Bi tp chng IX: Ma trn v nh thc

Trn trung kin

9.1 Chng minh rng: nh thc s bng khng nu:

a/ Trong nh thc c hai dng (hay hai ct) ging nhau.
b/ Trong nh thc c hai dng (hay hai ct) t l vi nhau.
c/ Trong nh thc c mt dng (hay mt ct) l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc dng
(hay cc ct) cn li ca nh thc.
9.2 Chng minh rng: Trong mt nh thc, tng cc tch ca cc phn t ca mt
dng (hoc mt ct) vi phn b i s ca cc phn t tng ng ca mt dng (hoc
ct) khc u bng 0.
9.3 Gi s A = (aij )nn , A 1, A 2, , A n l cc ct ca A. Chng minh rng: detA 0
h vc t { A 1, A 2, , A n} l h vc t c lp tuyn tnh.
9.4 Chng minh rng: cc php bin i s cp thc hin trn mt ma trn khng l
thay i hng ca ma trn .
9.5 Cho A = aij mn , B l ma trn vung khng suy bin cp m. Chng minh rng
rank(B.A) = rankA.
Cn nu A = aij mn , B l ma trn vung khng suy bin cp n th rank(A.B) = rankA. Cn
nu A = aij nn , B l ma trn vung khng suy bin cp n th rank(A.B) = rank(B.A) = rankA.
9.6 Nu A v B l cc ma trn vung cp n c A .B = B.A th:
a/ (A + B)2 = A 2 + 2A .B + B2 ; b/ (A + B)(A B) = A 2 B2 ;
c/ (A + B)3 = A 3 + 3A 2.B + 3A .B2 + B3
9.7 Chng minh rng: Nu ma trn vung A c A 2 = th cc ma trn
A + E vA E l nhng ma trn khng suy bin.
9.8 nh thc cp n s thay i th no nu:
a/ i du tt c cc phn t ca n.
b/ Vit cc ct (hay cc dng ca n) theo th t ngc li.
9.9 Cho A l ma trn vung cp n v nu detA = det(kA) . Hy tnh k.
9.12 Chng minh rng: Nu detA = 2 th cc phn t ca ma trn nghch o
khng th gm ton cc s nguyn.
1 2
4 5
7 0

9.16 Cho cc ma trn A = 3 1; B = 0 2 ; C = 4 9

2 3
1 4
2 8
Hy tnh a/ 3A 2B ; b/ 5A 4B 2C
5 2
3 1
9.17 Cho A = 7 4; B = 2 5 Tm A A C v B BC .

1 3
1 3
4 3

2 1 . Tm X bit a/ 2A 3X = B; b/ 3A 2 X = ;
A
=
5

1
;
B
=
9.18 Cho
3 1
1 2
3

0 1
cosa sina
9.19 Tnh: a/ A4 vi A = 0 0 ;
b/ B3 vi B = sina cosa

a b
9.20 Chng minh rng: ma trn X = c d tho mn phng trnh:

( )

( )

( )

Bi tp chng IX: Ma trn v nh thc

Trn trung kin

1 0
0 0
X 2 (a + d)X + (ad bc)E = , trong E = 0 1 ; = 0 0

9.21 Chng minh rng: khng tn ti cc ma trn vung cng cp A v B sao cho
AB BA = E , trong E l ma trn n v cng cp vi A v B.
1 0
1 0
2
9.22 Cho X = 2 3. Tnhf (X ) = X 4X + 3E , trong E = 0 1 .

1 2
2 1
3
2
9.23 Cho A = 2 3 ; B = 3 4 vf (X ) = X + 3X 5X + E . Tnh f(AB).

1 0 0
0 1 0 l nghim ca a thc
X
=
9.24 Chng minh rng: ma trn
0 0 3

3
2
f (X ) = X X 9X + 9E .
1 2 0
2
9.25 Tm (f(A)) nu A = 0 1 2 v f (X ) = X + E .
1 0 3
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
2 3 1
2/ 3 1
2 3 x
9.26 det 4 + x 3 = 0 ;
9.27 det x 1 2 = det 31/ 3 2 .

1 3 x
6 12 x 2
8 4 x 0 = 0.
det
9.28
x 3 0
0

9.29 Cho a1, a2, , an1 l cc hng s tu cho trc, khc nhau v khc 0. Gii
phng trnh:
x x2 x3 . . . xn

2
3
n
a1 a12 a13 . . . a1n
det a2 a2 a2 . . . a2 = 0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2
3
n
an1 an1 an1 . . . a
1
1
9.30 Tnh cc nh thc sau: a/ D = 1
1
1
a+ x x
x
b/ D = x b + x x
x
x c+ x
1 1
1
1 1 x 1
9.31 Gii phng trnh: 1 1 2 x
. . . . . . .
1 1
1

( + 1)2
( + 1)2
( + 1)2
( + 1)2
( + 1)2

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

( + 2)2
( + 2)2
( + 2)2
( + 2)2
( + 2)2

( + 3)2
( + 3)2
( + 3)2
( + 3)2
( + 3)2

.
1
.
1
=0
.
1
. . . . . .
. (n 1) x
2

Bi tp chng IX: Ma trn v nh thc

Trn trung kin

S dng tnh cc cht ca nh thc, tnh cc nh thc t bi 32 n bi 36:

12732273
9.32 D = 12722272
0 1 1. . . 1 1
1 0 x . . . x x
461 373 654
1 x 0. . . x x
9.33 a/ D = 2 2 2 ;
b/ D n = . . . . . . . .
363 275 556
1 x x . . . 0 x
1 x x . . . x 0
a0 1 0 . . . 0 0
a1 x 1 . . . 0 0
3 7 62
a 0 x ... 0 0
1 9 21
9.34 a/ D = 4 4 8 3 ;
b/ Dn+1 = 2
... . . . . ... . . .
2 1 45
an1 0 0 . . . x 1
an 0 0 . . . 0 x
2 3 4 5
3 4 5 6
9.35 D = 4 6 8 10 ;
2 3 7 8
1 2 3 4. . . n
1 2 2 2 2
2 2 3 4. . . n
2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 4. . . n
9.36 a/ Dn = 4 4 4 4 . . . n ; b/ D5 = 2 2 3 2 2 ;
2 2 2 4 2
. . . . . . . .
2 2 2 2 5
n n n n. . . n
122 2. . . 2
222 2. . . 2
22 32. . . 2
c/ Dn = 2 2 2 4 . . . 2 .
. . . . . . . .
222 2. . . n
0 0
0 1 0
0 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
0 0

9.37 Cho ma trn A cp 10 10 c dng: A =

, cc phn t
0 0 0
0 1
1010 0 0
0 0

10
dng a10,1 = 10 ; ak,k+1 = 1 k = 1,9; E l ma trn n v cp 10. Chng minh rng:
det(A E) = 10 1010 .
9.38 a/ Dng cng thc khai trin nh thc, tnh cc nh thc sau:

Bi tp chng IX: Ma trn v nh thc

0 2
0 3
5 1
6 8
9 10
1 2
5 1 3
9.39 Tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn A = 1 2 1
1 3 2
9.40 Tm ma trn nghch o ca cc ma trn:
1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
3 1 2
2 5 1 2

2 4 1 ;
A
=
B
=
C
=
0 0 1 1 1 ; c/
a/
1 4 2 1 ; b/
1 2 2

0 0 0 11
1 3 3 4

0 0 0 0 1

9.41 Gii phng trnh ma trn: a/ AX = B

2 1 3
3 6

Vi A = 1 2 1 ; B = 2 2
1 3 2
1 0
3 1 2
9 4 15
2 6 3

3 1 1 .
A
=
1
1

1
;
B
=
3
3

4
;
C
=
b/ AX + B = C vi
2 0 1
0 3 9
1 1 2

1 1 1 . . . 1
1 2 3 . . . n
0 1 1 . . . 1
0 1 2 . . . n 1

c/ AX = B vi A = 0 0 1 . . . 1 ; B = 0 0 1 . . . n 2
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
0 0 0 . . . 1
0 0 0 . . . 1
9.42 Vi gi tr no ca th cc ma trn sau c ma trn nghch o:
1 2 2
2 0
1 5 4
2 1

a/ A = 3 0 ; b/ A = 2 1 ; c/ A = 3 1 ; d/ A = 2 1 .
2 1 1
0 1
1 3
3 2
9.43 Dng phng php nh thc bao quanh, tm hng ca ma trn:
1 1 2 3 1
1 2 3 4
0 2 1 2 2
1 3 0 1
0 0 3 3 3
a/ A = 2 4 1 8 ; B = 0 0 0 4 0
1 7 6 9
1 3 6 12 2
0 10 1 10
1 3 3 5 1

9.44 Dng cc php bin i s cp, tm hng ca ma trn:

1 4 5 3 1
1 2 1 1 1
1 2 1 1 0
A = 2 1 1 2 4 ; B = 3 1 2 2 1
1 3 2 1 1
0 3 3 3 3
2 1 1 3 2
3 3 2 3 1

3
0
a/ D = 0
1
0

1
0
2
5
2

2
3
1
3
3

1
2
0
0
0

1
2
0 ;
0
0

1
3
0
b/ D = 0
0
0

Trn trung kin

2
4
0
0
0
0

0
0
2
6
0
0

0
5
1
1
0
0

Bi tp chng IX: Ma trn v nh thc

Trn trung kin

9.45 Chng minh rng mt ma trn c hng bng r bao gi cng vit c thnh
tng ca r ma trn c hng bng 1.
9.46 Cho hai ma trn cng cp A v B, chng minh rng rank(A + B) rankA + rankB
.
9.47 Xt s ph thuc tuyn tnh ca h vc t
a/ { A 1 = (1,0, 3,1); A 2 = (1, 2,1,3); A 3 = (2,1,1, 1); A 4 = (4, 3,3,5)}
b/ { B1 = (1,0, 3,2); B2 = (1, 2,1,0); B3 = (2,0,1, 1); B4 = (2, 3,3,1)}
9.48 a/ Cho h vc t { A 1 = (2,3,5); A 2 = (3,7,8); A 3 = (1, 6, ); X = (1,3,5)} .
Tm gi tr ca vc t X biu din tuyn tnh c qua h vc t { A 1, A 2, A 3} .
b/ Cho h vc t
{ A 1 = (6,7,3,2);A 2 = (1,3,2,7);A 3 = (4,18,10,3);X = (1,8,5,)}
Tm gi tr ca vc t X biu din tuyn tnh c qua h vc t { A 1, A 2, A 3} .
c/ Cho h vc t { A 1 = (1, 1,a); A 2 = (3,2,2); A 3 = (4,3,1); C = (2,1,3)} .
Tm gi tr ca a vc t C biu din tuyn tnh c qua h vc t { A 1, A 2, A 3} .
d/ Cho h vc t { A 1 = (4,5,3, 1);A 2 = (1, 7,2,3);A 3 = (4,1, 1,3);C = (2,8,a,4)}
Tm gi tr ca a vc t C biu din tuyn tnh c qua h vc t { A 1, A 2, A 3} .
9.49 Tm hng v mt c s ca h vc t sau, biu din cc vc t cn li theo c s :
a/ { A 1 = (1,2, 1,3); A 2 = (0,3, 3,7); A 3 = (7,5,2,0); A 4 = (2,1,1, 1)}
b/ { A 1 = (2,1,1,3,5); A 2 = (1,2,1,1,3); A 3 = (7,1,6,0,4); A 4 = (3,4,4,1,2);
A 5 = (3,1,3,2,1)}
9.50 Cho { A 1,A 2 , K ,A m} l h m vc t n chiu c lp tuyn tnh. Nu mi vc
t ca h u b sung thm thnh phn th n + 1 th h m vc t n + 1 chiu mi l
c lp tuyn tnh hay ph thuc tuyn tnh?
9.51 Cho { A 1,A 2 , K ,A m} l h m vc t n chiu ph thuc tuyn tnh. Nu mi vc t
ca h u bt i thnh phn th n th h m vc t n + 1 chiu mi l c lp tuyn tnh
hay ph thuc tuyn tnh?

Gii
n

9.2: Chng minh:

akj A ij

j =1
.

chnh l cng thc khai trin theo dng i ca nh thc:

a11 a12 . . . a1n

a21 a22 . . . a2n
............
dng i ak1 ak2 . . . akn
............
a a . . . akn
dng k k1 k2
............
an1 an2 . . . ann

(*1)

Bi tp chng IX: Ma trn v nh thc

Trn trung kin

trong n 2 . M nh thc (*1) c hai dng ging nhau nn nh thc bng khng
n

akj A ij = 0

j =1

9.3 iu kin cn: Cho A = ( aij ) nn c detA 0 , ta cn chng minh h vc t dng

(hoc ct) ca ma trn l c lp tuyn tnh. Gi s ngc li h vc t dng (hoc ct)
ca ma trn l ph thuc tuyn tnh, theo h qu 9.3.5 th detA = 0, mu thun vi gi
thit. Mu thun chng t h vc t dng (hoc ct) ca ma trn l c lp tuyn tnh.
iu kin : Gi s h n vc t dng (hoc ct) ca ma trn l c lp tuyn tnh, theo
nh ngha ca hng ca h vc t th rank( A1, A 2 ,..., A n) = n , theo nh l 9.5.1 th rankA= n
, theo nh ngha hng ca ma trn th detA 0 .

9.5 Do B l ma trn khng suy bin nn tn ti B1 . Xt ma trn ghp (A B1) ,

nhn vo bn tri ca ma trn ny vi B, ta c B.(A B1) = (B.A B.B1) = ( B.A E) .

chnh l php kh ton phn thc hin trn ma trn B1 n l cc php bin i s
cp thc hin trn ma trn A c B.A rank(B.A) = rankA.
chng minh rank(A.B) = rankA, ta ly chuyn v B , (B1) vA = (aji ) nm . Xt ma

(A (B1)) , nhn vo bn
B.(A (B1)) = (BA B.(B1)) = ((AB) E) (v

trn ghp

tri ca ma trn ny vi B , ta c
B.(B1) = (B1.B) = E ). Nh vy t ma trn A,

nh cc php chuyn v v cc php bin i s cp, ta thu c ma trn A.B

rank(A.B) = rankA

9.7 Ta c det[ ( A + E ) ( A E ) ] = [ det( A + E ) ] [ det( A E ) ]

(*1)
2
2
V AE = EA nn det[ ( A + E ) ( A E ) ] = det( A E ) , do A 2 = nn
det( A 2 E 2 ) = det( E 2 ) = (1)n 0 det( A + E ) 0 v det( A E ) 0 cc ma
trn A + E v A E l nhng ma trn khng suy bin.
9.8 a/ Vic i du tt c cc phn t ca nh thc cp n ng ngha vi vic i
du tt c n dng ca nh thc. Ta bit vic i du cc phn t trn mt dng ca
nh thc lm cho nh thc i du. V vy vic i du tt c cc phn t ca nh
thc cp n lm cho nh thc c nhn vi (1)n .
b/ i vi nh thc cp chn ( n = 2k ) th vic vit cc dng (hay cc ct ca n)
theo th t ngc li ng ngha vi vic i ch k cp dng: dng 1 v dng 2k cho
nhau; dng 2 v dng 2k 1 cho nhau; dng k v dng k + 1. Ta cng bit: khi
i ch 2 dng no cho nhau th nh thc i du. Do khi vit cc dng ca
nh thc cp 2k theo th t ngc li, nh thc c nhn vi (1)k . Chng hn
khi lm nh vy i vi nh thc cp 2 th nh thc i du, cn vi nh thc cp 4
th nh thc khng i du.
i vi nh thc cp l ( n = 2k + 1) th vic vit cc dng (hay cc ct ca n)
theo th t ngc li ng ngha vi vic i ch k cp dng: dng 1 v dng 2k + 1
cho nhau; dng 2 v dng 2k cho nhau; dng k v dng k + 2 . Do khi vit cc
dng ca nh thc cp 2k + 1 theo th t ngc li, nh thc cng c nhn vi
6

Bi tp chng IX: Ma trn v nh thc

Trn trung kin

(1)k . Chng hn khi lm nh vy i vi nh thc cp 3 th nh thc i du, cn

vi nh thc cp 5 th nh thc khng i du.
Nh vy khi vit cc dng (hay cc ct) ca nh thc theo th t ngc li th cc
nh thc cp 4k v 4k + 1 khng thay i, cc nh thc cp 4k 1 v 4k 2 s i
du (k nguyn dng).
9.9 V det(kA) = kn detA nn kn detA = detA . Nu detA = 0 th det(kA) = detA
ng vi mi k. Cn nu detA 0 th kn = 1 k = 1 nu n l; k = 1 nu n chn.
9.10 Chng minh rng: Nu A = A 1 th A 2n = E; A 2n+1 = A n = 0,1, 2,3,
T gi thit A = A 1 A 2 = A 1A = E A 2n = E n = E n nguyn dng

A 2n+1 = A n nguyn dng.

9.11 Chng minh rng: Nu A, B l cc ma trn vung cng cp tho mn
AB = BA v detA 0 th A 1B = BA1 .
A 1B = A 1BAA 1 = A 1ABA 1 = BA 1.

9.12 Chng minh rng: Nu detA = 2 th cc phn t ca ma trn nghch o

khng th gm ton cc s nguyn.
Do detA = 2 0 tn ti ma trn nghch o A 1 A.A 1 = E
1
(detA).(detA 1) = det(A.A 1) = detE = 1 v detA = 2 detA 1 = A 1 khng th
2
ton cc s nguyn.
9.21 Chng minh rng: khng tn ti cc ma trn vung cng cp A v B sao cho
AB BA = E , trong E l ma trn n v cng cp vi A v B.
T s tn ti ca cc ma trn AB v BA ko theo A v B l cc ma trn vung cng cp.
Gi s A = ( aij ) nn ; B = ( bij ) nn ; AB = ( cij ) nn ; BA = ( dij ) nn . Gi VABBA l tng cc
n

phn t trn ng cho chnh ca ma trn AB BA VABBA = (cii dii ) =

1

= aikbki bikaki = aikbki aki bik = 0 . Trong khi tng cc phn

i =1 k=1
i =1 k=1
k=1
k=1 i
t trn ng cho chnh ca ma trn n v E l VE = n. Vy khng tn ti cc ma
trn vung cng cp A v B sao cho AB BA = E .
x x2 x3 . . . xn
a
a12 a13 . . . a1n
1
9.29 Phng trnh det a2 a22 a23 . . . a2n = 0 (vi iu kin a1, a2, , an1
. . . . 2. . . 3. . . . . . n. .
an1 an1 an1 . . . an1
l cc hng s khc nhau v khc 0) l phng trnh bc n nn n c ti a l n
nghim. D dng thy x1 = 0, x2 = a1, x3 = a2, K , xn = an1 l n nghim khc nhau ca
phng trnh, v vy n ch c cc nghim y m thi

Bi tp chng IX: Ma trn v nh thc

1
1
9.30 a/ D = 1
1
1

( + 1)2
( + 1)2
( + 1)2
( + 1)2
( + 1)2

( + 2)2
( + 2)2
( + 2)2
( + 2)2
( + 2)2

Trn trung kin

( + 3)2
( + 3)2
( + 3)2 =
( + 3)2
( + 3)2

1 2 + 2 + 1 ( + 2)2 ( + 3)2 1 2 ( + 2)2

1 2 + 2 + 1 ( + 2)2 ( + 3)2 1 2 ( + 2)2
= 1 2 + 2 + 1 ( + 2)2 ( + 3)2 1 2 ( + 2)2
1 2 + 2 + 1 ( + 2)2 ( + 3)2 = 1 2 ( + 2)2
1 2 + 2 + 1 ( + 2)2 ( + 3)2 1 2 ( + 2)2
1 4 4 4 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 43 1 4 4 4 44 2 4 4
(2)

(3)

( + 3)2
( + 3)2
( + 3)2
( + 3)2 v nh thc (2)
( + 3)2
4 4 43

c c t nh thc (3) bng cch cng vo ct 3 mt t hp tuyn tnh ca 2 ct u.

1 2 ( + 2)2 ( + 3)2 1 2 2 + 4 + 4 ( + 3)2
1 2 ( + 2)2 ( + 3)2 1 2 2 + 4 + 4 ( + 3)2
D = 1 2 ( + 2)2 ( + 3)2 = 1 2 2 + 4 + 4 ( + 3)2 = 0

V nh
1 2 ( + 2)2 ( + 3)2 1 2 2 + 4 + 4 ( + 3)2
1 2 ( + 2)2 ( + 3)2 1 2 2 + 4 + 4 ( + 3)2
1 4 4 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 4 4 43
(5)

thc (5) c ct 4 bng t hp tuyn tnh ca 3 ct u.

a+ x x
x
1 x
x
1 x
x
b/ Nu abcx 0: D = x b + x x = a 0 b + x x + x 1 b + x x =
x
x c+ x
0 x c+ x
1 x c+ x
1 0 x
1 1 x
1 0 x
1 1 x
= ab 0 1 x + ax 0 1 x + xb1 1 x + x2 1 1 x . V nh thc cui
0 0 c+ x
0 1 c+ x
1 0 c+ x
1 1 c+ x
cng c hai ct ging nhau nn n bng 0. nh thc u tin l nh thc ca ma trn
1 0 x
tam gic nn ab 0 1 x = ab(c + x) = abc + abx . Li tch hai nh thc gia theo
0 0 c+ x
ct cui, mi nh thc thnh hai nh thc, ta c:
1 1 0
1 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
2
2
D = abc + abx + acx 0 1 0 + ax 0 1 1 + xbc1 1 0 + x b1 1 1 , y li thy
0 1 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 0 0
0 1 1 = 0; 1 1 1 = 0 (c hai ct ging nhau); 0 1 0 = 1; 1 1 0 = 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
D = abc + abx + acx + xbc
1 0 x
Nu chng hn a = 0 th D = xb1 1 x = bcx .
1 0 c+ x
a 0 0
Nu x = 0 th D = 0 b 0 = abc. (p s trong sch sai)
0 0 c
8

Bi tp chng IX: Ma trn v nh thc

Trn trung kin

1 1
1 . . .
1
1 1 x 1 . . .
1
= 0 l phng trnh bc n 1
1
9.31 Phng trnh: 1 1 2 x . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 1
1 . . . (n 1) x
nn n c khng qu n 1 nghim khc nhau. Nhng d thy phng trnh c n 1
nghim khc nhau l x1 = 0; x2 = 1; . . . ; xn1 = n 2 phng trnh ch c cc nghim
m thi (p s trong sch bi tp thiu nghim khng im)

461 373 654 98 98 98

2
2 = 0 (nh thc c hai dng t l vi
9.33 a/ D = 2 2 2 = 2
363 275 556 363 275 556
nhau th nh thc bng 0.
0 1 1 ... 1 1
1 0 x ... x x
1 x 0 ... x x
Ly dng 1 nhn vi x cng vo cc
9.33 b/ Dn = . . . . . . . . . . . . .
dng t th hai tr i, ta c:
1 x x ... 0 x
1 x x ... x 0
0 1 1 ... 1 1
1 x 0 . . . 0 0
Dn = 1 0 x . . . 0 0
Khai trin nh thc theo dng n, ta c:
... ... ... ... ... ...
1 0 0 . . . x 0
1 0 0 . . . 0 x
1 1 ... 1 1
0 1 1 ... 1
x 0 . . . 0 0
1 x 0 . . . 0
Dn = (1)n+1. 0 x . . . 0 0 x. 1 0 x . . . 0
(*1)
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ...
0 0 . . . x 0
1 0 0 . . . x
Khai trin nh th nht theo ct n 1 (l nh thc cp n 1), ta c
1 1 ... 1 1
x 0 . . . 0 0
D = 0 x . . . 0 0 = xn2 ;
... ... ... ... ...
0 0 . . . x 0
0 1 1 ... 1
1 x 0 . . . 0
nh thc th hai 1 0 x . . . 0 chnh l Dn1 . Thay vo (*1), ta c cng thc:
... ... ... ... ...
1 0 0 . . . x
Dn = (1)n1xn2 x.Dn1 n nguyn dng
(*2)
.

Bi tp chng IX: Ma trn v nh thc

Trn trung kin

0 1 1
Ta c D3 = 1 x 0 = 2x D4 = (1)3.x2 x.2x = 3x2 Ta chng minh
1 0 x
c: Dn = (1)n1.(n 1)xn2 n nguyn dng
(*3) hin nhin cng thc
ng vi n = 3. Gi s (*3) ng vi n, ta chng minh (*3) cng ng vi n + 1.
Theo (*2) th Dn+1 = (1)n xn1 x.Dn theo (*3) th
Dn+1 = (1)n xn1 x.(1)n1(n 1).xn2 = (1)n xn1(1+ n 1) = (1)n.n.xn1 , tc l (*3)
cng ng vi n + 1

9.34 a/ nh thc c ct mt v ct 4 t l vi nhau th nh thc bng 0.

a0 1 0 . . . 0 0
a1 x 1 . . . 0 0
a 0 x ... 0 0
9.34 b/ Dn+1 = . .2 . . . . . . . . . . . khai trin theo dng n + 1, ta c:
an1 0 0 . . . x 1
an 0 0 . . . 0 x
a0 1 0 . . . 0
1 0 . . . 0 0
a1 x 1 . . . 0
x 1 . . . 0 0
n+ 2
Dn+1 = (1) .an. 0 x . . . 0 0 + x. a2 0 x . . . 0 = (1)n+2.an.(1)n + x.Dn =
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... ..
0 0 . . . x 1
an1 0 0 . . . x
an + x.Dn n nguyn dng (*1).
a0 1 0
D
=
a
;
D
=
a
x
+
a
;
D
=
a1 x 1 = a0x2 + a1x + a2 d on:
Ta c: 1 0 2 0
1
3
a2 0 x
n

Dn+1 = a0xn + a1xn1 + L + an1x + an = ai xni n nguyn dng (*2). Hin nhin
i =0

(*2) ng vi n = 2 . Gi s (*2) ng vi n nguyn dng tu , theo (*1) th

n

Dn+2 = an+1 + x.Dn+1 , theo (*2) th Dn+2 = an+1 + x. ai xni =

i=0

n+1

= a0xn+1 + a1xn + L + an1x2 + anx + an+1 = ai xn+1i , tc l (*2) ng vi n = n + 1

i=0

2
3
9.35 D = 4
2

3
4
6
3

4
5
8
7

5
6 =0
, (dng 3 v dng 1 t l vi nhau).
10
8

10

Bi tp chng IX: Ma trn v nh thc

Trn trung kin

1 2 3 4. . . n
2 2 3 4. . . n
3 3 3 4. . . n
9.36 a/ * Cch 1: Dn = 4 4 4 4 . . . n Ly dng 1 tr dng 2, ta c:
. . . . . . . .
n n n n. . . n
1 0 0 0 . . . 0
2 2 3 4 . . . n
Dn = 3 3 3 4 . . . n , ly dng 2 tr dng 3, ta c tip:
4 4 4 4 . . . n
. . . . . . . .
n n n n . . . n
1 0 0 0 . . . 0
1 1 0 0 . . . 0
Dn = 3 3 3 4 . . . n . C nh vy, bc k th ly dng k tr dng k + 1, sau
4 4 4 4 . . . n
. . . . . . . .
n n n n . . . n
1 0 0 . . . 0 0
1 1 0 . . . 0 0
1 1 1 . . . 0 0
bc th n 1 ta c: Dn = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = (1)n1n.
1 1 1 . . . 1 0
n n n ... n n
1
2
3 . . . n 1 n
2
2
3 . . . n 1 n
3
3
3 . . . n 1 n
Cch 2: Dn = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ly dng cc dng t dng 2 tr i
n 1 n 1 n 1 . . . n 1 n
n
n
n . . . n 1 n
1
2
3 . . . n 1 n
1
0
0 . . . 0 0
2
1
0 . . . 0 0
tr dng 1, ta c Dn = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . khai trin theo ct n, ta
n 2 n 3 n 4 . . . 0 0
n 1 n 2 n 3 . . . 1 0
1
0
0 ...0
2
1
0 ...0
n+1
D
=
(

1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = (1)n+1n
c: n
n 2 n 3 n 4 . . . 0
n 1 n 2 n 3 . . . 1

11

Bi tp chng IX: Ma trn v nh thc

1
(2)
2
9.36 c/ Tnh: Dn = . .
2
2

2
2
2
. .
2
2

2
2
3
..
2
2

.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

Trn trung kin

. 2
. 2
. 2
. . . .
. n 1
. 2

2
2
2
1
. . ly dng 2 nhn vi 2 ri cng vo
2
n

dng 1; ly dng 2 nhn vi 1 ri cng vo cc dng t dng 3 tr xung, ta c

0
2
Dn = 0
. .
0
0

1
2
0
. .
0
0

1
0
Dn = 2. 0
. .
0
0

1
2
1
..
0
0
1
1
0
. .
0
0

.
.
.
.
.
.
1
0
2
..
0
0

.
.
.
.
.
.

. 1
1
. 2
2
. 0
0
. . . . . . . . Khai trin theo ct 1, ta c tip:
. n 3 0
. 0 n 2
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

. 1
1
. 0
0
. 0
0
. . . . . . . = Dn = 2.(n 2)!
. n 3 0
. 0 n 2

Theo th phn b bi 9.36 chnh l D5 = 2.(5 2)! = 12.

9.37 Tng qut, ta tnh nh thc cp n m cc phn t c dng
aii 0 i = 1,n; ai,i+1 0 i = 1,n 1; an1 0 , cn li u bng 0:
0
0
a11 a12 0 . . .
0
0
0 a22 a23 . . .
0 0 a33 . . .
0
0
D=
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , khai trin nh thc theo ct 1, ta c:
0 0 0 . . . an1,n1 an1,n
a
0
ann
n1 0 0 . . .
0
0
0
0
a22 a23 . . .
a12 0 . . .
0
0
0
0
0 a33 . . .
a22 a23 . . .
n+1

0
0 =
D = a11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + (1) an1 0 a33 . . .
0 0 . . . an1,n1 an1,n
... ... ... ...... .....
0 0 ...

0 0 ... a

0
ann
n1,n1 an1,n

= a11a22L ann + (1)n+1a12a23L an1,nan1.

9.40 Tm ma trn nghch o ca cc ma trn:
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
1
c/ B = 0 0 1 1 1 B = 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1

12

Bi tp chng IX: Ma trn v nh thc

Trn trung kin

1 1 1 ... 1 1
1 1 0 . . . 0 0
0 1 1 ... 1 1
0 1 1 . . . 0 0
0
0
1
.
.
.
1
1
0 1 ... 0 0
1 0

Tng qut: B = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0 0 0 ... 1 1
0 0 0 . . . 1 1
0 0 0 ... 0 1
0 0 0 ... 0 1

1 2 3 . . . n 1 n
0 1 2 . . . n 2 n 1
0 0 1 . . . n 3 n 2
T y suy ra bi 9.41.c: BX = C vi C = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0 0 0 ... 1
2
0 0 0 ... 0
1

1 1 0 . . . 0 0 1 2 3 . . . n 1 n
0 1 1 . . . 0 0 0 1 2 . . . n 2 n 1
0 0 1 . . . 0 0 0 0 1 . . . n 3 n 2
X = B1C = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =
0 0 0 . . . 1 1 0 0 0 . . . 1
2
0 0 0 ... 0 1 0 0 0 ... 0
1

1 1 1 ... 1 1
0 1 1 ... 1 1
0 0 1 ... 1 1
= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =B.
0 0 0 ... 1 1
0 0 0 ... 0 1

Nh vy ta c ng thc B2 = C
1 2 2
A
=
3 0 c ma trn nghch o detA 0 4 9 0
9.42 a/ Ma trn
2 1 1

9
.
4
2 0
A
=
2 1 detA = 3 5 0 0; 5
b/
0 1

1 5 4
3 1 detA = 2 17 + 38 0 2; 19 ;
A
=
c/
1 3

2 1
d/ A = 2 1 detA = 3 + 6 + 5 0 1; 1 21
2
3 2
9.45 Nhn xt: Ta d thy mt ma trn (khc ma trn khng) m tt c cc ct ca
n t l vi nhau (tc l ch khc nhau bi mt hng s nhn) u c hng l 1
Gi s A = (A 1,A 2, K ,A n ) l ma trn m A j l ct th j ca ma trn A ( j = 1,n ).
Do rankA = rank{ A 1,A 2, K ,A n } = r tn ti h r vc t c lp tuyn tnh cc i
13

Bi tp chng IX: Ma trn v nh thc

Trn trung kin

ca h vc t { A 1,A 2, K ,A n } ( r n ). Khng mt tnh tng qut, c th gi thit h

r

l r vc t u tin: { A 1,A 2, K ,A r } A k = zjkA j k = r + 1,n

j =1

A = A 1,A 2, K ,A r , zj,r+1A j , zj,r+ 2A j , K zj,nA j =

j =1
j =1
j =1

= A 1,, K , , z1,r+1A 1, z1,r+ 2A 1, K ,z1nA 1 +

{
1 4 2 4 3 123 123
n
r
ct

u
ct
r+
1
ct
r+
2
1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 ct
4 3
r

ma trn1

+ ,A 2,, K , , z2,r+1A 2 , z2,r+ 2A 2 , K ,z2nA 2 + L +

{
1 44 2 4 43 1 2 3 14 2 43
ct n
u
ct r+1
ct r+2
1 4 4r ct
4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 43
ma trn 2

+ ,, K ,,A r , zr,r+1A r , zr,r+2A r , K ,zrnA r

{ . Theo nhn xt: mi ma trn trong s
1 44 2 4 43 1 2 3 1 2 3
ct n
u
ct r+1
ct r+2
1 4 4r ct
4 4 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 43
ma trn r

tng ca r ma trn trn u c hng l 1, l iu phi chng minh.

9.46 Gi s A 1,A 2, K ,A n l cc ct ma trn A; B1,B2, K ,Bn l cc ct ca ma
trn B. Gi s rankA = r rank{ A 1,A 2, K ,A n } = r tn ti h con r vc t c lp
tuyn tnh cc i ca h { A 1,A 2, K ,A n } . Khng lm mt tnh tng qut, c th gi
thit r vc t l h r vc t u tin ca h: { A 1,A 2, K ,A r } (r n)
r

A k = zjkA j k = 1,n . Cng vy, rankB = s rank{ B1,B2, K ,Bn } = s c h s

j =1

vc t c lp tuyn tnh cc i ca { B1,B2, K ,Bn } l { B1,B2, K ,Bs} (s n)

s

Bk = zjkBj k = 1,n A k + Bk biu din tuyn tnh c qua h vc t

j =1

{ A 1,A 2, K ,A r ,B1,B2, K ,Bs} k = 1,n rank{ A 1,A 2, K ,A n,B1,B2, K ,Bn}

r + s = rankA + rankB rank(A + B) rankA + rankB .

9.47 Ta bit rng: Nu hng ca mt h vc t bng s vc t ca h th h vc t l
h vc t c lp tuyn tnh; cn nu hng ca mt h vc t t hn s vc t ca h th h
vc t l h vc t ph thuc tuyn tnh. V vy ta ch cn tnh rank{ A 1,A 2,A 3,A 4} .
b/ Gi A l ma trn to bi h vc t { A 1,A 2,A 3,A 4} , do hng ca mt ma trn bng
hng ca h vc t dng hay h vc t ct ca ma trn nn ta tnh hng ca ma trn:
1 2 3 4 1
A = 1 1 1 3 1
3 5 7 5 3
2 3 4 1 4

14

Bi tp chng IX: Ma trn v nh thc

Trn trung kin

(1) 2 3 4 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 0 1 10 3
A = 1 1 1 3 1 0 (1) 2 7 2 0 1 2 7 2
3 5 7 5 3 0 1 2 7 6 0 0 0 0 (4)
2 3 4 1 4 0 1 2 7 6 0 0 0 0 4
1 0 1 10 3 1 0 1 10 0
0 1 2 7 2 0 1 2 7 0 = B
0 0 0 0 (4) 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0
rank{ A 1,A 2,A 3,A 4} = rankA = rankB = 3, hng ca h vc t { A 1,A 2,A 3,A 4} t
hn s vc t ca h h vc t { A 1,A 2,A 3,A 4} l h vc t ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Cch gii nh trong sch bi tp khng c coi l cch gii mu mc, v c phi ai
cng thy c dng A3 bng tng cc dng A1 v A4 u. Chng hn, ch cn sa
a41 = 1 l ta c h 4 vc t mi, lm sao thy c ci g h vc t ny:
(1) 2 3 4 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 0 1 10 3
C = 1 1 1 3 1 0 (1) 2 7 2 0 1 2 7 2 = F
3 5 7 5 3 0 1 2 7 6 0 0 0 0 (4)
1 3 4 1 4 0 1 1 3 5 0 0 1 10 7
Xt nh thc cp 4 xp theo trt t: ct 1, ct 2, ct 3, ct 5; dng 1, dng 2, dng 4,
1 0 1 3
0 1 2 2
dng 3: D = 0 0 1 7 = 4 0 (nh thc ca ma trn tam gic bng tch cc phn
0 0 0 4
t trn ng cho chnh) rank{ A 1,A 2,A 3,A 4} = rankC = rankF = 4 , hng ca h
vc t { A 1,A 2,A 3,A 4} bng s vc t ca h h vc t { A 1,A 2,A 3,A 4} l h vc t
c lp tuyn tnh.
9.48 a/ Vc t X biu din tuyn tnh c qua h vc t { A 1, A 2, A 3} tn ti cc
s thc th rank{ A 1,A 2,A 3} = rank{ A 1,A 2,A 3,X } . Nhng rank{ A 1,A 2,A 3,X } =
2 3 1
2 3 1 1
= rank 3 7 6 3 = 3 v c nh thc cp 3: 3 7 3 = 11 0
5 8 5
5 8 5

2 3 1
2 3 1
rank{ A 1,A 2,A 3} = rank 3 7 6 = 3 3 7 6 0 5 5 0 1.
5 8
5 8

Ngc li, nu 1 th h vc t { A 1, A 2, A 3} l h vc t c lp tuyn tnh cc i

ca h vc t { A 1,A 2,A 3,X } vc t X biu din tuyn tnh c qua h vc t
{ A 1, A 2, A 3} .
b/ Xt ma trn A m cc ct ca n l A 1,A 2,A 3,X v bin i:
6 (1) 4 1 6 1 4 1 0 1 16/5 11/5
0
A = 7 3 18 8 25 0 30 5 0 0 0
3 2 10 5 (15) 0 18 3 1 0 6/5 1/5
2 7 3 40 0 31 7 0 0 17 15
15

Bi tp chng IX: Ma trn v nh thc

Trn trung kin

0 1 0 16 53

85
0
0 0 0

73 rank{ A 1,A 2,A 3} = rank{ A 1,A 2,A 3,X } = 3 h vc

1 0 0
85

0 0 1 15

17
t { A 1, A 2, A 3} l h vc t c lp tuyn tnh cc i ca h vc t { A 1,A 2,A 3,X }
vi mi vc t X biu din tuyn tnh c qua h vc t { A 1, A 2, A 3} vi mi .
9.49 a/ Xt ma trn A m cc ct ca n l A 1,A 2,A 3,A 4 v bin i:
(1) 1 3 3 1 1 3 3 1 0 3 1
A = 2 5 6 8 0 (7) 0 14 0 1 0 2
1 5 3 9 0 6 0 12 0 0 0 0
3 4 9 5 0 7 0 14 0 0 0 0
rank{ A 1,A 2,A 3,A 4} = 2 v h 2 vc t { A 1,A 2} l mt c s ca h { A 1,A 2,A 3,A 4 } .
A 3 = 3A 1; A 4 = A 1 + 2A 2 .
b/ Xt ma trn X m cc ct ca n l X 1,X 2,X 3,X 4 v bin i:
(1) 2 4 1 1 2 4 1 1 0 18 17
3 1 3 5 0 7 15 8 0 0 64 64
X = 0 3 1 2 0 3 1 2 0 0 22 22
1 2 1 2 0 0 3 3 0 0 (3) 3

2 5 1 6 0 (1) 7 8 0 1 7 8
1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 rank{ X 1,X 2,X 3,X 4} = rankX = 3 v h vc t { X 1,X 2,X 3} l mt
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1

c s ca h vc t { X 1,X 2,X 3,X 4} , ng thi X 4 = X 1 X 2 + X 3 .

9.50 Xt ma trn cp m n to bi h vc t { A 1,A 2 , K ,A m} , do h ny l h c
lp tuyn tnh nn n c hng l m ma trn tng ng c hng l m nn n c t
nht mt nh thc cp m khc 0. Khi mi vc t ca h u b sung thm thnh phn
th n + 1 th ma trn tng ng tng thm ct th n + 1, n vn c t nht nh thc
cp m khc 0, nh thc ny vn chnh l nh thc trn. V vy ma trn mi vn c
hng l m h m vc t mi vn c hng l m h vc t mi vn c lp tuyn tnh.
9.51 Cch 1: Cho { A 1,A 2 , K ,A m} l h m vc t n chiu ph thuc tuyn tnh. Nu
mi vc t ca h u bt i thnh phn th n th h m vc t n 1 chiu mi l ph thuc
tuyn tnh. V nu h mi l c lp tuyn tnh th theo bi 9.50, h c l c lp tuyn tnh,
mu thun vi gi thit. Mu thun chng t h mi l ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Cch 2: H { A 1,A 2 , K ,A m} ph thuc tuyn tnh rank{ A 1,A 2 , K ,A m} < m
ma trn tng ng c hng nh hn m cp ca nh thc con cp cao nht trong s
cc nh thc con khc khng vn nh hn m. Khi mi vc t ca h u b bt i
thnh phn th n th ma trn tng ng mt i ct th n cp ca nh thc con cp
16

Bi tp chng IX: Ma trn v nh thc

Trn trung kin

cao nht trong s cc nh thc con khc khng khng th tng ln c. V vy ma

trn mi vn c hng nh hn m h m vc t mi vn c hng thp hn m h vc
t mi vn ph thuc tuyn tnh.

17