bng autoclave (ni hp p lc)
120
0
C trong 30 pht. Ly chai ninh ra v ngui n nhit phng. Lc dung
dch qua giy lc vo bnh nh mc V
2
=25 ml ri nh mc ti vch. Tip theo
em i xc nh nng nitrat .
- Giai on xc nh nitrat trong bnh V
2
bng phng php ct kh Cd:
55
Phn tch nc
ng chun NO3 bao gm 5 dung dch c nng 0,2; 0,4; 0,6; 0,8; 1,0
mg/L. Nu mu vt qu chun cao nht, ta phi pha long nm trong dy chun
(h s f
2
). Tuy nhin, nu mu vt qu gp nhiu ln, cch tt nht l ht mu th
tch V
1
gim i nhng khng nh hn 1 ml.
- Nng N tng s trong mu tnh theo cng thc sau:
2 1
2
f f
a
b
f
A
A
C
b
N

,
_

A: Mt quang ca mu
A
b
: Mt quang ca mu blank
a,b: h s gc v on chn ca phng trnh hi qui NO
3
: y=ax+b
f
1
=V
2
/V
1
l h s pha long mu ban u, trong V
1
: th tch ht mu, V
2
:
th tch bnh nh mc dng chit mu sau khi ph hy bng persunphat.
f
2
: h s pha long mu ht ra t bnh V
2
(nu c)
25. PHOSPHAT (PO
4
)
Phosphat c ngun gc ch yu t vic s dng phn bn. Ngoi ra,
polyphophat l cht lm mm nc trong cht ty ra, nc ni hi (hin nay c
thay bng EDDS, ng phn ca EDTA).
Phosphat nm 3 dng: dng orthophosphat cung cp P cho thc vt, dng
phosphat ngng t(polyphosphat) c t 2 nhm othophosphat tr ln c trong cht
ty ra, x l nc v dng phosphat hu c. Orthophosphat l dng hot tnh, phn
ng vi thuc th v c th xc nh trc tip. xc nh 2 dng sau ta cn phi
x l mu nh sau: thy phn dng phosphat ngng t (pyro, meta, polyphosphat)
trong mi trng axit mnh, xy ha phosphat hu c vi persunfat. C 3 dng ny
u c th tn ti ha tan hay cht l lng.
Trong t, ln khong tn ti 3 dng. Trong dng ha tr 1 (H
2
PO
4
-
), ha
tr 2 (H
2
PO
4
-2
) d tiu; dng ha tr 3 (PO
4
-3
) l dng ln c nh m cy trng khng
s dng c. Trong t lun c s chuyn ha gia cc ha tr ty thuc iu kin
mi trng, trong pH l yu t quan trng. Nu t c mc pH = 7 lng ln
dng ha tr 1 tng ng ha tr 2. Nu t c pH t 5-6 ln ha tr 1 nhiu hn
ha tr 2. Trong t chua (pH<5) ln dng ha tr 3 l ch yu.
Ln trong t c th b c nh bi 3 nguyn nhn chnh:
56
Phn tch nc
- Cc ion kim loi, do trong t chua, c cha nhiu ion st, nhm to thnh
cc mui phtpht st, nhm kt ta. Ln lc ny ng vai tr gim c ca st,
nhm di ng, gip cy trng pht trin.
- Cc khong st trong t.
- Cc cation kim th to thnh cc mui kt ta.
Phng php xanh molybden: Orthophosphat phn ng vi amoni molypdat trong
mi trng axit to phc mu vng chanh, sau b kh bng axit ascorbic v phc
molypden mu xanh dng, dng antimontatrat lm xc tc.
(NH
4
)
2
MoO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
H
2
MoO
4
+ (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
H
3
PO
4
+ 12H
2
MoO
4
H
3
P(Mo
3
O
10
)
4
+ 12H
2
O
H
3
P(Mo
3
O
10
)
4
+ Vit.C MoO
3-x
(OH)
x
Ho cht:
* Axit sunfuric 2,5M: 70ml H
2
SO
4
m c/500ml
* Potassium antimonyl tatrat: 0,137g K(SbO)C
4
H
4
O.1/2H
2
O =>500ml
* Amoni moblydat (NH
4
)
6
Mo
7
O
24
.4H
2
O nng 4%
* Axit ascorbic nng 1,76%
* Thuc th bao gm cc dung dch trn phi trn theo t l (tng cng 100
ml) v ng th t: 50 ml H
2
SO
4
, 5 ml Potassium antimonyl tatrat, 15 ml Amoni
moblydat, 30 ml Axit ascorbic. Trc , cc thuc th phi tr v nhit phng
v khuy u sau khi cho tng loi. Hn hp ny bn trong 4 ting.
* Chun PO4-P 100 mg/l: cn 0,2197g KH
2
PO
4
nh mc 500ml nc ct.
Thc nghim :
Ln mu ng chun: Pha chun 1 mg/l, t dung dch ny ht 2, 4, 8, 10 ml
vo bnh nh mc 25. Thm 4 ml thuc th, nh mc, lc u. i 10 pht nhng
khng qu 2 gi o bc sng 880 nm, cuvet 5cm.
Ln mu mu: Ht 20 ml mu nc qua lc vo vo bnh nh mc 25 v
cho cc thuc th tng t nh chun.
Bng. Mt quang v ng chun PO4
V (ml) Nng Abs
0 0 0,003
2 0,10 0,246
4 0,20 0,490
8 0,40 0,976
10 0,50 1,219
y = 2,432 x + 0,003
(0,41 mg/l =0.863)
57
Phn tch nc
26. TNG PHOSPHO
USEPA khng c phn tiu chun cho tng P, nhng khuyn co: vi nc
sng tng P khng c vt qu 0,1 mg/l; vi nc ao h, tng P khng c
vt qu 0,05 mg/l.
Phng php:
xc nh tng P cn chuyn c cc dng polyphotphat v photphat hu c
thnh ortophotphat (H
2
PO
4
-
, HPO
4
2-
, PO
4
3-
) nh lng bng cc phng php
trc quang.
Thc nghim:
* Dung dch potassium peroxodisulfat : cn 5g K
2
S
2
O
8
pha trong 100ml nc ct.
Ht 10ml mu+ 4 ml dung dch K
2
S
2
O
8
vo chai ninh, ninh bng autoclave
(ni hp tit trng) 125
0
C, 98-137 kPa trong 30 pht. i ngui ri xc nh tip
orthophosphat. Ngoi ra, c th oxy ha tt hn bng axit HNO3-H2SO4 trong bnh
Kjedahl.
27. PH DNG HA
Qu trnh quang hp:
CO
2

+ PO
4

+ NO
3
+ H
2
O ==> CH
2
O,P,N + O
2
Ph dng l hin tng thng gp trong cc h th, cc sng v knh
dn nc thi. Biu hin ph dng ca cc h th l nng cht dinh dng
N, P cao, t l P/N cao do s tch lu tng i P so vi N, s ym kh v mi
trng kh ca lp nc y thu vc, s pht trin mnh m ca to v n hoa
to, s km a dng ca cc sinh vt nc, c bit l c, nc c mu xanh en
hoc en, c mi khai thi do thot kh H
2
S v.v...
xc nh nguyn t "cha kha" (hay yu t gii hn) gy ra s ph
dng, cn xem xt t s Tng N/Tng P (WHO, 2002)
Theo UNEP 1999 th:
Khi t s (Total N/Total P) < 10 : N l dng cht hn ch to pht trin.
Khi t s (Total N/Total P) > 20 : P l dng cht hn ch to pht trin.
Cc h nm bc bn cu c P l dng cht hn ch. Nc sng Mkng c
N/P=13
Mt thng s ch th khc cho php xc nh iu kin ph dng ca mt
ngun nc mt l nng chlorophyl-a. Theo D. Chapman, nng chlorophyl-a
ca cc ngun nc giu dinh dng thng dao ng trong khong 5 - 140 g/l,
cn i vi cc ngun nc ngho dinh dng, t khi vt qu 2,5g/l. Mc khc,
58
Phn tch nc
cn theo di hm lng Si trong nc, v n cng c lin quan n s xut hin to
c (WHO, 2002).
Nhiu ti liu nghin cu a ra ngng ph dng ha l tng N >0,2mg/l .
Theo D.Chapman (1992) ngun nc c nguy c b ph dng nu PO
4
-P>0,01
mg/l. Trong ph dng thng do P c qu nhiu trong nc. Khi lng rong
to tng mnh c th lm tc nghn h thng lc trong qu trnh x l nh my
nc, gy gim oxygen khi rong to cht i.
Theo Vin cht lng nc an Mch th khi nc b ph dng, hm lng
tng P > 0.15 mg/l, tng N > 0.10 mg/l.
Nitrat v phosphat ch th tc ng ca con ngi ti mi trng do nc
thi sinh hat, cng nghip (cht bi tit t ng vt, bt git, ...) v canh tc nng
nghip (phn bn).
Cc hp cht v c ha tan quan trng ca nit l NH
3
, NH
4
+
, NO
3
-
v NO
2
-
.
Trong NH
3
v NO
2
-
c i vi cc loi ng vt thy sinh cn NO
3
-
l ngun
dinh dng tt m thc vt thy sinh d hp thu nht, to nn cc hp cht hu c
trong thy vc. Trong mi trng nc hiu kh, di tc dng ca vi khun
Nitrosomonas bacteria, NH
4
+
s b bin i thnh NO
2
-
v tip theo vi khun
Nitrobacter bacteria chuyn ha v NO
3
-
, gi chung l qu trnh nitrat ha
(nitrification). Nu cc hp cht NO
3
-
ny b vi khun kh v N
2
, gi l qu trnh
phn nitrat ha (denitrification) hon tr N
2
cho kh quyn, khp kn chu trnh nit.
C 95% N trong t thng dng cc hp cht hu c m cy trng khng
s dng c. Qu trnh khong ha s phn hy vt th hu c v dng NH
4
+
v
NO
3
-
. Tuy nhin nu mi trng thiu O
2
, qu trnh s dng li NH
4
+
. Phn bn
cung cp N cho cy trng dng hp thu NO
3
-
ho tan trong nc. Cn nu bn phn
dng nh urea -hp cht diamide th vi khun s chuyn ho v NO
3
-
.
Ure l loi phn m tt nht hin nay, c t l %N rt cao (46%), khng lm
thay i axit - baz ca t do thch hp vi nhiu loi t trng.
(NH
2
)
2
CO + 2H
2
O = (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
Khi x l nc thi, ngi ta lm theo 2 bc: nitrat ho (sc bn "hot
ho" trong iu kin hiu kh) ri phn nitrat ho (thm methanol - k kh). cho
vi khun k kh thc hin qu trnh phn nitrat ha, ta thm vo methanol cung cp
carbon cho vi khun, ngoi ra methanol cn gip h thp oxy trong nc.
C nh N l chuyn t dng kh v dng hp cht N lin kt vi nguyn t
khc(NH3, NO2, NO
3
-
). Mt s loi to v vi khun sng nt sn r cy h u c
kh nng c nh N. Tuy nhin ng gp ny thp so vi phn do phn hu vt th
59
Phn tch nc
hu c, cc trn ma c sm st,...Phn ng tng hp NH
3
di p sut ln, nhit
cao thc hin nh sau:
N
2
+ H
2
NH
3
Thng qua vic sn xut phn bn, tc l c nh nit, con ngi lm thay
i chu trnh N trn phm vi ton cu.
Phn bn cha P c iu ch bng cch x l qung phosphat (rt t tan)
vi H2SO4 chuyn v dng superphosphat d tan cho cy trng hp thu.
Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ H
2
SO
4
Ca(HPO
4
)
2
+ 2 CaSO
4
28. SILICA (SiO
2
)
Silicon (Si) khng tn ti dng ion n l m dng oxid SiO
2
trong thch
anh, ct hay dng hp cht silicat phc tp trong cc loi khong, . V vy, cc
kt qu phn tch mu t, mu nc thng quy nng v SiO
2
. Nng SiO
2
c trong nc mt, nc ngm khong 1-30 mg/l, c bit mt s mu nc bin,
nc pH thp (nc ging, nc phn, sui nc nng) hm lng SiO
2
c th rt
cao.
Silic l vi cht dinh dng cho cy trng, nhm to ct (diatom). Nng
SiO
2
cao s to thnh cn trong ni hi.
Bng : ha tan ca Silic trong nc ph thuc vo nhit v pH ca nc
pH ha tan
SiO2(ppm)
pH ha tan
SiO2(ppm)
2 36 7 282
3 36 8 318
4 60 9 342
5 100 10 360
6 216 11 378
Bng : T l % ca H2SiO3, HSiO3- & SiO32- trong dung dch nhng gi tr
pH khc nhau
pH H
2
SiO
3
HSiO
3
-
SiO
3
2-
6 100,00 - -
7 99,98 0,02 -
8 99,79 0,21 -
9 97,90 2,10 -
10 82,23 17,68 0,09
11 30,68 65,97 3,35
Nh vy, pH ca nc cng thp acid silic trng thi ion cng t, trng thi keo
cng nhiu. Trong nc Silica tn ti hai dng thng gp l H
4
SiO
4
v H
3
SiO
4
-
.
60
Phn tch nc
Phng php: pH=1,2 amoni molybdat phn ng vi silic v phosphat to thnh
axit molybdosilicic d a mu vng hp thu cc i 410 nm. Sau dng
AminoNaptholSulfonic v sunfit kh v phc mu xanh c u im hp thu cao
hn v bn vng hn. Mc ch ca vic thm vo axit oxalic l ph hy axit
molybdophosphoric (loi b cn nhiu phosphat), gim cn nhiu tannin.
Phng php ny ch xc nh phn Silica hot tnh c phn ng vi
molybdat, khng phi ton b cc dng Silica. Vic un nng mu vi NaHCO
3
cng khng th chuyn ht ton b v dng hot tnh.
Thc nghim:
Lu : Khng bo qun mu trong chai thy tinh v nhim Si. Khng axit ha mu
v SiO2 kt ta khi pH thp.
* Dung dch chun SiO
2
100 mg/l :
Cn 0,4730 g sodium metasilicat nanohydrat Na
2
SiO
3
.9H
2
O pha thnh 1000
ml. Dung dch ng trong chai nha, rt bn vng theo thi gian.
* Dung dch amoni molybdat 2% v HCl 6% v/v
* Dung dch kh bao gm: metol 0,67% v sodium sulfit 0,8%, H
2
SO
4
10% v/v
Ht 2 ml mu nc lc +1,5ml axit molybdat, lc k, i 10 pht cho 7,5
ml hn hp dung dch kh, i 3 ting sau em o bc sng 815 nm. Phc ny
tng i bn vng sau nhiu gi.
ng chun : t chun 100 mg/l pha thnh chun 2 mg/l(A)

Bm 25ml Blank Standard 1 Standard 2 Standard 3
Dung dch A(ml) 0 2 5 8
Nng (mg/l) 0 2 5 8
29. SUNPHAT (SO
4
)
Sunphat gy cc tc ng ch yu l vn mi v n mn ng ng.
a) Vn v mi
Khi khng c oxy, sunphat l cht cung cp oxi (cht nhn in t) trong qu
trnh oxi ho sinh ho ca vi khun k kh. Trong iu kin k kh, sunphat b
kh thnh sunphua.
SO
4
2-
+ cht hu c 2{ CH
2
O}
vi khun Desulfovibrio
H
2
S + 2H
2
O + 2CO
2
H
2
S S
2-
+ HS
-
61
Phn tch nc
Quan h gia ba dng H
2
S, HS
-
v S
2-
ti cc pH khc nhau ca dung dch cha
10
-3
M H2S (hay 32mg/L H2S) nh sau. Ti pH >8, lu hunh trong dung dch tn
ti ch yu hai dng HS
-
v S
2-
. H
2
S ch tn ti mt lng rt nh, v vy p sut
ring ca n rt thp nn khng gy mi hi. Ti pH < 8 cn bng chuyn di v
pha to thnh H
2
S phn t. Ti pH = 7, c ti 80%

l dng H
2
S. Khi mt lng ln
sunphat b kh thnh ion sunphua, p sut ring phn ca H
2
S gy ra mi hi.
b) n mn ng ng
Nu lng oxi khng do qu trnh thng gi t nhin ca khng kh trong
cng, qu trnh kh sunphat thnh sunphua s xy ra. pH thng thng ca nc
thi, hu ht sunfua nm dng H
2
S v mt phn ca n bay vo lp khng kh
trn lp nc thi trong cng. Nu h thng cng c thng gi tt v thnh cng
v nh cng kh ro, vic hnh thnh ca H
2
S khng gy ra n mn. Tuy nhin,
trong trng hp thng gi km, thnh v nh cng m t, H
2
S s ho tan vo lp
nc trn thnh v nh cng tng ng vi p sut ring phn ca n trong khng
kh hin din trong cng. Do iu kin hiu kh l lun tn ti trong h thng cng,
nhng vi khun hiu kh oxi ho H
2
S thnh H
2
SO
4
v sau tr nn m c v n
mn bton.
2H
2
S + O
2
2S + 2H
2
O
2S + 2H
2
O + 3O
2
4H++ 2SO
4
2-

Phn ng SSO
4
2-
s c tng nhanh khi c mt vi khun thiobacillus thiooxidant
c th sng c pH< 2, chng ly nng lng t s xy ha kh.
n mn thnh trn ng cng bton tr nn ng quan tm khi nc thi sinh
hot c nhit cao, thi gian lu trong cng di v nng sulfate cao. Hm
lng sunfat ln hn 300 mg/L c tnh xm thc mnh trn cc cng trnh xy
dng.
c) Sunfat s cng vi ion Ca
2+
v cc ion kim loi to thnh cn cng bm trn
thnh cc thit b trao i nhit nn cn phi lu khi vn hnh thit b un nc,
l hi v cc thit b trao i nhit.
d) Tc ng n con ngi
Nc cp c hm lng sunfat > 250 mg/L c tnh c hi vi con ngi, v
sunfat c tnh nhun trng. Sunfat cao, nc s c v cht v gy bnh tiu chy.
Hm lng SO42- trong nc cao s gy nh hng n con ngi do tnh cht
ty ra ca sulfate.
Phng php c: Ion SO4 phn ng vi BaCl
2
trong mi trng axit to kt ta
BaSO
4
mt lng tng ng. o hp thu trn my so mu hay my o c.
Glycerol hay gelatin c cho vo lm tng nht ca dung dch, nh th
vn BaSO
4
bn vng hn.
62
Phn tch nc
Nhn chung, phng php o c c chnh xc v lp li khng cao
v khuch tn v hp thu ca h keo ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh khi
lng v kch thc ca cc ht keo m cc yu t ny kh iu chnh hng nh
c trong cc th nghim.
Ho cht:
Cch 1: pha 1000 ml dung dch m sau: 30g MgCl
2
.6H
2
O + 5g CH
3
COONa.3H
2
O
+ 1g KNO
3
+ 0,111 g Na
2
SO
4
+ 20 ml CH
3
COOH 99%
Cch 2: Pha theo t l sau:
- 30 ml HCl 37%
- 300 ml H
2
O ct
- 100 ml ethanol 95%
- 75 g NaCl
- 50 ml glycerol
- BaCl
2
dng tinh th kch thc 20-30 mesh
- Dung dch chun SO
4
1000 mg/l: cn 0,1479g Na
2
SO
4
khan qua sy pha thnh
1000ml.
Thc nghim:
Ht 20 ml mu lc (mu c EC<200 S/cm) hay t hn nu EC ln hn
vo bnh nh mc 25ml v 4 ml dung dch m hay 2,5 ml dung dch mi trng.
Dng phu cho vo 0,05 g BaCl
2
. nh mc, lc 60 giy, sau 5 pht o hp thu
420 nm cuvet 5cm.
Xy dng mt ng chun SO
4
0-40 mg/l. ng chun ny khng hon
ton tuyn tnh vi R
2
<0,999. Gii hn pht hin l 1 mg/l.
30. CLORUA
Hai phng php sau xc nh clorua v c bromua, iodua, xyanua. Tuy nhin,
nc bin c thnh phn Cl

: Br

: I

tng ng l 558; 0,86; 0,0004 meq/l th sai s


do Br

, I

l khng ng k, khong 0,15%.


30.1 Phng php chun AgNO
3
ch th K
2
CrO
4
(Phng php MOHR)
Da trn c s chun kt ta, dng dung dch AgNO
3
tiu chun chun
trc tip xung dung dch mu c cha thnh phn Cl

, phn ng c thc hin


trong mi trng pH trung tnh ti kim nh, vi ch th K
2
Cr
2
O
4
, im tng
ng nhn c khi dung dch xut hin kt ta gch. Ta cn khng ch pH
khong t 7 - 10 v pH cao hn, ion Ag
+
s to ta trng AgOH v nhanh chng
chuyn thnh Ag
2
O mu nu, cn khi pH thp CrO
4
2-
chuyn thnh Cr
2
O
7
2-
,
kt ta
63
Phn tch nc
Ag
2
CrO
4
kh hnh thnh. Trn thc t, h m c to ra bng cch cho vo dung
dch mt t NaHCO3 pH 8,3.
Phn ng chun : AgNO
3
+ Cl
-
==> AgCl + NO
3
-
Phn ng ch th: 2Ag
+
+ CrO
4
2-
==> Ag
2
CrO
4

Thc nghim :
* Dung dch Ag(I) 0,02N: cn 3,3974g AgNO
3
pha trong 1 L, ng trong chai ti
mu. Xc nh li nng Ag
+
bng chun Cl 0,02N.
* Chun Cl 0,02N: cn 1,1688g NaCl pha trong 1 L.
* Ch th : Cn 5g K
2
CrO
4
ha tan trong 100ml nc.
Ht 20ml mu v to mi trng trung tnh ti kim nh (pH~5,0-9,5) bng
2ml m NaHCO
3
5%, thm 4 git ch th. Bt u chun mu bng dung dch
AgNO
3
, lc mnh trnh ta AgCl ng t. Gn ti im tng ng kt ta
trng AgCl vn li, ngng chun khi mu chuyn sang gch, chnh l lc xut
hin kt ta Ag-cromat (chuyn t mu vng chanh sang vng hng).
Ch : Th tch mu phi ng u (v d 100ml) nng cc ion Ag
+
, CrO
4
2-
l hng s ti im cui, tc l mc sai s ch th nh nhau. Do bt buc phi
thc hin chun mu trng vi nc ct. Gi tr mu trng khng c vt qu
0,4ml.
64
Phn tch nc
Trong thc t, lng ch th cho vo c th tnh c t tr s tch s tan,
nng mui AgCl, AgCr
2
O
7
v th tch dung dch chun . Cn cho 1 lng ch
th bng nhau sai s ch th chun mu va chun l nh nhau.
30.2 Phng php chun Hg(NO
3
)
2
Hg(II) to phc bn vi Clorua. Khi chun ht Cl, lng d Hg(NO
3
)
2
to
phc mu tm vi ch th diphenylcabazone. Chnh pH 2,3 n 2,8 bng axit HNO
3
vi ch th pH xylenecyanol FF. Phng php ny d nhn bit chuyn mu hn
phng php Mohr.
Thc nghim :
* Axit nitric 1M: pha long 30 ml HNO
3
65% thnh dung dch 500 ml.
* Ch th: Ha tan 125mg diphenylcabazone trong 25 ml etanol 95%, sau thm
15 mg xylenecyanol FF ri pha long ti 50 ml bng etanol. Ch th km bn, phi
pha mi mi khi chun . Nu ch th hng s gy kh nhn bit im cui v mc
sai s dng.
* Dung dch Hg(II)10 meq/l: 1,9g Hg(NO
3
)
2
.H
2
O ho tan vi 4 ml dung dch axit
HNO3 1M pha long thnh 1 L, ng trong chai ti.
Ht 20ml mu, thm ch th, cho 1 ml HNO
3
n khi c mu xanh lc-xanh
dng. pH >3,8 xanh dng cn khi pH<2 xanh lc. Quan st dung dch chuyn t
mu xanh lc/vng sang mu tm r.
31. DU M (OIL AND GREASE)
Vi t trng thp v tnh linh ng cao, khi vo nc du m d dng lan ra
to thnh mng mng che ph mt nc ngn cn s xm nhp ca xy vo nc
dn gim kh nng t lm sch. Du m xm nhp c quan h hp ca tm c v
ngn cn qu trnh th. Du m c kh nng bm dnh trn thn, r v l cy gy
cn tr kh nng quang hp, trao i cht. Do nh hng ca cc yu t mi trng
(nhit , gi, bc x, dng chy, vi sinh vt) tc ng ca du gim dn. Tuy
nhin, mt s loi du nng c th chm xung y, bm vo bn, kh b phn hy
s gy nh hng lu di.
Mu xc nh du phi ng trong chai thy tinh v thm cht bo qun 6 ml
H
2
SO
4
m c cho 1 lit nc mu. pH<2 gip cho vic thy phn du m.
30.1 Phng php khi lng
Chit mu bng n-hexan hay hn hp 80% n-hexan v 20% methyl-tert-butyl
ether. Cc ti liu khc dng chlorofrom, trichlorotrifluoroethan, tetraclocarbon,
dicloromethan, pentan, cyclohexan. Sau l qu trnh ui thu hi dung mi v
cn khi lng chnh lch do du m trong mu.
65
Phn tch nc
30.2 Phng php hng ngoi xc nh du khong/ du tng
Sau khi chit bng dung mi 1,1,2-triclo-1,2,2-trifloethan (), em i o hp
thu ca ni carbon-hydro trong vng hng ngoi (2930 cm
-1
). Gii hn pht hin
ca phng php ny l 0,2 mg/l.
Nu khng bit thnh phn du c trong mu, ta dng du i chiu (reference
oil) l hn hp c thnh phn th tch gm: 37,5% iso-octan, 37,5% hexadecan,
25% benzen.
Nu xc nh du khong, sau khi chit phi lm sch dch chit bng cch
qua ct sc k cha nhm xit hay magie silicat (Florisil) hay lc dch chit vi
silicagel. Cc cht phn cc (c ni C=O hay O-H) s b hp ph l cc axit bo,
phenolic, axit naphtenic, nu khng loi b s gy sai s dng i vi phng
php ph hng ngoi.
30.3 Phng php sc k kh xc nh du khong
30.4 Phng php hynh quang xc nh du khong (petroleum oil)
* Thit b :
- My quang ph hunh quang
- Phu chit 1000ml
- Bnh nh mc 25 ml
- Erlen 250 ml
- Cn phn tch
- Dispenser cho bnh dung mi
* Ha cht:
- Dung mi diclorometan, loi tinh khit quang ph hay sc k.
- Na
2
SO
4
khan c lm kh bng sy 2 gi 130
o
C. Nu cn lm sch
Na
2
SO
4
bng iclometan trn h thng soxhlet, sau nung nhit 500
o
C trong
4 gi v gi trong chai thu tinh.
* Tin hnh :
- Pha chun du: ty theo loi du chim u th, vi mu nc sng knh
thng dng du DO mua sn. T y, pha long thnh cc chun vi dung mi
diclorometan bng phng php cn khi lng.
- Tin hnh chit mu nc nhiu ln bng dung mi diclorometan. Cc phn
dung mi nm bn di s thu vo erlen 250 ml. Sau loi n ht nc bng
Na
2
SO
4
khan ri sang bnh nh mc 25 ml, nh mc em o.
- o cng pht x trn my hunh quang cho c chun v mu. T ,
tnh ra hm lng du c trong mu.
66
Phn tch nc
TCVN 5942:1995 Nc mt A B
Du m (oil & grease) 0 0,3
TCVN 5945:1995 Nc thi cng nghip A B C
Du m khong
(Mineral oil and fat)
KPH 1 5
Du m ng thc vt
(Animal-vegetable fat and oil)
5 10 30
TCVN 5943:1995 Nc bin ven b Bi tm Nui
thu sn
Cc ni
khc
Vng du m
(Oil and fat film/scum)
0 0 0,3
Nh du m
(Oil and fat suspension/galactoze)
2 1 5
TCVN 6774:2000 Nc ngt bo v i
sng thu sinh
Du m khong khng quan st thy vng, nh
32. VI SINH
Bn cnh cc sinh vt c ch c nhiu nhm sinh vt gy bnh hoc truyn
bnh cho ngi v sinh vt. Trong s ny, ng ch l cc loi vi khun, siu vi
khun v k sinh trng gy bnh nh cc loi k sinh trng bnh t, l, thng hn,
st rt, siu vi khun vim gan B, siu vi khun vim no Nht bn, giun , trng
giun v.v...Ngun gy nhim sinh hc cho mi trng nc ch yu l phn rc,
nc thi sinh hot, xc cht sinh vt, nc thi cc bnh vin v.v...
Thc t khng th xc nh c th tt c cc loi vi trng ny v rt phc tp
v tn nhiu thi gian. Do vy thng thng trong quan trc nhim, chng ta ch
cn xc nh mt vi vi sinh ch th cho nhim phn. C 3 nhm vi sinh vt ch th
nhim phn:
- Nhm coliform, c trng l Escherichia coli (E.coli)
Nhm coliform c kh nng ln men lactose khi nui cy 35
o
C hoc to ra
acid, aldehyd v kh trong vng 48 gi, thng c tr trong rut gi (i trng) ca
ngi v ng vt Bn thn coliform khng gy bnh nhng c dng ch th cc
vi sinh vt gy bnh c ngun gc t phn ng vt mu nng. S c mt ca chng
l tn hiu cho thy rau hay nc c th b phi nhim phn ngi hay phn ng
vt. C th l bi v khong 11% cc vi khun coliform tm thy trong phn ngi
l vi khun E. coli, v th, ch khi no xt nghim thy c vi khun E. coli trong cc
vi khun coliform th mi c bng chng pht biu rng nc hay rau b phi
nhim phn ngi.
67
Phn tch nc
Faecal coliform (nhm coliform chu nhit) l loi c kh nng ln men
lactose 44,5
o
C trong 24 gi. Trong nhm ny c Escherichia (chim u th) v
Klebsiella.
Escherichia coli (E.coli): Sinh vt dng coli chu nhit hiu kh v c kh
nng ym kh, chng lm ln men lactoz (hoc mannitol) nhit 44
o
C to ra
c axit, kh v cng to ra indole t tryptophan. Chng thng c tr trong rut gi
ca ngi v ng vt mu nng. E.coli thng khng c kh nng sinh sn trong
nc thi v nc mt b nhim.
C nhiu loi E.coli, nhng may mn thay phn ln chng c th ni l v
hi. Tuy nhin, mt s E.coli c th gy tiu chy, v loi ph bin nht trong nhm
E.coli c hi ny l E.coli O157:H7. Tiu chy ra mu l triu chng chnh ca
nhim E.coli.
- Nhm Streptococci, c trng l Streptococcus faecalis.
Khi Streptococcus faecalis c trong thc n hoc nc ung, iu chng
t ngun nc hoc thc phm c du hiu nhim bn lin quan n ngun phn
ngi hoc ng vt, c th gy vim hng, vim khp hoc vim mng tim, ri
lon tiu ha. Vi khun ny sng k sinh trong c hng ngi hoc ng vt. Khi
nut vo s thi theo phn ra ngoi. S tn ti ca chng trong nc, ngay c khi
khng c E.coli, chng t c s nhim do phn.
- Nhm Clostridia kh sulphite, c trng l Clostridium perfringents
Vi khun clostridium l mt dng vi khun gy bnh tiu chy ph bin v
kh cha tr nht.
Trong 3 nhm vi sinh ch th trn nhm coliform thng c phn tch v:
a) Chng l nhm vi sinh quan trng nht trong vic nh ga v sinh ngun nc
v c y cc tiu chun ca loi vi sinh ch th l tng;
b) Chng c th c xc nh trong iu kin thc a;
c) Vic xc nh coliforms d dng hn xc nh cc vi sinh khc. Chng hn cc
qui trnh xc nh streptococci cn thi gian n nhit lu cn vic xc nh
Clostridia cn phi tin hnh 80
o
C v ln men hai ln nn trong iu kin thc a
kh xc nh hai loi vi sinh ch th ny.
Ph lc 0 Xc sut thng k
- Gi tr trung bnh(average, mean,x )
- Trung v (median)
68
Phn tch nc
- K vng (estimate, expected, )
- Phng sai (variance, s)
- chm (precision): Mc gn nhau gia kt qu, c hiu l lp li
(repeatability, r) ca mu lp replicate ca 1 phng th nghim gi ng nht mi
iu kin, cng ngi thao tc, cng thit b trong mt khong thi gian xc nh.
Hay rng hn l ti lp (reproducibility, R) khi so snh kt qu trong iu kin
o thay i gia cc phng th nghim.
chm cn gi l chnh xc th hin qua 2 i lng:
+ lch chun (standard deviation, s): ta lun thy s
r
>s
R
+ H s bin thin tng i CV(coefficient of variation) v RSD(relative
standard deviation), tnh theo %, dng so snh gia cc lch chun
100 * %
x
SD
CV
Yu cu CV<10%.
Thng thng, cc phng php phn tch dng c c CV di 5%
- ng (Bias/ Accuracy): c hiu l sai lch ca kt qu th (reported
value) vi gi tr i chng c chp nhn (accepted reference, true value). y l
sai s h thng, c vai tr quan trng hn sai s ngu nhin. C th kim tra
ng theo 2 cch:
a. thu hi(recovery) da trn phng php thm chun ca mu LFM
(known additon, spiking)
100 * %
spike
sample le spikedsamp
C
C C
R

Yu cu: 80% < %R < 120%


b. Biu kim sot cht lng (control chart)
- Accuracy: l bao gm c lp li v ng, do c th hiu l tin cy
Ph lc 0 Quality Control
- RPD (Relative Percentage Difference) nh gi lp li kt qu:
100 .
2 / ) (
| |
2 1
2 1
C C
C C
RPD
+

- Replicate: o lp li 1 mu no sau khi hon tt mt lot mu. Nu


RPD<10% l t yu cu.
69
Phn tch nc
- Duplicate (mu lp ton b): phn tch 2 phn ca cng mt mu tri qua
tt c giai on ca quy trnh phn tch, t nh gi lp li ca qu trnh
chun b mu. Nu RPD<20% l t yu cu.
- Mu trng kim tra n nh ca ng nn. Nu cn phi rezero loi
tr tri nn.
- Reslope: xc nhn li ng chun (calibaration verification) thng qua
yu t dc ng chun bng cch chy li 1 chun nm gia ng chun,
thng thng sau 10 mu v tnh ra nng C
R
. Chnh lch nng C
R
ny v
nng ch nh C
S
tt nht trong khong 90-110%, nu ngoi khong 80-120%
th phi chy li ton b ng chun (recalibration). Sau khi xc nh reslope tho
gii hn cho php 90-110% , cc nng v sau s c nhn vi h s C
S
/C
R
- Reagent Blank/ Method Blank: Thay mu bng nc ct, thm cc thuc
th v tin hnh y nh i vi mu. Bng cch ny ta nh gi c nhim bn t
ho cht v thit b, nu gi tr ln hn MQL th kt qu khng ng tin cy.
- QC Sample/ Laboratory Control Check Sample (QCS, LCS, LCC): Dung
dch c cht phn tch vi nng v khong sai s c chng nhn, c gi
l Certified Reference Material (CRM, true value) v thng c mua t nh cung
cp. C th coi y l thc o chnh xc nh gi ng ca 1 phng php,
dng kim sot ring qu trnh o trn my. Kt qu xem l t yu cu nu sai
khc di 10% so vi nng thc.
- Laboratory-fortified Matrix(LFM)/ Matrix Spike: Mu c thm vo 1
lng cht chun ngay t u, trc khi qua cc bc x l. T kt qu mu thm
ny v mu nguyn thy, tnh c thu hi (recovery) t nh ga nh hng
ca 2 yu t matrix v qu trnh chun b mu. Thng thng s dng nng thm
vo bng vi trong LFB nh gi ring nh hng ca matrix.
- Laboratory-fortified Blank (LFB)/ Blank Spike: Chnh l mu trng phng
php (method blank) l nc ct c thm vo 1 lng cht chun. T kt qu
phn tch, tnh c thu hi trong matrix sch v nh ga nh hng ca ring
qu trnh chun b mu.
- QC Spike/ Analytical Spike: Mu sau khi tri qua cc bc c thm vo
1 lng cht chun trc khi em o trn my. T l thu hi chp nhn trong
khong 70-110% v RSD nh hn 20%.
Trong hot ng QC, cc mu LFB/LFM/QC Spike/LCS u phi thc hin
trong lot 20 mu tc t l 5%.
Xc nhn s hin din ca cn nhiu bng 1 trong 3 yu t sau :
70
Phn tch nc
+ thu hi ca chun thm vo nh hn 85% (Lng thm vo tt nht nm
trong khong 50-200% nng ca mu)
+ Nng mu nguyn thu v mu pha long 5-10 ln sai khc hn 10%
+ ng chun phng php thm khng song song, dc nh hn ng
chun ban u.
- Phng php thm chun loi b cn nhiu :Yu cu khi thc hin l
cc gi tr o A phi nm trong khong tuyn tnh ca ng chun, c t nht 2
mu thm bn cnh mu khng thm, th tch ca chun thm vo khng qu 10%
mu, nng thm vo cao nht khng khng qu 3 ln nng mu. Tuy nhin
phng php thm chun ch ng nu
- Phng php thm chun tnh thu hi (Recovery). T y, nh gi
tin cy ca phng php hoc hp hn l nh hng/ tc ng ca mt yu t
no nh m, nng thuc th, thi gian phn ng,.v.v..
- Gii hn pht hin LOD(Limit of Detection):
L khi nim chung ch lng cht phn tch nh nht m my c th pht hin,
khng nh hin din cht phn tch vi mt mc tin cy no , thng chn mc
tin cy 99%. Nu mu c nng nh hn LOD th s cho tn hiu o nh mu
trng, cc kt qu gn LOD s c lch chun rt km 50% v 33% ng vi
trng hp 2 v 3 ln lch chun.
Nu khng nh khng pht hin mt cht => Cn a ra gi tr LOD
Theo quy c, LOD l nng tng ng 2 hay 3 ln lch chun ca mu
blank. Tuy nhin, nh trong sc k, tn hiu phn tch thay i theo thi gian th tt
nht nn tnh LOD theo 2 hay 3 ln lch chun ca mu nng thp gn zero.
Trong thc t thng dng ng chun v o 7 ln lp li hay hn na ca mt
dung dch chun nng khong 1-5 ln LOD (nng gn bng khng) v tnh
theo cng thc:
STD
n STD
H
xS xC
LOD
3

+ IDL l gii hn pht hin ca mt thit b


+ MDL l gii hn pht hin cho ton b quy trnh phn tch bao gm
tt c cc giai on nh ph mu, lm giu, phn ng,vv...
- Gii hn nh lng LOQ l nng tng ng 10 ln lch chun ca mu
blank hay chun c nng gn bng khng. Cc kt qu gn vi LOD v nh hn
LOQ c lp li, ng km nn php o s km tin cy. Php nh lng ch
coi l tin cy khi kt qu ln hn LOQ.
71
Phn tch nc
STD
n STD
H
xS xC
LOQ
10

LOQ c s dng trong phm vi mt PTN. Cn PQL (Practical


Quantitation Limit) l gi tr dng chung gia cc PTN trong phn tch, mc d
thc hin theo cng quy trnh, thit b, matrix nhng LOQ vn khc nhau. Cc khi
nim RL (reporting limit) hay EQL (estimated quantitation limit) l tng t PQL.
V PQL thay i theo tng matrix nn theo EPA, thng thng tnh PQL gp
khong t 5-10 ln MDL.
Cc i lng instrument detection limit (IDL), lower level of
detection(LLD), method detection limit (MDL) v level of quantitation (LOQ) t l
vi nhau nh sau:
IDL: LLD: MDL: LOQ = 1 : 2 : 4 : 10
Cc thng s trn ph thuc rt nhiu vo thit b, ha cht v matrix ca
mu (loi mu). Ch yu l o mc nhiu ca ng nn v pic mu m iu
ny ph thuc vo n nh ca h thng quang hc, in t v tinh khit ho
cht, dc ca ng chun, cch ly tn hiu pic (din tch hay chiu cao),
cng ngun nh sng ti(n Tunsten, HCL), b rng khe,....
72
Phn tch nc
Ph lc 1 Danh sch cc cht chun gc trong chun , cht chun.
Cng thc Nhit
sy
Thi
gian sy
Mc ch
Cht oxy ho K
2
Cr
2
O
7
* 105
o
C 2 gi Chun li
Na
2
S
2
O
3
Cht oxy ho KIO
3
* Chun li
Na
2
S
2
O
3
Cht oxy ho KH(IO
3
)
2
* 105
o
C 2 gi Chun li
Na
2
S
2
O
3
Cht kh H
2
C
2
O
4
.2H
2
O* Chun li
KMnO
4
Cht axit H
2
C
2
O
4
.2H
2
O* Chun li
NaOH
Cht baz Na
2
B
4
O
7
.10H
2
O* Chun li
HCl
Canxi, cht baz CaCO
3
* 150
o
C 2 gi Chun li
EDTA, HCl
Cht baz Na
2
CO
3
* 285
o
C
250
o
C
1 gi
4 gi
Chun li
EDTA, HCl
EDTA Na
2
C
10
H
14
O
8
N
2
.2H
2
O* 80
o
C 2 gi
Km ZnSO
4
.7H
2
O*
Magie MgSO
4
.7H
2
O*
Chun kim tra COD
Cht axit
KHC
8
H
4
O
4
* 110
o
C 1 gi Chun li
NaOH
Chun kim tra BOD Glucose+Axit glutamit 105
o
C 1 gi
Phosphat KH
2
PO
4
105
o
C 1 gi
Natri, clorua NaCl* 105
o
C Chun li
Hg(NO
3
)
2
Kali, clorua KCl
Nitrat KNO
3
105
o
C 2 gi
Amoni NH
4
Cl 105
o
C 2 gi
Nitrit NaNO
2
*Cht chun gc
73
Phn tch nc
Ph lc 2 Dng c cha mu v iu kin bo qun
Thng s Chai
ng
mu
iu kin bo qun Thi gian
BOD 4
0
C 24h
COD 4
0
C, 2ml H
2
SO
4
/l (pH<2) 5 ngy
DO TT c nh ti ch 8h
NO2 4
0
C 48h
NO3 4
0
C 20 ngy
Chlorophyll 4
0
C 24h
pH Ngay lp tc
Clo d 4
0
C, ti Ngay lp tc
dn 4
0
C 28 ngy
NH4 pH<2, 4
o
C 28 ngy
H2S pH>9 (2 ml km axetat
2N/1000ml va NaOH)
7 ngy
Fe(II) pH<2
Kim loi nng P 4 ml HNO
3
1:1/L (pH<2) 6 thng
tr Hg 28 ngy
CN 4
0
C, pH>12 (1ml NaOH
10%/100ml)
14 ngy
Si, Na, K, Li P
PO4 ha tan TT lc ti ch, H2SO4 30 ngy
Du m TT pH < 2 28 ngy
Phenolics TT 4
0
C, 2ml H
2
SO
4
/l( pH < 2) 28 ngy
HBM TT
Thuc tr su TT ti
mu hay
PTFE
Flo 28 ngy
Vi sinh TT
tit trng
4
0
C 8h
Mu ha l: ly cch mt nc 1,5 m
Mu vi sinh: ly cch mt nc 0,5 m; khng ly y chai. Chai mu xc
nh vi sinh vt phi tit trng bng mt trong cc phng php di y: Trong t
sy nhit 160 - 175
0
C khng t hn 2 gi hay trong ni hp p lc 1 atmotphe
(121
0
C) khng t hn 20 pht.
Cc thng s chu nh hng bi nhit : pH, ORP, EC, TDS, mn, DO
v cc kh ho tan.
74
Phn tch nc
Cc thng s nc ngm: pH, mu, c, cng, NH4, NO3, NO2,
SO4, Cl, Fe tng cng, Mn, ch s permanganat, Coliform, EColi.
Cc thng s c th o ti hin trng bng my cm tay: pH, nhit , DO,
EC, ORP, Sal, TDS, chlorophyll, c, Cl
-
, NO
3
-
, K
+
, Ca
2+
, NH
4
+
, CN, S,

Na, F,
Br, I, Cu, Pb, Cd, t trng, su.
Ph lc 3 Nng , t trng cc loi axit, baz thng dng
C
M
=(10*C%*d)/M
Axit
Nng
%
T trng
d
Phn t lng
M
Nng
mol/lit
HCl 37 1,13 36,46 11,16
HNO3 63 1,38 63,01 13,80
H2SO4 95 1,83 98,07 17,73
H3PO4 85 1,69 98,00 14,66
CH3COOH 99,5 1,05 60,05 17,40
NH3 32 0,89 17,03 16,72
Ph lc 4 Cc cp tinh khit (purity grade)
1) Technical grade (k thut): khng c tiu chun v cht lng, hm lng
tp cht, dng trng ra dng c hay lm nguyn liu sn xut. tinh
khit bin ng, thng thng 90%.
2) Synthesis grade: tng hp, iu ch cht hu c, trng ra dng c, ho tan.
Extra Pure grade: nh tnh v bn nh lng.
3) Analytical reagent (A.R), Pro analysis (p.a), Guaranteed reagent (GR), For
analysis: dng trong cc phng php th nghim, tinh khit 98,5%
4) Mt s loi dung mi chuyn dng cho lnh vc phn tch HPLC,
Spectroscopy (UV/IR), LC-MS, Fluorescence.
5) Pharmacopoeia grade: sn xut thuc, p ng cc tiu chun ngnh dc
nh USP, BP, JP, DAB, Ph Eur.
6) ACS grade: p ng tiu chun ca American Chemical Society
Mt cch tng qut, tinh khit tng dn theo th t sau:
Technical< Pure< Extra pure< Pro analysis
90% 97% 98,5%
75
Phn tch nc
Ph lc 5 Tiu chun nc ung ca C quan bo v mi trng Hoa k
(USEPA) chia lm 2 cp:
- Cp 1 (primary): bao gm cc ch tiu nh hng n s an ton sc kho
nh cc cht ho hc, vi sinh vt gy bnh, yu t phng x.
- Cp 2 (secondary): bao gm cc ch tiu nh hng n mi, v, mu sc,
cm quan nh mi, mu, pH, TDS, Cl, SO
4
, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, tnh n mn, cht to
bt.
Cc ch tiu cht lng nc chia thnh cc nhm :
- Nhm ch tiu vt l:
+ c: ch c ngha nhiu i vi nc sch, nc ung.
+ Nhit : nh hng n tc phn ng ho hc, sinh hc, pht trin ca
vi sinh vt, ho tan ca cht kh, mui khong.
+ Mu sc: theo tiu chun ca EPA<15 Pt/L
+ Cht rn: TDS, TS, VSS.
- Nhm ch tiu cm quan: mi gy ra do NH3, amin, H2S, chlorine.
- Nhm ch tiu ha hc: pH, E
h
, cng, NO
3
, NO
2
, NH
4
, PO
4
, DO, BOD
- Nhm ch tiu sinh hc:
+ ng vt y khng xng sng kch thc ln (benthic
macroinvertebrates): s gim s lng, chng loi bo hiu nhim
+ Faecal coliforms: l vi khun v hi, sinh sng trong ng rut ca ng
vt, c nhiu trong phn ca ng vt. Nng faecal coliforms cao chng t
ngun nc b nhim phn, v do c th c cc vi khun, virut gy bnh.
Ph lc 6 Cc ch tiu phc v qun l mi trng lu vc sng
Cc thng s ch thnh phn ho - l nh hng n cm quan
y l cc thng s th hin cc yu t ho - l c c tnh thp, ch nh
hng n kh nng s dng nc v mt cm quan. Nng hay hm lng nht
nh cc thnh phn ny khng nh hng n sc kho con ngi, i sng thu
sinh nhng gy cm gic kh chu cho vic s dng nc (n ung, bi li, gii
tr...). Ch nng hoc hm lng cao mt s thnh phn ho - l ny mi c th
nh hng xu n i sng ng vt thu sinh v sc kho con ngi.
Theo tiu chun cht lng nc b mt v thu sn ca nhiu quc gia, tiu
chun cho php (TCCP) ca cc thng s ny l "t nhin" i vi cc loi nc
sch (ngha l ch ph thuc vo bn cht ho - l, sinh hc vn c ca ngun nc
v ch thu vn, kh hu).
76
Phn tch nc
Cc thng s ho hc
Cc thng s ch thnh phn ho hc c c tnh thp
c im: y l cc thng s th hin cc cht nhim ho hc c c tnh
thp theo phn loi ca T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) da theo gi tr LD50.
nng thp cc ion hoc hp cht ny khng gy c i vi con ngi v thu
ng vt. Ch nng cao vt nhiu ln TCCP cc ion v hp cht ny mi nh
hng n sc kho v gy tc ng sinh thi. Theo phn loi ca WHO
(Guidelines for Drinking Water, Geneva, 1984) cc cht nhim ny cng c
xp vo nhm cc thng s gy nh hng cm quan.
Theo tiu chun cht lng nc sinh hot v thu sn ca nhiu quc gia v
t chc quc t, nng cho php ca cc thng s ny l > 0,1mg/l
Cc thng s ch thnh phn ho hc c c tnh cao
c im: y l cc thng s th hin cc ion hoc hp cht ho hc c c
tnh thuc nhm Ia (rt c), Ib (c cao) v II (c trung bnh), theo phn loi ca
WHO da vo LD50 (liu lng gy cht 50% ng vt thc nghim). Ngay nng
thp cc cht ny cng c kh nng nh hng xu n sc kho con ngi v
ng vt thu sinh.
Theo tiu chun cht lng nc cp cho sinh hot v thu sn ca nhiu
quc gia v t chc quc t, nng cho php ca cc thng s ny mc nh hn
0,5 mg/l (thng l nh hn 0,1 mg/l).
Cc ng vt thu sinh (tm, c) nhy cm vi ho cht hn ng vt c v
i. Trong thc t, mt s ho cht t c i vi con ngi v cc loi ng vt c
v (NH4+, NO2-, H2S, ho cht bo BVTV nhm pyrethroid) nhng li rt c i
vi tm c. nh gi c tnh i vi thu sinh cn s dng thng s LC50
(nng gy cht i vi ng vt thc nghim).
Cc cht phng x
c im: L cc vt liu, nguyn t c kh nng pht x gy nh hng xu n
sc kho con ngi v i sng sinh vt.
Cc thng s sinh hc
c im: L cc sinh vt ch th (bio-indicator) s nhim ngun nc do sinh
vt.
nh gi cht lng nc v mc nhim nuc h thng quan trc mi
trng ca nhiu quc gia trn th gii s dng mt trong 2 nhm hoc c 2
nhm ch th thu sinh:
- Nhm ch th nhim nc v mt hu c, dinh dng nhim mn, phn hoc
nhim ho cht: S dng cc thnh phn thu sinh nh phytoplankton, zooplankton,
zoobenthos.
77
Phn tch nc
- Nhm ch th nhim nc v mt vi trng v mm bnh, vi khun: tng
coliform, E.coli, streptococci phn (faecal strepptococci), clostridia kh lu
hunh..., n bo (protozoa), giun, sn.
Ph lc 7 Tiu chun nc h bi
Thng s Khong gi tr
pH 6,8 - 7,6
Free Chlorine 0,6 - 1,0 ppm
ORP > 700 mV
kim 80 - 125 ppm
cng 200 - 270 ppm
Nhit 24-28 C
Ph lc 8 c trng mt s loi mu nc
1. Nc ngm : nng ti a (mg/l)

NH
4
-N NO
3
-N Fe tng Mn tng As Coliform
max 10 - 60 90 110 1,5
0,400
3000
2400
2. Sng Mkng : nng trung bnh, trung v, ti thiu, ti a(mg/l)
Mean Median Min Max
pH 2,66 9,77
Alkalinity (meq/l) 1,07 0,99 0 4,85
NO
23
-N 0,289 0,216 0,001 3,32
NH
4
-N 0,061 0,031 0 2,69
Total N 0,880 0,697 0,018 5,19
Total P 0,081 0,052 0,001 2,11
COD
Mn
3,26 2,55 0,011 29,5
3. Nc phn: P
4. Nc bin:
pH=7,5-8,5 (trung bnh 8,2), t trng 1,025
78
Phn tch nc
Thnh phn trung bnh ca cc ion chnh trong nc bin 35 nh sau:
meq/l mg/l meq/l mg/l
Na
+
470 10.800 Cl
-
550 19.400
K
+
10 392 SO
4
2-
54 2.660
Mg
2+
110 1.290 HCO
3
-
Ca
2+
20 411 CO
3
2-
Sr
2+
8,1 Br
-
67,3
F
-
13
I
-
0,064
Ngoi l mt s vng bin trn th gii c mn di 32 hay trn 37
5. Nc thi sinh hot: c cc thng s in hnh nh sau: COD=
500 mg/l, BOD
5
= 250 mg/l, TSS= 200 mg/l, NH
4
-N

= 30- 40 mg/l, tng N= 50
mg/l, tng P= 8 mg/l, Coliform= 10
7
-10
9
MPN/100ml.
Ph lc 9 Cht lng nc cho sn xut nng nghip (nc ti) nh gi
theo cc tiu chun
- chua (pH)
- mn
- H s hp th Natri (SAR)

2
Mg
C
Na
C
Na
C
SAR
+


Rt tt Tt Trung bnh Xu Rt xu
SAR <10 10 - 15 16 - 26 >26
Ph lc 11 Cc sinh vt ch th (bio - indicator)
1/ Phiu sinh thc vt (phytoplankton) trong ch yu l to c xem nh l
sinh vt ch th v chng c quan h vi nghin cu v s ph dng
(eutrophication).
2/ Phiu sinh ng vt (zooplankton) l loi thc n giu cht dinh dng v nng
lng cho nhiu loi c giai on u trng. Ngai ra y l cc sinh vt ch th
nc bn.
79
Phn tch nc
3/ ng vt y khng xng sng kch thc ln (benthic macroinvertebrates)
nh giun t, thn mm, gip xc, da gai.. c s dng lm ch th sinh hc trong
quan trc nhim cht hu c, kim loi nng v ho cht BVTV v:
- Tng i c nh ti y sng, h chi nh hng ca s thay i lin tc
cht lng nc v ch thu vn trong ngy.
- Thi gian pht trin kh lu (vi tun n vi thng).
- D thu mu, d phn loi.
Ch s quan trc sinh hc BMWP (Biological Monitoring Working Party)
c s dng nh gi cht lng nc da vo s xc nh s loi v phn b
ca ng vt y khng xng sng.
4/ Mt s vi khun c nghin cu v s lin quan ca chng trong vn sc
khe cng ng v s lan truyn qua ng nc. C 3 nhm vi sinh vt ch th
nhim phn: Coliform , Streptococci, Clostridia kh sulphite.
5/ ng vt n bo (protozoa)
6/ Thc vt ln (macrophyte) nh cc loi bo, lau sy.
7/ C
Phu luc 12 PHN TCH HA NC (NC DNG TRONG XY DNG)
- n mon b tng TCVN 4506:88
- kim TCXD 81:81
- Ccbonic (CO2 t do v n mn) TCXD 81:81
- cng ton phn TCXD 81:81
- Clorua (Cl-) TCXD 81:81
- Xc nh hm lng amoniac TCXD 81:81
- Xc nh hm lng nitrat TCXD 81:81
- Xc nh hm lng nitrit TCXD 81:81
- Xc nh pH TCXD 81:81
- Xc nh hm lng cn TCXD 81:81
- Xc nh sunfat-Phng php
trng lng s dng bari clorua
TCXD 81:81
- n mon kim loi- PP o hm
lng st ho tan
TC 01: 99
- n nh nc, theo PP
Langelier
TC 02: 99
- Keo t v kt cn PP jartest TC 03: 99
- Xc nh vn tc lng ca cn-PP
o c v cn khng tan
TC 04: 99
80
Phn tch nc
81

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