TRNG AI HOC A LAT

KHOA CONG NGHE THONG TIN

Giao trnh

IEN T CAN BAN

Thang 1 - 2005

LI NOI AU

Giao trnh IEN T CAN BAN la tai lieu hoc tap danh cho sinh vien Khoa Cong nghe Thong tin. ien t can ban trnh bay cau tao va hoat ong cua cac linh kien ien t va mach cua chung. ay la nhng kien thc c s e hieu biet cau truc may tnh va cac thiet b phan cng cua ky thuat cong nghe thong tin. Noi dung chu yeu cua giao trnh la mo ta cau tao, ac trng cua cac linh kien ien t ban dan nh diode, transistor, IC va cac mach ng dung can ban cua chung. Giao trnh gom 11 chng Chng 1: Mot so khai niem Chng 2: Diode ban dan va mach diode Chng 3: Transistor Chng 4: Phan cc transistor Chng 5: Khuyech ai transistor Chng 6: Khuyech ai cong suat Chng 7: Cac hieu ng tan so cua mach khuyech ai Chng 8: Cac linh kien ban dan ac biet Chng 9: Khuyech ai thuat toan Chng 10: Cac mach dao ong Chng 11: Nguon nuoi Noi dung cua giao trnh rat rong ma thi gian lai han che trong 60 tiet do o mot so van e b bo qua. Sinh vien co the tham khao them textbook bang tieng Anh sau ay tai th vien Khoa Cong nghe Thong tin.
Electronic Principles Malvino, Mc Graw-Hill, 1999

Sinh vien cung co the vao Website: www.alldatasheet.com e co them cac thong tin chi tiet ve so lieu ky thuat cua cac linh kien. Do trnh o ngi viet co han, chac chan giao trnh con co nhieu thieu sot. Rat mong c s gop y cua ban oc.

a Lat, thang 1 nam 2005 Phan Van Ngha

Chng I MOT SO KHAI NIEM

I.1 S GAN UNG Trong cuoc song chung ta thng xuyen dung s gan ung hay xap x. Trong ky thuat cung vay. Chung ta thng dung cac mc gan ung sau: Gan ung ly tng (oi khi goi la gan ung bac 1) Gan ung bac 2 Gan ung bac 3 Mo ta chnh xac 1) Gan ung ly tng. Mot oan day AWG22 dai 1 inch (2.54cm) co ien tr thuan R=0.016, cuon cam L=0.24H va tu C=3.3pF. Neu chung ta tnh ti tat ca cac anh hng cua RLC th tnh toan lien quan en dong va the se mat nhieu thi gian va co the phc tap. V vay trong nhieu trng hp, e n gian, co the bo qua RLC cua oan day dan. S gan ung ly tng, la mach tng ng n gian nhat cua thiet b. V du, gan ung ly tng cua mot oan day noi la mot vat dan co tr khang Z=0. S gan ung nay la u cho cac thiet b ien t thong thng. Trng hp ngoai le se xay ra tai tan so cao. Khi o phai xet en cam khang va dung khang. Gia s rang 1 inch day noi co L=0.24H va C=3.3pF th tai tan so f=10MHz cam khang va dung khang tng ng cua chung la 15.1 va 4.82K. Chung ta thng dung gan ung ly tng oi vi day noi khi tan so f<1MHz. Tuy nhien khong co ngha la chung ta khong can e y en chieu dai cua day noi. Tren thc te, can lam cho day noi ngan en mc co the. Trong khi tm hong cho mach hay thiet b, mot gan ung ly tng la u dung. Trong giao trnh nay chung ta dung gan ung ly tng cho cac thiet b ban dan bang cach gian lc chung nh cac mach tng ng n gian. Bang cach dung gan ung ly tng, chung ta de dang phan tch va hieu hoat ong cua cac mach ban dan. 2) Gan ung bac 2. Gan ung bac 2 them mot hoac nhieu thanh phan vao gan ung ly tng. Neu gan ung ly tng cua 1 vien pin la 1.5V th gan ung bac 2 cua 1 vien pin la mot nguon the 1.5V noi tiep vi 1 ien tr 1O. ien tr nay goi la ien tr trong hay ien tr nguon cua vien pin. Neu ien tr tai be hn 10O, the tren tai co the be hn 1.5V do sut the qua ien tr nguon. Luc nay cac tnh toan can phai kem theo ca ien tr nguon cua pin.

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3) Gan ung bac 3 va cac gan ung cao hn. Gan ung bac 3 kem theo mot so phan t na vao mach tng ng cua thiet b. Tham ch cac gan ung cao hn na can phai lam khi phan tch mach. Tnh toan bang tay oi vi cac mach tng ng gan ung cao hn bac 2 tr nen rat kho khan. Trong trng hp nay chung ta se dung chng trnh may tnh. V du EWB (Electronics Work Bench) hoac Pspice la cac phan mem may tnh trong o dung cac gan ung bac cao e phan tch mach. Tom lai, viec s dung gan ung loai nao la phu thuoc vao yeu cau cong viec ma chung ta phai lam. Neu chung ta ang tm loi hay sa cha thiet b, gan ung bac 1 la u. Trong nhieu trng hp gan ung bac 2 la la chon tot v de dung va khong yeu cau may tnh. oi vi cac gan ung cao hn can phai dung may tnh va mot chng trnh.

I.2 NGUON THE Mot nguon the ly tng tao ra mot hieu ien the la hang so tren tai. V du n gian nhat cua mot nguon the ly tng la mot acqui hoan hao, mot acqui ma ien tr trong cua no bang 0. Hnh 1-1a la hnh ve mot mach, trong o nguon the V1=10V noi vi ien tr tai RL=1. Von ke ch 10V, ung bang gia tr cua nguon the.

Hnh 1-1a: Nguon the va tai

Hnh 1-1b cho thay gian o cua hieu ien the tren tai va ien tr tai. Theo gian o, hieu ien the tren tai van 10V khi ien tr tai thay oi t 1 en 1M. Noi mot cach khac, mot nguon the ly tng tao ra mot the tren tai la hang so bat chap ien tr tai la ln hay be. Vi mot nguon the ly tng, ch co dong tai thay oi khi ien tr tai thay oi.

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Hnh 1-1b: Quan he gia the tai va tr tai Gan ung bac 2 cua nguon the. Nguon the ly tng la thiet b ch co ve mat ly thuyet, no khong ton tai trong thc te. V khi ien tr tai gan bang 0, dong tai se gan bang vo cung. Khong co mot nguon the thc nao co the tao ra mot dong tai vo han v nguon the thc luon luon co ien tr trong (ien tr nguon). Gan ung bac 2 cua mot nguon the phai kem theo ien tr trong nay. Hnh 1-2a mo ta y tng nay. ien tr trong 1 noi tiep vi bo acqui ly tng. Khi o gia tr ch tren Von ke la 5V thay v 10V.

Hnh 1-2a: Nguon the vi ien tr trong Hnh 1-2b la gian o cua the tren tai va ien tr tai cua mot nguon the thc. The tren tai ch at c gia tr 10V khi ien tr tai ln hn ien tr nguon nhieu lan, ln hn en mc co the bo qua ien tr nguon. Nguon the manh (Stiff Voltage Source) Chung ta co the bo qua ien tr nguon khi no nho hn ien tr tai t nhat la 100 lan. Tat ca cac nguon the thoa man ieu kien nay goi la nguon the manh.

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Hnh 1-2b: The tren tai va tr tai oi vi nguon the thc

Mot nguon the manh neu thoa ieu kien: RS < 0.01RL ien tr tai be nhat ma nguon the van manh la: RL(min)=100RS

(1-1) (1-2)

Theo (1-2) ien tr tai be nhat phai bang 100 lan ien tr nguon. Trong trng hp nay, sai so tnh toan do bo qua ien tr nguon la 1%. Gia tr sai so nay la u nho e bo qua trong gan ung bac 2. Lu y: nh ngha ve nguon the manh ap dung cho ca nguon DC lan nguon AC. Gan ung bac 2 ch co y ngha tai tan so thap. Tai tan so cao, cac he so can phai xem xet them la cam khang va dung khang.

I.3 NGUON DONG

Hnh 1-3: Nguon dong Trang 4

Mot nguon the DC cung cap mot the tren tai khong oi oi vi cac ien tr tai khac nhau. Nguon dong DC tao ra mot dong tai la hang so oi vi cac ien tr khac nhau. V du mot nguon dong ly tng la mot acqui co ien tr trong rat ln nh hnh 1-3. Trong mach hnh 1-3, dong tai tnh bi: IL=V1/(Rs+RL) vi RL=1, Rs =1M , dong tai bang: IL=10V/(1M+1)=10A Trong tnh toan tren ay, ien tr tai anh hng khong ang ke len dong tai.

Hnh 1-4: anh hng cua ien tr tai oi vi dong tai Hnh 1-4 ch ra anh hng cua ien tr tai oi vi dong tai. Dong tai van la 10A trong mot vung rong cua ien tr tai. Khi ien tr tai ln hn 10K (RL>1% RS) th dong tai bat au thay oi. Nguon dong manh. Chung ta co the bo qua anh hng cua ien tr nguon cua mot nguon dong neu no ln hn ien tr tai t nhat la 100 lan. Moi nguon dong thoa ieu kien nay goi la nguon dong manh. Nguon dong manh neu thoa ieu kien: (1-3) Rs >100RL Trong trng hp gii han, ien tr tai ln nhat ma nguon van c xem la nguon dong manh khi (1-4) RL(max)=0.01Rs Theo (1-4) ien tr tai ln nhat bang 1/100 ien tr nguon. Hnh 1-5a ky hieu mot nguon dong ly tng, trong o thiet b tao ra mot dong hang Is vi ien tr noi cua nguon Rs la vo cung. Hnh 1-5b ch ra gan ung bac 2 cua nguon dong. o ien tr trong RS mac song song vi nguon dong ly tng IS . Phan cuoi cua chng nay se Trang 5

xem xet nh ly Norton, khi o chung ta se biet tai sao Rs lai mac song song vi nguon dong IS.

Hnh 1-5: Nguon dong Bang sau cho thay s khac nhau gia nguon dong va nguon the. ai lng Rs RL VL IL Nguon the Rat be > 100 Rs Hang Phu thuoc RL Nguon dong Rat ln < 0.01Rs Phu thuoc RL Hang

I.4 NH LY THEVENIN

Hnh 1-6: The Thevenin Trang 6

nh ly la mot menh e co the chng minh bang toan hoc. Sau ay chung ta xem xet mot so khai niem lien quan en nh ly Thevenin, ten mot ky s ngi Phap. The Thevenin (VTH): Tren hnh 1-6, the Thevenin la the o c gia 2 au ien tr tai (hai au AB) khi khong co ien tr tai (ien tr tai h mach). V vay oi khi the Thevenin con goi la the h mach. The Thevenin: (1-5) VTH =VOC Tr Thevenin (RTH): la ien tr o c gia 2 au ien tr tai khi ien tr tai h mach va khi tat ca cac nguon giam ti 0. Giam nguon ti 0 co y ngha khac nhau oi vi nguon dong va nguon the. Cu the nh sau: oi vi nguon the: ngan mach oi vi nguon dong: h mach Vay nh ly Thevenin e cap en cai g? Theo nh ly Thevenin, moi hop en cha mach gom nguon DC va cac ien tr tuyen tnh (la ien tr khong thay oi gia tr khi thay oi the tren no) nh hnh 1-6a co the thay the bang mot nguon the Thevenin va mot ien tr Thevenin tng ng nh hnh 1-6b. Khi o dong qua tai bang (1-6) IL=VTH/(RTH+RL) nh ly Thevenin la mot cong cu manh. No khong ch giup n gian cac tnh toan ma con giup giai thch hoat ong cua cac mach ma neu ch dung cac phng trnh Kirchhoff th khong the lam c. V du: Tnh the va tr Thevenin cho mach hnh 1-7.

Hnh 1-7 e tnh the Thevenin chung ta h mach ien tr tai RL. De dang thay rang VTH = 24V. e tnh tr Thevenin can h mach tai va ngan mach nguon 72V. Khi o: Trang 7

RTH = 4 + (3//6) = 6K Co the dung Von ke va Ohm ke e o the Thevenin va tr Thevenin. o chnh xac cua cac phep o phu thuoc vao loai may o c s dung. V du neu s dung may o the loai ch th kim co o nhay 20K/V tai thang o 30V th tr khang vao cua may o la 600K. Khi o the o c se be hn the Thevenin mot chut. Thng ngi ta dung von ke co tr khang vao vao ln hn tr Thevenin t nhat la 100 lan. Khi o sai so se be hn 1%. e co tr khang vao cao, ngay nay ngi ta dung von ke so (Digital Multimeter) vi tr khang vao c 10M.

I.5 NH LY NORTON Tren hnh 1-8a, dong Norton IN c nh ngha la dong tai khi ien tr tai ngan mach. V vay dong Norton con goi la dong ngan mach. (1-7) IN = ISC ien tr Norton la ien tr o gia hai au ien tr tai khi h mach ien tr tai va tat ca cac nguon giam ti 0. (1-8) RN = ROC Do ien tr Thevenin cung bang ROC, nen the viet: (1-9) RTH=RN ngha la ien tr Thevenin va ien tr Norton la bang nhau.

Hnh 1-8: Mach Norton Trang 8

Trong hnh 1-8a, hop en cha mach bat ky gom nguon DC va cac ien tr tuyen tnh. nh ly Norton phat bieu rang, co the thay the mach hnh 1-8a bang mach hnh 1-8b. Di dang bieu thc: VL=IN(RN//RL) (1-10)

Theo (1-10) the tren tai bang dong Norton nhan vi ien tr tai mac song song vi ien tr Norton. nh ly Norton va Thevenin la tng ng. Tren thc te, co the bien oi nguon the Thevenin thanh nguon dong Norton va ngc lai. Hnh 1-9 cho thay cac cach bien oi.

Hnh 1-9: Bien oi Thevenin - Norton Co the thay rang tr Norton va tr Thevenin la giong nhau. Quan he gia dong Norton va the Thevenin la (1-11) IN = VTH / RTH V du: Gia s rang chung ta a rut gon mot mach thanh mach Thevenin nh hnh 1-10. Hay bien oi mach nay thanh mach Norton. Li giai: Dung phng trnh (1-11) ta co: Trang 9

IN = 10V/2K = 5mA Hnh 1-10b ve mach Norton tng ng cua mach Thevenin tren hnh 1-10a.

Hnh 1-10

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Chng II DIODE BAN DAN VA MACH DIODE

II.1 CAC LOAI CHAT BAN DAN Theo tnh chat dan ien, co 3 loai vat chat: Chat dan ien Chat khong dan ien (ien moi) Chat ban dan Trong chat dan ien thng ch co 1 electron vung hoa tr, trong khi o cac chat ien moi co 8 electron vung hoa tr. Ban dan co tnh chat trung gian gia ien moi va chat dan ien, chung co 4 electron vung hoa tr. Germanium (Ge) va silicon (Si) la cac chat ban dan ien hnh. trang thai tinh the tinh khiet (khong b pha tap), moi nguyen t Ge va Si dung 4 electron hoa tr cua chung e lien ket vi 4 electron hoa tr cua 4 nguyen t khac tao ra cau truc tinh the ben vng ve mat hoa hoc. Khai niem lo trong trong chat ban dan. nhiet o tren 0 o tuyet oi (>-2730C) cac electron trong mang tinh the se chuyen ong nhiet. Nhiet o cang cao th chuyen ong nhiet cua cac electron cang ln. Chuyen ong nhiet nay co the lam cho 1 electron trong vung hoa tr chuyen len cac quy ao co nang lng cao hn. Luc nay electron la t do. No di chuyen trong vung dan. Cung vi s tao thanh mot electron t do, se xuat hien mot lo trong (mang ien tch dng) trong vung hoa tr. So electron t do ung bang so lo trong. Lo trong la iem khac biet quan trong nhat gia ban dan va vat dan. Neu ton tai 1 ien trng ngoai, th trong chat ban dan se co dong chay qua. Dong nay la dong cua cac electron t do va lo trong ngc chieu nhau. o dan ien cua ban dan tinh khiet tang theo nhiet o va co gia tr be. e tang o dan ien cua ban dan tinh khiet can phai pha tap (doping). Co 2 cach thng dung: Pha tap loai N (negative). e tang so electron t do trong ban dan, ngi ta pha tap nguyen t hoa tr 5 (con goi la chat cho, Photpho chang han) vi ban dan tinh khiet, tao thanh ban dan loai N. Trong ban dan loai N, de dang thay rang nguyen t chat cho se tha 1 electron va lam cho so electron trong ban dan loai N chiem a so. Lo trong la phan t thieu so trong ban dan loai N. Pha tap loai P (positive). Ngi ta pha tap nguyen t hoa tr 3 (con goi la chat nhan, Nhom chang han) vao ban dan tinh khiet e tao ra chat ban dan Trang 11

loai P. Trong ban dan loai P, phan t tai ien a so la lo trong, phan t tai ien thieu so la electron t do. Ban dan loai N va loai P co the che tao t tinh the Ge hoac Si. Cong nghe Ge la cong nghe cua nhng nam 60 (the ky 20). Ngay nay, hau het cac chat ban dan la Si.

II.2 TIEP XUC PN Gia s co mot mau ban dan Si tinh khiet. Ngi ta pha tap mau ban dan sao cho phia ben trai la ban dan loai P, con phia ben phai la ban dan loai N. Bien gii gia ban dan loai P va ban dan loai N goi la tiep xuc PN. Tiep xuc PN a dan en cac phat minh ve diode, transistor, IC (Integrated Circuits)... Viec hieu biet tnh chat cua tiep xuc PN la c s e hieu biet hoat ong cua cac linh kien va thiet b ban dan. Tiep xuc PN con goi la mot diode ban dan (t nay tr i goi la diode). Chung ta hay xem xet cac tnh chat cua mot diode khi khong phan cc.

Hnh 2-1: Tiep xuc PN khong phan cc Tai lp tiep xuc, se hnh thanh mot vung ngheo ien tch (depletion layer) do s khuyech tan cua electron t N vao P sau o cac electron nay tai hp vi lo trong lam cho so phan t tai ien tai vung nay giam. S khuyech tan cung tao ra mot hang rao the nang hng t N sang P. nhiet o 250C, hang rao the nang co gia tr c 0.3V oi vi Ge va 0.7V oi vi Si. S hien dien cua rao the ngan can qua trnh khuyech tan tiep tuc va he trang thai dng.

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II.3 DIODE BAN DAN CO PHAN CC Hnh 2-2a cho thay ky hieu cua mot diode. Ben ban dan P goi la Anode (ky hieu la A), ben ban dan N goi la Cathode (ky hieu la K). Tren s o ngi ta ky hieu diode nh mot mui ten ch t P sang N hay t Anode sang Cathode. Hnh 2-2b trnh bay mot mach diode. Trong mach nay diode c phan cc thuan (Va>Vk). S phan cc thuan lam cho cac electron t do ben ban dan N va lo trong ben ban dan P vt qua moi noi tao thanh dong ien trong diode (dong Iak).

Hnh 2-2: Diode va phan cc thuan diode Trong phong th nghiem co the setup mot mach nh hnh 2-2b. Bang cach o dong va the tren diode ng vi phan cc thuan va phan cc nghch (Va<Vk) co the ve gian o quan he gia dong va the tren diode nh hnh 2-3.

Hnh 2-3: Gian o IV cua diode

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Theo hnh 2-3, khi phan cc thuan, dong qua diode se khong ang ke cho en khi Vak > hang rao the nang (barrier potential). Ngc lai, khi phan cc ngc, co 1 dong ien rat be qua diode cho en ien ap at len diode vt qua ien the anh thung (Breakdown Voltage =BV). Trong vung phan cc thuan, ien the tai o dong Iak bat au tang nhanh goi la ien the moi noi (knee voltage) cua diode. ien the moi noi co gia tr bang hang rao the nang. Khi phan tch mach diode phan cc thuan chung ta thng xet xem ien the tren diode la be hn hay ln hn ien the moi noi. Neu ln hn, diode de dang dan ien. Neu be hn, diode khong dan ien (dan ien kem). Chung ta nh ngha ien the moi noi cua diode silicon la: Vk0.7V (2-1) ien the moi noi cua diode germanium la 0.3V. Hien nay diode germanium t c dung, nhng ien the moi noi cua no thap la mot u iem va v vay mot so ng dung van dung diode germanium. Khi ien the tren diode vt qua ien the moi noi th dong qua diode tang nhanh va theo quy luat tuyen tnh. Luc nay diode ong vai tro nh ien tr. Chung ta goi ien tr nay la ien tr Bulk (RB) cua diode. (2-2) RB= RP+RN Trong o RP va RN la ien tr tng ng cua vung P va vung N. Chung phu thuoc vao mat o pha tap va kch thc cua cac vung nay. Thong thng RB < 1. Chung ta ch quan tam en RB cua diode trong gan ung bac 3. Trong giao trnh nay chung ta khong xem xet en gan ung bac 3. Neu dong ien qua diode qua ln, s qua nhiet se pha huy diode. V vay trong bang so lieu ky thuat (data sheet) cua nha may san xuat co ghi dong cc ai cua mot diode. o la dong ien toi a ma diode co the hoat ong bnh thng va khong lam giam tuoi tho cung nh cac ac trng cua no. Dong thuan toi a cua 1 diode thng c ghi bang Imax , IF(max), Io... V du diode 1N456 co Imax =135mA. Co the tnh cong suat tieu tan (power dissipation) cua mot diode giong nh tnh cong suat tieu tan cua mot ien tr. No bang tch gia dong va the tren diode. (2-3) PD = VD.ID Gii han cong suat (power rating) cua mot diode la cong suat toi a ma diode co the tieu tan va khong lam giam tuoi tho cung nh cac ac tnh khac. Neu ky hieu gii han cong suat la Pmax th (2-4) Pmax= Vmax.Imax

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II.4 DIODE LY TNG Hnh 2-4 cho thay gian o dong the cua mot diode trong vung phan cc thuan. Lu y rang dong qua diode xap x bang 0 cho en khi the tren diode at ti gia tr hang rao the. Trong vung lan can 0.6V en 0.7V dong qua diode tang. Khi the tren diode ln hn 0.8V dong qua diode tang rat manh va o th la ng thang.

Hnh 2-4: Gian o dong the cua diode phan cc thuan Tuy thuoc vao kch thc vat ly va mat o pha tap, cac ac trng cua diode nh dong thuan toi a, gii han cong suat... co the co gia tr rat khac nhau. Mac du gia tr dong va the cua cac diode th khac nhau nhng dang cua gian o quan he gia dong va the tren moi diode tng t nhau nh hnh 2-4. Tat ca cac diode silicon eu co ien the moi noi xap x 0.7V. Trong khi phan tch mach, hau nh chung ta khong can s chnh xac tuyet oi. Do o co the dung gan ung cho diode. Chung ta hay bat au bang gan ung ly tng. Theo o, diode nh mot thiet b co tnh chat sau: no dan ien tot (ien tr bang 0) khi phan cc thuan, va hoan toan khong dan ien (ien tr vo cung) khi phan cc ngc. Hnh 2-5a ch ra gian o dong the cua 1 diode ly tng. Theo o diode ly tng co ien tr bang 0 khi phan cc thuan va co ien tr bang vo cung khi phan cc ngc. Noi cach khac, diode ly tng giong nh mot cong tac Trang 15

(switch) nh hnh 2-5b. No ong (close) khi phan cc thuan va h (open) khi phan cc ngc.

Hnh 2-5: ng cong dong the cua diode ly tng va mo hnh

V du: Dung mo hnh diode ly tng tnh the tren tai va dong tai tren s o hnh 2-6.

Hnh 2-6: Mach diode ly tng Do diode phan cc thuan, no nh cong tac ang ong. Do o toan bo nguon the 10V at len tr tai. Vay VL=10V Theo nh luat Ohm, dong tai bang: IL=10V/1K = 10mA

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II.5 GAN UNG BAC 2 CUA DIODE Chung ta se dung gan ung bac 2 khi muon tnh chnh xac hn cac gia tr dong va the tren diode. Hnh 2-7a ch ra gian o dong the cua 1 diode trong gan ung bac 2. Theo o, se khong co dong qua diode chng nao the tren diode cha vt qua gia tr 0.7V. Hnh 2-7b cho thay mach tng ng cua diode silicon trong gan ung bac 2. No gom mot cong tac noi tiep vi mot hang rao the 0.7V. Neu the Thevenin ap len diode ln hn 0.7V, diode se ong (dan ien thuan). Khi diode ang dan, the ri tren diode la 0.7V oi vi moi gia tr cua dong thuan. Noi cach khac, neu the Thevenin be hn 0.7V, cong tac la h va khong co dong qua diode.

Hnh 2-7: Gan ung bac 2 cua diode V du. Dung gan ung bac 2 cua diode e tnh dong, the va cong suat tieu tan tren diode cho mach hnh 2-8.

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Hnh 2-8: Mach diode gan ung bac 2 Do diode phan cc thuan, no tng ng mot pin 0.7V. ieu nay co ngha la the tren tai bang VL=10V-0.7V =9.3V Theo nh luat Ohm, dong tai bang IL=9.3V/1K=9.3mA Cong suat tieu tan tren diode bang PD=(0.7V).(9.3mA)= 6.51mW

II.6 NAN IEN NA CHU KY

Hnh 2-9: Mach nan ien dung diode Hnh 2-9a ch ra mach nan ien na chu ky. Nguon ac tao ra mot ien ap xoay chieu. Gia s rang diode la ly tng. na chu ky dng cua nguon the, diode phan cc thuan. Diode se nh mot cong tac ang ong nh hnh 29b. Tn hieu na chu ky dng cua nguon the se xuat hien tren ien tr tai.

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Vao na chu ky am cua nguon the, diode nh cong tac h mach, tren tai se khong co 1 ien the nao (hnh 2-9c). Dang song ly tng. Mach nan ien na song nh hnh 2-10a se ch lam cho diode dan trong na chu ky dng va khong dan trong na chu ky am cua nguon ac. Hnh 2-10b la gian o dang song loi vao. No la mot song sin co gia tr tc thi la vin va gia tr nh la Vp(in). Do o tren tai se thu c tn hieu dang na song. ieu nay cung co ngha la dong qua ien tr tai la dong mot chieu.

Hnh 2-10: Dang song cua mach nan chu ky Tn hieu loi ra na song nh hnh 2-10c la ien the dc kieu xung. No tang t 0 en cc ai, roi lai giam ve 0, sau o tiep tuc bang 0 trong na chu ky am. e co c nguon dc dung cho cac thiet b ien t, can phai loc dang tn hieu na song nay. Trang 19

Gia tr cua the loi ra ly tng la: Vp(out)=Vp(in) (2-5) Gia tr dc cua tn hieu na song. Gia tr dc cua 1 tn hieu la gia tr trung bnh cua tn hieu o. Neu o tn hieu bang von ke dc th so ch chnh la gia tr trung bnh cua tn hieu. Gia tr dc cua mot tn hieu na song bang: Vdc=Vp/=0.318Vp (2-6) Theo (2-6) neu gia tr nh cua 1 tn hieu na song la 100V th gia tr dc hay trung bnh cua no la 31.8V. Tan so tn hieu loi ra cua mach nan na chu ky bang tan so cua nguon ac loi vao. (2-7) fout = fin Co the thay rang dong qua diode bang dong qua tai. Idiode =Idc Gan ung bac 2. Trong gan ung bac 2, the tren tai nho hn the cua nguon vao mot lng 0.7V nh cong thc sau: Vp(out)=Vp(in) - 0.7V (2-84) II.7 BIEN THE Tai Viet nam, nha ien cung cap ien ap li (Line Voltage) danh nh 220V, tan so 50Hz. ien ap thc ma chung ta nhan c co the thay oi t 200V en 240V phu thuoc vao thi iem trong ngay, v tr va nhieu yeu to khac. ien ap 220V la qua cao oi vi cac mach ien trong cac thiet b ien t. o la ly do tai sao phai dung mot bien the ha the trong hau het cac thiet b ien t. Bien the giam ien ap li t 220V xuong cac gia tr be hn va an toan hn e dung vi diode, transistor va cac thiet b ban dan khac. Hnh 2-11 cho thay mot bien the. ien ap li at trc tiep vao cuon s cap cua bien the. Goi N1/N2 la ty so gia cuon s cap va cuon th cap. e bien the la ha the th N1>N2.

Hnh 2-11: Bien the Trang 20

Dau cham pha. e bieu th quan he ve pha tren cac cuon day cua bien the ngi ta dung dau cham pha. Cac au day co dau cham se co cung pha. Quan he gia the va so vong tren 2 cuon cua bien the la: (2-9) V2/V1=N2/N1 Co the dung cong thc (2-9) cho gia tr nh, gia tr hieu dung va gia tr tc thi. V du: Tnh the tai cc ai va the tai dc cho mach hnh 2-12.

Hnh 2-12: Bien the va mach nan 1/2 chu ky Giai: Ty so bien the la 5:1. Do o the tren cuon th cap la: V2=120/5=24V ien the nh tren cuon th cap bang: Vp= 24/0.707 = 34V Vi diode ly tng, the nh tren tai bang 34V. The dc tren tai bang: Vdc=Vp/ = 34/ = 10.8V Neu dung xap x bac 2 cho diode, the nh tren tai va the dc tren tai tng ng bang 33.3V va 10.6V II.8 NAN CA CHU KY

Hnh 2-13: Mach nan ca chu ky Trang 21

Hnh 2-13 la mot mach nan ien toan song (ca chu ky). Cuon th cap cua bien the co iem gia c noi at. Mach nan toan song tng ng 2 mach nan na song ghep lai. V bien the co iem gia, moi mach nan co ien the vao ch bang ien the cuon th cap. Diode D1 dan trong na chu ky dng trong khi o D2 dan trong na chu ky am. Trong ca 2 na chu ky, ien the tren tai co cung cc tnh, dong tai v vay la dong co hng. Chung ta se phan tch mot so ac iem cua tn hieu loi ra toan song nay sau ay. Gia tr dc hay trung bnh. Do tn hieu loi ra toan song gom 2 lan tn hieu na song nen gia tr dc cho bi: Vdc=2Vp/ = 0.63Vp (2-10) Theo (2-6) gia tr trung bnh bang 63% gia tr nh. V du, neu ien the nh la 10V th gia tr trung bnh loi ra la 6.3V. Tan so cua tn hieu loi ra toan song la gap oi tan so nguon ac loi vao. f(out)=2f(in) (2-11) Dong qua moi diode bang mot na dong tai: Idiode= Idc / 2

II.9 NAN CAU

Hnh 2-14: Mach nan cau Hnh 2-14 cho thay mot mach nan cau. Mach nan cau tng t mach nan toan song v no tao ra ien the loi ra toan song. Mach dung 4 diode. D1 va D2 dan trong na chu ky dng. D3 va D4 dan trong na chu ky am. Mach nan cau tng ng vi hai mach na song noi lai vi nhau. Trong ca hai na chu ky, the tren tai co cung cc tnh va dong tai la dong mot

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hng. Mach nay bien oi the ac au vao thanh the dc dang xung (nhap nho) loi ra. Gia tr trung bnh va tan so tn hieu loi ra. Bi v mach nan cau tao ra tn hieu toan song nen phng trnh tnh gia tr dc hay trung bnh cho the ra la: Vdc=2Vp/ = 0.63Vp va tan so tn hieu loi ra bang f(out)=2 f(in) Dong qua diode trong mach nan cau bang mot na dong tai Idiode=1/2 Idc Gan ung bac 2 cho thay rang the ra nh bang the vao nh tr i 2 lan the ri tren diode: Vp(out)=Vp(in)-1.4V (2-12)

II.10 CAC BO LOC Loi ra cua cac mach nan la the dc dang xung (nhap nho). Noi cach khac, the tren tai gom thanh phan dc va ac. Co the loc bo thanh phan ac bang cac mach loc (filter). Co 2 loai mach loc c dung pho bien la: Mach loc LC Mach loc RC a) Mach loc LC Hnh 2-15a cho thay mach loc dung cuon L va tu C.

Hnh 2-15

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Nguon ac tao ra dong tren cuon day, tu ien va ien tr. Dong ac tren cac linh kien nay phu thuoc vao cam khang cua L, dung khang cua C va R. Cuon L co tr khang XL= 2fL Tu C co dung khang bang XC=1/2fC Mach loc LC c goi la thiet ke tot neu tai tan so tn hieu vao, gia tr cua Xc nho hn RL nhieu. Khi ieu kien nay c thoa man co the bo qua RL nh mach hnh 2-15b. Mat khac ngi ta cung thiet ke sao cho tai tan so tn hieu XL ln hn XC nhieu. Ro rang rang khi o the xoay chieu tren tai se rat be va co the xem bang 0. Vout=(XC/XL)Vin (2-13) V du: tai tan so tn hieu Xc=100 va XL=10K th the ra ch bang 1/100 the vao. Hay mach loc a giam the xoay chieu 100 lan. Loc loi ra cua cac mach nan

Hnh 2-16 Hnh 2-16 ch ra mach loc nam gia mach nan va tai. Mach nan co the la na song, toan song hay nan cau. e phan tch tac dung cua mach loc, chung ta dung nguyen ly chong chat. Theo o co the xem rang loi ra cua mach nan co 2 thanh phan: thanh phan dc va thanh phan ac nh hnh 2-17. Rectifier Output

time Hnh 2-17

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Nh vay, do tac dung cua bo loc thanh phan ac tren tai rat be co the bo qua. Ch con lai thanh phan dc. tan so dc, tr khang cua L rat be, ch con lai ien tr Rs cua L mac noi tiep vi tai RL. Neu nh Rs rat be so vi RL th toan bo the DC c at len tai. Nhc iem cua mach loc LC la do L co ien tr noi va lam giam ang ke thanh phan dc neu mach yeu cau dong tai ln. Tuy nhien trong cac bo nguon on ap kieu xung dung cho may tnh va cac thiet b ien t khac, bo loc LC van c dung v tan so cao (f=20Khz) co the thiet ke cac cuon cam nho ma van am bao he so loc thanh phan ac rat cao. Trong cac mach co dong tai be, ngi ta co the thay the mach loc LC bang mach loc RC. b) Mach loc RC Hnh 2-18 cho thay mach gom tu C, diode va nguon ac.

Hnh 2-18 Ban au tu C khong tch ien. Tai chu ky au tien, diode c phan cc thuan va dan, tu C c nap qua D. The cc ai tren tu C bang vi the nguon vao thi iem cuoi chu ky au tien. Sau khi at en gia tr nh Vp, the vao bat au giam, nhng the tren C van gi nguyen hang so va bang Vp. Lu y rang mach nay khong co tai. Anh hng cua ien tr tai.

Hnh 2-19: Mach loc co tai

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Chung ta noi song song vi mach loc mot tr tai RL nh hnh 2-19. Khi o diode D van nap ien cho tu chu ky au tien. Trong thi gian con lai cua chu ky, tu C phong qua R vi hang so thi gian RLC. Neu thoa man ieu kien RLC > T (chu ky tn hieu ac) th the tren tai dng nh van la hang so, mac du co mot chut xoay chieu tren tai ma chung ta goi la the gn song (ripple voltage). Cong thc tnh gia tr nh-nh cua the gn song la: (2-14) VR = I / fC Trong o I la dong tai, f la tan so gn song. Neu dong tai bang 0 th the gn song VR=0. V du, neu dong tai I=10mA, tu C=20F va mach nan cau (f=100Hz) th VR = 10mA/(100.20F)= 0.5Vpp

II.11 DIODE ZENER Cac diode tn hieu be va nan ien ch hoat ong vung phan cc thuan ma khong hoat ong vung anh thung v ieu nay se lam hong chung. Trong phan nay chung ta se xem xet diode Zener, mot diode silicon c che tao e hoat ong vung anh thung. Diode zener la thanh phan chnh cua mach on ap. o la mach gi ien ap ra gan nh la hang so bat chap s thay oi cua the vao va tr tai.

Hnh 2-20: Diode Zener Gian o IV cua diode Zener. Hnh 2-20 cho thay hnh ve cua mot diode Zener, ky hieu la Vz. Bang cach thay oi mat o pha tap, nha may co the tao ra cac Zener co ien ap anh thung t 2V en 1000V. Cac diode nay co the hoat ong 3 vung: phan cc thuan, anh thung va dong ro.

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Hnh 2-21: Gian o IV cua diode Zener Hnh 2-21 la gian o IV cua 1 diode Zener. Trong vung phan cc thuan, khi the tren diode ln hn 0.7V no dan ien nh mot diode silicon loai thng. Trong vung ro, ch co mot dong ro rat nho qua diode. ac tuyen cua vung anh thung gan nh thang ng. Khi diode Zener b anh thung, Vz gan nh hang so. Trong bang so lieu cua nha san xuat ngi ta thng ghi Vz tai dong test IZT nao o. Hnh 2-21 cung cho biet dong Zener toi a IZM. Trong thiet ke mach diode Zener phai am bao diode Zener hoat ong dong anh thung nho hn IZM. ien tr Zener. ien tr noi cua diode goi la ien tr Zener. ien tr Zener co gia tr rat be. ien tr nay phan anh s kien dong Zener tang th the Zener tang. Tuy nhien s tang nay rat t, c vai phan cua Von. ac tuyen vung anh thung cang doc th ien tr Zener cang be. Trong cac phan tch cua chung ta, ien tr Zener b bo qua. On ap Zener. Diode Zener oi khi c goi la diode on ap v no co ac tnh gi ien ap gia anode va cathode (Vz) la hang so bat chap s thay oi cua dong qua diode. e s dung tnh chat nay cua Zener can phai phan cc ngc no nh hnh 2-22a. Mat khac Vs phai ln hn ien ao anh thung Vz. Mot ien tr noi tiep Rs c s dung e han che dong qua Zener, khong cho phep no vt qua gia tr gii han toi a.

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Hnh 2-22: on ap dung Zener Hnh 2-22b cho thay mot cach ve khac cua hnh 2-22a, trong o mach co iem noi at (Ground). Khi o e o hieu ien the gia cac iem, co the o the cua chung so vi at roi tnh ra hieu ien the gia cac iem can o. Hnh 2-22c cho thay hnh ve loi ra cua mot bo nguon noi ti ien tr Rs va Zener. Mach nay goi la mach on ap Zener hay mach Zener. Dong chay qua Rs bang: Is = (Vs-Vz)/Rs (2-15) Is cung chnh la dong chay qua Zener. Phai chon Rs sao cho Is < IZM Gan ung ly tng cua Zener la mot pin, hay mot nguon the co gia tr bang Vz.

II.12 ON AP ZENER CO TAI

Hnh 2-23: on ap Zener co tai

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Hnh 2-23a ch ra mot mach on ap Zener co tai. Hnh 2-23b ch ra mot mach nh the va co iem noi at. V Zener hoat ong vung anh thung, do o no gi ien ap tren tai la hang so bat chap s thay oi cua the vao va dong tai. Gia s diode Zener khong noi vao mach hnh 2-23b. Khi o the Thevenin tren tai RL la: VTH = Vs. (RL/RS+RL) (2-16)

The Thevenin phai ln hn Vz, neu khong s anh thung se khong xay ra. Tren mach hnh 2-23, dong qua Rs bang: IS= (Vs-Vz)/Rs The tren tai bang the Zener VL=VZ Dong tai bang: IL= VL/RL (2-19) (2-18) (2-17)

Dong Zener. Theo nh luat Kirchhoff, ta co: IS=IL+IZ hay dong qua Zener bang: IZ=IS IL (2-20) (2-21)

II.13 GAN UNG BAC 2 CUA DIODE ZENER

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Hnh 2-24 Hnh 2-24a cho thay gan ung bac 2 cua diode Zener. Khi o Zener nh mot nguon the ly tng Vz noi tiep vi tr Zener RZ. Tong ien the tren Zener bang the anh thung Vz cong vi sut the qua ien tr Zener. Vay anh hng cua tr Zener len the loi ra nh the nao? Chung ta hay xet s o hnh 2-24b va 2-24c. Theo hnh 2-24c, the tai bang: VL = V Z + I Z R Z S thay oi cua the tren tai so vi trng hp ly tng la: V= IZRZ (2-22)

Thng V nho, c vai phan cua 1 Von. ien tr Zener cung anh hng en the nhap nho tren tai. Mach tng ng khi xet en RZ cho tren hnh 2-24c. Thanh phan xoay chieu cua the ra bang: VR(out)=VR(in)RZ/(RZ+RS)

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= RZVR(in)/RS

(2-23)

II.14 CAC THIET B OPTOELECTRONICS Optoelectronics la cong nghe ket hp ien t va quang hoc. Lnh vc nay bao gom cac thiet b hoat ong da tren tnh chat cua mot tiep xuc PN. V du cac LED, photodiodes va optocouplers. a) LED (Light Emitting Diode)

Hnh 2-25 Hnh 2-25a ve mot LED noi vi nguon the qua ien tr RS. Cac mui ten hng ra ngoai ky hieu cho anh sang phat ra t LED. Khi phan cc thuan, cac electron t do khi qua moi noi PN b bat bi lo trong. Nhng electron nay chuyen t mc co nang lng cao ve mc nang lng thap hn va v vay giai phong nang lng. oi vi diode thng nang lng nay phat ra di dang nhiet. Nhng oi vi LED, nang lng giai phong di dang cac bc xa anh sang. Trong nhieu ng dung, LED c dung thay cho cac en neon v hoat ong ien the thap, tuoi tho cao va tat m nhanh. Bang cach dung cac vat lieu khac nhau, nha may co the tao ra cac LED mau o, luc , l, vang, cam hoac hong ngoai (khong nhn thay). Cac LED phat ra mau thay c thng dung trong cac bo ch th nh man hnh cua may tnh tay, ong ho. Cac LED hong ngoai dung trong cac thiet b bao ong, cac o a CD. Dong va the cua LED. ien tr RS tren hnh 2-25b nham han che dong qua LED khong vt qua gii han cho phep. Theo nh luat Ohm: IS =(VS -VD)/RS Trang 31 (2-24)

Hau het cac diode thng mai co VD t 1.5V en 2.5V vi dong t 10mA en 50mA. Gia tr chnh xac cua the ri tren LED phu thuoc vao dong qua LED, mau LED va mot so yeu to khac. Tr khi c chu thch, chung ta se dung VD =2V e phan tch cac mach co lien quan en LED trong giao trnh nay. The anh thung cua LED rat be, ch c 3-5V. LED thng dung e ch th tnh trang co hay khong co nguon cua thiet b va goi la power LED. Khi o mot diode chnh lu c mac song song ngc vi LED e bao ve LED khoi b anh thung khi phan cc ngc. b) Seven - Segment Display. Hnh 2-26a trnh bay mot bo ch th dung en 7 oan. No cha 7 oan LED, anh so t A en G. Moi LED la 1 oan v no la 1 thanh phan cua ky t ma no ch th. Hnh 2-26b la s o cua mot bo ch th 7 oan. Cac ien tr dung e han che dong qua LED. Cac LED c noi theo kieu anode chung (cung co en 7 oan noi cathode chung). Bang cach noi at mot hoac nhieu ien tr, chung ta se nhan c cac so t 0 en 9 va cac ky t nh A,b,C,d, E va F.

Hnh 2-26: Ch th 7 oan c) Photodiode Trong cac phan trc chung ta biet rang, mot thanh phan trong dong ngc cua diode la dong cac hat mang thieu so. Cac hat mang nay ton tai v nang lng nhiet co the lam bat (dislodging) mot electron hoa tr khoi quy ao cua no tao ra mot electron t do va mot lo trong. Thi

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gian song cua cac hat mang thieu so nay ngan, nhng trong khi ton tai, chung tao ra dong ngc cua diode. Khi chieu sang moi noi PN, nang lng cua anh sang (nang lng nhiet) co the lam bat electron hoa tr ra khoi quy ao va tao ra mot cap electron - lo trong. Photodiode la mot diode c che tao sao cho no nhay vi anh sang. Trong photodiode, mot ca so dan anh sang en moi noi PN. Anh sang cang manh, so cap electron -lo trong cang nhieu va do o, dong ngc trong photodiode cang ln.

Hnh 2-27: Photodiode Hnh 2-27 trnh bay ky hieu cua mot photodiode. Cac mui ten dung e bieu th cho anh sang ti. Photodiode thng c ng dung khi ghep no vi LED nh phan sau ay.

d) Optocoupler Optocoupler con goi la optoisolator gom mot LED va mot photodiode at trong mot vo nha vi 4 chan ra, nh hnh 2-28.

Hnh 2-28 Nguon the ben trai tao ra mot dong qua LED. Anh sang cua LED tao ra dong ngc trong photodiode. Neu nh the loi vao thay oi th dong qua photodiode thay oi. Ngha la chung ta a dung mot the ( ben trai hnh ve - au vao) e ieu khien mot dong ( ben phai hnh ve - au ra). Trang 33

u iem chu yeu cua optocoupler la s cach ien gia au vao va au ra cua he. ien tr gia au vao va ra cua optocoupler co the en hang ngan M. Optocoupler co the dung trong cac ng dung cao the, o the gia au vao va ra co the khac nhau en hang ngan von. e) Laser diode (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) S chuyen ngau nhien t mc nang lng cao ve mc nang lng thap cua cac electron t do trong LED lam cho anh sang phat ra t mot LED co pha thay oi trong mot vung rong t 0 en 3600. Nguon sang co pha thay oi goi la nguon sang khong ket hp (Incoherent). Trong diode laser th khac. No co the tao ra mot nguon sang ket hp (Coherent), ngha la nguon sang ma tat ca cac song anh sang eu cung pha vi nhau. Trong diode laser ngi ta dung buong cong hng e kch thch cac anh sang bc xa tai mot tan so vi pha duy nhat. ac iem cua nguon sang do diode laser phat ra la n sac, cung pha va v vay co the hoi tu tot va co cng o ln. Cac diode laser cung c goi la cac laser ban dan. Chung co the tao ra anh sang nhn thay cung nh khong nhn thay (hong ngoai). Diode laser c dung nhieu trong cac ng dung cong nghe thong tin va truyen thong.

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Chng III TRANSISTOR

Nam 1951 William Schockley a phat minh ra transistor, con goi la transistor lng cc. Transistor la mot thiet b ban dan ma no co the khuyech ai cac tn hieu ien t (dong hoac the). S kham pha ra transistor a dan en viec tao ra hang loat cac thiet b ien t va cac mach tch hp ma chung ta thng goi la cac IC (Integrated Circuits). Nh co IC ma ngay nay chung ta co may tnh, truyen hnh, ien thoai di ong, ngi may va v.v III.1 CAU TAO VA CAC DONG IEN TRONG TRANSISTOR

Hnh 3-1: Cau tao cua transistor Mot transistor co 3 vung ban dan NPN nh hnh 3-1. Vung di cung la vung Emitter (phat), vung gia goi la vung Base (goc), vung tren cung goi la vung Collector (gop). Transistor nh hnh 3-1 goi la transistor NPN. Transistor cung c che tao di dang PNP. Hoat ong cua transistor NPN va transistor PNP ve c ban giong nhau. Trong chng nay chung ta se ch phan tch transistor NPN. Trong transistor vung emitter c pha tap nhieu. Vung base pha tap rat t. Vung collector pha tap trung bnh. Transistor trong hnh 3-1 gom 2 moi noi PN: moi noi base-emitter va moi noi base-collector. V vay co the xem nh transistor gom 2 diode noi ngc nhau. Cau hnh nay ch ung khi transistor khong phan cc. Ngi ta thng dung cau hnh nay khi o th transistor. Neu 2 diode trong transistor con tot th nhieu kha nang transistor cung con tot.

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Transistor khong phan cc giong nh 2 diode noi ngc. Moi diode co mot hang rao the c 0.7V (oi vi transistor Si). Khi noi transistor vi nguon ngoai, se co cac dong ien qua cac vung khac nhau trong transistor.

Hnh 3-2: phan cc transistor Trong hnh 3-2 dau tr bieu th cac electron t do trong vung emitter. Nguon VBB phan cc thuan diode base - emitter. Trong khi nguon Vcc phan cc ngc diode base - collector. Do emitter c pha tap manh, no phat cac electron vao base. S pha tap t cua base co y ngha la lam cho hau het cac electron t emitter khong b tai hp ma se en collector. Collector co ngha la thu gop. Cc collector co nhiem vu thu cac electron t emitter. Khi c phan cc, neu the VBB ln hn hang rao the, cac electron t emitter se vao vung base. Ve mat ly thuyet cac electron nay se i theo 2 hng. Th nhat la vao vung base qua RB e en cc dng cua nguon VBB. Th hai la vao collector. Do s pha tap cua vung base rat t, nen hau het cac electron di chuyen len vung collector. Tai ay no b hut ve cc dng cua nguon Vcc qua ien tr Rc.

Hnh 3-3: Ky hieu va cac dong ien trong transistor

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Hnh 3-3 ch ra ky hieu tren s o cua mot transistor. Theo nh luat Kirchhoff, ta co: (3-1) IE = I B + IC ieu nay chng to rang: Dong cc e bang tong cua dong cc c va dong cc b. V dong cc b rat be nen co the xem rang (3-2) IE IC Ngi ta nh ngha He so dc cua transistor nh sau: (3-3) dc = IC / IE ln hn 0.99 oi vi cac transistor cong suat be, con oi vi cac transistor cong suat ln hn 0.95. Ngi ta cung nh ngha He so khuyech ai dong mot chieu (3-4) dc = IC / IB V du: mot transistor co dong Ic =10mA, dong Ib = 40A th dc = 10mA/ 40A = 250

III.2 NOI EMITTER CHUNG Co 3 cach noi transistor thng dung la: Noi E chung (Common Emitter - CE) Noi C chung (Common Collector - CC) Noi B chung (Common Base - CB)

Hnh 3-4: Noi CE Trang 37

Trong hnh 3-4, phan chung la emitter v no c noi vi phan at (Ground - GND) cua 2 nguon VBB va VCC. V vay mach nay goi la mach chung emitter. Mach co 2 vong kn: vong base va vong collector. Trong mach vong base, diode base - emitter c phan cc bi nguonVBB. ien tr RB e han che dong base. Bang cach thay oi VBB hoac RB chung ta co the thay oi dong base va v vay co the thay oi dong collector. Noi cach khac chung ta co the ieu khien dong collector bang cach ieu khien dong base. ieu nay rat quan trong v chung ta co the dung mot dong be (dong base) e ieu khien mot dong ln (dong collector). Lu y: Cac ch so di dung trong mach transistor co y ngha nh sau: Chung ta dung cung ch so di e bieu th nguon nuoi. V du VBB hoac VCC. Ngc lai chung ta dung ch so di khac nhau e bieu th hieu ien the gia cac iem. V du VCE la hieu ien the gia cc C va cc E. Ta co: VCE = VC - VE VCB = VC -VB VBE = VB -VE Trong cach noi CE, do VE = 0 nen VCE = VC VBE = VB

III.3 AC TUYEN BASE ac tuyen base cua mot transistor giong nh cua mot diode thng nh hnh ve 3-5. V vay co the dung cac gan ung cua diode khi phan tch mach base cua transistor.

Hnh 3-5: ac tuyen base cua transistor Trang 38

Ap dung nh luat Ohm cho mach vong base, chung ta thu c: (3-5) IB = (VBB-VBE)/ RB Xem diode ly tng th VBE=0. Trong gan ung bac 2,VBE=0.7V.

Hnh 3-6 V du: Dung gan ung bac 2 e tnh dong base trong hnh 3-6. Sut the qua RB bang bao nhieu? Tnh dong collector biet dc =200. Giai: The sut qua RB la VB = VBB-VBE = 2V 0.7V = 1.3V Dong base bang IB = (VBB -VBE)/ RB = (2V 0.7V)/ 100K = 13A Vi he so khuech ai dc =200, dong collector bang IC =dc IB = 200x13A = 2.6mA

III.4 AC TUYEN COLLECTOR ac tuyen collector la ng cong mo ta quan he gia dong IC va ien ap ri tren transistor VCE. Tren hnh 3-7a, bang cach thay oi VBB hoac VCC co the tao ra cac the va dong khac nhau tren transistor. Chang han, co nh VBB e IB =10A, thay oi VCC , o IC va VCE tng ng, chung ta co the ve ac tuyen collector nh hnh 3-7b. So lieu c lay ng vi transistor 2N3904. Cac transistor khac co the co so lieu khac nhng dang cua ng cong la tng t. Khi VCE bang 0 diode collector khong phan cc nen dong collector bang 0. Khi tang VCE tang th dong IC cung tang. Dong IC at gia tr bao hoa 1mA khi VCE ln hn c vai phan cua mot von.

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Hnh 3-7 Vung dong hang cua transistor tren hnh 3-7b lien quan en cau tao cua transistor. Sau khi diode collector phan cc ngc, cac electron t do phat xa t emitter eu b collector thu gop. Gia tr cua dong nay ch phu thuoc so electron phat xa t emitter hay ch phu thuoc mach base. Khi tang VCE len qua 40V, diode CB b anh thung. Khi o dong collector tang vot. Hoat ong bnh thng cua transistor a b pha huy. Cac transistor khong c phep hoat ong che o nay v no se b hong. Cac bang so lieu cua nha san xuat ghi gia tr the anh thung collector-emitter laVCE(max) hoac BVCE. ien ap collector va cong suat. Ap dung nh luat Kirchhoff cho mach vong collector, ta co VCE = VCC - ICRC (3-6) Cong suat tieu tan tren transistor bang (3-7) PD = VCE.IC Cong suat tieu tan PD lam cho nhiet o moi noi CB tang nhanh. Cong suat tieu tan cang cao, nhiet o moi noi CB cang cao. Transistor se hong neu nhiet o moi noi vt qua 150OC. Trong bang so lieu cua nha san xuat co ghi PD(max) la cong suat tieu tan toi a. e transistor hoat ong bnh thng th PD tnh theo (3-7) phai be hn PD(max). Trang 40

Theo ng ac tuyen collector, transistor co 3 vung hoat ong: Vung tac ong (active region) con goi la vung hoat. Vung anh thung (breakdown region). Vung bao hoa (saturation region). Vung tac ong cua transistor la vung co IC la hang so.Vung anh thung ng vi VCE> 40V. Vung bao hoa cua transistor la vung co the VCE be hn 1V. Ngi ta s dung transistor vung tac ong e khuyech ai tn hieu. Neu ve nhieu ng ac tuyen collector tren cung mot o th chung ta co hnh ve 3-8.

Hnh 3-8 Tren hnh 3-8 co mot ng cong ac biet. o la ng di cung, o IB=0 nhng van co dong IC be chay qua transistor. o la dong r cua transistor do cac hat mang thieu so tao ra. Mien gii han bi ng cong co IB=0 va truc hoanh goi la vung ngng dan cua transistor. Tom lai, transistor co 4 vung hoat ong: tac ong, ngng dan, bao hoa va anh thung. Vung tac ong thng ng dung e khuyech ai tn hieu be. Vung tac ong con goi la vung tuyen tnh v s thay oi cua dong IC (tn hieu ra) ty le tuyen tnh vi s thay oi cua dong IB (tn hieu vao). Trong cac thiet b ky thuat so va may tnh, transistor thng hoat ong vung ngng dan hoac bao hoa hay con goi la che o khoa (switching mode). V du: Transistor tren hnh 3-9 co dc =300. Tnh IB , IC ,VCE va PD. Giai: IB = (VBB-VBE)/ RB = (10V 0.7V)/ 1M = 9.3A Dong collector bang IC=dc IB = 300.(9.3A)= 2.79mA The collector bang VCE = VCC - ICRC =10V-(2.79mA)(2K)=4.42V Trang 41

Hnh 3-9 Cong suat tieu tan PD = VCE.IC = (4.42V).(2.79mA)= 12.3mW

III.5 CAC GAN UNG CHO TRANSISTOR

Hnh 3-10

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Hnh 3-10a ve s o transistor. VBE la the tren diode emitter. VCE la the gia cac cc collector va emitter. Chung ta hay xem xet cac mach tng ng cua transistor nay. a) Gan ung ly tng. Hnh 3-10b la mach tng ng cua mot transistor trong gan ung ly tng. Mo hnh nay thng dung khi phan tch mach vi nguon VBB ln. Luc nay chung ta dung gan ung ly tng cho diode emitter khi tnh dong base. b) Gan ung bac 2. Hnh 3-10c la mach tng ng cua mot transistor trong gan ung bac 2. Mo hnh nay thng dung khi phan tch mach vi nguon VBB be. Luc nay chung ta dung xap x bac 2 cho diode emitter khi tnh dong base. oi vi transistor Si, VBE=0.7V. Transistor Ge co VBE=0.3V. Trong gan ung bac 2, dong base va v vay dong collector khac mot chut so vi gan ung ly tng. c) Xap x cao hn. ien tr noi cua diode emitter tr nen quan trong ch trong cac ng dung cong suat cao ma o dong rat ln. Anh hng cua ien tr noi emitter la cho the VBE co the en c 1V khi dong base ln. Cung nh diode base, ien tr noi cua diode collector co anh hng ang ke trong mot so ng dung. Cung vi ien tr noi emitter va collector, transistor co mot so cac hieu ng bac cao khac lam cho viec tnh toan bang tay tr nen kho khan. V ly do nay, cac tnh toan sau gan ung bac 2 can phai s dung may tnh.

Hnh 3-11 V du 1: Dung gan ung ly tng tnh the VCE cua transistor trong mach hnh 3-11. Transistor ly tng co ngha la VBE=0. Do o dong base bang IB = 15V/ 470K = 31.9A Dong collector bang IC= 100(31.9A)= 3.19mA The collector-emitter cua transistor bang Trang 43

VCE = 15V (3.19mA)(3.6K)= 3.52V Trong cac tnh toan, t khi phai tnh dong emitter. ay, chung ta th tnh dong emitter. No bang IE=IC+IB= 3.19mA + 31.9A = 3.2mA Co the thay rang IE IC V du 2: Dung gan ung bac 2 tnh the VCE cua transistor trong mach hnh 3-11. Transistor gan ung bac 2 co VBE=0.7V, do o dong base bang IB = 14.3V/ 470K = 30.4A Dong collector bang IC= 100(30.4A) = 3.04mA The collector - emitter cua transistor bang VCE = 15V - (3.04mA)(3.6K) = 4.06V Nhan xet: S khac nhau cua VCE trong gan ung ly tng va gan ung bac 2 la c 0.5V. Tuy thuoc vao ng dung ma chung ta s dung gan ung hp ly.

III.6

S THAY OI CUA HE SO KHUYECH AI DONG IEN

He so khuyech ai dong ien cua transistor phu thuoc vao 3 yeu to: loai transistor dong collector nhiet o V vay Bang so lieu cua transistor 2N3904 cho thay hfemin=100 va hfemax=300 tai nhiet o 250C va dong collector 10mA. Neu chung ta lap rap hang ngan mach transistor 2N3904 chung ta se nhan c he so khuyech ai dong be nhat la 100 va ln nhat la 300. Anh hng cua dong collector va nhiet o oi vi he so khuyech ai co the thay ro qua bang so lieu sau: IC (mA) 0.1 1 10 50 100 hFE (min) 40 70 100 60 30 hFE (max) 300 -

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Ro rang rang 2N3904 se hoat ong tot nhat tai dong IC=10mA. III.7 NG TAI (LOAD LINE) Hnh 3-12 la mach transistor noi CE. Cho cac gia tr cua RB, dc chung ta co the tnh dong IC va the VCE .

Hnh 3-12 S phan cc base. Hnh 3-12 la mot v du ve mach phan cc base ma no co ngha la tao ra mot dong base co nh. V du, neu RB=1M th dong base bang 14.3A (gan ung bac 2). Dong nay luon xap x gia tr 14.3A khi chung ta thay the transistor khac va ngay ca khi nhiet o thay oi. Neu dc=100 th dong collector xap x 1.43mA va the collector - base bang: VCE = VCC - ICRC =15V (1.43mA).(3K)=10.7V Vay iem tnh Q (quiescent) xac nh dong va the tren transistor la IC = 1.43mA va VCE=10.7V Phng phap o th. Chung ta co the tm iem Q bang phng phap o th da tren ng tai (load line) cua transistor. ng tai la ng cong cho quan he IC va VCE cua mot transistor theo phng trnh sau VCE = VCC - ICRC Hay (3-8) IC = (VCC -VCE)/ RC (3-8) la mot phng trnh tuyen tnh va o th cua no la mot ng thang. ng nay goi la ng tai v no phan anh s anh hng cua RC len IC va VCE. Theo (3-8), vi VCC =15V, RE = 3K ng tai cat truc tung tai IC = VCC/RE = 15V/3K = 5mA va cat truc hoanh tai VCE =VCC =15V Hnh 3-13 cho thay ng thang nay. Trang 45

Hnh 3-13 ng tai cho thay iem tnh Q co the nhan nhng gia tr kha d nao. Noi cach khac, ng tai cho biet tat ca cac kha nang kha d cua iem Q. iem bao hoa. Khi RB be dong IC rat ln lam cho the VCE cua transistor at gia tr xap x 0V. Trong trng hp nay, transistor a trang thai bao hoa, ngha la dong IC a tang en gia tr cc ai kha d. iem bao hoa la iem ma o ng tai tiem can vi vung bao hoa cua transistor. V VCE rat be nen iem bao hoa nam gan au tren cua ng tai. iem bao hoa cho thay dong collector a at c gia tr cc ai kha d oi vi mach ang xet. V du, tren mach hnh 3-14a transistor vao trang thai bao hoa khi IC =5mA, luc nay VCE xap x 0V. e tm ra dong IC bao hoa chung ta hnh dung ngan mach cc C va cc E cua transistor nh hnh 3-14b. V VCE = 0V nen toan bo nguon VCC=15V c at len RC. Vay dong IC bao hoa bang 5mA. Bieu thc tnh dong bao hoa cua transistor la (3-9) IC(sat) = VCC / RE iem ngng dan (CUTOFF POINT). iem ngng dan la iem ma tai o ng tai tiem can vi vung ngng dan cua transistor. V dong collector tai iem cutoff rat be nen iem cutoff gan vi au cuoi phia di cua ng tai nh hnh 3-13. iem cutoff cho thay the VCE cc ai oi vi mot mach. e tm iem cutoff chung ta hnh dung transistor h mach gia cc C va cc E nh hnh 3-14c, khi o the VCE cc ai kha d la 15V, bang gia tr cua nguon cung cap VCC. Khong co dong IC nen nguon VCC at het len cc C va E cua transistor. Trang 46

VCE(cutoff) = VCC

(3-10)

Hnh 3-14: Tm 2 iem au cuoi cua ng tai

V du: Tnh dong bao hoa va the cutoff cho mach hnh 3-15

Hnh 3-15 IC(sat) = VCC / RE = 30V / 3K = 10mA VCE(cutoff) = VCC =30V Trang 47

III.8 IEM LAM VIEC VA CAC CHE O CUA TRANSISTOR Moi mach transitor co mot ng tai. Cho mot mach transistor bat ky co the tnh dong bao hoa va the ngng dan. Chung chnh la cac iem tng ng tren truc tung (IC(sat) ) va tren truc hoanh (VCC ) cua ng ganh. Hnh 3-16 ch ra mot mach phan cc base vi RB=500K. ng tai i qua IC(sat) = 5mA va VCC = 15V (the gia C va E khi transistor ngng dan). Gia s transistor la ly tng, dong base bang IB=15V/500K = 30A.

Hnh 3-16 Neu he so khuech ai dong la 100 th dong collector bang IC=100.30A= 3mA The VCE cua transitor bang VCE= 15V-(3mA)(3K) = 6V Vay transistor tren mach hnh 3-16 co iem lam viec Q xac nh bi hai tham so IC= 3mA va VCE= 6V Goi la iem Q (quiscent) v no xac nh bi the va dong DC (tnh) cua transistor. iem Q cua transistor co the thay oi v nhieu ly do. Chang han he so khuyech ai dong thay oi t 50 en 150 nhng IB khong oi va bang 30A th dong IC thay oi t 1.5mA en 4.5mA va v vay the VCE se thay oi t 10.5V en 1.5V. Neu dc thay oi nhieu hn na, iem Q co the ri vao vung bao hoa hoac ngng dan va transistor trong mach se khong con khuyech ai tn hieu na. Ro rang la iem Q cua mach phan cc base rat nhay vi s thay oi cua dc . Ngi ta co the khac phuc nhc iem nay bang cac mach phan cc loai khac. Co 2 che o lam viec cua cac transistor la: Che o khuyech ai Trang 48

 Che o cong tac (switch) Trong che o khuyech ai, iem Q phai trong vung tac ong di moi ieu kien. Trong che o switch, transistor chuyen gia 2 trang thai bao hoa va ngng dan. Viec phan tch hoat ong cua transistor che o switch se c trnh bay trong phan sau ay.

III.9 TRANSISTOR SWITCH Mach phan cc base thng c dung trong cac mach so (digital circuits) v chung c thiet ke e transistor lam viec vung bao hoa va ngng dan. iem Q cua cac transistor trong mach so chuyen gia vung bao hoa va ngng dan ma khong trong vung khuyech ai. Trong trng hp nay s thay oi cua Q khong quan trong. Hnh 3-17 la s o mot mach transistor lam viec che o khoa. Trong o transistor c phan cc base che o bao hoa sau (dong phan cc base ln v vay lam cho dong collector ln hn dong collector bao hoa).

Hnh 3-17 Khi SW ong, dong base xap x 1mA (ln hn dong base can thiet e transistor bao hoa) va lam cho transistor bao hoa sau. V vay the VCE=0. Khi SW h, khong co dong base va v vay VCE=VCC The loi ra (Vout) cua mach transistor trong che o SW co 2 trang thai: ien the cao (bang VCC) va ien the thap (0V). Lu y rang gia tr chnh xac cua the loi ra trong mach switch khong quan trong ma quan trong la cho 2 trang thai nay phai khac nhau (phan biet c). Trang 49

Mach khoa con goi la mach 2 trang thai tng ng vi 2 trang thai cua loi ra. V du: neu nguon VCC trong mach 3-17 giam con 5V va dong ro collector la 50nA. Tnh the loi ra 2 trang thai biet rang the bao hoa cua transistor la VC (sat)=0.15V. Khi transistor ngng dan the tren transistor bang VCE=5V- (50nA)(1K)=4.99995V Khi transistor bao hoa, the VCE=VCE(sat) =0.15V Tr khi la nha thiet ke, chung ta se khong quan tam en gia tr chnh xac cua the ra trong cac mach so. Van e la cho the ra phai co 2 gia tr phan biet (gan 5 V khi ngng dan va xap x 0V khi bao hoa).

III.10 PHAN CC EMITTER Trong cac mach khuyech ai chung ta can mach transistor ma iem Q co kha nang on nh hay khong b anh hng bi s thay oi cua dc.

Hnh 3-18 Hnh 3-18 cho thay mot mach phan cc emitter trong o ien tr a c chuyen t mach base sang mach emitter. iem Q cua mach nay rat on nh. No hau nh khong thay oi khi dc thay oi t 50 en 150. Nguon VBB bay gi ap trc tiep vao base. The cc E cho bi phng trnh (3-11) VE=VBB-VBE Neu VBB > 20VBE , gan ung ly tng se cho ket qua chnh xac. Neu VBB < 20VBE , se phai dung gan ung bac 2. Trang 50

Chung ta hay tnh cac thong so cua mach phan cc emitter tren hnh 3-19. V VBB =5V, chung ta se dung xap x bac 2. Khi o VE = 5V - 0.7V = 4.3V Dong emitter bang IE = 4.3V/2.2K = 1.95mA ieu nay cung co ngha la IC xap x 1.95mA.

Hnh 3-19 Dong IC nay se tao mot sut the 1.95V tren RC. Do o the tai C so vi at bang: VC = 15V 1.95V = 13.1V T nay tr i, chung ta goi the cua collector so vi at la the collector. Hieu ien the ri tren transistor bang VCE = 13.1V 4.3 V = 8.8V Vay mach phan cc emitter tren hnh 3-19 co iem Q xac nh nh sau: IC= 1.95mA va VCE=8.8V Chung ta hay xem mach chong lai s thay oi cua he so khuyech ai dong ra sao? Qua trnh tnh toan e tm ra iem Q a cho thay ieu o. Thc vay, e tm ra iem Q cua mach phan cc emitter chung ta a: tnh the emitter tnh dong emitter tm the collector tr the collector cho the emitter e co c the VCE. Trong qua trnh tnh Q chung ta khong s dung dc. ieu o co ngha la gia tr dc khong anh hng en gia tr cua Q. Tren thc te chung ta a co nh the emitter va do o co nh dong emitter. V vay ket qua la iem Q khong thay oi khi dc thay oi. Mot cach chnh xac th dc co anh hng ti iem Q nh phan tch sau ay.

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Anh hng cua he so khuyech ai dong dc co anh hng nho len dong collector. Di moi ieu kien hoat ong, cac dong trong transistor quan he vi nhau bi phng trnh IE=IC+IB hay IE=IC+IC/dc Vay IC =(dc / (dc +1))IE ai lng dc /(dc +1) goi la he so sai so. Neu dc =100 th dong IC bang 99% dong IE . Vay khi ta noi dong IC bang dong IE th sai so la 1%.

III.11 PHOTOTRANSISTOR Phototransistor giong het nh photodiode nhng rat nhay. Dong ra cua phototransistor ln hn dong vao dc lan.

Hnh 3-20 Nhng phototransistor co toc o cham hn photodidoe. Mot photodiode co dong ra c nA nhng co the on/off c ns. Trong khi o dong ra cua phototransistor c mA nhng toc o on/off c s. Hnh 3-20 la s o mot phototransistor noi vi mot LED. Thiet b nay goi la Optocoupler hay con goi la isolator. No cach ly gia au vao va au ra nhng moi s thay oi cua the vao Vs eu phan anh the ra tren collector cua transistor. That vay, nguon Vs thay oi lam cho dong qua LED thay oi va v vay lng anh sang en cc B phototransistor thay oi. Ket qua la dong IC cua transistor thay oi va the VC thay oi. Trang 52

V du: Hnh 3-21 la s o nhan biet thi iem the xoay chieu qua gia tr 0V (zero crossing) nham ong bo hoat ong cua 1 so thiet b vi tan so ien li. u iem cua s o la khong can bien the cach ly gia au vao va au ra. Phototransistor chnh la mach cach ly. Bo qua sut the tren cac diode nan, dong qua LED bang ILED = 1.411(115V)/16K = 10.2mA Gia tr bao hoa cua dong phototransistor la IC(sat) = 20V/ 10K = 2mA

Hnh 3-21 Khi xay ra zero crossing, dong qua LED bang 0 va v vay phototransistor ngng dan. Tai collector chung ta thu c the cao bang nguon cung cap.

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Chng IV PHAN CC TRANSISTOR

IV.1 PHAN CC BANG CAU CHIA THE Hnh 4-1a la mach phan cc transistor c dung rat pho bien trong cac ng dung: phan cc bang cau chia the. Mach phan cc la cau chia the gom 2 ien tr R1 va R2. V vay mach goi la mach phan cc bang cau chia the. Tieng Anh la Voltage Divider Bias (VDB).

a)

b) Hnh 4-1: Phan cc VDB

c)

Phan tch n gian (simplified analysis). Trong mach VDB c thiet ke tot dong base nho hn dong chay qua cau chia the. Do o dong base anh hng khong ang ke len cau chia the. V vay co the ngat mach base khoi cau chia the e co mach tng ng nh hnh 4-1b. Trong mach nay, the ra cua cau chia the bang VTH = (R2VCC)/(R1+R2) Ly tng th VTH chnh la nguon nuoi mach base VBB nh hnh 4-1c. Phan cc bang cau chia the thc chat la phan cc emitter. Noi cach khac hnh 4-1c la mach tng ng cua hnh 4-1a. Vay mach phan cc VDB tao ra dong emitter co nh. Do o mach phan cc VDB co iem Q khong phu thuoc dc. Trang 54

Co mot sai so nho trong cach tiep can n gian nay. Chung ta se phan tch no trong cac phan sau. iem mau chot (crucial) ay la: trong mot mach VDB c thiet ke tot, sai so khi s dung mach tng ng hnh 4-1c la rat be. Noi cach khac, cac nha thiet ke chon la co can nhac cac gia tr linh kien sao cho mach hnh 4-1a giong nh mach hnh 4-1c. Ket luan: Trong mach phan cc VDB, sau khi tnh VBB, phan tnh toan con lai giong het nh cac bc tnh cho mach phan cc emitter chng 3. ay chung ta liet ke ra cac phng trnh co the dung khi phan tch mach VDB. (4-1) VBB=(R2/(R1+R2))VCC (4-2) VE=VBB -VBE (4-3) IE=VE/RE (4-4) IC IE (4-5) VC = VCC - ICRC (4-6) VCE = VC - VE Cac bc phai lam la: Tnh the VBB cua cau chia the Tr 0.7V e co the emitter Chia cho ien tr emitter e co dong emitter Gia s dong collector xap x dong emitter Tnh the collector so vi at bang cach tr VCC cho sut the tren RC Tnh the VCE bang cach tr VC cho VE V du: Tnh VCE cho mach hnh 4-2.

Hnh 4-2 Cau chia the tao ra the khong tai bang VBB= (2.2K / (10K+2.2K) )10V = 1.8V VE= 1.8V - 0.7V =1.1V Dong emitter bang IE = 1.1V/1K = 1.1mA Trang 55

V dong collector xap x dong emitter nen the collector so vi at bang VC = 10V (1.1mA)(3.6K)= 6.04V Hieu the gia collector va emitter bang VCE = 6.04V 1.1V = 4.94V

IV.2 PHAN TCH CHNH XAC MACH VDB Chung ta bat au phan nay bang nh ngha mach VDB c thiet ke tot. o la mach ma trong o cau chia the to ra manh (stiff) oi vi tr khang vao cua mach base. ien tr nguon. Trong chng 1 chung ta a noi en nguon the manh nh sau: Nguon the manh co RS<0.01RL. Neu thoa ieu kien nay th the tren tai ch khac gia tr ly tng 1%. Bay gi chung ta m rong y tng nay cho cau chia the. Trc het tnh tr Thevenin cua cau chia the tren hnh 4-3a. No bang RTH = R1//R2

Hnh 4-3 Do co RTH nen cac phan tch chnh xac hn cho mach VDB phai tnh en RTH nh hnh 4-3b. Dong chay qua ien tr RTH lam giam the VBB. Vay the base giam bao nhieu so vi gia tr ly tng? Theo hnh 4-3c, nhn t cc base chung ta thay mot ien tr vao RIN. e cau chia the manh oi vi base th theo qui tac 100:1 chung ta co (4-7) R1//R2 < 0.01RIN Mot mach VDB c goi la thiet ke tot neu thoa man (4-7) Trang 56

Cau chia the manh Neu transistor tren mach hnh 4-3c co dc =100 th dong collector ln hn dong base 100 lan hay dong emitter cung ln hn dong base 100 lan. Nhn t phia base, tr emitter 100 lan ln hn. Tong quat, khi nhn t base ien tr emitter ln hn dc lan. (4-8) RIN=dcRE Phng trnh (4-7) co the viet lai nh sau (4-9) R1//R2<0.01dcRE Khi co the, cac nha thiet ke chon cac gia tr cua mach theo qui tac 100:1 bi v no tao ra mach co iem Q sieu on nh. Cau chia the yeu (firm) oi khi thiet ke cau chia the manh tao ra ket qua la cac ien tr R1 va R2 qua be do o gay ra mot so he qua khac. Trong trng hp nay cac nha thiet ke phai thoa hiep bang quy tac cau chia the yeu nh sau: Cau chia the yeu neu thoa ieu kien (4-10) R1//R2<0.1dcRE Moi cau chia the thoa man qui tac 10:1 la cau chia the yeu. Trong trng hp xau nhat, dung cau chia the yeu co the lam dong collector giam 10% so vi gia tr cau chia the manh. ieu nay la chap nhan c trong nhieu ng dung bi v mach VDB van co iem Q u on nh.

Xap x gan hn

e tnh chnh xac gia tr cua dong IE co the dung phng trnh sau: (4-11) IE = (VBB-VBE) / (RE + (R1//R2)/dc) Phng trnh (4-11) cho gia tr IE chnh xac hn. Nhng (4-11) kha phc tap. V vay khi co yeu cau tnh toan chnh xac mach VDB ngi ta dung EWB. V du: Cau chia the tren hnh 4-4 co la cau chia the manh? Tnh gia tr chnh xac cua IE dung (4-11). Cau chia the manh neu thoa ieu kien R1//R2<0.01dcRE Tren hnh 4-4, ien tr Thevenin cua cau chia the bang R1//R2=10K//2.2K=1.8K ien tr vao cua base bang RIN = dcRE = 200(1K)=200K

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Hnh 4-4 ien tr Thevenin cua cau la 1.8K nho hn 2K (1% cua RIN) do o cau chia the la manh. Theo (4-11), dong IE bang IE = (1.8V-0.7V)/ (1K+1.8K/200) = 1.09mA Gia tr nay gan vi 1.1mA la gia tr tnh bang phan tch n gian. Vay khi cau chia the la manh th chung ta khong dung cong thc (4-11) e tnh IE . T nay ve sau cac tnh toan cua chung ta oi vi mach VDB la theo phan tch n gian.

IV.3 NG TAI VDB VA IEM Q Tren hnh 4-5, v cau chia the la manh nen the emitter gi gia tr 1.1V trong cac phan tch sau ay. iem Q iem Q a c tnh trong bai IV-1. No co dong IC =1.1mA va VCE=4.94V. iem Q nh the c ve tren hnh 4-5. Do phan cc VDB la bien the cua phan cc emitter nen iem Q khong phu thuoc dc. e thay oi iem Q tren hnh 4-5 co the thay oi RE. V du, neu RE thay oi en 2.2K th dong IE va the VC thay oi nh sau IE = 1.1V/2.2K = 0.5mA VC = 10V-(0.5mA)(3.6K)=8.2V VCE = 8.2V-1.1V = 7.1V

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Hnh 4-5 iem Q mi la Q L (0.5mA,7.1V) Ngc lai neu giam RE con 510 th dong emitter va the collector mi la: IE = 1.1V/ 510 = 2.15mA VC = 10V (2.15mA)(3.6K)=2.26V VCE= 2.26V-1.1V = 1.16V Trong trng hp nay iem Q mi la QH (2.15mA, 1.16V) iem Q gia ng tai. Cac gia tr VCC, R1, R2, RC eu co anh hng en iem Q. Trong thiet ke thng ngi ta chon cac gia tr nay theo yeu cau cho trc. Khi o neu RE thay oi se lam cho Q dch chuyen tren ng tai. Neu RE qua ln iem Q se dch en vung ngng dan. Neu RE qua be iem Q se dch en vung bao hoa. e at c s on nh, iem Q thng c chon gia ng tai cho mach khuyech ai.

IV.4 PHAN CC EMITTER DUNG 2 NGUON NUOI Mot so thiet b ien t co bo nguon 2 cc tnh: nguon dng va nguon am. V du, mach hnh 4-6 ch ra mot transistor co 2 nguon nuoi: +10V va 2V. Nguon am 2V phan cc thuan cho diode emitter. Nguon dng +10V phan cc ngc cho diode collector. Mach phan cc nay la mach phan cc emitter. Do o no co ten la mach phan cc emitter 2 nguon nuoi (Two Supply Emitter Bias = TSEB).

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Hnh 4-6 Trong cac mach TSEB thiet ke ung, dong base rat be v vay the base xap x 0V nh hnh 4-7.

Hnh 4-7 Hieu the gia 2 au RE la RE = -0.7V- (-2V)= +1.3V Dong IE bang IE = 1.3V/ 1K = 1.3mA Dong IC xap x IE chay qua RC do o the tai cc C cua transistor bang VC = 10V (1.3mA)(3.6K) = 5.32V The VCE= VC-VE = 5.32V-(-0.7V)=6.02V Tom lai, khi mot mach TSEB thiet ke tot, no tng ng vi mach phan cc VDB va neu thoa man qui tac 100:1 tc la (4-12) RB <0.01dcRE Khi o co the dung cac phng trnh sau e phan tch mach TSEB

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VB = 0V IE =(VEE - 0.7V)/RE VC =VCC -ICRC VCE=VC +0.7V

(4-13) (4-14) (4-15) (4-16)

IV.5 CAC PHAN CC KHAC Trong phan nay chung ta xem xet mot so kieu phan cc khac. Viec phan tch chi tiet cac kieu phan cc nay la khong can thiet v chung t c dung trong cac thiet ke mi. a) Phan cc phan hoi emitter Nhc iem chnh cua phan cc base tren hnh 4-8a la Q thay oi theo dc. e khac phuc ngi ta dung mach phan cc phan hoi emitter nh hnh 48b. Y tng chnh la a vao ien tr emitter e chong lai s troi cua Q khi dc thay oi. Cu the la khi IC tang lam cho VE tang -> VB tang -> IB giam -> IC giam. S phan hoi nay la phan hoi am (negative feedback). Goi la phan hoi v s thay oi the emitter c phan hoi tr lai the base. Mac khac, phan hoi la am v sau qua trnh phan hoi, dong IC thay oi ngc lai vi s thay oi ban au. Vay phan hoi am tao ra s on nh.

Hnh 4-8: Phan cc phan hoi emitter Sau ay la cac phng trnh dung cho mach phan cc phan hoi emitter.

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IE= (VCC-VBE)/(RE+RB/dc) (4-17) (4-18) VE=REIE (4-19) VB=VE+0.7V (4-20) VC=VCC-RCIC Y nh cua phan cc phan hoi emitter la loai bo dc khoi phng trnh (4-17) bang cach chon RE>RB/dc. Neu ieu kien nay thoa th (4-17) khong phu thuoc dc. Hnh 4-9 la mot mach phan cc phan hoi emitter cu the. Tren thc te phan cc nay khong tot hn phan cc base.

Hnh 4-9 b) Phan cc phan hoi collector

Hnh 4-10: Phan cc phan hoi collector Hnh 4-10 ch ra mach phan cc phan hoi collector, con goi la mach t phan cc. Y tng c ban la co on nh iem Q bang cach phan hoi mot ien the ve base e bu lai s thay oi cua dong collector. V du IC tang -> VC giam -> VB giam -> IB giam > IC giam. Trang 62

Sau ay la cac phng trnh dung cho mach phan cc phan hoi collector (4-21) IE= (VCC-VBE)/(RC +RB/dc) (4-22) VB=0.7V (4-23) VC=VCC-ICRC iem Q nam gia ng tai neu chon (4-24) RB=dcRC Mach phan cc phan hoi collector co tac dung on nh iem Q tot hn phan cc phan hoi emitter. Mac du van co s troi cua Q theo dc nhng mach phan cc nay thng c dung v s n gian. c) Phan cc phan hoi collector va emitter Phan cc phan hoi emitter va phan hoi collector la nham on nh iem Q. Mac du y tng la tot nhng s phan hoi lai khong u e on nh Q theo dc. Hnh 4-11 la mot mach phan cc trong o s dung ca 2 loai phan hoi: phan hoi emitter va phan hoi collector nham cai thien o on nh cua Q.

Hnh 4-11 Sau ay la cac phng trnh dung cho mach phan cc phan hoi emitter collector. (4-25) IE= (VCC -VBE)/(RC +RB/dc) (4-26) VE=REIE (4-27) VB=VE + 0.7V (4-28) VC=VCC-RCIC

IV.6 TRANSISTOR PNP Trang 63

Hnh 4-12: Transistor PNP Hnh 4-12 ch ra cau truc , ky hieu va mo hnh tng ng cua transistor PNP. Cung giong nh transistor NPN, tong dong trong transistor tuan theo nh luat Kirchhoff. Mach cho transitor PNP (xem hnh 4-13) hoan toan giong mach cho transistor NPN. Ch co 2 ieu khac biet: Transistor la loai PNP Nguon am

Hnh 4-13: Mach transistor PNP

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Chng V CAC CHE O AC CUA TRANSISTOR

V.1 KHUYECH AI PHAN CC BASE

Trong phan nay chung ta se phan tch mach khuyech ai phan cc base. Mac du mach khuyech ai base khong pho bien trong cac san pham ien t nhng cac y tng c ban cua no c dung nhieu trong cac mach khuyech ai phc hp khac. TU NOI

Hnh 5-1 Hnh 5-1a la mot nguon the ac c noi ti au vao cua mot mach RC. Cau hnh nay la mach tng ng au vao cua nhieu mach khuyech ai. V tr khang cua tu ty le nghch vi tan so nen tu C ngan can hoan toan thanh phan dc cua nguon va ch truyen thanh phan ac. tan so u cao th tr khang cua tu be do o hau het thanh phan ac cua nguon xuat hien tren R. Trong trng hp nay tu C goi la tu noi v no noi hoac chuyen tn hieu ac en R. Vai tro cua tu C la cho phep truyen thanh phan ac t nguon en mach khuyech ai ma khong lam thay oi iem Q cua mach. e cho mot tu C co the xem la tu noi th tai tan so tn hieu thap nhat, tr khang cua tu phai be hn nhieu so vi R. Ngi ta nh ngha Tu noi tot neu thoa ieu kien: XC < 0.1R (5-1) Ngha la tr khang cua tu C phai be hn 10 lan R tai tan so hoat ong thap nhat. Khi thoa man qui tac 10:1, hnh 5-1a co the thay bang hnh 5-1b. Noi cach khac oi vi cac mach thoa qui tac 10:1 co the thay the tat ca cac tu noi C bang mot ngan mach oi vi thanh phan ac.

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Mat khac nguon dc co tan so bang 0 nen tr khang cua C oi vi thanh phan dc la vo cung. Bi vay, chung ta se dung gan ung sau cho tu C: oi vi thanh phan dc tu C xem nh h mach oi vi thanh phan ac tu C xem nh noi tat CHE O DC

Hnh 5-2 Chung ta hay xet mach phan cc base tren hnh 5-2a. The dc tai base la 0.7V, trong gan ung bac 1, dong IB bang: IB=30A Vi he so khuyech ai dong 100 th dong IC bang IC=3mA The collector bang VC=30V-(3mA)(5K)=15V iem Q co toa o 3mA va 15V. MACH KHUYECH AI Hnh 5-2b cho thay mot mach khuyech ai transistor phan cc base. Cac tu noi c dung au vao va au ra nham cach ly thanh phan dc cua mach vi nguon ac vao va vi tai RL. Muc ch chnh la khong cho nguon ac va tr tai RL thay oi iem Q. Tren hnh 5-2b, nguon the ac co gia tr 100V. Do tu noi ngan mach oi vi thanh phan ac nen toan bo thanh phan ac cua nguon the vao xuat hien tai base. The ac nay se tao ra dong base xoay chieu ma no cong them vao vi dong base mot chieu do phan cc. Noi cach khac, dong base tong cong bao gom dong dc va ac. Trang 66

Hnh 5-3a mo ta tnh hnh nay. Thanh phan ac c cong vi thanh phan dc. Trong na chu ky dng, dong base ac cong vi dong 30A cua dong base dc. Trong na chu ky am dong base b tr i. S thay oi cua dong base lam cho dong IC cung thay oi theo cung qui luat nhng ln hn dc lan. Hnh 53b cho thay thanh phan dc cua dong collector la 3mA. S chong chat cua dong collector dc va ac tao ra tn hieu nh hnh 5-3b. Do ien tr tai RC, the tai collector cua transistor co dang nh nguon the au vao nhng ngc pha nh hnh 5-3c.

DANG SONG Hnh 5-4 la mach khuyech ai phan cc base va dang song (wave form) cua no. Nguon the ac la mot hieu the ieu hoa co bien o be. No c noi ti base, tai ay no chong chat vi thanh phan dc 0.7V. S bien oi cua the base tao ra s bien oi dong base, dong collector va v vay ca the collector. Ket qua the collector la mot the dang sin co thanh phan dc la 15V. Do tac dung cua tu noi, tren tai RL ch co thanh phan ac.

Hnh 5-3

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Hnh 5-4 HE SO KHUYECH AI THE He so khuyech ai the cua mot mach khuyech ai la ty so the ac loi ra chia cho the ac loi vao. A=Vout / Vin (5-2) V du, neu the tren tai la 50mV trong khi the vao la 100V th A= 50mV/ 100V = 500 A=500 co ngha la the ra ln hn the vao 500 lan.

V.2

KHUYECH AI PHAN CC EMITTER

TU THONG DAN

Hnh 5-5 Tu thong dan tng t tu noi bi v no hanh x nh la h mach oi vi thanh phan dc va ngan mach oi vi thanh phan ac. Nhng tu thong dan khong dung e noi tn hieu gia 2 iem ma no dung e tao ra mot at ac. Hnh 5-5a cho thay mot nguon the ac c noi ti mot ien tr va mot tu. tan so cao, tr khang cua tu rat be v vay toan bo nguon the ac coi nh Trang 68

c at tren R. Noi cach khac, iem E la c noi at ve mat ac. Trong trng hp nay tu C goi la tu thong dan v no cho phep noi iem E vi at ve mat ac. Tu thong dan cho phep chung ta noi mot iem nao o vi GND ma khong lam thay oi Q. ieu kien e mot tu c xem la thong dan tot la XC < 0.1R (5-3) Khi (5-3) thoa th mach hnh 5-5a co the thay bang mach hnh 5-5b.

KHUYECH AI VDB

Hnh 5-6 Hnh 5-6 cho thay mot mach khuyech ai VDB. e tnh the va dong DC, chung ta tng tng rang tat ca cac tu eu h mach. Khi o mach tng ng nh mach phan cc VDB. Gia tr dc hay gia tr tnh cho mach nay nh sau: VB=1.8V VE=1.1V VC=6.04V IC=1.1mA Nh a phan tch tren ay, chung ta dung cac tu noi e noi the nguon vi base, noi the collector vi tai. Chung ta cung dung tu thong dan gia emitter va at. Y ngha cua tu nay la cho: No lam tang he so khuyech ai the cua transistor so vi khi khong co tu (cac phan sau se phan tch ro hn). Trong hnh 5-6, nguon the ac la 100V. No c a vao base. Do tu thong dan CE toan bo the nay c at len diode base emitter. Tai collector chung ta thu c the base nhng a c khuyech ai. Trang 69

DANG SONG VDB Tren hnh 5-6, nguon the ac au vao la ieu hoa va thanh phan dc bang 0. The base la chong chat cua the ac loi vao va thanh phan dc 1.8V. The ac collector la the au vao a c khuyech ai ao pha chong chat vi thanh phan dc bang 6.04V. The tren tai giong nh the collector vi thanh phan dc bang 0.

V.3 CHE O TN HIEU BE

Hnh 5-7 Hnh 5-7 ch ra gian o dong the cua diode base emitter. Khi nguon the ac c noi ti cc base cua transistor, mot the ac se xuat hien tren diode base. ieu nay tao ra s bien thien tuan hoan tren VBE nh hnh 5-7. IEM LAM VIEC TC THI. Khi the vao thay oi, iem lam viec tc thi di chuyen t v tr Q ban au len pha tren hoac xuong pha di. The base emitter tong cong gom the ac va thanh phan dc. Bien o cua the ac quy nh bien o thay oi cua Q. The base ac ln tao ra s bien ong ln cua Q, the base be tao ra s bien ong be cua Q. S SAI DANG The base tao ra dong emitter cung tan so nh hnh 5-7. Neu nguon the base ac la ieu hoa, dong emitter cung ieu hoa. Nhng dong emitter khong la Trang 70

ieu hoa ly tng v quan he dong emitter the base khong hoan toan la ng thang. ieu nay tao ra s sai dang (meo) tn hieu ma chung ta khong mong muon trong cac he thong Hi-Fi (High Fidelity). e giam thieu s sai dang ngi ta dung cac cach sau: Gi the base be. Khi o quan he base- emitter cua transistor la tuyen tnh. Qui tac 10:1. Tong dong emitter bang IE= IEQ+ ie Trong o IEQ la dong emitter phan cc con ie la dong emitter ac. e giam thieu s sai dang, gia tr nh cua dong ie phai be hn dong emitter tnh 10 lan theo qui tac 10:1 sau ay. (5-4) Tn hieu be: iepp<0.1 IEQ Cac bo khuyech ai thoa ieu kien (5-4) la bo khuyech ai tn hieu be. Chung thng c dung trong cac mach tien khuyech ai cua cac mach x ly tn hieu.

V.4 HE SO BETA AC VA IEN TR AC CUA DIODE EMITTER He so khuyech ai ma chung ta s dung t trc en nay la he so khuyech ai dong mot chieu. dc = IC / IB (5-5) dc phu thuoc v tr iem Q do s cong cua ac tuyen IC, IB. Ngi ta nh ngha he so beta xoay chieu la = ic / ib (5-6) Theo (5-6), he so khuyech ai dong ac bang ty so gia dong collector ac chia cho dong base ac. Tren hnh 5-8, tn hieu ac thay oi quanh iem Q, do o gia tr cua dc va co khac nhau. Ve mat o th, chnh la o doc cua ng cong IC, IB tai iem Q. Trong bang so lieu cua nha san xuat, dc c ky hieu la hFE con c ky hieu la hfe. Chung ta lu y rang cac ky hieu ve dong va the, neu viet hoa la dc, con viet thng la ac.

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Hnh 5-8

Hnh 5-9 Hnh 5-9 cho thay quan he dong the cua diode emitter. Ta co: IE=IEQ+ie VBE= VBEQ+vbe

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IEN TR AC CUA DIODE EMITTER Tren hnh 5-9 s thay oi ieu hoa cua VBE tao ra s thay oi ieu hoa cua IE. Gia tr nh nh cua ie phu thuoc iem Q. Do quan he dong the emitter la ng cong nen vi vbe co nh, dong ie ln hn neu iem phan cc Q nam pha cao hn. Noi cach khac, ien tr ac cua emitter giam khi dong emitter dc tang. ien tr emitter ac c nh ngha nh sau: re = vbe / ie (5-7) Theo vat ly chat ran, ien tr ac cua emitter co the tnh qua cong thc n gian sau: re = 25mV / IE (5-8) Sau nay se thay, gia tr cua re co anh hng en he so khuyech ai the cua mach transistor.

V.5 HAI MO HNH CUA TRANSISTOR e mo ta hoat ong cua mach khuyech ai transitor che o ac, can mot mach tng ng cho transistor. Noi cach khac chung ta can mot mo hnh cho transistor ma no mo phong c hoat ong cua transitor khi co tn hieu ac. Mot trong nhng mo hnh transistor sm nhat do Ebers Moll e xuat la mo hnh tren hnh ve 5-10. Mo hnh nay con goi la mo hnh ch T.

Hnh 5-10: Mo hnh ch T cua transistor

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Hnh 5-11 Theo mo hnh ch T, khi mot the ac xuat hien loi vao bo khuyech ai th mot the ac xuat hien tren diode base emitter nh hnh 5-11. The nay tao ra dong base ac. Noi cach khac nguon the ac vao a c tai tren tr khang vao cua base. Nhn vao base cua transistor, ta thay mot tr khang vao zin(base). Tai tan so thap, tr khang nay bang: zin(base) = vbe / ib (5-9) Ap dung nh luat Ohm cho diode emitter, co the viet vbe= ie.re zin(base) = ie.re / ib V ie ic nen zin(base) = re (5-10)

Hnh 5-12: Mo hnh ch cua transistor

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Mot mo hnh khac cua transistor cung c s dung, o la mo hnh ch . Hnh 5-12a cho thay s o mo hnh cua transistor. So vi mo hnh ch T (hnh 5-12b) mo hnh ch de dung hn. Chung ta co the dung mot trong hai mo hnh, mo hnh ch T hoac mo hnh ch , khi phan tch mach transistor che o ac.

V.6 PHAN TCH MOT KHUYECH AI DUNG TRANSISTOR Phan tch mot mach khuyech ai la phc tap v ca thanh phan ac lan dc eu ton tai trong mach. Chung ta co the phan tch che o dc va phan tch che o ac mot cach rieng re. Hoat ong thc cua mach la chong chat cua 2 che o dc va ac. MACH TNG NG DC Trong phan tch dc chung ta tnh dong va the dc cua mach. e lam viec nay chung ta tng tng h mach oi vi tat ca cac tu. Mach con lai la mach tng ng dc. Trong phan tch dc, quan trong nhat la tnh IE v no lien quan en re trong phan tch ac. ANH HNG CUA NGUON DC

Hnh 5-13 Hnh 5-13a la s o mach gom co ca nguon ac va dc. oi vi tn hieu ac, nguon dc la ngan mach. ieu nay la ung v tr noi cua nguon dc be do o no khong gay sut the ac nao. Vay khi phan tch ac chung ta ngan mach tat ca cac nguon dc. MACH TNG NG AC Sau khi phan tch dc, chung ta se bat au phan tch ac bang cach ngan mach tat ca cac tu va nguon dc. Transistor co the thay the bang mo hnh T hay

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mo hnh . Sau ay chung ta se dan ra cac mach tng ng ac cua cac mach khuyech ai phan cc base va phan cc VDB. a) MACH KHUYECH AI PHAN CC BASE

Hnh 5-14

Hnh 5-14a la mot mach khuyech ai phan cc base. e co mach tng ng ac, chung ta ngan mach tat ca cac tu. iem co nhan Vcc cung c noi at ve mat ac. Hnh 5-14b cho thay mach tng ng ac. Transistor a uc thay the bi mo hnh . Trong mach base, the ac loi vao at tren RB song song vi re . Trong mach collector, nguon dong ic chay qua RC va RL mac song song. b) MACH KHUYECH AI VDB Hnh 5-15a la mot mach khuyech ai VDB. Hnh 5-15b cho thay mach tng ng ac. Transistor a uc thay the bi mo hnh . Trong mach base, the ac loi vao at tren R1 song song vi re va vi R2. Trong mach collector, nguon dong ic chay qua RC va RL mac song song. Trang 76

Hnh 5-15 c) MACH KHUYECH AI CE Cac mach khuyech ai tren hnh 5-14, hnh 5-15 la cac v du ve mach khuyech ai chung emitter (common emitter = CE). Mach khuyech ai nay goi la mach khuyech ai chung emitter v emitter c noi GND ve mat ac. Trong mach khuyech ai chung emitter tn hieu can khuyech ai c a en cc base, tn hieu a c khuyech ai xuat hien collector. Co 2 kieu mach khuyech ai transistor khac la mach khuyech ai chung base (CB) va mach khuyech ai chung collector (CC). Chung c dung trong mot so ng dung nhng khong pho bien bang mach khuyech ai CE. Tom lai, e co c mach tng ng ve mat ac, chung ta phai lam may viec chu yeu sau: Ngan mach tat ca cac tu Tng tng tat ca cac nguon dc la GND xoay chieu Thay the transistor bang mo hnh T hoac mo hnh Ve mach tng ng ac

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V.7

HE SO KHYUECH AI THE

Hnh 5-16 Hnh 5-16a cho thay mot mach khuyech ai VDB. He so khuyech ai ien the cua mach c nh ngha la ty so gia the ac loi ra va the ac loi vao. Phan nay se dan ra bieu thc cho he so khuyech ai the. Hnh 5-16b la s o tng ng ac cua mach hnh 5-16a theo mo hnh . Dong base chay qua tr khang vao cua mach base, do o co the viet: vin = ibre Tren collector, dong ic chay qua RC//RL do o vout = ic(RC//RL) He so khuyech ai the bang: (5-11) A = vout / vin = ( RC//RL)/ re ien tr collector ac. Tr tai ac nhn t collector la RC//RL. Neu chung ta at rc = RC//RL (5-12) th (5-11) tr thanh A = rc / re (5-13) Trang 78

Theo (5-13) he so khuyech ai the bang ien tr ac collector chia cho ien tr ac cua diode emitter.

Hnh 5-16 Co the thay rang t mach tng ng 5-16c chung ta cung se thu c ket qua tng t.

Hnh 5-17 V du: Cho mach hnh 5-17. Tnh A va the tren tai RL. Giai: Tr collector ac bang rc = RC//RL = (3.6K//10K)=2.65K Gia s transistor co re =22.7, ta co A=rc/re = 2.65K/ 22.7 = 117 The tren tai bang vout = Avin = 117.(2mV) = 234mV

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V.8 ANH HNG CUA TR KHANG VAO

Hnh 5-18 Cho en luc nay chung ta van gia s nguon the ac vao la ly tng vi tr khang noi bang 0. Trong phan nay chung ta se xem xet anh hng cua tr khang noi cua cac nguon the thc (la cac nguon the co tr khang noi khac khong). Tren hnh 5-18a, mot nguon the ac ky hieu la vin co tr khang noi Rg. Khi o co mot sut the ac ngang qua Rg. ieu nay lam cho the base be hn gia tr ly tng.

Hnh 5-18 Trang 80

Tr khang vao cua mach ky hieu la zin(stage) bang zin(stage) = R1 // R2 // re vin = zin(stage) vg / (Rg + zin(stage) ) (5-14)

Phng trnh (5-14) co gia tr oi vi moi mach khuyech ai. Lu y rang nguon vg la manh neu Rg <0.01 zin(stage) Phng trnh (5-14) cung cho thay rang do Rg ma the vao mach khuyech ai be hn the cua nguon can khuyech ai.

V.9

KHUYECH AI NHIEU TANG

e thu c he so khuyech ai ln, chung ta noi hai hoac nhieu tang khuyech ai vi nhau. ieu nay co ngha la loi ra cua tang th nhat la loi vao cua tang th hai va c the tiep tuc

Hnh 5-19

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Hnh 5-19a cho thay mot mach khuyech ai gom 2 tang. Tn hieu ra cua tang th nhat (ao pha so vi tn hieu vao) c a vao tang th hai. Tren tai RL chung ta thu c tn hieu cung pha vi tn hieu loi vao nhng a c khuyech ai nhieu lan. Hnh 5-19b cho thay mach tng ng ac. Tr khang collector ac cua tang th nhat la rc = RC // zin(stage) He so khuyech ai cua tang th nhat bang A1 = (RC // zin(stage) )/ re He so khuyech ai cua tang th hai bang A2 = (RC // RL)/ re He so khuyech ai cua toan mach bang A=A1A2 (5-15)

V.10 KHUYECH AI CE CAI TIEN He so khuyech ai the A cua mach khuyech ai CE phu thuoc vao dong tnh, s thay oi cua nhiet o va ban than transistor. Mot phng phap nham on nh he so A la chen mot ien tr re trong mach emitter nh hnh ve 5-20a.

Hnh 5-20a

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Lu y rang re khong co tu mac song song. Khi dong ie chay qua mach emitter se tao ra mot the ac tren re. ieu nay tao ra s phan hoi am e on nh he so A. Chang han, neu dong collector ac tang do nhiet o tang th the tren re cung se tang. ieu nay lam giam vbe va do o giam ib -> giam ic. Qua trnh nay dien ra theo chieu hng ngc lai vi s tang cua dong collector ma chung ta goi la s phan hoi am. Hnh 5-20b la s o tng ng cua mach hnh 5-20a theo mo hnh T.

Hnh 5-20 The vao bang vin = ie(re+re) He so khuyech ai the A trong trng hp nay bang A = icrc / ie (re + re ) Xem rang ie ic th A = rc / (re + re ) (5-16) Neu re >> re th (5-16) tr thanh A = rc / re (5-17) ay la v du ve mach khuyech ai CE cai tien. Gia tr re ln a loai bo anh hng cua re va lam cho A khong phu thuoc re. Tr khang vao cua mach khuyech ai CE cai tien la zin(base) = vin / ib (5-18) trong o vin = ie(re + re) do ie ic chung ta nhan c zin(base) = vin / ib = (re + re) (5-19) Nhan xet: mach khuyech ai CE cai tien co 3 u iem: He so A on nh Tang tr khang vao Giam sai dang khi tn hieu ln (do A khong phu thuoc re) Trang 83

V.11 PHAN HOI HAI TANG Mach khuyech ai CE cai tien la v du ve khuyech ai phan hoi 1 tang. Muc ch cua mach khuyech ai CE cai tien la on nh he so A, tang tr khang vao va giam sai dang khi tn hieu ln. Mach khuyech ai phan hoi qua 2 tang co ac trng tot hn.

Hnh 5-21 Hnh 5-21 la mach khuyech ai phan hoi 2 tang. Tang th nhat la mach khuyech ai CE cai tien. Tang th hai la mach khuyech ai CE thong thng. Tn hieu loi ra cua tang khuyech ai th hai c phan hoi qua ien tr Rf (feedback) ti emitter cua tang th nhat. Do cau chia the, the tai emitter cua tang th nhat so vi at bang: ve= (revout)/ (Rf +re) Y tng chnh ay la: Gia s do s tang nhiet o lam the ra tang. V mot phan cua the ra c phan hoi lai emitter transistor th nhat nen lam giam vbe cua transistor th nhat. Ket qua la the loi ra cua transistor th nhat va v vay the loi ra cua transitor th hai cung giam theo. Ngc lai, neu the ra giam th sau qua trnh phan hoi the loi ra se tang. Moi thay oi tren loi ra eu b phan hoi ve loi vao va lam cho the loi ra ch co the thay oi trong pham vi nhat nh. De dang thay rang he so khuyech ai cua mach phan hoi qua 2 tang nay bang Trang 84

A= Rf / re +1 (5-20) Thng Rf / re >>1 nen (5-20) tr thanh A= Rf / re (5-21) Y ngha cua (5-21) la cho: he so A ch phu thuoc cac ien tr trong mang phan hoi Rf va re ma khong phu thuoc cac yeu to khac.

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Chng VI KHUYECH AI CONG SUAT

VI.1 THUAT NG BO KHUYECH AI Co nhieu cach khac nhau e phan loai mot mach khuyech ai. Chang han co the phan loai theo che o hoat ong, phan loai theo kieu noi gia cac tang, phan loai theo dai tan so, mc tn hieu PHAN LOAI THEO CHE O HOAT ONG Che o A (hang A). Trong che o nay, transistor hoat ong trong vung tac ong. Trong che o A, cac nha thiet ke chon iem Q gia ng tai. Theo cach nay tn hieu co the co bien o toi a ma khong b meo do transistor bao hoa hoac ngng dan. Che o B (hang B). Trong che o nay, transistor c phan cc sao cho iem Q nam bien gii vung tac ong va vung ngng dan. Transistor ch dan na chu ky dng cua nguon ac. ieu nay lam giam nhiet hao ph tren transistor cong suat. Che o C (hang C). Trong che o nay, transistor c phan cc sao cho iem Q nam sau trong vung ngng dan. Transistor ch dan mot phan cua na chu ky dng cua nguon ac. Ket qua la tai collector chung ta ch nhan c mot xung ngan.
PHAN LOAI THEO KIEU NOI TANG

Hnh 6-1

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Hnh 6-1a la s o noi tang bang tu. Tu noi truyen tn hieu a c khuyech ai en tang tiep theo. Hnh 6-1b la s o noi tang bang bien the. The ac c ghep qua bien the va truyen en tang tiep theo. Trong hai cach noi tren ay, thanh phan dc c cach ly hoan toan gia cac tang khuyech ai. Hnh 6-1c la s o noi tang trc tiep. Trong o collector cua transitor th nhat c noi trc tiep en base cua transistor th hai. Trong cach noi trc tiep, ca thanh phan ac lan thanh phan dc eu c noi. Tn hieu dc c ghep t tang th nhat sang tang th hai ma khong b mat mat. Khuyech ai ghep trc tiep con goi la khuyech ai dc. PHAN LOAI THEO MIEN TAN SO Mot cach khac e phan loai mach khuyech ai la dung tan so. V du, khuyech ai am tan (audio amplifier) ch cac mach khuyech ai trong vung tan so t 20Hz en 20KHz. Khuyech ai cao tan (Radio Frequency) e ch cac bo khuyech ai co tan so tren 20KHz. Chang han khuyech ai RF trong cac radio AM khuyech ai cac tn hieu t 535KHz en 1605KHz. Khuyech ai RF trong cac radio FM khuyech ai cac tn hieu t 88MHz en 108MHz. Theo tan so ngi ta cung phan loai khuyech ai band hep va khuyech ai band rong. Khuyech ai band hep ch khuyech ai tn hieu trong mot vung tan so, chang han t 450 KHz en 460KHz. Khuyech ai band rong khuyech ai tn hieu trong mot vung tan so rong chang han t 0 en 1MHz. Khuyech ai band hep con goi la khuyech ai RF cong hng. Tai cua mach khuyech ai la mach cong hng LC. No thng dung trong cac mach chon kenh trong radio hoac TV. PHAN LOAI THEO MC TN HIEU Chung ta a xem xet hoat ong cua transistor che o tn hieu be. Trong o dong collector khi co tn hieu ac ch bang 1/10 bien o dong collector tnh. Trong che o tn hieu ln, bien o nh nh cua tn hieu co the chiem het bien o ng tai. Trong cac he thong x ly am thanh, tn hieu be t au CD c dung nh tn hieu vao cua bo tien khuyech ai. Tien khuyech ai la mach khuyech ai tn hieu be. ay, tn hieu c khuyech ai len bien o thch hp cho tang ieu chnh am sac hoac ieu chnh am lng. Sau o tn hieu c a vao tang khuyech ai cong suat. Khuyech ai cong suat la mach khuyech ai tn hieu ln. No tao ra mot cong suat t vai mW en hang tram W e a ra loa.

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VI.2 HAI NG TAI Moi mach khuyech ai co mach tng ng dc va mach tngng ac. Do o moi mach khuyech ai co 2 ng tai: ng tai ac va ng tai dc. Trong che o tn hieu be, v tr cua Q khong quan trong nhng trong che o tn hieu ln iem Q can phai gia ng tai ac e co c tn hieu cc ai ma khong b meo. ng tai DC

Hnh 6-2 Hnh 6-2a la mach khuyech ai VDB. Mot cach e di chuyen iem Q la thay oi R2 . Khi R2 rat ln transistor ri vao vung bao hoa vi dong IC bao hoa cho bi phng trnh (6-1) IC(sat) = VCC / ( RC+RE ) Neu R2 rat be transistor se ri vao vung ngng dan vi the tren transistor cc ai va bang (6-2) VCE(sat) = VCC Trang 88

ng tai AC Hnh 6-2b la mach tng ng ac cua mach khuyech ai VDB. Do RE noi GND ve mat xoay chieu nen khong anh hng en hoat ong cua mach. Hn na tr collector ac be hn tr collector dc. Khi co tn hieu ac vao, iem Q tc thi di chuyen tren ng tai ac nh hnh 6-3. Noi cach khac, dong va the xoay chieu cc ai qui nh bi ng tai ac. Do o doc cua ng tai ac ln hn o doc cua ng tai dc nen gia tr loi ra nh - nh cc ai (maximum peak to peak) MPP be hn nguon cung cap VCC . (6-3) MPP <VCC S cat khi tn hieu ln

Hnh 6-3 Khi iem Q nam gia ng tai dc nh hnh 6-3, tn hieu ac khong the dung het ng tai ac ma khong b cat. Mot mach khuyech ai tn hieu ln c thiet ke tot co Q nam gia ng tai ac. Trong trng hp nay chung ta thu c tn hieu ln nhat ma khong b cat. BIEN O TN HIEU RA ng vi mot mach khuyech ai, gia tr nh cua tn hieu ra la (6-4) MP =ICQ.rc Tn hieu ra nh - nh cc ai bang MPP = 2MP (6-5)

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VI.3 KHUYECH AI HANG A Hnh 6-4a la mach khuyech ai VDB hang A vi tn hieu ra khong b cat. Chung ta hay dan ra mot so phng trnh cho mach khuyech ai nay. HE SO KHUYECH AI CONG SUAT Chung ta nh ngha he so khuyech ai cong suat la (6-6) G= Pout / Pin He so khuyech ai cong suat bang ty so cong suat loi ra chia cho cong suat loi vao. V du mach khuyech ai hnh 6-4a co cong suat ra la 10mW va cong suat vao 10W th he so khuyech ai cong suat bang G = 10mW / 10W = 1000 CONG SUAT RA

Hnh 6-4 Neu o the ra tren hnh 6-4a bang gia tr hieu dung th cong suat ra cua mach khuyech ai tren la (6-7) Pout = V2rms / RL Neu ky hieu Vout la the ra nh nh th (6-7) tr thanh (6-8) Pout = V2out / 8RL Cong suat ra cc ai khi Vout = MPP hay (6-9) Pout(max) = MPP2 / 8RL

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Cong suat tieu tan cua transistor Khi khong co tn hieu a vao mach khuyech ai tren hnh 6-4a, cong suat tieu tan tnh bang (6-10) PDQ= VCEQ.ICQ Khi co tn hieu ac, cong suat tieu tan cua transistor giam v transistor bien mot phan cong suat tnh thanh cong suat tn hieu. Do o gii han cong suat cua transistor trong mach khuyech ai hang A phai ln hn PDQ neu khong transistor se b pha huy. Hieu suat Neu goi Idc la dong ma nguon nuoi cung cap cho bo khuyech ai th cong suat ma nguon dc cung cap cho bo khuyech ai bang (6-11) Pdc = Idc VCC e so sanh kha nang bien oi nang lng cua nguon thanh tn hieu cua cac mach khuyech ai ngi ta nh ngha hieu suat (6-12) = (Pout / Pdc) x100% Thong thng hieu suat cua mot khuyech ai hang A la 25%.

VI.4 KHUYECH AI HANG B Mach khuyech ai hang A la cach thng dung e s dung transistor trong cac mach tuyen tnh v no lam cho mach phan cc on nh nhat va n gian nhat. Nhng khuyech ai hang A khong phai la cach hieu qua nhat e van hanh transistor. Trong mot so he thong dung pin van e hieu suat rat quan trong. Phan nay se gii thieu nhng y tng chnh cua khuyech ai hang B. Hnh 6-5

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Hnh 6-5 la mach khuyech ai ay keo hang B. Khi mot transistor hoat ong che o B, no cat mot na chu ky tn hieu. e tranh sai dang chung ta co the dung 2 transistor kieu ay keo nh hnh 6-5. Push pull ngha la trong mot na chu ky cua tn hieu ch co mot transistor dan con transistor kia ngng dan. Hoat ong cua mach nh sau: vao na chu ky dng cua tn hieu vao cuon th cap cua T1 co the v1 va v2 nh hnh ve 6-5. Do o transistor Q1 dan con transistor Q2 ngng dan. Dong collector chay qua Q1 va qua cuon s cap cua bien the ra T2. ieu nay tao ra the ao pha va c khuyech ai. Bien the T2 ghep tn hieu a c khuyech ai vi loa. Vao na chu ky am cua tn hieu vao, cc tnh b ao ngc. Bay gi transistor Q2 dan, transistor Q1 ngng dan. Tn hieu cua na chu ky am lai xuat hien tren loa thong qua T2. Trong khuyech ai ay keo moi transistor khuyech ai mot na chu ky, loa nhan c ca chu ky cua tn hieu nhng a c khuyech ai. u iem va nhc iem Do khong phan cc nen khi khong co tn hieu vao, nguon nuoi khong cung cap mot dong dc nao. u iem th hai la hieu suat c cai thien en 78.5%. Do o khuyech ai ay keo hang B thng dung trong cac tang ra (tang khuyech ai cuoi cung cua thiet b). Nhc iem cua s o la dung bien the nang ne va ac tien. Ngay nay cac thiet ke mi a thay the cho khuyech ai ay keo kieu nay.

VI.5 KHUYECH AI HANG C

Hnh 6-6

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Khuyech ai hang C can dung mot mach cong hng cho tai. Do o khuyech ai hang C con goi la khuyech ai cong hng. Tan so cong hng Trong khuyech ai hang C, dong collector chay qua transistor ch trong mot phan thi gian cua mot na chu ky. Mot mach cong hng song song co the loc cac xung cua dong collector va tao ra mot the hnh sin. ng dung chu yeu cua khuyech ai hang C la mach khuyech ai RF cong hng. Hieu suat toi a cua mach khuyech ai hang C la 100%. Hnh 6-6 la s o mot mach khuyech ai RF cong hng. Tn hieu xoay chieu a vao cc base. The loi ra a c khuyech ai xuat hien tai collector. Do co mach cong hng the ra co bien o ln nhat tai tan so cong hng cua mach (6-13) fr = 1/2(LC)1/2 Hai ben tan so cong hng he so khuyech ai the giam nhanh nh hnh 6-7.

Hnh 6-7 Mach khuyech ai hang C thng dung cho cac ng dung khuyech ai RF cong hng hay khuyech ai band hep. Chung c dung nhieu trong cac mach khuyech ai RF cho tn hieu radio va TV. Cac cong thc sau ay la ap dung cho khuyech ai hang C (he so khuyech ai cong suat) G = Pout / Pin pout = v2out / 8RL pout(max)= MPP2 / 8RL Pdc =VCCIdc =(pout / pin). 100% (cong suat ra ac) (cong suat ra ac toi a) (cong suat vao dc) (hieu suat) Trang 93

VI.6 KHUYECH AI CHUNG COLLECTOR Mach khuyech ai chung collector con goi la mach lap lai emitter. Tn hieu ac can khuyech ai c a vao base. The ra lay tren emitter.

Hnh 6-8 Hnh 6-8 la s o mot mach khuyech ai CC. The vao c a vao base. No setup mot dong emitter va tao ra the emitter. The nay noi qua tu ra tai. Goi la mach khuyech ai lap lai v the ra giong the vao ve bien o va pha. Thc vay, co the rut ra cac gia tr cua mach nh sau. Tr emitter ac (6-14) re = RE // RL He so khuyech ai the Hnh 6-9 la s o tng ng mo hnh ch T cua mach CC.

Hnh 6-9

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Dung nh luat Ohm co the viet cac phng trnh sau vout = iere vin = ie (re + re ) (6-15) A = re / (re + re ) Thong thng chon re > re nen A1. Tr khang vao cua mach base (6-16) zin(base) = (re + re ) Tr khang vao cua mach khuyech ai CC (6-17) zin(stage) = R1//R2//(re + re )

VI.7 TR KHANG RA CUA MACH KHUYECH AI Tr khang ra cua mot bo khuyech ai giong nh tr khang Thevenin. u iem cua mach khuyech ai CC la co tr khang ra thap. Cong suat tren tai toi a khi co s phu hp gia tr khang nguon va tr khang tai. Chang han e co cong suat toi a tren tai la loa th can s dung mach khuyech ai CC co tr khang ra thap.

Hnh 6-10 Hnh 6-10a ch ra mot nguon ac thuc mot bo khuyech ai. Ben loi vao do co RG nen se co sut the qua no. Chung ta co the dung mach hnh 6-10b e tnh the vao. Ben loi ra cung co the ap dung nh ly Thevenin. T pha tai nhn vao bo khuyech ai chung ta thay mot tr khang ra zout. Trang 95

Tr khang ra cua mach khuyech ai CE

Hnh 6-11 Hnh 6-11a cho thay mach tng ng ac pha ra cua bo khuyech ai CE. Khi ap dung nh ly Thevenin chung ta thu c hnh 6-11b. Tr khang ra cua mach chnh la RC. V he so khuech ai cua mach CE phu thuoc RC , do o mach CE kho co the co tr khang ra thap ma khong mat mat he so khuyech ai the. Tr khang ra cua mach khuyech ai CC Hnh 6-12a la s o mach tng ng ac cua mot bo khuyech ai CC. Tr khang ra cua mach bang (6-18) zout = RE // (re + (RG // R1 // R2) / ) Trong thiet ke R1 va R2 va ien tr ac re cua emitter co the bo qua ben canh gia tr be cua RG / . V vay cuoi cung (6-19) zout = RG / Theo (6-19), mach CC lam giam tr khang nguon lan. Do o no co the cung cap mot cong suat u ln tren tai la loa co tr khang thap. e at c cong suat toi a tren tai RL cac nha thiet ke chon gia tr cua cac linh kien sao cho (6-20) Zout = RL Phng trnh (6-20) goi la ieu kien phoi hp tr khang.

Hnh 6-12 Trang 96

VI.8 NOI DARLINGTON Noi Darlington la noi gia 2 transistor e tao thanh mot transistor co he so khuyech ai dong bang tch he so khuyech ai dong cua cac transistor rieng re. Mach transistor noi Darlington cho tr khang vao rat cao va dong ra rat ln. Noi Darlington thng dung trong cac mach on ap va khuyech ai cong suat.

Hnh 6-13 CAP DARLINGTON. Hnh 6-13a cho thay mot cap Darlington. Do dong emitter cua Q1 la dong base cua Q2 nen cap Darlington co he so khuyech ai toan the bang: (6-21) =12 Nha may san xuat linh kien ban dan co the at cap transistor Darlington trong mot vo va goi la transistor Darlington nh hnh 6-13b. V du TP102 la transistor Darlington cong suat co he so =1000 tai dong bang 3A. DARLINGTON BU Hnh 6-13c cho thay mot cach noi Darlington khac goi la Darlington bu. Darlington bu gom mot transistor pnp va mot transistor npn. Dong collector cua Q1 la dong base cua Q2. He so cua Darlington bu cung xac nh bi phng trnh (6-21).

Hnh 6-14

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V du: Cho mach tren hnh 6-14. Transistor Darlington co =10000. Tnh tr khang vao va tn hieu ra nh - nh cc ai cua mach. re = 60//30 = 20 Tr khang vao cua Q1 bang zin(base) = 10000(20) =200K Dong emitter dc cua Q2 la: IEQ= (10V-1.4V)/ 60 = 143mA The collector-emitter tnh bang VCEQ=15V- (60.143mA) = 15V 8.6V = 6.4V The xoay chieu nh tai emitter bang ICQ.re = (143mA)(20)= 2.86V MPP =2 VCEQ =2(2.86)=5.72V

VI.9 LAP LAI EMITTER AY KEO HANG B Khuyech ai hang B co ngha la dong collector ch ton tai trong chu ky cua tn hieu. e ieu nay xay ra, iem Q phai trong vung ngng dan. u iem cua khuyech ai hang B la dong cung cap t nguon be va hieu suat cao.

Hnh 6-15

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Hnh 6-15a la s o mach lap lai emitter ay keo hang B. Cac ien tr phan cc nham setup iem Q tai vung ngng dan vi the tren diode emitter c 0.6V en 0.7V. Mot cach ly tng th phan cc hang B lam cho ICQ=0 V cac ien tr phan cc co gia tr bang nhau, cac diode emitter co ien ap cung bang nhau nen the ri tren moi transistor bang mot na gia tr nguon nuoi, hay (6-22) VCEQ = VCC / 2 NG TAI AC

Hnh 6-16 Hnh 6-16 cho thay ng tai ac. Khi transistor ang dan iem hoat ong cua transistor dch chuyen doc theo ng tai t v tr ngng dan en bao hoa. The ra cc ai nh nh bang (6-23) MPP=VCC PHAN TCH AC Hnh 6-17 la mach tng ng cua transistor ang dan. Mach nay giong mach tng ng ac cua khuyech ai transistor hang A. Bo qua re th A1 (6-24) Tr khang vao cua base bang (6-25) zin(base) = RL

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Hnh 6-17

Hoat ong tong quat cua mach nh sau: Na chu ky dng transistor pha tren dan, transistor pha di ngng dan. Transistor pha tren giong nh mot mach lap lai emitter thong thng do o the tren tai bang the vao. Ngc lai, na chu ky am transistor pha di dan, transistor pha tren ngng dan. Transistor pha di cung giong nh mot mach lap lai emitter thong thng do o the tren tai bang the vao. ac iem cua mach la co tr khang vao cao neu nh dung cac transistor Darlington. MEO XUYEN TAM

Hnh 6-18 Neu khong phan cc cho 2 transistor nh mach hnh 6-18, the ra cua bo khuyech ai se b meo khi tn hieu vao cha vt mc 0.7V. e tranh sai dang ngi ta phan cc nhe cho transistor e iem Q nam pha tren vung ngng dan mot chut. Thong thng chon ICQ bang 1 en 5% cua IC(sat). Trang 100

Cac cong thc sau ay ap dung cho khuyech ai ay keo hang B. (he so khuyech ai cong suat) G = Pout / Pin pout = v2out / 8RL pout(max)= MPP2 / 8RL Pdc =VCCIdc =(pout / pin). 100% (cong suat ra ac) (cong suat ra ac toi a) (cong suat vao dc) (hieu suat)

CONG SUAT TIEU TAN CUA TRANSISTOR Ly tng th cong suat tieu tan cua transistor hang B bang 0 v khong co dong dc. Neu co phan cc chong meo xuyen tam th cong suat tieu tan cua transistor cung rat nho. Khi co tn hieu vao, cong suat tieu tan cua transistor tr nen ang ke. Cong suat tieu tan cua moi transistor trong khuyech ai ay keo hang B co the tnh theo cong thc sau: PD(max) = MPP2 / 40RL (6-26)

VI.10 PHAN CC KHUYECH AI AY KEO HANG B Kho khan nhat khi thiet ke mach khuyech ai ay keo hang B la at iem Q gan vung ngng dan. Hnh 6-19a cho thay mach phan cc bang cau chia the. e tranh sai dang xuyen tam ngi ta phan cc nhe cho cap transistor vi VBE 0.6V en 0.7V. Nhng co mot kho khan la dong collector rat nhay vi thay oi cua the VBE . So lieu cua transistor cho thay neu VBE tang 60mV th dong collector co the tang 10 lan. Thng ngi ta thay ien tr bang bien tr e chon iem Q phu hp. Nhng no van khong giai quyet c van e nhiet o. iem Q co the rat tot tai nhiet o phong nhng no se thay oi khi nhiet o thay oi (ieu nay la khong tranh khoi tai tang cong suat). Vi cach phan cc nh hnh 6-19a th gia s nhiet o tang ma the phan cc base khong oi (trong khi VBE giam) se lam tang nhanh chong dong collector, ket qua la transistor se b chet do qua nhiet.

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Hnh 6-19 Can phai bu lai the phan cc base cua transistor khi nhiet o thay oi. Giai phap la dung mach diode bu nh hnh 6-19b. Tnh chat cua diode bu phai giong nh diode emitter cua transistor. Neu nhiet o tang 10C th the tren diode bu giam 2mV. Do o mach se co tac dung bu nhiet o. Thc te la khi nhiet o tang the phan cc se giam, do o dong collector cung se giam. V du: Cho mach khuyech ai ay keo hang B nh hnh 6-20. Tnh dong collector tnh va hieu suat cc ai cua mach. Giai: Dong phan cc qua diode bu bang Ibias = (20V 1.4V)/ 2(3.9K) = 2.38mA ay chnh la gia tr cua dong collector tnh do hieu ng gng dong ien. Dong collector bao hoa bang Ic(sat) = VCEQ / RL = 10V / 10 = 1A

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Hnh 6-20

Gia tr trung bnh cua dong collector bang Iav = Ic(sat)/ = 1A / = 0.318A Dong collector tong bang Idc = 2.38mA + 0.318A =0.32A Cong suat vao dc bang Pdc = (20V)(0.32A)= 6.4W Cong suat ra ac cc ai bang Pout(max) = MPP2/8RL = (20V)2 / 8.10 = 5W Hieu suat cua mach bang = (Pout/Pdc)x100% = (5/6.4)x100% =78.1%

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Chng VII CAC HIEU NG TAN SO CUA MACH KHUYECH AI

VII.1 AP TUYEN TAN SO CUA MOT BO KHUYECH AI ap tuyen tan so cua mot bo khuyech ai la gian o quan he gia he so khuyech ai va tan so. Trong phan nay chung ta se phan tch ap tuyen tan so cua mot mach khuyech ai ac va dc. AP TUYEN CUA MACH KHUYECH AI AC

Hnh 7-1 Hnh 7-1 cho thay ap tuyen tan so cua mach khuyech ai ac. gia ap tuyen he so khuyech ai co gia tr ln nhat. Noi cach khac mach hoat ong bnh thng vung gia cac tan so. Tai tan thap do cac tu noi va tu thong dan khong hoan toan noi tat nen he so khuyech ai the giam. Cang gan 0Hz he so A cang giam. Tai tan so cao he so A cung b suy giam v nhng ly do khac. Chang han, gia cac moi noi cua transistor co cac tu ien ky sinh nh hnh 7-2a. Nhng tu nay tao ra ng thong dan cho tn hieu ac. tan so cao, tr khang cua cac tu nay u be va chung ngan can hoat ong bnh thng cua transistor. Ket qua la gia tr cua A b suy giam tan so cao. Mot ly do khac lam cho A suy giam tan so cao la cac tu ky sinh cua cac day noi. Ve nguyen tac mot day dan la 1 ban tu. Gia mot day dan va GND hnh thanh mot tu ien ky sinh nh hnh 7-2b.

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a) Hnh 7-2

b)

TAN SO CAT Tan so ma tai o he so khuyech ai the bang 0.707 gia tr cc ai goi la tan so cat. Tren hnh 7-1, f1 la tan so cat thap con f2 la tan so cat cao. Tan so cat con c goi la tan so na cong suat v tai tan so cat cong suat ra ch bang cong suat cc ai. MIDBAND Chung ta nh ngha midband cua mot bo khuyech ai la vung cua cac tan so nam gia 10f1 va 0.1f2. Trong midband he so khuyech ai the xap x gia tr cc ai va ky hieu la Amid. Ba ac trng quan trong cua mot mach khuyech ai la Amid , f1 va f2. OUTSIDE THE MIDBAND Mot mach khuyech ai bnh thng ch hoat ong trong vung midband. Tuy nhien chung ta se xem xet he so khuyech ai the ngoai vung midband. ay la cong thc tnh A cho mot mach khuyech ai ac. (7-1) A=Amid / ((1+(f1/f)1/2 + (1+f/f2)1/2) Phng trnh nay gia s rang co 1 tu nao o quy nh tan so cat thap f1 va mot tu khac quy nh tan so cat cao f2. Co the thay rang tai midband A=Amid . Tren midband (7-2) A = Amid / (1+f/f2)1/2 Di midband (7-3) A=Amid / (1+f1/f)1/2

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AP TUYEN CUA MOT KHUYECH AI DC

Hnh 7-3 Hnh 7-3 la ap tuyen cua mot bo khuyech ai dc. Do khong co tan so cat thap f1 nen ch co 2 thong so cua ap tuyen tan so cua bo khuyech ai dc la Amid va f2. Hau het cac bo khuyech ai thng dung la bo khuyech ai dc v chung c tch hp trong IC. o la cac bo khuyech ai OPAMP. ac iem cua khuyech ai OP AMP la he so khuyech ai the rat ln, tr khang vao cao, tr khang ra thap.

VII.2 SO O DECIBEL Trong phan nay chung ta se xem xet khai niem decibel nh mot so o thong so cua mach khuyech ai. Nhng trc het hay on lai mot chut ly thuyet toan hoc ve logarit. Cho phng trnh (7-4) x = 10y Khi o y=log10x Thong thng 10 c hieu ngam do o co the viet y=logx (7-5) Chang han y=log10 =1 y=log100 =2 y=log1000 =3 neu x tang 10 lan th y tang 1 lan. Trang 106

y=log0.1=-1 y=log0.01=-2 y=log0.001=-3 neu x giam 10 lan th y giam 1 lan. NH NGHA HE SO GdB Chung ta a nh ngha he so khuyech ai cong suat G = pout / pin
He so khuyech ai cong suat decibel c nh ngha la

GdB = 10 logG

(7-6)

G la ai lng khong co th nguyen, do o GdB cung khong co th nguyen, nhng e tranh nham lan gia G va GdB chung ta them n v decibel (dB) sau GdB . Bang sau ay cho thay quan he gia A va AdB cho mot vai gia tr ien hnh cua G. G 1 2 0.5 10 0.01 100 1000 GdB =10logG 0 +3 -3 +10 -10 +20 +30

NH NGHA HE SO AdB Chung ta a nh ngha he so khuyech ai the A= vout / vin He so khuyech ai the decibel c nh ngha la (7-7) AdB = 20 logA Ly do cua viec s dung he so 20 thay cho he so 10 trong phng trnh (7-7) la v cong suat ty le vi bnh phng hieu ien the. Theo (7-7) neu mot mach khuyech ai co he so A=105 th he so khuyech ai the decibel bang AdB = 20 log105 = 100dB Bang sau ay cho thay quan he gia A va AdB cho mot vai gia tr ien hnh cua A. Trang 107

A 1 2 0.5 10 0.01 100 1000

AdB =20logA 0 +6 -6 +20 -20 +40 +60

Khi biet GdB hoac AdB co the tnh ra he so khuyech ai cong suat G va he so khuyech ai the A theo phng trnh sau (7-8) G =antilog(GdB/10) (7-9) A=antilog(AdB/20) ai lng Decibel oi khi con dung nh mot so o chuan cua cong suat hoac the. CONG SUAT MILIWATT Decibel oi khi c dung e o cong suat ln hn 1 mW. Khi o ngi ta ky hieu la dBm (ch m la viet tac cua miliwatt). (7-10) PdBm= 10log(P/1mW) V du neu cong suat la 2W th PdBm= 10log(2W/1mW)=10log2000=33dBm Co the tnh ra P neu biet dBm theo phng trnh sau: (7-11) P = antilog (PdBm/10) (mW) Bang sau cho thay quan he gia cong suat P va PdBm Power 1W 10W 100W 1mW 10mW 100mW 1W PdBm -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

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THE CHUAN 1VOLT Decibel oi khi cung c dung e o mc the ln hn 1V. Khi o ngi ta ky hieu la dBV (ch V la viet tat cua Volt). (7-12) VdBV= 20logV V du neu the la 25V th VdBV = 20log25 = 28 dBV Co the tnh ra V neu biet dBV theo phng trnh sau: (7-13) V = antilog (VdBV/ 20) Bang sau cho thay quan he gia the V va VdBV Voltage 10V 100V 1mV 10mV 100mV 1V 10V 100V VdBV -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 +10 +20

VII.3 PHOI HP TR KHANG

Hnh 7-4

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Hnh 7-4a cho thay mot tang khuyech ai co tr khang nguon la RG, ien tr vao Rin , ien tr ra Rout va tr tai la RL. Ve nguyen tac gia tr cac tr khang vao ra ay la khac nhau. Trong cac he thong truyen tin nh microware, television, telephone, network thng co ieu kien phoi hp tr khang, ngha la RG = Rin = Rout = RL Hnh 7-4b mo ta y tng nay. Tat ca cac ien tr bang nhau va bang R. Tr khang R bang 50 trong cac he thong viba, 75 oi vi cable ong truc (calbe mang) hoac 300 trong cable truyen hnh hay 600 trong cable ien thoai. S phoi hp tr khang c dung trong cac he thong nay v no tao ra cong suat truyen toi a. Tren hnh 7-4b, cong suat vao bang pin =v2in / R Cong suat ra bang pout =v2out / R He so khuyech ai cong suat G= pout / pin = v2out / v2in (7-14) Vay G=A2 Theo (7-14) he so khuyech ai cong suat bang bnh phng he so khuyech ai the trong cac he thong co phoi hp tr khang. Bieu dien bang decibel th GdB = 10logG=10logA2 = 20logA (7-15) Suy ra GdB =AdB Theo (7-15), he so khuyech ai cong suat decibel bang he so khuyech ai the decibel trong cac he thong co phoi hp tr khang. VII.4 GIAN O BODE

Hnh 7-5

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Hnh 7-5 cho thay ap tuyen tan so cua mot bo khuyech ai ac. Mac du no cha mot so thong tin nh he so khuyech ai tan so gia va cac tan so cat nhng no khong cho phep mo ta ay u ve hoat ong cua mot bo khuyech ai. Gian o Bode la cong cu cho nhieu thong tin hn ve hoat ong cua mot bo khuyech ai ngoai vung tan so gia. OCTAVES Trong he 2, mot so ng ben trai mot so khac ln hn no 2 lan. Trong am nhac, t octave co ngha la gap oi ve tan so. Khi di chuyen len tren mot octave chung ta co tan so gap oi. Trong ien t, octave co ngha tng t. Khi f1/ f =2 chung ta noi rang f di f1 mot octave. Khi f/f2 =2 chung ta noi rang f tren f2 mot octave. DECADES Decades co ngha tng t octave nhng dung he so 10 thay v he so 2. Khi f1/ f =10 chung ta noi rang f di f1 mot decade. Khi f/f2 = 10 chung ta noi rang f tren f2 mot decade. THANG O TUYEN TNH VA THANG O LOGARIT Cac gian o thong thng la gian o dung thang o tuyen tnh tren ca 2 truc. ieu nay co ngha la khoang cach gia cac so la giong nhau oi vi moi gia tr tren truc so nh hnh 7-6a. Trong thang o tuyen tnh cac so bat au t so 0 va tang tuyen tnh en cac so ln.

Hnh 7-6 oi khi chung ta dung thang o logarit v no nen cac gia tr rat ln cua so lieu va cho phep chung ta nhn thay nhieu decade. Hnh 7-6b cho thay mot thang o logarit. Lu y rang so c anh t 1. Khoang cach gia 1 va 2 la ln hn khoang cach gia 9 va 10. Thang o logarit thch hp vi cac so o Trang 111

decibel. Ngoai thang o tuyen tnh va thang o logarit ngi ta con dung thang o ban logarit. Thang o ban logarit dung thang o tuyen tnh tren truc tung con truc hoanh dung thang o logarit. Chung ta dung thang o ban logarit e bieu dien cac quan he nh he so khuyech ai the tren nhieu decade cua tan so. GIAN O DECIBEL CUA HE SO KHUYECH AI THE Hnh 7-7 ch ra ap tuyen tan so cua mot bo khuyech ai ac.

Hnh 7-7 Gian o tng t hnh 7-5, nhng chung ta bieu th he so khuyech ai bang decibel theo tan so tren thang logarit. Gian o nh vay goi la gian o Bode. Truc tung la thang o tuyen tnh con truc hoanh la thang o logarit. Theo gian o, he so khuyech ai decibel at gia tr cc ai gia. Tai tan so cat he so khuyech ai giam va giam vi toc o 20dB/dec. Tai tan so cat, he so khuyech ai the bang 0.707. Do o he so khuyech ai theo decibel tai tan so cat bang AdB = 20log0.707 =-3dB Gian o Bode hnh 7-7 la gian o Bode ly tng a c ly tng hoa. Gian o Bode ly tng cho phep ve ap tuyen tan so cua mot bo khuyech ai nhanh va de dang. V du chung ta co gian o Bode ly tng nh hnh 7-8. Chung ta co the thay cac thong tin sau ay. He so khuyech ai gia la 40dB. Tan so cat la 1KHz va 100KHz. o doc cua ac tuyen ben di va tren tan so cat la 20dB/dec. Ngoai ra chung ta cung thay rang he so khuyech ai the decibel bang 0dB (A=1) tai tan so 10Hz va 100MHz.

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Hnh 7-8

VII.5 HIEU NG MILLER Hnh 7-9a ch ra mot mach khuyech ai ao co he so khuyech ai the bang A. Tren hnh 7-9a, tu ien C noi gia loi vao va ra cua bo khuyech ai goi la tu phan hoi bi v tn hieu loi ra c a tr lai loi vao.

Hnh 7-9 Mach nh the rat kho phan tch v tu phan hoi anh hng en ca mach loi ra lan mach loi vao.

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nh ly Miller cho phep phan tch tu phan hoi thanh 2 tu rieng re nh hnh 7-9b. Trong o (7-16) Cin = C(A+1) (7-17) Cout = C(A+1)/ A Co the thay rang Cout C nhng Cin ln hn tu phan hoi A+1 lan. Hien tng nay goi la hieu ng Miller. No c dung e tao ra mot tu ao ln hn tu phan hoi nhieu lan. Mat khac hieu ng Miller con cho thay rang tu phan hoi tao ra mot mach tre (lag circuit) loi vao cua bo khuyech ai. Chnh tu Cin la tu chu yeu quy nh tan so cat thap cua bo khuyech ai. QUAN HE GIA BANDWIDTH VA THI GIAN TANG Xet mach RC au vao cua bo khuyech ai. Ban au tu khong tch ien nh hnh 7-10a.

Hnh 7-10 Neu ong mach tu se c nap theo ham mu t gia tr 0 en nguon cung cap V. Thi gian tang TR cua mach RC c nh ngha la thi gian ma the tren tu tang t 10% en 90% gia tr cc ai. De dang tnh c (7-18) TR =2.2RC Thi gian tang ln hn thi hang RC mot chut. Nh a noi tren, mot bo khuyech ai dc co mot mach tre RC loi vao ma no lam cho he so khuyech ai the decibel giam 20dB/dec. Tan so cat cua mach RC nay cho bi f2=1/2RC Lu y en phng trnh (7-18) th Trang 114

(7-19) f2=0.35/TR Phng trnh (7-19) la quan he gia thi gian tang va band thong cua mach. Trong mach khuyech ai dc band thong co ngha la tat ca cac tan so t 0 en tan so cat. Band thong la cach noi khac cua tan so cat. Chang han noi mot mach khuyech ai dc co band thong 100KHz co ngha la tan so cat cua mach cung la 100KHz.

VII.6 PHAN TCH TAN SO CUA BO KHUYECH AI Chung ta se phan tch ay cac hieu ng tan so cua mot bo khuyech ai CE phan cc bang cau chia the. Tan so cat thap f1 cua bo khuyech ai CE quy nh bi: a) Tu noi vao Khi mot tn hieu ac c a vao bo khuyech ai, mach tng ng nh hnh 7-11.

Hnh 7-11 Mach noi co tan so cat bang (7-20) f1= 1/2RC trong o R gom RG va Rin. b) Tu noi ra Hnh 7-12a cho thay mach tng ng loi ra cua mot bo khuyech ai. Ap dung nh ly Thevenin chung ta thu c mach hnh 7-12b. Co the dung (7-20) e tnh tan so cat thap, trong o R bang tong cua RL va RC

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Hnh 7-12 Tan so cat cao f2 cua khuyech ai CE quy nh bi cac tu ky sinh tren collector

Hnh 7-13 Hnh 7-13 cho thay mot mach CE vi tu ky sinh Cstray . Tu Cc la tu gia cc C va cc B ben trong transistor. Mac du Cstray va Cc rat be nhng tai tan so cao chung se co anh hng. Trang 116

Hnh 7-14 la mach tng ng Thevenin cua mach hnh 7-13. Tan so cat cua mach nay la (7-22) f2= 1/2RC trong o R=RL//RC va C = Cstray + Cc

Hnh 7-14

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Chng VIII CAC LINH KIEN BAN DAN AC BIET

Transistor lng cc co 2 loai ien tch: electron t do va lo trong. ieu nay giai thch tai sao goi la transitor lng cc. Trong chng nay chung ta se xem xet mot loai transistor khac goi la transistor hieu ng trng (field effect transistor- FET). Thiet b nay la n cc v hoat ong cua no ch da tren mot loai ien tch hoac la electron t do hoac la lo trong. Noi cach khac FET ch co phan t tai c ban ma khong co phan t tai khong c ban. oi vi hau het cac ng dung tuyen tnh, transistor thch hp hn. Nhng co mot so ng dung, FET lai co nhieu u iem hn do tr khang vao cao va mot so ac trng khac. Mat khac trong cac thiet b so, FET lai tot hn transistor v no co toc o nhanh hn transistor. Co 2 loai transistor n cc la JFET va MOSFET. Trong chng nay se xem xet chung.

VIII.1

JFET (Junction FET)

Hnh 8-1 Hnh 8-1a cho thay mot mau ban dan loai n. au pha di goi la nguon (Source), au pha tren goi la mang (Drain). Nguon cung cap VDD buoc cac electron chay thanh dong t nguon en mang. e co JFET, nha may pha tap 2 vung p vao thanh ban dan loai n nh hnh 8-1b. Cac vung ban dan loai p nay c noi ben trong va ch co mot au ra goi la cc cong G. Trang 118

Hnh 8-2a cho thay mach phan cc cho JFET.

Hnh 8-2 oi vi JFET, chung ta luon luon phan cc ngc diode cong nguon. Do phan cc ngc, dong cong xap x bang 0. ieu nay co ngha la JFET co ien tr vao bang vo cung (thng la hang tram M). ay la u iem cua JFET so vi transistor. o la ly do giai thch v sao JFET la rat tot trong cac ng dung yeu cau tr khang vao cao, chang han bo lap lai nguon (source fllower). THE GATE IEU KHIEN DONG MANG Tren hnh 8-2a, cac electron chay t nguon en mang phai qua kenh hep gia cac vung ngheo. Khi the phan cc am hn, lp ngheo rong ra va kenh dan cua JFET hep hn. Ro rang la bang cach thay oi the VGS co the ieu khien dong ien chay gia nguon va mang. JFET la thiet b ieu khien bi ien the v the vao ieu khien dong ra. Trong JFET, the VGS quy nh dong mang nguon. Khi VGS bang 0 dong mang la cc ai. Khi VGS u ln hai vung ngheo cham nhau th dong mang bang khong. Hnh 8-2b la s o ky hieu cua JFET kenh n v kenh dan gia nguon va mang la ban dan loai n. Trong cac ng dung tan so thap cc mang D va cc nguon G la co the oi cho cho nhau. Nhng trong cac ng dung tan so cao th khong the trao oi D va G v tu tap tan gia DG va DS la khac nhau ang ke. Ngoai JFET kenh n con co JFET kenh p. Ky hieu JFET kenh p nh JFET kenh n nhng mui ten hng ngc lai. Hoat ong cua JFET kenh p la bo tuc vi JFET kenh n.

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NG CONG MANG Hnh 8-3a cho thay mot mach phan cc JFET.

Hnh 8-3 Trong mach nay the VGS bang nguon VGG va the nguon mang VDS bang the nguon cc mang VDD. Co nh VGS=0V (bang cach ngan mach cc cong nh hnh 8-3b) va bang cach thay oi the VDS chung ta se thu c ng cong IDS(VDS). Khi tang VDS t gia tr 0, dong IDS tang tuyen tnh. Khi VDS=VP th dong IDS at en gia tr bao hoa IDSS. Khi VDS vt qua VDS(max) dong qua JFET tang nhanh do no b anh thung. Gia tr VP goi la the pinchoff. Vung tac ong cua JFET nam gia VP va VDS(max). Trong vung nay JFET ong vai tro mot nguon dong co gia tr IDSS khi VGS=0. Vung gii han bi the Vp va VDS=0 goi la vung ohmic. o la vung ma JFET hoat ong nh mot ien tr co gia tr bang: RDS = VP / IDSS Chang han neu Vp =4V va IDSS=10mA th RDS = 4V/ 10mA = 400 Khi JFET nay hoat ong trong vung Ohmic no luon luon co ien tr bang 400. Hnh 8-4 la ho ac tuyen IDS (VDS). ng cong tren cung ng vi VGS=0. ng cong di cung ng vi trng hp VGS = -4V, tai o dong mang hau nh bang 0. The nay goi la the that cc cong, ky hieu la VGS(off). The VP=4V va the VGS(0ff) =-4V ieu nay khong phai ngau nhien v ng vi chung, cac vung ngheo ien tch cham nhau. Cac bang tra cu cho mot trong hai gia tr nay va chung ta suy ra gia tr con lai nh phng trnh

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Vp=-VGS(off)

(8-1)

Hnh 8-4 ng cong truyen dan ng cong truyen dan cua JFET la ng cong quan he ID va VGS nh hnh 8-5a.

Hnh 8-5 ng cong truyen dan cua moi JFET la giong nhau nh hnh 8-5. Cac iem au cuoi cua chung la VGS(off) va IDSS. Trang 121

Phng trnh cua ng cong nay la: ID = IDSS(1- VGS / VGS(off) )2 (8-2)

VIII.2

PHAN CC JFET

Hnh 8-6a cho thay mach phan cc cc cong. Mot nguon am -VGG ap vao cc cong thong qua tr phan cc RG. ieu nay tao ra dong mang nho hn dong mang bao hoa IDSS. The mang bang VD = VDD - IDRD (8-3)

Phan cc cc cong la phan cc kem on nh nhat. Tuy nhien ngi ta hay dung cach phan cc nay khi s dung JFET trong vung ien tr. PHAN CC TRONG VUNG TAC ONG Hnh 8-5b cho thay mach phan cc bang cau chia the.

Hnh 8-6 The tren ien tr nguon RS bang VS = VG - VGS Dong mang ID = (VG-VGS) / RS VG / RS (8-5) (8-4)

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PHAN CC BANG NGUON OI Hnh 8-7 cho thay mach phan cc cho JFET bang nguon oi. Dong mang cho bi

Hnh 8-7 ID = (VSS-VGS)/RS = VSS/RS (8-6)

Theo (8-6) dong mang gan nh khong phu thuoc nhiet o va ban than JFET.

Hnh 8-8 Trang 123

T PHAN CC Hnh 8-8 cho thay mach t phan cc cua JFET. Dong mang tao ra the tren cc nguon bang VS = IDRS Do o the VGS = - IDRS (8-7)

(8-8)

HE SO TRUYEN DAN CUA JFET e phan tch mot mach khuyech ai dung JFET chung ta nh ngha he so truyen dan (Tranconductance) cua JFET nh sau: gm = id / vgs (8-8)

Trong o id la dong mang ac con vgs la the cong nguon ac. gm cho thay anh hng cua the nguon cong trong viec ieu khien dong mang. Ro rang rang gm cang ln th vi vgs cho trc co the tao dong mang ln hn. V du neu id=0.2mA va vgs=0.1Vpp th gm = 0.2mA/ 0.1V = 2.10-3 mho = 2000 S n v cua he so truyen dan la mho hay Siemen (S) Lien he gia gm0 va VGS(off) cua mot JFET nh sau VGS(off) = -2IDDS/ gm0 Trong o gm0 la gm tai VGS=0. He so truyen dan tai VGS bat ky tnh theo cong thc gm = gm0 (1-VGS / VGS(off)) (8-11) (8-10)

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VIII.3

KHUYECH AI DUNG JFET

Hnh 8-9a cho thay mot mach khuyech ai dung JFET kieu nguon chung CS. che o ac cac tu la ngan mach. Nguon ac vao c at len cac cc GS. ieu nay tao ra dong mang ac. Dong mang ac tao sut the tren tr mang RD . The tren cc mang cua JFET la a c khuyech ai ao pha so vi the vao. Hnh 8-9b cho thay mach tng ng ac. ien tr mang rd bang rd = Rd//RL

Hnh 8-9 He so khuyech ai the bang

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A = vout / vin = gmvin rd / vin = gmrd (8-12)

JFET thng dung trong cac mach khuyech ai loi vao nhieu thap, cac bo em. JFET cung thng dung trong cac chuyen mach so, cac bo don va tach kenh. Mot so ng dung dung FET nh mot ien tr ieu khien bi ien the (mach AGC).

VIII.4

MOSFET

FET ban dan oxit kim loai (Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET) la thiet b 3 cc: Cong, Nguon va Mang nh FET. Nhng cc cong cua MOSFET cach ien hoan toan vi kenh dan. Do o dong cong cua MOSFET nho hn dong cong cua JFET. Co 2 loai MOSFET la MOSFET che o hiem va MOSFET che o cai tien. MOSFET che o cai tien c dung rong rai trong mach ri cung nh mach tch hp. Trong mach tch hp MOSFET dung chu yeu nh digital switch, mot qua trnh c ban trong may tnh. Trong phan nay ch trnh bay MOSFET cai tien, con goi la E-MOSFET. Hnh 8-10a cho thay mot E-MOSFET.

Hnh 8-10

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Cc cong la cach ien hoan toan vi kenh dan bang SiO2. Vung P goi la Subtrate. Khi phan cc Subtrate c noi vi cc nguon. E-MOSFET dung the cong nguon VGS dng. Khi VGS=0 kenh dan gia S va D b nghen. Khi VGS dng, no hut cac electron t do vao vung P. Tai ay chung b tai hp vi lo trong ben canh lp silicon oxide. Khi VGS u ln, no lam cac lo trong gan lp oxide silicon b lap ay va do o tao ra mot lp ban dan loai n. Khi no ton tai cac electron co the chay t cc nguon en cc mang tao ra dong mang. The VGS toi thieu tao ra lp ban dan loai n goi la the ngng, ky hieu la VGS(th). Gia tr cua VGS(th) thng la t 1 en 3V. Hnh 8-11 la ac tuyen ID(VDS) cua E-MOSFET tn hieu be.

Hnh 8-11 ng cong di cung ng vi VGS(th). Khi VGS < VGS(th) dong mang bang 0. Khi VGS> VGS(th) E-MOSFET dan va dong mang phu thuoc VGS. Mac du co the s dung E-MOSFET trong vung tac ong, ngi ta thng dung EMOSFET chu yeu trong vung ien tr. Ky hieu s o: E-MOSFET gom 2 loai: kenh n va kenh p ky hieu nh hnh ve 8-12.

Hnh 8-12 Trang 127

The cong nguon toi a. MOSFET co mot lp oxide silicon mong ong vai tro cach ien gia cong va kenh dan. Khi VGS vut qua mot gia tr nao o co the anh thung s cach ien nay va MOSFET b hong. Chang han 2N7000 co VGS(max)=20V. Neu the VGS dng hn hoac am hn 20V th co the pha huy 2N7000. Cac xung chuyen khi cam hoac thao MOSFET vao thiet b ang co nguon co the lam hong MOSFET. Tham ch ien tch tnh (electrostatic) cung co the vt qua VGS(max) va lam hong MOSFET khi chung ta cam chung tren tay. V vay cac thiet b MOSFET can phai c chong tnh ien (bang vo chong tnh ien) va khong c cam nong (hot plug). ien tr mang nguon khi dan. Khi MOSFET c phan cc trong vung ien tr, no tng ng vi mot ien tr RDS(on). Cac tai lieu ky thuat thng cho RDS(on) ng vi mot gia tr cua ID va the VGS. Khi o RDS(on)= VDS(on)/ ID(on) (8-13)

Bang 8-1 cho thay mot so cac so lieu cua vai MOSFET Device VN2406L BS107 2N7000 VN10LM MPF830 IRFD120 VGS(th) (V) 1.5 1.75 2 2.5 2.5 3 VGS(on) (V) 2.5 2.6 4.5 5 10 10 ID(on) (mA) 100 20 75 200 1000 600 RDS(on) 10 28 6 7.5 0.8 0.3 ID(max) (mA) 200 250 200 300 2000 800 PD(max) (mW) 350 350 350 1000 1000 1000

VIII.5

CHUYEN MACH SO

MOS a lam nen cuoc cach mang trong cong nghiep may tnh. Trc khi co MOS, may tnh dung en hoac transistor co kch thc ln, tieu ton nhieu nang lng. Vi the ngng be va dong vao bang 0, MOS la thiet b chuyen mach ly tng. Khi the vao ln hn the ngng MOS chuyen t Off sang bao hoa. S chuyen gia 2 trang thai on/off la y tng chnh e xay dng may tnh. May tnh dung hang chuc trieu MOS nh la cac cong tac e x ly so

Trang 128

lieu (so lieu la tat ca cac so, ch, o hoa va nhng thong tin khac c ma hoa di dang nh phan). MACH TNG T, MACH SO VA MACH CONG TAC T Analog co ngha la tng t hay lien tuc. Chang han song sin. Khi chung ta noi tn hieu analog co ngha la tn hieu ay bien thien lien tuc theo thi gian. T Digital co ngha la so hay ri rac. Tn hieu digital la cac tn hieu khong lien tuc. Chung bien thien gian oan hay co s chuyen t gia tr cao sang thap mot cach ot ngot nh hnh 8-13. May tnh dung cac tn hieu nay e ma hoa so, ch va cac thong tin khac.

Hnh 8-13 T Switching co ngha rong hn digital. No co ngha la cac mach chuyen (cong tac). Cac mach chuyen (cong tac) bao gom cac mach so nh la tap con. Mach cong tac cung bao ham mach e ieu khien motor, heater PASSIVE LOAD SWITCHING

Hnh 8-14 Hnh 8-14 cho thay mot mach cong tac tai thu ong (tai la ien tr RD thong thng). Trong mach nay Vin co 2 trang thai: cao va thap. Khi Vin thap, Trang 129

MOS ngng dan va Vout = VDD. Khi vin cao, MOS bao hoa va vout xap x 0V. e mach hoat ong ung can co ieu kien RDS(on) << RD Mach hnh 8-14 la mach n gian nhat trong may tnh. o la mach ao (inverter gate) v the loi ra ao ngc vi the loi vao. Gia tr chnh xac cua mach khong quan trong ma quan trong la the ra co 2 gia tr cao va thap phan biet c. ACTIVE LOAD SWITCHING Mach tch hp IC cha hang ngan transistor nho hoac la transistor lng cc hoac la MOS. Cac the he IC au tien co mach cong tac vi tai thu ong. Nhng chung co nhc iem la kch thc ln. Cong tac co tai ong khac phuc nhc iem nay. Hnh 8-15a cho thay mach cong tac tai ong. MOS pha di la cong tac. MOS pha tren la tai ong. ien tr cua MOS tren bang (8-14) RD = VDS(active) / ID(active) Trong o VDS(active) va ID(active) la the va dong cua MOS tren vung active. e mach hoat ong ung RD cua MOS tren phai ln hn RDS(on) cua MOS di. Hnh 8-15b cho thay cach tnh RD cua MOS tren. V VGS=VDS nen ac tuyen cua MOS tren la ng thang. Co the thay rang tai cac iem ng vi VDS=15V, 10V va 5V cac dong ID tng ng la 3mA, 1.6mA va 0.7mA do o tr RD tng ng bang 5K, 6.25K va 7.2K. Neu MOS di co tham so nh MOS tren th RD(on)= 2V/3mA= 667 . Co the thay rang tai moi iem hoat ong, the ra khi MOS di on la rat thap (xap x 0V).

Trang 130

Hnh 8-15

VIII.6

CMOS

Trong cong tac tai ong, dong tai khi loi ra thap la ID(sat). Dong nay kha ln va v vay khong thch hp vi cac thiet b hoat ong bang pin. Mot cach e giam dong la dung CMOS (complementary MOS) nh hnh 8-16. CMOS gom mot MOS kenh n va mot MOS kenh p. Chung c goi la bo tuc v co cac thong so dong, the bang va oi nghch nh VGS(th), VGS(on), ID(on), Mach nay tng t mach khuyech ai ay keo hang B v mot MOS dan th MOS kia ngng dan.

Hnh 8-16 Trang 131

Khi CMOS la cong tac th the vao la t 0 en VDD. Khi the vao cao, Q1 ngng con Q2 dan, the ra bang 0V. Khi the vao thap, Q1dan con Q2 ngng, the ra cao. u iem chu yeu cua CMOS la cong suat tieu tan rat be. Khi the vao bang the VDD ca hai MOS eu dan (the ra bang 1/2VDD) va dong mang t nguon la ln nhat. Tuy nhien thi gian nay rat ngan nen cong suat tieu tan ong trung bnh rat be. CMOS thch hp cho cac he thong hoat ong bang pin (chang han RTC cua may tnh).

VIII.7

THYRISTOR VA NG DUNG

Hnh 8-17 Thyritor co nguon goc t ch Hylap la ca m ra cho mot cai g o i qua. Thyritor la thiet b ban dan s dung phan hoi ben trong e tao ra mot tac ong nh cong tac. Thyritor quan trong nhat la SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier) va Triac. Chung c s dung nh cac chuyen mach co dong ln, toc o cao. Thyritor dung nhieu trong cac mach ieu khien motor, heater, cac he thong anh sang va cac thiet b co dong tai ln. DIODE 4 LP Hnh 8-17a cho thay mach tng ng cua diode 4 lp. Diode 4 lp co ten goi nguyen thuy la diode Shockley, diode pnpn va Silicon Unilateral Switch (SUS). S o noi ben trong diode bon lp tao ra phan hoi dng ma ieu nay co ngha la: neu dong cua mot trong hai transistor tang se lam cho ca hai bao

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hoa, ngc lai neu dong cua mot trong hai transistor giam se lam cho ca hai transistor ngng dan. Neu ca hai transistor bao hoa diode 4 lp coi nh cong tac ong. Neu ca 2 transistor ngng dan, diode 4 lp coi nh cong tac h. Ca hai trang thai nay la ben. V mach co the mot trong hai trang thai ben nen mach goi la mach LACTH (chot)

Hnh 8-18 ong mach chot Hnh 8-18 cho thay mot mach chot noi vi tai en nguon VCC. Gia s rang mach chot ang h. Ch co mot cach e ong mach chot la dung Breakover. ieu nay co ngha la dung mot nguon VCC u ln e anh thung diode collector Q1. Khi o do phan hoi dng ca hai transistor se bao hoa. Khi mach chot ong sut the qua diode 4 lp gan bang khong. M mach chot Khi mach chot a ong, e m mach chot can giam nguon cung cap VCC. ieu nay buoc ca hai transistor ngng dan va mach chot h. SCR (Silicon Controled Rectifier) Trong diode 4 lp, bang cach noi base cua Q2 ra ngoai (ky hieu la G hay cc cong) chung ta co SCR. Cc cong co kha nang ieu khien hoat ong cua SCR. Khi mach chot ang h, neu chung ta a vao cc G mot xung dng th mach chot se ong ngay ca khi xung kch thch mat i. Nha may thng ch ra dong toi thieu e kch SCR bang tham so IGT. The kch SCR la VGT = 0.7V. The vao toi thieu e kch SCR la (8-15) Vin = VGT + IGTRG Trang 133

Trong o RG la ien tr Thevenin cua mach kch SCR.

Hnh 8-19 RESET SCR Sau khi SCR dan, no van tiep tuc dan ngay ca khi Vin=0. Ch co mot cach e reset SCR la giam dong cua SCR en di gia tr dong gi (holding current). Noi cach khac the cung cap phai be hn (8-16) VCC=0.7V + IHRL Trong o IH la dong gi. DIAC va TRIAC Diac la 2 diode 4 lp ghep oi song (hnh 8-20a). Con Triac la 2 SCR ghep oi song (hnh 8-20b). Chung c goi la cac Thyritor lng hng v co the cho dong qua ca hai hng.

Hnh 8-20 Trang 134

Chng IX KHUYECH AI THUAT TOAN

IX.1 KHUYECH AI VI SAI Thua t ng khuyech ai thua t toa n (OP AMP) dung e ch cac bo khuyech ai ma chung thc hie n cac phep toa n. Ve ma t lch s cac bo khuyech ai thua t toa n c du ng trong cac may tnh analog, o chu n g thc hie n cac phep toa n co ng, tr Vao thi ky o, khuyech ai OP AMP c la p ba ng linh kie n ri. Ngay nay OP AMP c che tao di da ng IC. Mo t mac h OP AMP la mac h khuyech a i DC vi he so khuyech ai ra t l n, tr kha ng vao ra t cao va tr kha ng ra ra t tha p. Trong khuyec h ai OP AMP he so khuyech ai la ha ng so t 1Hz e n hn 20MHz. Mot vi mac h OP AMP la mo t khoi chc na ng ay u vi mo t so cac cha n be n ngoai. Bang cac h noi nguo n nuoi va 1 so cac linh kie n khac, chu ng ta co the xay d ng nhanh ta t ca cac loai mach tho ng th ng. Trong vi mac h ch co transistor, diode, ie n tr va ca tu (nho hn 50pF). V ly do nay cac nha thie t ke IC kho ng du ng tu noi va tu tho ng da n nh cach thie t ke mac h ri. Thay vao o ho du n g cac noi tr c tiep gi a cac ta ng. Khuyech ai vi sai co cu ng y t ng nh vay. Mach khuyech ai vi sai ha n che c tu tho ng da n emitter. V ly do nay va mo t vai ly do khac mac h khuyech ai vi sai c du ng nh la ta ng vao cua OP AMP. LO I VAO VA LO I RA VI SAI Hnh 9-1 cho thay mo t mac h khuyech ai vi sai. Hnh 9-1 No go m 2 ta ng khuyech ai CE co ie n tr emitter chung. Mac du co 2 loi vao va 2 loi ra nhng ve to n g the ma ch xem nh mo t ta ng khuyech ai. V khong s du n g tu noi nen ta n so ca t tha p f1=0.

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1.

The ra vout la hieu the gia 2 collector vi cc tnh nh tre n hnh 9-

vout = vc2-vc1

(9-1)

The ra na y goi la the ra vi sai v no la to hp cua 2 the ra ac tha n h mo t the ba ng hieu the cua 2 collector. Mo t cach ly t ng th 2 transistor va cac ie n tr collector phai giong he t nhau. Do o vout = 0 khi v1=v2 . Khi v1 > v2 the ra co cc tnh nh hnh 9-1. Khi v1 <v2 the ra co cc tnh ngc lai. Khuyech ai vi sai tre n hnh 9-1 co 2 loi vao rie ng re. Loi vao v1 goi la loi vao kho ng ao v loi ra cu ng pha vi v1. Ngc lai loi vao v2 goi la loi vao ao v the ra ngc pha vi v2. Trong mo t so ng du ng, ch co loi vao v1 c s du ng co n loi vao v2 noi GND. Ngc lai mo t so n g du ng khac co v1 noi GND trong khi o tn hieu c a vao v2. Khi co tn hieu vao ca 2 loi vao, cau hnh nay goi la loi vao vi sai. Khi o the ra ba ng vout =A(v1-v2) (9-2) trong o A la he so khuyech ai the.

Hnh 9-2a

LO I RA MO T BE N Trang 136

Loi ra vi sai nh hnh 9-1 yeu cau mo t tai noi (kho ng co iem noi a t). Hnh 9-2a ch ra mo t cach du ng ro ng rai ma ch khuyech ai vi sai v no co the noi vi tai tho ng thng nh mach CE, mach CC. The ra lay t collector be n phai. Do o collector transistor trai noi vi nguo n VCC. V the loi vao va n la vi sai ne n the loi ra la vout =A(v1-v2). Nhng lu y he so khuyech ai the ch ba ng he so khuyech ai the khi loi ra la vi sai. Hnh 9-2b la ky hieu cu a khuyech ai vi sai (gio n g nh OP AMP). au vao co dau + la au vao kho ng ao. au vao la au vao ao.

Hnh 9-2b CAU HNH LO I VAO KHONG AO Tho ng th ng ch co mo t loi vao active co n loi vao kia c noi GDN nh hnh 9-3a.

Hnh 9-3a Ca u hnh nay co mo t a u vao kho ng ao va loi ra vi sai. Do v2=0 vout =Av1 (9-3) Trang 137

ne n

Hnh 9-3b la mo t ca u hnh khac, trong o co mot a u vao kho ng ao, loi ra 1 be n. He so khuyech ai ch ba ng cau hnh 9-3a.

Hnh 9-3b CAU HNH LO I VAO AO Trong mot so ng du ng, v2 la loi vao trong khi o v1 c noi GDN nh hnh 9-4a. Ca u hnh nay co the loi ra vout = -Av2 (9-4)

Hnh 9-4a

Trang 138

Hnh 9-4b la mo t cau hnh khac, trong o co mo t loi vao ao, loi ra 1 be n. He so khuyech ai ch ba ng cau hnh 9-4a.

Hnh 9-4b Ba ng 9-1 ch ra 4 cau hnh c ba n cua mot khuyech ai vi sai INPUT Vi sai Vi sai n n OUTPUT Vi sai n Vi sai n vin V1-v2 V1-v2 v1 hoac v2 v1 hoac v2 vout vc2-vc1 vc2 vc2-vc1 vc2

IX.2 PHAN TCH DC MOT KHUYECH AI VI SAI Hnh 9-5a cho thay mac h tng ng dc cua mo t khuyech ai vi Ma sai. c h pha n cc ay la mach TSEB. Hau nh nguo n cung ca p a m trong mac h TSEB la a t len RE. ieu nay tao ra do ng emitter co nh. PHAN TCH LY TN G Mac h khuyech ai vi sai oi khi co n goi la mac h khuyech ai uoi dai (long tail)v hai transistor cu ng chia se tr RE. Do ng chay qua ie n tr du ng chung nay goi la do ng uoi (IT). Neu bo qua VBE th dong uoi co gia tr ba ng IT = VEE / RE. (9-5)

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Hnh 9-5 Do ng qua moi transistor ba ng I E = IT / 2 (9-6)

The DC tre n moi collector ba ng VC= VCC - IC RC (9-7)

ba ng

Trong ga n u ng bac 2 ca n phai tnh e n VBE=0.7V, khi o do n g uoi

IT = (VEE VBE)/ RE

(9-8)

IX.3 PHAN TCH AC MOT KHUYECH AI VI SAI Trong pha n nay chung ta se da n ra he so khuyech ai the cua mo t bo khuyech ai vi sai. Chu ng ta hay ba t au ba ng cau hnh n gia n nha t : loi vao kho ng ao va loi ra n.

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Hnh 9-6 cho thay mo t mach khuyech ai vi sai co au vao kho ng

ao

Hnh 9-6

va loi ra n. Vi RE ln, do ng uoi hau nh kho ng oi khi co tn hieu ac nho loi vao. Do o mo t s ta ng do ng emitter Q1 tao ra mo t s gia m tng ng do ng emitter Q2 . Ngc lai mot s gia m dong emitter Q1 tao ra s ta ng tng ng do ng emitter Q2. Tre n hnh 9-6, transistor be n trai o ng vai tro nh mo t bo lap lai emitter. Tuy nhie n ca n lu y la the tre n emitter ch ba n g the vao. Trong n a chu ky dng, do ng emitter Q 1 ta ng va do ng emitter Q2 giam la m cho the colector Q2 ta ng. Ngc lai vao n a chu ky a m the collector

Q2 gia m.

Hnh 9-7

Hnh 9-7a cho thay s o tng ng. Trong thie t ke RE >> re do o co the bo qua RE trong cac pha n tch s cap va chu n g ta thu c mac h tng ng n gia n nh hnh 9-7b. Trang 141

HE SO KHUYE C H A I LO I RA N Trong hnh 9-7a, the ra ba ng vout= icRC The vao ac la vin= ie re + ie re =2ie re

He so khuyech ai loi ra n ba ng A = RC / 2r e (9-9)

HE SO KHYUE C H A I LO I VI SAI Hnh 9-8 cho thay s o tng ng loi ra cho ma ch co loi vao n, loi ra vi sai. Pha n tch gio ng nh pha n trc ngoai tr the loi ra ta ng ga p

oi. Hnh 9-8 vout = vc2 - vc1 = icRC - (-icRC) = 2 icRC The ac loi vao la vin = 2ie re Trang 142

He so khyuech ai the loi ra vi sai ba ng A= RC / re (9-10)

CAU HNH LO I VAO AO Co the thay ra ng cau hnh loi vao ao hoa n toa n giong cau hnh loi vao kho ng ao. Ch khac mo t ieu la tn hieu ra ao pha so vi tn hieu vao. CAU HNH LO I VAO VI SAI Ca u hnh loi vao vi sai co hai loi vao eu active. Pha n tch ac cu a cau hnh loi vao vi sai co the du ng nguye n ly cho n g cha t nh sau: Chu ng ta a bie t hoa t o n g cua cau hnh loi vao ao va kho ng ao mo t ca c h rie ng re. Ba ng cach to hp hai ke t qua nay chung ta thu c phng trnh cho cau hnh loi vao vi sai. Loi ra cho cau hnh kho ng ao la vout =Av1 Loi ra cho cau hnh ao la vout = - Av2 Loi ra cho loi vao vi sai ba ng vout =A(v1 v2) Ba ng 9-2 cho thay he so khuyech ai oi vi cac ca u hnh kha c OUTPUT Vi sai n Vi sai n A RC/ re RC/ 2re RC/ re RC/ 2re vout

nhau. INPUT Vi sai Vi sai n n

Av1 A(v1-v2) Av1 hoac -Av2 Av1 hoac -Av2

Tr kha ng vao cua bo khuyech ai vi sai

Trang 143

zin = 2re

(9-11)

IX.4 KHUYECH AI OP AMP

Hnh 9-9 Hnh 9-9 cho thay s o khoi mo t OP AMP. Ta ng vao la mo t khuyech ai vi sai. Sau no la cac ta ng khuyec h ai the. Loi ra la bo lap lai emitter kieu ay keo ha ng B. Khuyech ai vi sai loi vao quy nh nh ng ac trng vao cu a OP AMP nh tr kha n g vao ra t cao, he so cach chung cao. Trong hau he t cac ng du n g, loi ra cu a OP AMP la loi ra n nh hnh 9-9. Vi viec s dung nguo n nuoi kep, loi ra n c thie t ke e co cac gia tr tnh ba ng 0. Theo cach nay the loi vao ba ng 0 la ly tng e the loi ra ba ng 0. Kho ng phai ta t ca cac OP AMP eu co thie t ke nh hnh 9-9. Cha ng ha n co 1 so OP AMP kho ng du ng loi ra n, mo t so khac kho ng du ng ta ng ay keo ha ng B. Cho du thie t ke ba ng cach nao i na th hnh 9-9 la s o n gia n nha t cua mo t OP AMP. Tre n thc te vi mach OP AMP co cau tru c ra t phc ta p. Trong OP AMP, ngi ta du n g cac ky thua t pha ta p transistor do ng ie n gng, tai o ng va nhieu ky thua t khac ma ky thua t

Trang 144

mac h ri kho ng la m c.

Hnh 9-10

Hnh 9-10a la s o ky hieu cua mo t OP AMP. No co mo t au vao kho ng ao, mo t au vao ao va mo t loi ra n. Mo t cach ly t ng, s o nay co he so khuyech ai the ba ng vo cu ng, tr kha ng vao ra t l n va tr kha ng ra ba ng 0. Mo t OP AMP ly t ng bieu die n cho mo t bo khuyech ai the hoa n hao va th ng c goi la mot nguo n the c ieu khie n bi the (Voltage Controlled Voltage Source - VCVS). S o tng ng ac cua VCVS nh hnh 9-10b. Trong 9-10b tr kha ng vao Rin bang vo cu n g, tr kha ng ra Rout bang 0. Ba ng 9-3 cho thay mo t so OP AMP ien hnh va cac ac trng cu a chu ng Quantity Symbol Ideal LM741C LF157A He so khuyech ai vo ng AOL Vo cu ng 90000 200000 h n so tai o A=1 Ta funity Vo cu ng 1MHz 20MHz Tr kha ng vao Rin Vo cu ng 2M 912 Tr kha ng ra R out Zero 75 90 Do ng pha n cc vao iin(bias) Zero 80nA 30pA Do ng offset vao iin(off) Zero 20nA 3pA The offset loi vao vin(off) Zero 2mV 1mV Ty so loai tr cach chung CMRR Vo cu ng 90dB 90dB Ba ng 9-3

IX.5 KHUYECH AI AO Khuyech ai ao la mach OP AMP c ba n nha t. No du ng pha n hoi a m e o n nh he so khuyech ai to ng the cua mach. Ly do ca n phai o n nh he so khuyech ai la v AOL qua l n va kho ng o n nh. V du 741C co AOL be nha t la 20000 e n AOL ln nha t la 200000.

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Hnh 9-11 Hnh 9-11 ch ra mach khuyech ao a o. e n gia n chu ng ta kho ng ve ra s o nguo n nuoi. The vao vin c a vao loi vao ao tho ng qua ie n tr Rin. ieu nay tao ra tre n au vao ao mo t the v2. The loi vao c khuyech ai va tao ra the loi ra ao pha so vi the vao. The ra c pha n hoi lai au vao tho ng qua ie n tr pha n hoi R 2. ay la s pha n hoi a m v the loi ra ao pha so vi the vao. Cac h ma s pha n hoi a m o n nh he so khuyech ai to ng the cu a mac h la nh sau: Neu AOL ta ng v ba t c ly do g th the loi ra se ta ng va do co s pha n hoi am the loi vao se gia m . at ao (virtual ground) Khi chu ng ta noi mo t day da n t mo t ie m tre n mac h xuong a t , the tai ie m o se ba ng 0. Trong tr ng hp o day da n tao ra ng da n cho do ng ie n chay xuo ng a t. a t c hoc la a t ca the la n do ng. a t ao th khac. o la khai niem ve mo t ie m nao o tre n mach co the va dong ba ng kho ng. Kha i nie m a t ao la m cho viec pha n tch mac h tr ne n ra t n gia n . a t ao d a tre n tnh cha t cua mac h OP AMP. Khi mo t OP AMP la ly t ng, no co he so khuyech ai vong h ba ng vo cung va tr vao cu ng ba n g vo cu ng. Do o chu ng ta co the suy ra (deduce) cac thuoc tnh ly t ng sau ay cho mac h khuyech ai OP AMP co au vao ao : Do Rin ba n g vo cu ng ne n do ng vao i2 ba n g 0 Do AOL bang vo cu n g ne n the vao v2 ba n g 0 Do i2 ba ng 0 ne n dong chay qua R1 phai ba ng do n g chay qua R2 nh tre n hnh ve. Ma t khac v2 ba ng 0 ne n a u vao la a t ao. a t ao la khai nie m tng ng n a at , ngha la the ba ng kho ng nhng kho ng co do ng chay qua. Tre n hnh ve chu ng ta bieu th a t ao ba ng ng cha m cha m. Ma c du a t ao la ga n ung ly t n g nhng no to ra chnh xac khi pha n hoi a m sau. HE SO KHUYE C H A I THE Tre n hnh 9-12, chung ta hnh dung au vao ao la a t ao. Khi o co the vie t vin = iinR1 vout = - iinR2

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Hnh 9-12 He so khuyech ai the (vo ng kn) ba ng ACL = vout / vin = -R2/ R 1 (9-12)

ay la he so khuyech ai the vong kn no la he so khuyech ai khi co vo ng pha n hoi am gia loi ra va loi vao. Do o pha n hoi am ne n ACL < AOL . Cha ng ha n, R 2=50K co n R1=1K th ACL=50 ke ca khi thay oi nhie t o, nguo n nuoi va tha m ch thay the OP AMP. Tr khang vao Do au vao ao la a t ao do o tr kha n g vao cua vong kn la zin(CL) = R 1 (9-13)

u ie m cua mac h khuyech ai OP AMP ao la co the cho n gia tr cua tr kha ng vao. BANDWIDTH Bandwidth vo ng h hay ta n so ca t cua cua OP AMP ra t tha p do co tu bu be n trong. Cha ng ha n vi 741C f2(OL)= 9Hz. Tai ta n so nay he so khuyech ai ba t au gia m. Khi pha n hoi a m c du ng, bandwidth to ng the ta ng. ay la ly do: Khi ta n so vao l n hn f2(OL) th AOL gia m 20dB/dec. V vout gia m ne n pha n hoi am cu ng gia m. ieu nay la m cho v2 ta ng va bu lai s gia m cua AOL. Do o ACL b gia m tai ta n so cao hn f2(OL). Pha n hoi a m ca n g sau th ta n so ca t vong kn ca ng cao. Noi cach khac ACL ca ng be th f2(CL) ca ng ln. ay la phng trnh cho ta n so ca t vo ng kn Trang 147

f2(CL) = funity / (ACL+1) Tho ng th ng ACL>>1 do o f2(CL) = funity / ACL V du khi ACL=10 th f2(CL) = 1MHz / 10 = 100KHz Lu y ra n g funity = f2(CL)ACL (9-15) (9-14)

Ta n so khuyech ai n v ba ng tch gia band tho ng va he so khuyech ai vong kn. Nhieu tai lieu ra cu goi funity la GBW (gain bandwidth).

IX.6 KHUYECH AI KHONG AO Khuyech ai kho ng ao la mo t mac h OP AMP c ba n khac. No cu ng du ng s pha n hoi a m e o n nh he so khuyech ai toa n the. S pha n hoi am cu ng lam ta ng tr kha ng vao va la m gia m tr kha ng ra.

Hnh 9-13 Hnh 9-13 cho thay mach tng ng ac cua mo t khuyech ai kho ng ao. Mo t the vao ac c a ti loi vao kho ng ao. The nay c khuyech ai loi ra. The loi ra co cu ng pha vi the loi vao. Mo t pha n the loi ra c pha n hoi lai au vao ao tho n g qua cau chia the R 1 va R2. The Trang 148

pha n hoi hau nh bang the vao. Do he so khuyech ai vo ng h ra t l n ne n s khac nhau gia v1 va v2 ra t be. S o n nh do pha n hoi trong mach nay nh sau: Gia s AOL ta ng th the pha n hoi vao au vao ao cu ng ta ng. ieu nay la m gia m v1-v2 va ke t qua la vout gia m. NGAN MA C H AO (VIRTUAL SHORT) Khi chu ng ta du ng day noi e noi 2 ie m tre n mach chu ng ta co s nga n mach c hoc. S nga n mac h c hoc la m cho the va do ng gi a cac ie m b nga n mac h ba ng 0.

Hnh 9-14 S nga n mach ao la mo t khai nie m e ch ra ra ng 2 iem tre n mac h co the bang 0 va v vay kho n g co do ng chay qua no. Hnh 9-14 cho thay nga n mach ao gia 2 au vao cua OP AMP trong cau hnh kho ng ao. S d co the hnh dung nh vay la v oi vi mo t OP AMP ly tng Do Rin ba n g vo cu ng ne n kho ng co do ng chay qua cac au + va Do AOL bang vo cu n g ne n v1-v2 =0 Trong ma ch OP AMP kho ng ao va mo t so mach OP AMP khac chu ng ta hnh dung nga n mach gia 2 loi vao. He so khuyech ai vong kn Tre n hnh 9-15, hnh dung nga n mach gia 2 loi vao, ta co vin = i1Rin

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Hnh 9-15 Ma t khac do kho ng co do ng chay vao OP AMP ne n do ng i1 cu ng chay qua R 2 v vay vout = i1(R2+R1) He so khuyech ai the vo ng kn ba ng ACL = vout / vin = (R2+R 1) / R1 = R 2 / R1 + 1 ACL = R2 / R 1 + 1 (9-16)

Tr kha n g vao cua mac h khuyech ai kho ng ao xap x ba ng vo cu ng. Do a n h h ng cua mach pha n hoi a m, ta n so ca t vong kn ba n g f2(CL) = funity / ACL

IX.7 HAI NG DUNG CUA KHUYECH AI OP AMP 1) MACH CONG

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Khi chu ng ta ca n cong hai hay nhieu tn hieu lai vi nhau th mac h hnh 9-16a c du n g.

Hnh 9-16 Co the thay ra ng mach hnh 9-16a la cho ng cha t cua 2 mac h khuyech ai dao. He so khuyech ai vo n g kn cho moi loi vao (moi ke n h) rien g re la ACL1= RF / R 1 ACL2= RF / R 2 Tn hieu ra khi cho n g cha t hai mac h lai la vout = ACL1v1 + ACL2v2 (9-17)

Va

De da ng ch ng minh phng trnh (9-17). Tha t vay do loi vao ao la a t ao nen : iin = i1 + i2 = v1/ R1 + v2/ R2 Cu ng v a t ao ne n vout = (i1 + i2)RF = RF v1/ R1 + R F v2/ R2 ay chnh la phng trnh (9-17) Neu ACL1=ACL2=1 th vout = v1+v2

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Mac h tre n hnh 9-17 goi la mach tro n. Ba ng cach thay oi cac bie n tr cac tn hieu vao cac ke n h se c tro n tai loi ra vi gia tr bie n o khac nhau.

Hnh 9-17 2) MACH LAP LAI THE Chu ng ta a bie t mach lap lai emitter ma no co he so khuyech ai the ba ng n v. Mach lap lai the du ng OP AMP co tnh chat tng t va co ac trng to t hn nh tr khang vao ra t cao, tr kha ng ra tha p. Hnh 9-18a cho thay mach tng ng ac cua mot mac h lap lai the.

Hnh 9-18 S pha n hoi a m la toi a. ien tr pha n hoi ba n g 0 do o toa n bo the ra c pha n hoi tr lai au vao ao. Do nga n mach ao gia cac au vao OP AMP ne n the loi ra ba ng the loi vao. vout = vin ieu nay co ngha la ACL = 1

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Chu ng ta cu ng co the thu c ke t qua nay t phng trnh (9-16) trong o thay R2=0 va R 1 = vo cu ng. Mac h lap lai the dung OP AMP la mach lap lai hoa n hao v the ra u ng ba ng vi the vao. Hnh 9-18b la mach lap lai the trong o the vao co tr kha ng cao R high. Tai cu a mac h la tr kha n g tha p Rlow. Do pha n hoi a m sau, tr kha ng vao cua mach la cao hn tr kha ng vao vong h (2M) va tr kha ng ra tha p hn tr kha ng ra vo ng h (75). Mac h la p lai the la mac h giao tiep ly t ng gi a nguo n co tr kha ng cao vi tai co tr kha ng tha p. Trong ma ch lap lai the do ACL=1 ne n f2(CL) = funity (9-18)

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Chng X CAC MACH DAO ONG

X.1 LY THUYET DAO ONG IEU HOA Trong giao trnh nay chung ta ch xem xet dao ong ieu hoa (song sin). Cac dao ong tao song vuong se c e cap trong giao trnh Mach va He thong so. e co mot mach dao ong ieu hoa chung ta can mot bo khuyech ai phan hoi dng (positive feedback). Phan hoi dng la a mot phan tn hieu loi ra tr lai loi vao sao cho no co tac dung cung chieu vi tn hieu ra. Neu tn hieu phan hoi la u ln va co pha ung no se tao ra mot tn hieu ra ma khong can co tn hieu vao. HE SO KHUYECH AI VONG VA PHA Hnh 10-1 cho thay mot nguon ac c a vao mot bo khuyech ai.

Hnh 10-1 The ra cua bo khuyech ai bang vout=Avin The ra nay a vao mach phan hoi ma thong thng la mach cong hng. Do o ch co mot tan so nao o c phan hoi nhieu nhat. The phan hoi lai au vao cua bo khuyech ai bang vf=ABvin

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Neu s dch pha cua bo khuyech ai va mach phan hoi bang 0 th the phan hoi cung pha vi the vao. Gia s chung ta noi iem x vi iem y va thao bo nguon vin th the phan hoi ABvin se thuc bo khuyech ai nh hnh 10-2.

Hnh 10-2 Se co cac trng hp sau ay xay ra: Neu AB<1 th the ra se tat dan Neu AB>1 th the ra se tang dan en tnh trang b cat Neu AB=1 th the ra khong oi va t duy tr Trong cac mach dao ong thc, ban au he so khuyech ai vong AB ln hn 1 khi bat nguon cho mach. The ra se tang dan en mot gia tr can thiet th AB t ong tien en 1 va dao ongc duy tr. Vay th the loi vao ban au trong mach dao ong la g? Chung ta biet rang trong moi ien tr co cac electron t do. Do nhiet o moi trng cac electron nay chuyen ong t do theo moi hng va tao ra the nhieu (noise voltage) tren ien tr. S chuyen ong hon on nay cha cac tan so t 0 en 1000GHz. Co the hnh dung ien tr la mot nguon the ac nho cha tat ca cac tan so. Khi bat ien cho mach lan au tien, tren mach ch co the nhieu tao ra bi cac ien tr. Cac the nhieu nay c khuyech ai va xuat hien loi ra cua mach. Nhng ch co tn hieu co tan so ung bang tan so cong hng cua mach phan hoi mi c a tr lai vao au vao. Sau qua trnh qua o ch con tn hieu co tan so thoa ieu kien AB=1 va cung pha vi tn hieu ra. Tat ca cac tan so khac khong xuat hien loi ra.

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X.2

DAO ONG CAU WIEN

Mach dao ong cau Wien la mach dao ong trong vung tan so thap en trung bnh, tc la khoang 5Hz en 1MHz. Chung c ng dung trong cac may phat am tan thng mai va cac ng dung tan so thap. MACH LAG

Hnh 10-3 He so khuyech ai the cua mach tren hnh 10-3 la Vout / Vin = XC / (R2 + X2C)1/2

Goc pha gia tn hieu vao va ra bang = - arctan(R/XC) Dau tr trong phng trnh goc pha chng to rang the loi ra cham (lag) pha hn the loi vao. MACH LEAD Hnh 10-4 cho thay mot mach lead.

Hnh 10-4

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He so khuyech ai the cua mach nay la Vout / Vin = R / (R2 + X2C)1/2 Goc pha gia tn hieu vao va ra bang = arctan(XC/R) Goc pha dng chng to rang the loi ra nhanh (lead) pha hn the loi vao. Mach lead va mach lag nh tren ay la th du ve cac mach dch pha. Chung co the lam cho pha tn hieu ra dch pha (nhanh hoac cham) so vi tn hieu vao. Cac mach dao ong ieu hoa thng s dung cac loai mach dch pha e tao ra dao ong tai mot tan so. MACH LEAD-LAG Dao ong cau Wien dung mang phan hoi cong hng goi la mach leadlag nh hnh 10-5.

Hnh 10-5 Tai tan so rat thap, tu noi tiep xem nh h mach oi vi tn hieu vao. Tai tan so rat cao tu mac shunt co tac dung ngan mach oi vi tn hieu ra. Gia hai gia tr nay the ra at gia tr cc ai. Tan so tai o tn hieu ra cc ai goi la tan so cong hng fr . Cung tai tan so nay he so phan hoi at en gia tr cc ai va bang 1/3. Tai tan so cong hng goc pha bang 0. Phan tch bang so phc chung ta thu c hai phng trnh sau cho mach hnh 10-5. (10-1) = 1/ (10- XC / (R2 + X2C))1/2 va (10-2) = arctan((XC/R- R/XC)/3)

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Hnh 10-6 He so phan hoi at gia tr cc at 1/3 khi XC=R .T o suy ra: fr = 1/2RC (10-3)

Hnh 10-6 la mach dao ong cau Wien. No dung ca phan hoi am va phan hoi dng. Phan hoi dng thc hien qua mach lead-lag ve loi vao khong ao. Phan hoi am qua cau chia the ve loi vao ao. Khi mi cap nguon cho mach, lng phan hoi dng nhieu hn phan hoi am (tr cua day toc bong en ban au co gia tr be do cha c nung nong). ieu nay cho phep mach t dao ong nh a mo ta trc ay. Sau khi tn hieu ra at en gia tr mong muon, s phan hoi am u ln lam cho he so khuyech ai vong kn A=1.

X.3

DAO ONG RC

Mac du dao ong cau Wien la dao ong chuan cho cac ng dung co tan so di 1MHz, nhng cac dao ong RC khac cung c dung.Phan nay se phan tch mach dao ong ch T kep va mach dao ong dch pha. BO LOC CH T
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Hnh 10-7

Hnh 10-8 Hnh 10-7 cho thay mot mach loc ch T kep. Phan tch toan hoc cho mach nay giong nh mach lead-lag. Mac khac co mot tan so cong hng fr ma tai o o dch pha bang 0 va he so khuyech ai bang 0. Phng trnh cho tan so cong hng cua bo loc ch T kep giong nh vi mach dao ong cau Wien. fr = 1/2RC DAO ONG CH T Hnh 10-8 cho thay mach dao ong ch T kep. Phan hoi dng thc hien bi cau chia the en au vao khong ao. S phan hoi am thong qua bo loc ch T kep. Khi mi bat ien, ien tr R2 cua bong en thap va do o phan hoi dng la toi a. Khi dao ong a c xac lap, R2 tang va phan hoi dng giam dan. Khi at c tnh trang A=1 th mach tr nen on nh. DAO ONG DCH PHA
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Hnh 10-9 la mot mach dao ong dch pha. No co 3 mach lead tren ng phan hoi am. Mach lead tao ra goc dch pha gia 0 va 1000. Neu nh moi mach lead co goc dch pha la 600 th goc dch pha tong la 1800. Pha loi ra lai b xoay 1800 . Do o goc dch pha cua vong la 00 . Neu thoa man ieu kien A=1 th mach se dao ong. Nhc iem chu yeu cua cac mach dao ong dch pha la kho ieu chnh tan so trong mot vung rong.

Hnh 10-9

X.4

DAO ONG COLPITTS

Dao ong cau Wien ch thch hp tan so thap do gia tr hu han cua funity cua OP AMP. e tao ra dao ong tan so cao t 1MHz en 500MHz can mach dao ong LC. Dai tan nay ln hn funity cua hau het cac OP AMP. Do o trong mach dao ong LC ngi ta dung transistor hoac FET. Trong mach LC co the phan hoi tn hieu vi bien o va pha hp ly cho s dao ong. Tuy nhien kho khan chu yeu cua viec phan tch va thiet ke dao ong LC la do tan so cao. Khi o anh hng cua cac tu ky sinh la ang ke. Hnh 10-10 cho thay mot mach dao ong Colpitts.

Hnh 10-10
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Cau chia the setup iem phan cc tnh. Cuon RF co cam khang rat cao do o no xem nh h mach oi vi tn hieu ac. He so khuyech ai tai tan so thap bang (10-4) rc / re trong o rc la tr khang xoay chieu cua mach collector. Do RF co tr khang rat ln, tr khang ac cua collector chu yeu la tr khang cua mach cong hng. Tr khang nay co gia tr cc ai tai tan so cong hng. Co the gap cac mach dao ong Colpitts kieu khac. Dau hieu chung la cau chia the bang tu C1 va C2. Chung tao ra s phan hoi can thiet cho dao ong.

Hnh 10-11 Hnh 10-11 la mach tng ng ac cua dao ong Colpitts. Lu y rang the ra tren C1 con the phan hoi lay tren C2. Tan so cong hng Mach cong hng RC trong dao ong Colpitts co tan so cong hng bang fr = 1/2(LC)1/2 (10-5)

trong o C=C1C2/ (C1+C2) do C1 va C2 noi tiep nhau. He so phan hoi cua mach bang =C1/ C2 do o he so khuyech ai the be nhat bang Amin = C2 / C1

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X.5

DAO ONG THACH ANH

Khi o chnh xac va o on nh cua tan so la quan trong th dao ong thach anh c dung. Hnh 10-12 cho thay mot dao ong thach anh.

Hnh 10-12 Thach anh (XTAL) ong vai tro nh mot cuon cam ln noi tiep vi mot tu be. Do o tan so cong hng hau nh khong anh hng bi transistor va cac tu ky sinh. oi vi mach dao ong thach anh, co the dung cac bieu thc sau fr = 1/2(LC)1/2 C = 1/ (1/C1+1/C2+1/ C3) =C1 / C2 Amin = C2 / C1

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Chng XI NGUON NUOI

XI.1 CAC AC TRNG CUA NGUON NUOI

Chat lng cua mot bo nguon phu thuoc vao o on nh tai, o on nh nguon va tr khang ra cua no. Chung ta hay xem xet cac ac trng nay cua bo nguon. o on nh tai (Load Regulation) Hnh 11-1 cho thay bo nguon vi mach nan cau va bo loc dung tu C.

Hnh 11-1 Thay oi tai RL se lam thay oi the tai. Neu tr tai nho se lam cho o gn song tren tai tang, sut the qua cac diode va cuon th cap cung se tang. Do o mot s giam tr tai se lam giam the tai. o on nh tai cho biet the tai thay oi ra sao khi dong tai thay oi. nh ngha o on nh tai (11-1) LOAD REGULATION= (VNL-VFL) x100%/ VFL VNL la the tren tai khi dong tai bang 0 Trong o VFL la the tren tai khi dong tai toi a V du mach hnh 11-1 co VNL=10.6V khi IL=0 VFL=9.25V khi IL=1A Th Load Regulation = (10.6-9.25)x100% / 9.25 = 14.6% o on nh tai cang be th bo nguon cang tot. Cac bo nguon on ap tot co o on nh tai be hn 1%, ngha la the tai thay oi t hn 1% trong toan mien cua dong tai. Trang 163

o on nh li (Line Regulation) Tren hnh 11-1 nguon vao co gia tr danh nh la 120V (tai My). Gia tr thc tai o cam co the thay oi t 105V en 125V phu thuoc vao thi gian, a iem va mot so yeu to khac. Do the th cap ty le trc tiep vi the vao do o the tai se thay oi khi the li thay oi. o on nh li nh ngha nh sau: LINE REGULATION= (VHL-VLL)x100%/ VLL (11-2)

Trong o VHL la the tai khi the nguon cao. VLL la the tai khi the nguon thap. V du VHL=11.2V khi the li la 125V ,VLL=9.2V khi the li la 105V o on nh li = (11.2-9.2)x100%/ 9.2 = 21.7% Cung nh o on nh tai, o on nh li cang be cang tot. Cac bo nguon on ap tot co o on nh li be hn 0.1%. IEN TR RA ien tr Thevenin hay ien tr ra cua bo nguon quy nh bi o on nh tai. Mot bo nguon co tr ra thap th o on nh tai cua no cung se thap. ien tr ra cua mot bo nguon tnh theo cong thc sau: RTH = (VNL-VFL)/ IFL Chang han oi vi mach hnh 11-1, ta co VNL=10.6V khi IL=0 VFL=9.25V khi IL=1A RTH =(10.6-9.25)/1 = 1.35 Bieu thc tng ng cho o on nh tai la o on nh tai = RTHx100%/ RL(min) (11-4) (11-3)

V du, mot bo nguon co tr ra 1.5 va tr tai toi thieu la 10 th o on nh tai bang o on nh tai = (1.5/10)x100% = 15%

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XI.2

CAC ON AP MAC SHUNT

o on nh li va o on nh tai cua mot bo nguon khong on ap la qua cao oi vi hau het cac ng dung. Bang cach s dung bo on ap (Voltage Regulator) gia bo nguon va tai chung ta co the cai thien mot cach ang ke o on nh li va o on nh tai. Mot bo on ap the kieu tuyen tnh dung cac linh kien trong vung tuyen tnh e gi the tren tai la hang so. Co 2 loai on ap tuyen tnh: On ap tuyen tnh mac shunt On ap tuyen tnh mac noi tiep Trong phan nay chung ta xet on ap tuyen tnh mac shunt, mot loai on ap ma mach on ap mac song song vi tai. ON AP ZENER On ap mac shunt n gian nhat la mach diode Zener nh hnh 11-2.

Hnh 11-2 Trong mach nay diode Zener hoat ong trong vung anh thung. Khi dong tai thay oi, dong qua Zener tang hoac giam mot cach tng ng e gi cho the tai khong oi. Tren hnh 11-2, dong qua RS bang IS=(Vin-Vout)/ RS The tren tai bang Vout = VZ Khi the vao la khong oi, dong vao gan nh khong oi khi dong tai thay oi. Dong tren tai IL = IS - I Z Trang 165

Dong tai co gia tr toi a bang dong vao va khi dong qua Zener bang 0. Khi dong tai ln, mach hnh 11-2 co o on nh tai kem v s thay oi cua dong qua ien tr Zener co the lam thay oi the ra ang ke. Mot cach e cai thien o on nh tai khi dong tai ln la them mot transistor nh hnh 11-3.

Hnh 11-3 Vi mach nay the ra bang Vout = VZ + VBE (11-5)

Neu the ra tang, the phan hoi ve base cua transistor tang lam cho sut the qua RS tang. Ket qua la the ra lai giam. THE RA CAO HN Hnh 11-4 cho thay mot mach on ap co the ra cao mac du s dung Zener co the anh thung thap.

Hnh 11-4

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Mach dung phan hoi am. Moi thay oi tren the loi ra c phan hoi ve base cua transistor. The base cua transistor cho bi cong thc VB = R1Vout / (R1+R2) Do o the ra bang Vout = (R1+R2)VB/R1 Tren hnh 11-4, the cc base bang VB= VZ+VBE Vay Vout = (R1+R2) (VZ+VBE )/ R1 (11-6)

Mot cach e loai tr anh hng cua VBE vao the ra thay transistor bang OP AMP. Vi OP AMP co he so khuyech ai ln, the ra cho bi Vout = (R1+R2)VZ/ R1 (11-7)

BAO VE NGAN MACH u iem cua cac mach on ap mac shunt la t bao ve ngan mach. Khi ngan mach dong qua RS la toi a va bang Vin / RS Hieu suat cua on ap Hieu suat = (Pout / Pin)x100%

(11-8)

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XI.3 CAC ON AP MAC NOI TIEP Nhc iem cua on ap mac shunt la hieu suat thap. e nang cao hieu suat ngi ta dung on ap noi tiep hoac on ap xung. On ap xung cho hieu suat cao t 75% en 95%. Nhng on ap xung lai tao ra nhieu tan so cao RFI (radio frequency interference). Mac khac on ap xung kha phc tap. Cac on ap mac noi tiep la thch hp cho cac ng dung can cong suat be hn 10W v thiet ke n gian, hieu suat t 50 en 70%. Trong cac on ap loai nay transistor hoat ong trong mien tac ong. On ap noi tiep n gian nhat la mach lap lai zener nh hnh 11-5.

Hnh 11-5 The ra cua mach on ap bang Vout = VZ + VBE (11-9)

Neu the vao hoac dong tai thay oi, the zener va the emitter base se thay oi chut t. Trong on ap mac noi tiep dong tai xap x dong vao v dong qua Zener kha be. Transistor trong mach goi la transistor thong dan v dong tai chay qua no. Hieu suat cua mach nay ln hn mach mac shunt v chung ta a thay ien tr bi transistor. Dong vao cua on ap noi tiep thay oi theo dong tai ch khong phai la hang so nh on ap mac shunt. ON AP HAI TRANSISTOR Hnh 11-6 cho thay mach on ap dung 2 transistor.

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Hnh 11-6 Neu the ra tang do the vao tang hoac do dong tai giam th the phan hoi ve Q1 tang lam tang dong qua Q1 va v vay lam giam the base cua Q2. Ket qua la the loi ra giam. The ra cua mach cho bi Vout = (R1+R2)(VZ+VBE)/ R1 Dong qua transistor Q2 bang IC=IL+ I2 Trong o I2 la dong chay qua cau phan the R1 va R2. Thng I2 rat be so vi IL v vay IC=IL. Cong suat tieu tan PD = (Vin Vout)IL Hieu suat =(Vout / Vin )x100% (11-13) (11-12) (11-10)

ON AP CAI TIEN Hnh 11-7 cho thay mot on ap noi tiep cai tien nh s dung OP AMP. The ra bang Trang 169

Vout = (R1+R2)VZ/ R1

(11-14)

Hnh 11-7

XI.4 CAC IC ON AP TUYEN TNH Co nhieu on ap tuyen tnh c tch hp trong IC. Tat ca chung la on ap noi tiep. Thong thng cac IC nay co 3 chan: Chan ien ap vao cha on ap, chan ien ap ra a on ap va chan GND. Cac on ap 3 chan co vo bang nha hoac vo kim loai nay ngay cang pho bien v re tien va de dung. Cac on ap IC 3 chan nay co the cho ien ap ra dng hoac am co nh t 5 en 24V vi dong tai en 1A. Mot so on ap cho phep ieu chnh ien ap loi ra t 2 en 40V. oi vi cac IC on ap, nha may nh ngha lai he so on nh nguon va tai nh sau: o on nh nguon = Vout oi vi toan mien cua dong tai o on nh tai = Vout oi vi toan mien cua the vao Bang 11-1 cho thay mot so cac IC on ap ien hnh va cac thong so cua chung. Lu y: the drop out la the sut qua IC on ap be nhat ma on ap con hoat ong c. Noi cach khac the vao toi thieu cua on ap IC phai bang the ra danh nh cong vi the drop out. V du vi LM7805 the vao toi thieu la 8V.

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Number LM7805 LM7806 LM7808 LM7812 LM7815 LM7818 LM7811 LM78L05 LM78L12 LM2931 LM7905 LM7912 LM7915 LM317 LM337 LM338

Vout (V) 5 6 8 12 15 18 11 5 12 3 to 11 -5 -12 -15 1.2 to 37 -1.2 to 37 1.2 to 32

Imax (A) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 5

Load Reg (mV) 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 20 30 14 10 12 12 0.3% 0.3% 0.3%

Line Reg 3 5 6 4 4 15 18 18 30 4 3 4 4 0.02%/V 0.01%/V 0.02%/V

Drop out (V) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1.7 1.7 0.3 2 2 2 2 2 2.7

XI.5

CAC BO BIEN OI DC - DC

oi khi chung ta can bien oi mot the DC nay thanh mot the DC khac. V du bien oi t 5V thanh 12V. Cac bo bien oi DC-DC la rat hieu qua v chung s dung transistor che o cong tac. Trong phan nay chung ta se phan tch bo bien oi DC-DC khong on ap. Phan sau se phan tch bo bien oi DCDC on ap s dung s bien ieu o rong xung hay con goi la on ap xung (Switching Regulators) Mot bo bien oi DC-DC can ban (xem hnh 11-8) gom mot bo tao xung vuong c nuoi bi the DC can bien oi. Song vuong nay (co gia tr nh nh bang gia tr cua nguon DC vao) kch thch cuon s cap bien ap. Tai th cap cua bien ap chung ta cung nhan c xung vuong nhng co bien o ln hn hoac be hn song vuong ieu khien. Qua mach nan va loc chung ta nhan c the DC can thiet.

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Hnh 11-8 Tan so hoat ong cua bo bien oi (song vuong) la khoang 10 KHz en 100KHz. Hnh 11-9 la mot mach bien oi DC-DC khong on ap, s dung transistor.

Hnh 11-9

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Bo tao song vuong dung OP AMP hoat ong tai tan so 20KHz. Q1 la mach tach pha e tao 2 tn hieu ngc pha kch thch cap transitor ay keo Q2 va Q3. Bo bien oi DC-DC khong on ap can phai co the loi vao on nh (loi ra cua on ap chang han)

XI.6

NGUON ON AP XUNG

On ap xung thuoc loai bien oi DC-DC nhng s dung mach on ap ben trong. Ngi ta thng dung s bien ieu o rong xung (Pulse Width Modulation PWM) e ieu khien thi gian on/off cua transistor. Bang cach thay oi o rong cua xung co the on nh ien ap loi ra khi dong tai hoac the nguon thay oi. Trong on ap noi tiep, transistor thong dan luon luon dan do o cong suat tieu tan ln va hieu suat thap. e giam cong suat tieu tan va nang cao hieu suat, mot xung vuong ieu khien transistor thong dan chuyen gia 2 che o bao hoa hoac ngng dan. Khi transistor ngng dan cong suat tieu tan bang 0. Khi transistor bao hoa cong suat tieu tan rat thap v sut the qua transistor bao hoa rat be. Do vay on ap xung co the at hieu suat en 95%. V hieu suat cao va kch thc be nen on ap xung dung nhieu trong cac thiet b ien t the he mi. Co nhieu cau hnh cho on ap xung tuy theo dai cong suat va yeu cau ve chat lng. Hnh 11-10 la mot on ap xung thong thng.

Hnh 11-10

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Switch la transitor lng cc hoac FET cong suat. Bo bien ieu o rong xung la dao ong song vuong co tan so co nh (t 10 KHz en 100KHz) nhng o xop (ty so gia thi gian xung mc cao va thi gian xung mc thap) thay oi c. Mach so sanh dung OP AMP. Ban au khi power on, the ra cua mach bang 0. Khi o the phan hoi ve loi vao cua OP AMP cung bang 0. The ra cua OP AMP rat ln lam cho o xop cua xung la cc ai. Tai phan dng cua xung ieu khien, SW ong. Luc nay diode b phan cc ngc va dong vao chay qua cuon L. Dong nay tao ra t trng xung quanh cuon L. Nang lng t trng cho bi W=0.5 LI2 Dong ien nay nap cho tu C va chay qua tai. Khi xung ieu khien co mc thap, SW h. Luc nay dong qua cuon giam lam t trng qua cuon L cung giam lam xuat hien the t cam ngc chieu. The t cam nay phan cc thuan diode va duy tr dong qua cuon nh ban au. Dong nay chay qua tai cung vi hng nh khi SW ong. Noi cach khac khi SW h cuon cam ong vai tro nh nguon va tiep tuc cung cap dong qua tai cho en khi cuon tra het nang lng cho mach hoac khi SW ong lai. Qua trnh c the tiep tuc va tren tai co dong DC. Gia tr trung bnh cua the ra bang Vout = D Vin (11-15)

Trong o D la o xop cua xung. Bang cach kiem soat D co the lam cho Vout khong thay oi. V OP AMP co he so khuyech ai rat ln va ngan mach ao gia 2 loi vao nen VFB= VREF Do o Vout = (R1+R2)VREF/ R1 (11-16)

Cac bo nguon on ap kieu xung the he mi s dung khuyech ai ay keo va bien ap xung cach ly gia s cap va th cap cua bo nguon. Trong trng hp o phai thc hien noi quang hoc (dung phototransitor) e phan hoi the loi Trang 174

ra ve loi vao. Bo nguon cua TV, may tnh, man hnh va may in hien nay eu la bo on ap xung co cong suat t vai chuc en vai tram W. The vao ac c nan loc trc tiep e tao ra nguon dc cha on ap. Nguon dc cha on ap nay sau o lai c bien oi DC-DC kieu xung nham tao ra cac ien the thap va on nh cho cac mach ien t. Tuy theo ng dung, cac ien ap dc loi ra cua cac bo nguon kieu xung co the la 3.3V, 5V, 12V va mot so cac ien ap dc khac.

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