Sơ lược về phương pháp cắt Warner

B CNG THNG
TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP. H CH MINH

VIN CNG NGH SINH HC V THC PHM
Bo co thc hnh
VT L THC PHM
Thc hin: Nhm 3 T 4 - DHTP4

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn c Vng
Tp. H Ch Minh, thng 3 nm 2012
B CNG THNG
TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP. H CH MINH
VIN CNG NGH SINH HC V THC PHM
Bo co thc hnh
VT L THC PHM

Thc hin: Nhm 3 T 4 - DHTP4
1. Nguyn Ng Sang 08270611
2. Nguyn Ngc S - 08244531
3. V Uyn Nhi 08094511
4. Nguyn c Thin 08105591
5. Nguyn Vnh Phc 08226371
6. Trn Minh Thi 08227101
Tp. H Ch Minh, thng 3 nm 2012
Bo co thc hnh mn Vt l thc phm

Tm hiu phng php Warner-Bratzler Shear

Thc hin: Nhm 3 T 4 DHTP4
DANH SCH SINH VIN THC HIN
H v tn Sinh vin
M s sinh vin
Nguyn Ng Sang
08270611
Nguyn Ngc S
08244531
V Uyn Nhi
08094511
Trn Minh Thi
08227101
Nguyn Vnh Phc
08226371
Nguyn c Thin
08105591


NHN XT CA GIO VIN

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MC LC
LI NI U .................................................................................................................1
1 - TNG QUAN ............................................................................................................2
1.1. TNG QUAN V CU TRC THC PHM ...................................................2
1.1.1. nh ngha Cu trc thc phm ..................................................................2
1.1.2. Tm quan trng ca cu trc i vi thc phm ............................................4
1.2. TNG QUAN V MY O C L ...................................................................6
1.2.1. Gii thiu chung ............................................................................................. 6
1.2.2. Phn cng .....................................................................................................10
1.2.3. Phn mm .....................................................................................................17
1.2.4. Cc yu t nh hng n kt qu phn tch ................................................28
1.3. GII THIU MT S NG DNG CA MY O C L ......................... 29
1.3.1. ngha ca th biu din .........................................................................29
1.3.2. Cc v d v o c cu trc bng thit b ....................................................30
2 PHNG PHP WARNER-BRATZLER SHEAR ..............................................34
2.1. S lc v phng php Warner-Bratzler Shear ................................................34
2.1.1. Lch s ca phng php[] ............................................................................34
2.1.2. Nguyn l phng php ...............................................................................36
2.1.3. Mc ch .......................................................................................................38
2.1.4. Cc yu t nh hng ...................................................................................38
2.1.5. Phm vi ng dng ......................................................................................... 39
2.1.6. So snh vi cc phng php khc............................................................... 40
2.2. PROTOCOL[][] ....................................................................................................46
2.2.1. Chun b mu ................................................................................................ 46
2.2.2. Thao tc th nghim ...................................................................................... 47
2.3. KT QU TH NGHIM...................................................................................49
2.3.1. Thao tc th nghim ...................................................................................... 49
2.3.2. Kt qu th nghim........................................................................................ 53
KT LUN ...................................................................................................................56


LI NI U
rong lnh vc cng nghip hin i, khi m cuc sng ca ngi dn

ngy cng c nng cao th vic kim tra cc tnh cht lin quan n
cu trc ca sn phm thc phm ng mt vai tr quan trng. Cu trc
thc phm l 1 trong nhng yu t tin quyt quyt nh cht lng ca thc phm:
gp phn lm tng gi tr cm quan, p ng th hiu ca ngi tiu dng. Nu o c
c cc yu t cu trc nh dai, gin, cng ca sn phm th vic nh
gi, nh cht lng v pht trin sn phm mt cch hiu qu.
Mi loi sn phm thc phm c trng bi yu t cu trc c trng. Trong ,
i vi sn phm tht v cc sn phm t tht (xc xch, gi ch) th dai, n
hi l nhng thng s cn c xc nh nh gi cht lng sn phm. Phng
php Warner-Bratzler Shear l 1 phng php dng xc nh cc thng s k trn
thng qua cng c l my o c l. Warner-Bratzler Shear l mt phng php c in
v c ci tin tr thnh mt trong nhng phng php thng dng nht trong
o c cu trc thc phm ni chung, sn phm tht ni ring.
Tuy nhin vi s lng khng l cc kin thc bit, vic la chn nhng kin
thc no ph hp vo mt bi bo co thc hnh, ph hp vi nhiu i tng l rt
kh khn, nn chc chn s khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Nhm thc hin bi bo
co rt mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp ca qu thy c v cc bn khc
phc nhng thiu st v hon thin bi bo co hn.


1 - TNG QUAN
1.1. TNG QUAN V CU TRC THC PHM
1.1.1. nh ngha Cu trc thc phm
C nhiu nh ngha v cu trc thc phm nh:
- Cu trc l cc c tnh to s cm nhn v cc tnh cht vt l t da hay cc c
quan th cm trong khoang ming, ngoi tr cc cm gic v nhit (Matz, 1962).
- Cu trc l s tng hp ca cc c tnh xut pht t cc thnh phn cu trc bn
trong (Structural elements) ca thc phm v cch n ghi li cc cm gic sinh l,
(Sherman, 1970).
- Cu trc (texture) l s biu l v mt cm quan ca kt cu bn trong (structure)
ca thc phm v cch thc kt cu ny phn ng vi cc cc lc ln n, cc yu t
lin quan gm th gic, thnh gic v cc cm nhn v s chuyn ng
(kinesthethics), (Szczesniak, 1990).
Mc d cha c mt nh ngha hon chnh v cu trc, chng ta c th xc nh cc
c tnh sau y ca cu trc thc phm, l:
- Cu trc l mt nhm cc c tnh cu trc vt l c ngun gc t kt cu bn trong
(structure) ca thc phm.
- Cu trc thuc v nhm cc c tnh vt l theo phng din c hc v lu bin hc,
ch khng theo cc phng din quang hc, in t trng hay nhit hc.
- Cu trc bao gm mt tp hp cc c tnh, ch khng phi l mt c tnh duy
nht no.
- Cu trc c cm nhn ch yu bng xc gic, thng l trong ming, nhng cc
b phn khc ca c th cng c th lin quan.
- Cu trc khng lin quan n cc cm nhn ha hc mi v v.
- Cc i lng o cu trc c n v l hm s ca khi lng, khong cch v thi
gian.
2


Bng 1.1 - nh ngha mt s tnh cht cu trc thng thng ca thc phm
L c tnh ca thc phm khng d b v hay ha tan trong ming,
Dai (chewy)
cn nhai nhiu ph v.
L c tnh ca thc phm to ra cm gic c nhiu ht nh trong
Bt (mealy)
ming.
L c tnh ca sn phm c sc bn ln khi c lc lm bin dng
Cng
hay ph v.
L c tnh ca thc phm c bn thp khi c lc lm bin dng.
Mm
L c tnh ca thc phm, biu hin mc chng chu tng i
Chc
khi c lc lm bin dng.
Cng gin
L c tnh ca thc phm, cn s ln nhai ln n nm ln bng rng

hm nghin nh thc phm (n mc c th nut c).
V cu trc l mt t hp ca nhiu c tnh vt l khc nhau nn s chnh xc hn khi

chng ta ni v cc c tnh cu trc, hm ch mt nhm (mt tp hp) cc c
tnh c lin quan, hn l cu trc nh l mt thng s n nht. iu ny cn c
c bit nhn mnh, trnh s nhm tng cu trc l mt c tnh duy nht ca
thc phm.
Bng di y lit k mt s t thng c dng m t thc phm v mt cu trc.
Bng 1.2 Cc c tnh dng m t thc phm v mt cu trc
Cc c tnh c hc
Cc thng s s cp
Cc thng s th cp
cng
c kt
Khi nim thng thng

Mm chc cng
gin
D v vn xp gin
gin - dai
Mm sn chc dai chai
dai
Mm bt nho dai
nht
Lng nht
3


n hi
Do n hi
dnh
Ko dnh dnh
Cc c tnh hnh hc
Kch thc v hnh dng ca tiu phn
Bt, xm, rp
Hnh dng v hng ca cc tiu phn
X, si, kt tinh
Cc c tnh khc
Hm lng m
Kh m t nc
Hm lng cht bo
Bo, bo ngy
1.1.2. Tm quan trng ca cu trc i vi thc phm

- Bn yu t chnh to nn cht lng ca thc phm l:
Hnh thc bn ngoi Gm c mu sc, hnh dng, kch thc, bng b mt l
cc yu t tc ng n th gic.
(Preference)
Gm c v (cm nhn bng mi) v mi (cm nhn bi cc
Hng v (Flavor)
trung khu thn kinh khu gic nm trong mi). Cc yu t ny

c gi l cc gic quan ha hc.
Ch yu do cc c quan xc gic cm nhn khi c s tip xc
Cu trc (Texture)
gia c th v thc phm. Bn cnh , cc cm nhn v

chuyn ng, v m thanh (i vi cc thc phm gin) cng
cng gp phn vo vic nh gi cu trc.
Dinh dng
Gm thnh phn cc thnh phn a lng v vi lng trong

thc phm.
- Trong 4 yu t trn, 3 yu t u c gi l cc yu t cm quan do chng c

nh gi trc tip bi cc gic quan. Cc yu t cm quan ca thc phm ng vai
tr rt quan trng, v chng to cho ngi n cm gic ham thch v tha mn khi
n.


- Tm quan trng ca cu trc i vi mc chp nhn chung ca ngi dng i

vi thc phm khc nhau, ty theo loi thc phm. Chng ta c th phn ra lm 3
nhm sau:
Cc k quan trng: Trong nhm ny l cc thc phm m cu trc ng vai tr
ti quan trng i vi cht lng ca sn phm, chng hn nh tht, khoai ty
chin, ng cc, im tm.
Quan trng: Nhm ny gm cc thc phm m cu trc l yu t cn thit,
nhng khng hon ton quyt nh cht lng thc phm. V mc quan trng
xp x vi hng v v hnh thc bn ngoi, nhm ny gm c cc loi rau qu,
tri cy, ph mai, bnh m, ko v cc loi thc phm lm t lng thc.
t quan trng: Gm cc thc phm m cu trc nh hng t n cht lng
chung, gm ung, cc loi sp lng.
- Trong ba yu t chnh nh hng n mc chp nhn thc phm (hnh thc,
hng v, cu trc), cu trc l yu t t c ch nht. Trong nhiu nm, cu trc
thc phm b coi nh so vi cc yu t khc.
- Theo Szczesniak, cc yu t sau y l nhng l do chnh m cu trc thc phm t
c nh gi l quan trng nh mu sc v hng v.
- Ngi tiu dng thng khng mong i hay c mt yu cu no c bit i vi
cu trc ca sn phm v t than phin v c tnh ny, tr khi cu trc thc phm
c mt s c no n mc khng th chp nhn c.
- S gii hn v t ng ca ngi tiu dng khi din t cc c tnh cu trc. Khi h
ni mn ny khng ngon, ngi ta thng ngh rng do thc phm c hng v
km, trong khi c th ngi n cp n cu trc hoc c hai.
- Nu xy ra cc bin i v mu, mi, v th ngi ta thng ngh n kh nng thc
phm hng. Ngc li, s bin i v mt cu trc khng r rt th hin rng
thc phm khng an ton m ch th hin thc phm c cht lng km.


1.2. TNG QUAN V MY O C L

1.2.1. Gii thiu chung
- Trong cc phng th nghim c hc vt liu, thit b o c l l mt cng c rt cn
thit. N cho php thc hin cc loi th nghim ko, nn, un, ct (x) xc nh
cc thng s tnh cht c hc ca vt liu cn th nghim. Ngy nay, s hin din
ca cc thit b o c l tng cng vi s tng s lng cc phng th nghim (
cng ty kim nh cng trnh, phng th nghim trng i hc, vin nghin cu,
nh my), khng ch tng v s lng m cn tng v hnh dng, kch thc, mu
m nhng vn p ng nhng php o theo cc phng php c in v ci tin.
Hnh Cc kiu my o c l
- Do c th, cc my th nghim vn nng u l thit b chuyn dng yu cu
chnh xc rt cao, tnh n nh khi s dng, kh nng thc hin cc th nghim a
dng trn nhiu loi vt liu khc nhau. Vic ch to cc my th nghim loi ny
i hi rt cao trnh gia cng c kh, thit k v lp rp cc mch x l tn hiu
6


o v iu khin in t. Bn cnh n cng yu cu ngi thit k phi c nhiu

kinh nghim trong lnh vc th nghim, c bit l am him v cc tiu chun k
thut c lin quan.
- Ti Vit Nam phn ln cc my th nghim u c nhp khu t nc ngoi, mt
s rt nh c ch to trong nc. Cc my my th nghim vn nng hu ht
c nhp khu t Trung Quc vi cc dng my r tin, c tnh nng thp, cc
dng my cht lng cao c nhp t cc nc tin tin thng c gi rt cao.
- Thit b o c l c gii thiu y
l mt sn phm ca hng INSTRON
(Seri 5543) c s dng xc nh
tnh cht c l ca nhiu loi sn phm
khc nhau. Chng hn nh i vi cc
Hnh Biu tng ca hng INSTRON
sn phm thc phm nh cc loi tri

cy, rau c qu v nhiu loi nguyn liu khc.
- Thit b ny c mt c cu ti trng cht ch, s dng in th nh v c th d
dng t trn cc k hay bn lm vic.
- H thng ny gm hai loi c kch thc khc nhau. Loi nh c tng chuyn ng
ca con trt l 500mm v i vi loi ln l 932mm.


Hnh Thit k chung ca my o c l INSTRON

* Cc tnh cht tin ch ca my o c l:
- Cho kt qu nhanh chng v chnh xc ch trong vi giy.
- C th dng cc gi tr tc dng lc khc nhau i vi tng sn phm xc nh.
- C th nh gi tng im trn b mt thc phm bng cch tc dng lc vo cc v
tr khc nhau.
- C kh nng t ng ho bng vic lp trnh sn cc d liu v thao tc thc hin,
c th kt ni vi mn hnh my vi tnh hin th kt qu thng qua cc phn mm,
cng nh thit lp th s bin i cu trc thc phm theo thi gian. T ta s
xc nh c cc thng s ca thc phm, gip d dng nh gi chnh xc v la
chn sn phm theo c tnh mong mun.
- Rt ngn chu trnh pht trin sn xut. Nghin cu sn phm bng my tm ra
tnh cht thch hp nht, y nhanh qu trnh sn xut. Ngoi ra, cn c th tm
c cc tnh cht mi trong thc phm cho cc ng dng thc t trong tng lai.


* Nguyn l hot ng ca my o c l
- Hot ng bng cch dng lc c hc tc dng ln sn phm, tu tng loi sn
phm m ta c th dng cc lc tc dng khc nhau nh 5, 10, 20, 50, 500N vi
chnh xc 2%.
- Cn c vo thi gian v tc tc dng lc m ta c th xc nh c cc tnh cht
ca sn phm nh cng, gin, n hi, trng n, xp, do.
- Nh cm bin lc tc dng, ta chuyn tn hiu lc thnh tn hiu in v sau khi
khuch i bng b vi sai, ta chuyn lc thnh tn hiu vo cho u c ca b x l
kt qu o (hoc c ni trc tip vi my tnh).
- Vn tc my c th t ti a l 500mm/pht.
- Din tch b mt thc phm c th o c l 500mm2.
- Thi gian c th o cng lc: 20 im/giy.
- Kch c my: 380 400 720mm.
- Nhit ca thc phm thch hp php o c chnh xc l 5 400C v m
khong 20 80%.
Hnh Cc kiu my o c l trn th trng

*S liu k thut ca my o c l hiu Instron Seri 5543:
9


My thuc kiu bn, tun theo cc tiu chun ASTM E4, BS 1610, DIN 51221, ISO
7500/1.2.1.1, EN 10002 2, AFNOR A03 501 v mt s tiu chun quc t khc.
Hng sn xut
Instron M
Kch thc ca my
Chiu cao: 127mm

Trng lng: 41kg
Cc thng s ca my
Ngun in s dng: 220V

Tc ti thiu: 0.05mm/pht (0.002 inch/pht)
Tc ti a: 1000mm/pht (40 inch/pht)
Tc phn hi: 1500 mm/pht
Chuyn ng ca con trt: 917mm
Lc tc dng ti a: 1000N
Phm vi lc o lng l 250:1 (V d nh s dng b phn o
lc o xung 0.4% ca ton b cng sut m vn khng c thit
hi g v tnh chnh xc)
Tnh chnh xc: 0,5%
Cng sut 1kN (225lbf)
Khng gian th nghim dc: 1067 mm (42 inch)
Ch thu nhn d liu ng b tt c cc knh d liu: 500 Hz
- Bng iu khin phn cng thun tin cho cc hot ng th nghim.

- Phn mm tng thch Bluehill 2.
- Phng php th nghim theo tiu chun ISO.
- T ng nhn bit b cm bin cho b phn o lc v cc gin k.
1.2.2. Phn cng
- B phn chnh ca h thng thit b ny bao gm mt bng iu khin, vt me, mt
ng c v ct n v. Con trt c t c nh ln ct n v v vt me. B phn
o lc c c nh ln con trt. B phn truyn ng lin kt vi ng c (motor)
10


pha di ca con trt. Khi motor quay, chuyn ng s c dn n vt me

khin cho con trt di chuyn ln hoc xung ct n v.
Hnh Cc b phn chnh ca my o c l Instron

- Ton b c cu ny l mt cu trc bn vng gip c nh mu th hay vt liu th
nghim. Ta s dng kp t mu th vo gia bng v con trt. Khi ng c
quay do lnh t h thng iu khin, con trt s di chuyn ln hoc xung, b
phn o lc s o lng lc ti ca mu th.
- H thng ny cng bao gm b khuch i cng sut, b bin p v cc bng mch
in t. Bng iu khin c t c nh trn ct n v. Nt dng khn cp c th
gip dng h thng vo bt c lc no khi c tn hiu cnh bo an ton.
11


- B phn ph l gi sn phm lm bng thp khng r c b mt cng nhn cng

tt. Cc b phn c t ln trn mt gi .
- Tu tng loi sn phm m ta dng nhng b phn tc dng lc khc nhau:
Food Testing Fixture
Cch thc kim tra
Thc phm
Fruits
Ly mu dng ng
Vegetables
Nuts
Flat End Probe Sets Magness Taylor

Probes
Bread
Gy bin dng bng lc p
Candy
Cheese
Gels
Rolls
Compression Anvils
Fruits
Vegetables
Cooked Pasta
Tc dng lc ri ct thnh
si
Cubed Chicken
Viscous Liquids
Gels
Kramer Shear Cell
12


Fruits
Vegetables
Ground Meat
Ct thnh si ri tc p
bng cch tc dng lc
Seafood Salad
Viscous Liquids
Gels
Back Extrusion Cell
Fruits
Gt bng dao nhiu li
Vegetables
Viscous Liquids
Gels
Ottawa Texture Cell
Beef
Poultry
Lamb
Ct thnh tng ming
Pork
Wieners
Warner Bratzler Meat Shear
Ko cng hai u
Tension Grip
13
Raw Pasta
Processed Meat


Crackers
Lm cong bng lc i
xng
Cookies
Granola Bars
Raw Pasta
3 pt Flex
1.2.2.1. Nt khi ng chnh

Nt khi ng chnh t b ni ngun pha sau bn phi ca my. Khi nt
v tr ON my s m v khi nt v tr OFF th my s c ngt khi ngun in.
Dy ni cng hot ng nh l b chn in p chnh.
1.2.2.2. Bng iu khin
Hnh Bng v m phng bng iu khin th cng

14


Bng Cc nt iu khin v cng dng

Jog controls
(Nt iu chnh ln xung)
Nhn nt jog up hay jog down chnh con

trt i ln hoc xung. Nu ta nhn v gi nt
ny, con trt s bt u di chuyn chm ri
nhanh dn, cho n khi ta thi gi nt.
Fine position
(Nt iu chnh bng tay)
Nt ny gip ta di chuyn con trt i chm v

chnh xc. Cun nt ln xung di chuyn con
trt.
Nhn nt ny chnh con trt t v tr hin
thi n v tr ca khong cch cn o. Mt khi
RESET G. L. Button
khong cch o ny c thit lp, con trt s

lun lun tr li ng v tr ny khi ta nhn nt
Return
AT G.L. Indicator
Power indicator
Frame standby indicator
FRAME READY Indicator
START TEST button
TEST IN PROGRESS indicators
STOP TEST button
TEST STOPPED Indicator
Nt ny bt sng khi cn bo hiu con trt

ng v tr.
Nt ny bt sng ch rng nng lng sn
sng cho my.
Bt sng khi my ch ch.
Bt sng bo hiu l my sn sng
s dng.
Nhn nt ny bt u tin hnh th nghim.
Nt ny bt sng bo hiu hng di
chuyn ca con trt.
Nhn nt ny dng chuyn ng ca con
trt khi kt thc th nghim.
Bt sng bo hiu rng th nghim b
dng li, nhng con trt khng tr li v
15


tr ban u ca n.
Nhn nt ny chnh con trt v li v tr ban
RETURN Button
u.
RETURN IN PROGRESS Indicator
Bt sng bo rng con trt v li v tr

ban u.
1.2.2.3. Nt dng khn cp (Emergency stop switch)
Hnh V tr nt dng khn cp

- Nt dng khn cp l nt c mu , hnh trn kh ln c t pha trc ca
my.
- Ta nhn nt ny mi khi nhn thy th nghim khng an ton , khi ta nhn nt h
thng s nhanh chng dng li. Khi nhn, nt dng khn cp s kha my li v ta
phi thao tc tip tc bng tay my tip tc hot ng.
- Sau khi x l xong s c, ta c th khi ng li my thc hin li cc th
nghim.
1.2.2.4. Mt s lu
- Gii hn dng chuyn ng ca con trt l mt c tnh an ton m ta nn thit lp
mi khi s dng h thng o ny. Thit lp n sau khi t khong cch o,
nhng trc khi bt u kim tra.
- Gii hn ca con trt l 2 im dng c th iu chnh c t c nh trn thanh
16


gii hn pha trc bn phi ca ct n v c th hin hnh v bn di.

- im dng c cht vn ta vn cht hay th lng bng tay, ta c th di chuyn
im dng n bt k v tr no ca thanh truyn ng.
Hnh Khong gii hn ca con trt
1.2.3. Phn mm
1.2.3.1. Gii thiu
- Bluehill 2 cung cp mt chng trnh kim tra nguyn liu linh hot v y sc
mnh, d dng s dng i vi c nhng ngi ch mi bt u hc hay cc chuyn
gia.
- Phn mm Bluehill 2 tip tc truyn thng c Bluehill 1 c ra mt nm 2004.
Th h mi ny c cp nhp y cc phn mm c chnh sa cng cc
bn v li. y l mt gii php dnh cho cc k thut vin v nh qun l ca
nhng phng th nghim.
17


- Phn mm Bluehill 2 chia thnh cc bng m mu gip thao tc d dng. Mn hnh

p ng nhu cu i vi cc k thut ng dng cho tng phng php kim tra. Cc
thng s nh l c nh c cu, thut ng kim tra, la chn n v v tnh ton
c nh hnh t ng, cho php phng th nghim hot ng nhanh chng v
chnh xc.
Hnh Giao din lm vic ca Bluehill

- Nhng thit k v kh nng ca Bluehill 2 phn nh nn tng ng dng mnh m
ca Instron, tp on pht trin 60 nm qua nh l ngi dn u trong vic kim
tra vt liu. Bluehill 2 tng thch trc tip vi nhiu h thng ca instron nh 3300,
4200, 5500, 5800
- Phn mm Bluehill 2 giao din c thit k dng bng nn s dng kh n gin.
N bao gm vic kim tra, phng php kim tra, bo co kt qu v h thng qun
l. Bm vo bng m bn thy, ri chn mc bn mun kim tra. Rt n gin cho
ngi s dng.
18


- iu khin cc mc theo bng dng ct cho ra kt qu theo s trnh by nh

trn mn hnh xc nh cng xut d liu v th nc lu tr.
- Bluehill 2 c nhiu tnh nng vic thc hin th nghim c d dng hn v
nhanh hn cho tt c ngi dng. Mt trong s l:
Bng iu khin giao tip gia ngi s dng v my cho php ngi s dng
thy tt c nhng g ang c p dng cho cc ln kim tra mu. Bng iu
khin bao gm cc phm mm cho php s dng nhng tnh nng khc nhau.
Tnh nng chn mu cho php ng b ha xem cc kt qu, ha, yu t u
vo v tnh trng cho by k ln kim tra mu.
Bluehill 2 i km vi s chuyn i a nng t ng chuyn i tt c cc
phng php th nghim v cc tp tin d liu hin ti. Chng ta c th bt u
th nghim trong cng mt ngy m ta ci t phn mm.
S dng cc k thut sao chp v dn sao chp cc bng biu v th kt qu
t Bluehill 2 sang cc phn mm yu thch nh Microsoft Word, Excel hay
PowerPoint.
Thng qua Bluehill 2, chng ta c th tn dng li ch ca cc menu khi nhn
phi chut nh sao chp, dn cc thng tin hay tm nhng chi tit khc nh
th, cc bng kt qu hay tnh nng ca bng.
Vic nhp d liu u vo cc phng php th rt linh hot. Chng ta c th
nhp vo bt k lc no: trc, trong hay sau khi th nghim. V d, ta c th
nhp vo kch thc mu th nghim khi ang tin hnh cho mt mu khc. iu
ny gip tit kim thi gian v gim thiu sai st u vo.
Cc php o th nghim bao gm hng trm ng dng khc nhau, t c bn n
phc tp theo tiu chun sn c ca Bluehill 2.
19


Hnh Thao tc linh ng trc tip trn giao din bo kt qu bng chut phi
1.2.3.2. Cc cng c chc nng
- Chuyn i gia cc mn hnh
o Bng iu khin nm gc trn ca mn hnh v giao din phn mm Bluehill
nm bn di.
o Ty theo nt m ta chn mn hnh chnh, ta s thy cc thanh chc nng khc
nhau l test, method, report, admin.
- Test tab
o Nu ta chn nt Test, c 4 mc l test, method, report, admin s xut hin v ta
chuyn i qua li gia cc mc bng cch nhn vo tn ca mc .
20


- Method tab
Trong mc ny c 1 thanh iu hng bn tri mn hnh. Nhn vo cc mc m ta
cn sa i trong thanh iu hng ny.
- Report tab v admin tab
Trong cc mc ny cng c thanh iu hng bn tri mn hnh, cc mc m ta
chn s c lm ni bt d dng nhn bit. Khi ta di chuyn qua li gia cc
mc, c 1 bng hng dn bn phi cung cp cc thng tin lin quan n mc .
- Mn hnh chnh
y l mn hnh xut hin u tin khi ta khi ng phn mm v l mn hnh ta
chn phng php th nghim.
21


*Chc nng ca cc nt trong mn hnh chnh:

- Test Button
Nhn nt ny khi ta mun tin hnh th nghim vi mu. Phn mm s trnh din
mt lot cc mn hnh khc ta chn phng php kim tra, t tn cho mu v
bt u th nghim.
Mc continue sample gip ta m li mt file mu lm trc xem li cc
thng s hoc tin hnh th vi mt mu khc.
- Method Button
Nhn nt ny khi ta mun chnh sa v lu li cc file phng php th nghim.
phn mm s chuyn n mt mn hnh khc ta chn hoc thay i cc thng s
th nghim ri lu li trn file gc hoc mt file mi.
- Report Button
Nhn nt ny khi ta mun chnh sa v lu li cc file phng php th nghim mu.
Ta cng c th s dng cc bo co mu to ra mt bo co mi da trn cc d
liu thu thp c trong khi tin hnh th nghim.
22


- Admin Button
Nhn nt ny khi ta mun thay i cu hnh ca h thng th nghim.
- User Button
Nhn nt ny thot ra khi ngi dng hin thi.
- Help Button
Nt ny d m h thng tr gip.
- Exit Button
Nhn nt ny thot ra khi chng trnh.
- Thanh trng thi (Status Bar)
Thanh trng thi xut hin pha di mn hnh ca phn mm. N cung cp cc
thng tin v trng thi ca my cc trng hp khc nhau trong h thng th
nghim.
Nu phn mm ca my c kt ni vi my o c l, thanh trng thi s hin ra
ch live machine. Nu phn mm ca my kt ni c vi my o c l nhng
khng c mu, thanh trng thi s hin ra ch no machine. Nu phn mm ca my
khng kt ni c vi my o c l nhng c mu th nghim, thanh trng thi s
hin ra ch demo.
Trong tnh trng no machine, ta c th lm mi th vi phn mm ngoi tr vic
tin hnh th nghim vi mu, trong tnh trng Demo, h thng s s dng file d
liu m phng th nghim trn mu.
Nu nh khng c file mu no c m, thanh trng thi s hin ra ch sample:
closed. Nu c file mu c m, ta s thy tn ca file . V d nh khi ta m
mt phng php th nghim v bt u chnh sa n, du * s xut hin sau tn ca
file cho n khi ta lu li file hoc lu di tn ca mt file mi. Nu ta chn
23


to ra mt phng php mi, thanh trng thi s hin ra ch method cho n khi ta
lu li di tn ca mt file mi.
1.2.3.3. Cch tin hnh th nghim
- tin hnh mt th nghim, ta s thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Xc nh phng php th nghim.
Chn mu v t mu vo ng v tr.
Chn phng php th nghim.
t tn cho mu.
Nhp v chnh sa cc thng s, d liu cn thit.
Kim tra cc s liu nhp.
Nhn nt START bt u th nghim.
Theo di th nghim v kt qu hin trn mn hnh.
Lu li kt qu th nghim nu cn.
Kt thc th nghim v thot ra.
24


- tin hnh th nghim vi mt mu th mi, ta c th nhn vo nt TEST trn

mn hnh chnh, chn nt NEW SAMPLE trn thanh iu hng (Navigator bar).
- Lu l trc khi bt u th nghim, phi chn phng php m ta mun s dng
kim tra cho mu th mi ny.
- Nu nh file phng php m ta mun s dng nm danh sch Most recently
used th ta ch cn chn tn ca phng php trong danh sch , ri nhn vo nt
Next.
- Nu nh file phng php m ta mun s dng khng nm danh sch Most
recently used th ta chn nt Browse, mt ca s khc s m ra ta tm kim v
chn file ph hp, sau ta chn nt Open m file.
- Vng lm vic (Test Workspace)
25


Hnh Giao din Vng lm vic

Bng -Tn nt v chc nng ca n trong vng lm vic
Chc nng
Tn nt
Start test
Stop test
Bt u th nghim. Khi nhn nt ny, con trt trn b

truyn ng s bt u di chuyn v th nghim bt u.
Dng th nghim v ngng vic thu nhn d liu.
Con trt s tr li v tr trn thanh truyn ng. Nu ta
Return to gauge length
nhn nt ny khi th nghim ang tin hnh, n s dng th

nghim li trc khi con trt tr v v tr.
Reset gauge length
Tr li v tr ban u ca con trt trn thanh truyn ng.

Nt ny s khng hot ng khi th nghim ang tin hnh.
Finish sample
Lu d liu li v k thc th nghim vi mu.
Save sample
Lu d liu li trn mt file xc nh trc khi bt u th
26


nghim.
Save sample as
M ra khung Save File As ta lu li trn mt file khc.
Print Report
In bo co.
- Nu ta nhp chut phi vo bt k u trong vng lm vic, mt menu s xut hin

trn mn hnh. Cc chc nng ca cc mc trong menu ny bao gm:
Chn cch b tr mn hnh.
Thm mu.
Xa mu.
Khi phc th nghim mi nht.
Loi b mu.
Tnh ton li cc kt qu.
- Nu ta v nhn nt finish m cha th nghim xong, my s lu v ng li,
chng ta khng th m n li ngay lp tc. Tuy nhin, nu ta mun tip tc th
nghim vi mu va mi ng th ta c th lm theo cc bc sau:
- Nu ca s save changes to test parameters m ra, chn ci m ta mun lm tip
v ta s tr li bc u tin ca quy trnh to mt mu mi.
- Nu ta khng chn g c th nhn vo nt continue sample trn thanh iu hng.
- Nhp 2 ln vo tn mu trn nh ca danh sch most recently used m file
mu. By gi ta c th tip tc th nghim.
- File mu cha tt c cc thng tin cn thit ta ti cu trc li mu. Khng c mi
lin h no gia file mu v file gc ca phng php kim tra (L file m ta chn
lc bt u quy trnh th nghim)
27


- iu ny c ngha l ngay khi ta chn mt phng php kim tra th nghim,

mt bn copy ca cc thng s th nghim c to v lu trong b nh. Nu ta
hon tt th nghim v lu li mu, cc thng s th nghim cng c lu trong .
Vo ngy sau, nu ta mun xem li mu hoc thm mt vi mu th vo, ta ch cn
m file mu m khng cn m file gc ca phng php th nghim.
1.2.4. Cc yu t nh hng n kt qu phn tch
- Cc bc chun b mu: Khi o nhn ca sn phm thc phm, ta cn v sinh
sch s b mt, lau gi , chn mu c tnh i din...
- m ca sn phm khi phn tch: Sn phm khng b ho hoc b ng.
- Nhit v m ca khng kh: Nn ph hp vi iu kin bo qun thng
thng ca thc phm.
- Tc tc dng lc, thay i tc tc dng lc ph hp vi tnh cht cn phn
tch: phn tch cng cn tc dng lc trong mt thi gian ngn, ngha l tc
tc dng ln. Ngc li, phn tch mm th thi gian tc dng lc di hn
tc l tc nh hn.
- Kch thc, hnh dng v thnh phn ca mu phn tch: V din tch ca gi
sn phm c gii hn nn i vi cc sn phm c kch thc ln nh u hay
da hu th cn ct nh ra trc khi em kim nghim. V hnh dng, chng ta ch
c th so snh v nh gi cc sn phm c hnh dng tng ng.
- V tr tip xc ca b phn tc dng lc: V tr tip xc ca b phn tc dng lc
ln b mt sn phm phi thch hp vi hnh dng sn phm cn phn tch. Khi
phn tch cc sn phm khng c ht hoc ht nh nh chui, to th v tr tip xc
t nh hng. Trong khi i vi cc sn phm c ht trung bnh v ln nh xoi, cc,
su ring, o... th khng nn mi dao ct xuyn su vo trong lp tht qu.
Ngoi ra cn c cc yu t khc nh hng n kt qu phn tch nh:
- chn ca mu.
28


- Vt ng mu hoc dng u o s dng.

- V tr t mu, trng tm ca mu.
- iu kin bo qun v trnh by mu.
- Vn tc dch chuyn ca u o.
- Phn trm u d xuyn mu hay phn trm mu bin dng.
1.3. GII THIU MT S NG DNG CA MY O C L

1.3.1. ngha ca th biu din
My c l o c tt c cc thng s sau ca mu thc phm nh:
29


- cng (H): L gi tr lc kim tra ti a c th t ln thc phm bng cch dng

mt pittong.
- dnh (A3): L gi tr lc cn thit di chuyn thc phm c lin kt vi tay
trong sut qu trnh cm nm hoc di chuyn khi rng, li v vm ming trong
sut qu trnh n.
- Tnh lin kt (A2/A1): l s to thnh v ph hy ca mt sn phm thc phm
khi mt ti trng c thm vo n.
Ti trng c thm vo 2 ln c th so snh.
- gin (B): L lc ph hy thc phm trong ming.
- n hi (T2/T1): L s so snh v lm v s dch chuyn khi mt ti trng
c thm vo sn phm thc phm 2 ln bng cch dng 1 pittong.
1.3.2. Cc v d v o c cu trc bng thit b
1.3.2.1. Kim tra gin ca khoai rn
Khoai mi rn:
30


Khoai rn sau 5 gi:
- im A biu th gi tr lc kim tra v c xem nh l im chuyn t lc nh

nht sang lc thm vo.
- Ly gi tr im A tr i cng th ta s nhn c gi tr gin ca thc phm.
gin biu th tc ng lm v thc phm trong ming. Nu gi tr gin ln
c ngha l thc phm c th c ph v d dng.
- Trong trng hp khoai rn th iu c ngha l gin c th cm nhn c.
Cm gic mnh v gin c biu th r rng trong khoai mi rn khi gi tr
gin l 1.77N so vi gin l 0.91N khi khoai c qua 5 gi sau .
- Ngoi ra nh ta thy trn th, vng c rng ca cong ln n gi tr cng cc
i i vi khoai mi rn, nhng i vi khoai c qua 5 gi th khng c iu
. Nhng mp lm chm m ta thy trong th ca khoai mi rn cho thy
nhng mnh nh ph ngoi khoai rn th rn chc.
31


1.3.2.2. Kim tra cng ca bnh quy

Bnh quy sau khi mi m bao gi:
Bnh quy sau khi m bao gi 24 gi:
- y, s bin i v cng ca bnh quy sau khi m bao gi th c ghi nhn

bi my o. Gi tr cc i ca trc Y (Lc kim tra) biu th cng ca bnh. V
vng trong th cong ln t im bt u kim tra cho n gi tr cng th c
gi l nng lng nhai.
- So snh s liu ca bnh quy khi mi m bao gi v khi m c 24h, ta c
nhn xt rng: Khi cng gim t 16.58N xung 12.86N th nng lng nhai gim
t 13.86(N.mm) xung 6.35(N.mm). iu biu th rng s khc nhau t v
cng trong bnh quy (c ngha l dng nh khng c s khc nhau v cht lng
khu v) th hon ton c th nh lng c.
1.3.2.3. Kim tra n hi ca Kamaboko
Kamaboko l mt dng bt nho ca c c nu chn.
32


Sn phm cht lng cao:
Sn phm cht lng thp:
- cng ca Kamaboko c biu th bi trc Y (Lc kim tra) v phn lm ti gi

tr cng cc i biu th do. Thng thng, Kamaboko cng ngon khi
n hi cng ln.
- Ly gi tr cng nhn vi lm ta s c c gi tr dng nh gi cht
lng ca Kamaboko. Kamaboko cht lng cao khi m gi tr l 143.01 (N.mm)
v kamaboko cht lng thp khi m gi tr l 131.18 (N.mm).
33


2 PHNG PHP WARNER-BRATZLER SHEAR

2.1. S lc v phng php Warner-Bratzler Shear
2.1.1. Lch s ca phng php[1]2
- cng chc ca tht l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nht nh hng n v
ngon ca sn phm tht. Cc nghin cu ng ch trong th k qua u tp trung
vo vic lm sng t nhng kha cnh lin quan n cng chc ca tht. h
tr cho vic ny, rt nhiu nhng cng c c a ra nhm nh gi c
cng chc ca tht nhiu mc , quy m v c tnh khc nhau.
- Thit b o Warner-Bratzler Shear (xin c php gi tt l b kt Warner-Bratzler
Shear) l mt phng php xc nh cng chc ca tht c chp nhn v dng
rng ri nht hin nay. Thit k gc nguyn bn cho b kt ny c a ra bi
K.F.Warner, mt nh khoa hc M vo nm 1928. Phin bn gc ch gm 1 li ct
bng thp c 1 l trn nh gia nhm gip cho php gi mu tht li. Ngoi ra cn
c 1 hp g c rnh, cho php li dao ct xuyn qua. Nm 1932, L.J.Bratzler, 1
sinh vin tt nghip Kansas State University, c mt vi ci tin cho b kt ny v
phin bn b kt thng dng hin nay da trn nhng ci tin .
- Bratzler thit lp 1 s tiu chun cho b kt ny. dy ca li dao ct phi t
0.04 inch (1.016 mm). Hp g c rnh c thay th bng thp vi rnh cho
php li dao ct xuyn qua vi khong h l 0.005 inch v li dao c th xuyn
qua vi rng rnh l 2.0828 mm, v tc li dao chy qua mu c chun
ha mc 9 inch/pht (theo Tommy L. Wheeler, Steven D. Shackelford, and
Mohammad Koohmaraie, USDA-ARS U.S. Meat Animal Research Center th vn
tc ny l 200 n 250 mm/pht).
[1]
Dave McKenna: Warner-Bratzler Shear Force Measurement. Meat Science Section,

Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University.
[2]
Malcolm C.Bourne, 2002: Food texture and Viscosity, 2nd Edition, Elservier Science &
Technology Books.
34


- Voisey v Larmond (1974) cng c mt s ci tin cho b kt ny. Hnh dng ca

li dao v l trn gia li dao cng c thay i thnh dng tam gic u (gc
60 ). Cc gc ca tam gic u c bo trn vi ng knh l 2.363 mm
(Tommy L.Wheeler et al.).
- Kch thc mu sn phm tht cng c tiu chun ha bng cch dng nhng u
core (ng knh 1,5 inch) ct song song vi chiu si c ti nn nhng khi
mu bng nhau v ging nhau v hnh dng.
- Ngy nay, qu trnh t ng ha cho php ngi i
kim sot ton b qu trnh v thao tc th nghim
thng qua my tnh.
- Lc dng thc hin th nghim l tng lc cn
dng ct mu tht rng 1.5 inch. Cng c lc lc
c th hin di n v pound hoc kilogram. L
do l ty vo c im sn phm tht m lc dng
th nghim s khc nhau (v d loin steak s cn
dng t lc hn so vi round steak).
- Theo nghin cu ca Texas A&M University v cng chc ca tht dng phng
php Warner-Bratzler shear. Kt qu cho thy, nu loin beef c gi tr ct l 7.0lbs.
(khong 3.2kg) hoc thp hn, th ngi tiu dng cm thy sn phm kh cng
chc ( tin cy 95%). Nu loin beef c gi tr 8.6 lbs (khong 3.9kg) th tin cy
gim cn 68%. Khi so snh vi kt qu cm quan th gi tr 10.1lbs (4.6kg) mi cho
tin cy l 88%.
35


2.1.2. Nguyn l phng php

- Phng php Warner-Bratzler Shear dng lc ct tc dng ln mu thc phm.
Cng c dng trong th nghim l li dao c cu to c trng hnh ch V nhm
gip xc nh cng chc (firmness/toughness) ca hu ht cc sn phm tht v
sn phm t tht.
- Phng php ct ny da trn nguyn l sau: khi ta cho b kt (gm 1 li dao hoc
2 hay nhiu li dao i vi phng php ct Bracle Kramer) chuyn ng chm
vo mu cn kim tra, li dao s tc dng ln mu mt lc hnh thnh ba trng thi:
ct, nn v ko gin chia mu ra thnh hai phn, da vo th th hin ng i
ca lc tc dng ln mu ta c th bit c:
cng t trc khi gy v.
bn ct ca sn phm.
Tnh ng u v cu trc bn trong ca sn phm.
36


- im ni bt khi thc hin phng php Warner-Bratzler bng my o c l Instron

l:
Thit b c lm t hp kim nhm v thp khng r trnh b n mn v d
dng lm v sinh thit b.
C th thay th cc li ct (shear blade) khc nhau ty vo mu sn phm chng
ta cn o.
C th thay th cc b t dao (stationary blade).
C mt b phn (container) thu thp mu sau khi ct.
Bao gm loi thit b ct mu vi ng knh 24.5mm v 12.5mm.
- Thit b o cu trc Warner-Bratzler bao
gm mt li dao thp m Niken dy
1mm hnh ch V. Gc 60o ch V c bn
knh cnh ct l 0.5mm. Li dao c
mt bng phng cao gim ti a
ma st khi chng i qua mu.
- Li dao hnh ch V c gn vo mt
thit b dn ng bng mt b phn
chuyn i lm bng thp khng r. Cc
li tnh c gn lin vi mt li ct
nh hng. Bn di h thng t mt
ci khay nh nh km. Thit k ny cung cp s lin kt ca cc b phn c nh,
lu gi c mu ct v dch mu tit ra v cho php thay i mt cch nhanh
chng cc mu thc phm khc.
- Thit b Warner-Bratzler thc hin hot ng ct bng mt li dao hnh ch V i
xuyn qua mu. Lc thc hin gi l lc ct. tnh ton lc cn thit trong th
nghim th ta cn ch n bn ca mu vt. Khong lc ct i vi cc mu
tht l t 20N ti 100N. Khi chun b mu, thit b khoan l (coring tool) l 1 dng
37


c dng ct mu tht thnh cc khi tr bng nhau khi o. Khi coring mu, nn
ct mu sao cho khi tin hnh th nghim, li dao ct c cc si c. iu ny
cho php li ch V ct xuyn qua cc si c. Mc d th nghim ny khng cho
bit kh nng chu lc ct chnh trong mu. Cc kt qu lp li c th t c v
iu ny tng quan tt vi cc nghin cu cm quan.
2.1.3. Mc ch
Phng php ny dng o dai v bn ct ca sn phm. Cc yu t ny rt
quan trng, lin quan mt thit ti cu trc ca sn phm, nh hng n kh nng
nh gi cht lng sn phm v th hiu ca khch hng. nh gi dai do gia
cc sn phm vi nhau, v d cng mt gi tin v trng lng cng nh cc c tnh
khc, nhng loi xc xch no dai do hn s c khch hng a thch chn la hn
so vi loi xc xch b v t dai hn.
2.1.4. Cc yu t nh hng
2.1.4.1. Nhit
Nhit mi trng l mt trong cc yu t nh hng n cu trc ca thc phm.
Mu tip xc vi mi trng cng lu th cng nh hng nhiu ti trng thi ca n,
mu dn c s cn bng v nhit gia mi trng v mu o. Nhit lm thay
i nhanh trng thi ca mt s loi thc phm nh: chocolate, b, phomai, cc sn
38


phm c cha hm lng glicerit cao,... Tuy nhin, vi cc mu s dng phng php
o Warner Bratzler t b nh hng bi nhit do cu trc bn vng ca n c th
duy tr tt trng thi nhit mi trng.
2.1.4.2. m
m cng l mt trong nhng tc nhn lm thay i cu trc ca thc phm, cc
phn t nc chui vo trong cc i phn t, lm cho khong cch gia cc chui
polymer tng ln, lin kt gia cc i phn t s yu i lm cu trc sn phm mm
v lng lo hn gy sai s cho qu trnh o. Hm m cng cao th sai s trong qu trnh
o cng ln, mt khc thc phm c hm m thp, bn c hc cao gy kh ct hn.
2.1.4.3. Kch thc mu
Kch thc mu a vo my cng nh hng n kt qu sau cng khi cho ra biu
phn tch mu. Nu kch thc mu qu nh, li ct ch mi tc dng ln mu mt
lc rt nh, thi gian xy ra nhanh chng, kh a ra c biu phn nh y
tnh cht mu, v th kh c th nhn c mt kt qu chnh xc. Nu kch thc mu
qu ln, cho ta c kt qu tt hn nhng s gy kh khn cho qu trnh ct v v
sinh thit b.
2.1.4.4. V tr t mu
V tr t mu chun cho ta mt kt qu tt v chnh xc, thng thng mu c t
v tr chnh gia, cn bng t gy ra s sai lch v tr trong khi o, v tr t mu khng
tt l nguyn nhn dn n s sai s v kt qu o, c s gy v v cu trc, lch mu
ra khi v tr o, nh hng n cc thuc tnh cu trc ca nguyn liu.
Ngoi ra, c trng ca sn phm tht ti l c cc s tht (cc b c). Do , ty vo
hng t ca s tht so vi li dao cng c th to nn 1 s s khc bit.
2.1.5. Phm vi ng dng
- Tht ti hoc nu chn
- Tht b
39


- Tht cu
- Tht heo
- Tht gia cm
- Tht ch bin (Processed meats)
- Xc xch
- Hoa v thn cy, mt s loi rau qu
- Wieners. (xc xch hun khi)
- Ph mai.
2.1.6. So snh vi cc phng php khc
Phng php
PP ct Kramer (nhiu dao)
PP nn TPA
c im
Dng b kt ct kim tra
ct t ca sn phm.Gm
mt h thng dao ct nhiu
li c gn c nh trn
khung c th ct sn phm
nh vic to nn mt ng
sut ln ln mu thc phm.
Nh ta c th nh gi
c s n nh v hnh dng
v kch thc ca mu.
L phng php dng nn
mt mu thc phm (thng
khong 1cm3) hai ln ging
nh hot ng nhai ca rng.
nn thng t khong
70-80% so vi chiu cao
mu. Theo kt qu ca
phng php TPA, ta xc
nh c cc tnh cht cm
quan nh do, c kt,
v lc mt cch khch quan.
40
Phm vi ng dng
- To, l, mn, o, chui
v cc loi tri cy khc.
- Cc loi tht: b, ln,
- Cc loi ng cc, da
mui, c chua, c civ
cc loi rau khc.
Phng php TPA thng
dng o tnh cht c l
ca cc loi sn phm nh:
- Bnh m, bnh roll, bnh
cake v mt s loi sn
phm bnh nng.
- Tt c cc loi rau
- Ko


- B
- Tt c cc loi qu
- Trng
- Cc loi gel
- Cc loi ht
- B v margarine.
PP m xuyn
Phng php m xuyn

dng o cng ca sn - Pho mt.
phm tc l o kh nng
chng bin dng do hoc - Ko cao su.
kh nng ph hy gin lp
b mt di tc dng ca mi - Ko dng gel.
m.
- Ko do.
- C, kem, rau qu.
PP p n
PP ko t
Dng m hnh lm bin dng

cu trc v hnh dng thc
phm kho st cng,
tnh chu nn ca mu thc
phm.
L phng php s dng lc
ko lm dn hay ko cng
nguyn vt liu ra c s
dng vi mc ch o kh
nng chu ng ( bn) lc
ko t ca nguyn vt liu
nhm nh gi c thi hn
bo qun cng nh nh gi
thc nghim v c tnh cu
trc ca nguyn liu trong
vic ng dng nhng phng
hng i tm cng thc pha
trn to nn nhng sn
phm a dng hn v cu
trc.
41
Cc loi tht, tri cy, rau

qu, b, mt s loi bnh.
Phng php ko t cha

c s dng rng ri i
vi nguyn liu t tri cy
v thc vt, c nhiu l do
dn n s hn ch ny.
Trc tin, nguyn liu
loi ny kh kh khn
kp cc mu kim tra. Th
hai, qu trnh nhai lin
quan n vic nn, khng
cng t khi nhai thc n
t hai hm.


- i vi cc k s, t shear ngha l tc dng 1 lc ct mt mu c cu trc lin

tc. Mu ny c cu to ng nhtbi cc n v song song (v d si c trong
tht, si cellulose trong thn cy). i khi, nh k s thc phm li dng t shear
vi ch bt k mt hot ng ct no gip chia sn phm ra lm 2 phn. T
cut dng trong trng hp ny khng hn l shear nhng c dng mt cch
thng dng trong cng ngh thc phm. S khc bit gia shear v cutting
c minh ha nh sau:
- Theo hnh v, ta c th thy im khc bit gia

shear v cutting-shear chnh l im tc dng
lc.
- Thit k nguyn mu th s ca phng php Warner
l dng thit b n gin nh sau: mt li dao c l
trng tam gic gia ch t 1 thanh mu dng
hnh tr. Tin hnh tc dng lc bng cch h li
dao xung. Lc s lm bin dng mu v thng qua
cc thng s lc o c m ta xc nh c
cng ca mu.
42


Hnh Li dao Warner nguyn thy
Hnh Li dao Warner-Blatzler ci tin

- C th hn, so snh vi cc phng php ct khc:
43


Phng php
c im
- Lc ct xuyn qua mu
- p dng cho sn phm tht, rau qu v cheese.
Warner-Bratzler Shear
Knife/Guillotine Blade
- o dnh rng
- o cng chc ca sn phm tht, x bt ca rau
qu.
Volodkevich bite jaws
Wire cutter
Lc ct c sinh ra bng dy cng
Din tch tip xc vi mu l c nh

44


cng/chy ca b v cc phm b sa
chc ca ph mai
- B dao ct t 5 n 10 li dao
- p dng cho cc sn phm ht ng cc, u, tri cy.
Kramer Shear cell
45


2.2. PROTOCOL[3][4]
2.2.1. Chun b mu
- Mu tht sau khi nu chn (c ghi nhn nhit chn v khi lng) s c
lm lnh 2 4oC qua m. nhit ny, khi tht s rn chc hn, nn khi to
hnh (coring) s gip khi mu ng u, d dng t ng kch thc ng knh
mong mun. i vi 1 s trng hp c bit, c th khng lm lnh qua m c
th c th tun th 1 s iu kin nhit c th nh a v nhit phng (23oC).
- Mu tht cn phi loi b m v xng. Cc loi cheese cn nhit ph hp
trnh s tan chy, sao cho qu trnh coring t hiu qu tt nht.
- Tin hnh to hnh (coring) mu bng thit b coring. Ch t mu khi coring sao
cho cc chiu cc si c trng vi chiu thit b. Do , khi tin hnh ct, li dao
s tc dng lc vung gc ln chiu cc si c. Tiu chun khi coring mu l ng
knh mu phi t 0.5 inch (khong 1.27 cm).
Hnh Thit b coring to hnh

(Thit b coring hin c nhiu dng: dng manual thao tc th cng hoc dng t ng)
[3]
Tommy L. Wheeler, Steven D. Shackelford, and Mohammad Koohmaraie, 2003: WarnerBratzler Shear force protocol. USDA-ARS U.S. Meat Animal Research Center.
[4]
Jeff Savell et al.: Standardized Warner-Bratzler Shear Force Procedures for Genetic
Evaluation.
46


Hnh Thao tc coring mu

- Chun b t nht 6 mu vi v tr ly mu ngu nhin. Cn t nht 1 ming tht ln
hoc 2 ming cho qu trnh ly mu ny.
Hnh Mu c chun b xong

- Nu mu c lm lnh th phi duy tr nhit cho mu. Gi tr o c s l
trung bnh ca nhiu ln o.
2.2.2. Thao tc th nghim
- Lp li dao vo v tr v t mu ln thp.
- Tin hnh chy con trt vi vn tc 200-250mm/pht.
47


- Khi t mu cn ch t lm sao li dao ct ngang gia mu, khng ct

phn ra. V i vi tht chn hoc ph mai, cng b mt kh khc bit do qu
trnh x l nhit hoc do m khc bit.
- Cc du hiu tri vi protocol ny u khng c cng nhn l phng php
Warner-Bratzler Shear nh: li dao khng ging, l vung trn li dao thay v l
trn, dng mu tht hnh vung, li dao ct trn nhn vung vc
Hnh Qu trnh ct mu
48


2.3. KT QU TH NGHIM
2.3.1. Thao tc th nghim
- Th nghim ca nhm c thc hin trn 3 loi mu:
Xc xch heo Vissan 35g
Xc xch Xuxifarm
Xc xch xuxifarm
- Thao tc c thc hin tng t nh phn trnh by mc 2.2. PROTOCOL.

- Lp t thit b thch hp vi mu cn o.
- t mu vo thit b.
- Ci t cc thng s trn phn mm ri thc hin php o theo cc bc sau:
* Tab Method:
- Chn tn phng php ct (Shear-Cutting Test), Chn Save, ri nhn nt Open.
49


* Tab Control
Chn tc thc hin
- Tc thc hin chn gi tr l 20; n v l mm/mn
Chn
Compressive extension
Chn qung ng i
- Chn qung ng i l 1 2 cm ty theo ng knh mu.

* Tab Result
- Chn nhng thng s cn xut bng kt qu.
50


* Tab Graph
* Tab Test
-
Chn phng php lu trn.

Chn s ng biu din trn mt th
51


t tn cho mu
t tn cho mu
- Nhn Set Balance load v Key 2 ri chn nt Start thc hin php o.
*Nhng yu t nh hng ti qu trnh kim tra:
- La chn v chun b mu.
- Tnh cht t nhin ca mu.
52


- Tng tc gia h thng my mu.

- Thao tc tin hnh.
2.3.2. Kt qu th nghim
Specimen 1 to 9
Specimen #
Compressive load (N)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
4
3
2
1
0
-1
0
Time (sec)
Cc mu xc xch c o 3 ln, ln lt theo th t gii thiu phn 2.3.1. Do ,

th t cc mu l:
Xc xch Vissan: specimen 1, 2, 3
Xc xch Xuxifarm 1: specimen 4, 5, 6
Xc xch Xuxifarm 2: specimen 7, 8, 9
53


Ln lp
Specimen
label
Maximum
Load (N)
1
2
3
Vissan
Vissan
Vissan
3.4
3.23
3.05
Load at Local
Peak Maximum
(Comp.
extension 1 %
Change) (N)
-------------
3.226667
0.175024
3.05
3.4
3.23
---------------------
Mean
Standard Deviation
Minimum
Maximum
Median
Ln lp
Specimen
label
Maximum
Load (N)
4
5
6
Xuxifarm 1
Xuxifarm 1
Xuxifarm 1
2.47
2.53
2.57
Load at Local
Peak Maximum
(Comp.
extension 1 %
Change) (N)
-------------
2.523333
0.050332
2.47
2.57
2.53
---------------------
Mean
Standard Deviation
Minimum
Maximum
Median
7
8
9
Specimen
label
Maximum
Load (N)
Xuxifarm 2
Xuxifarm 2
Xuxifarm 2
2.67
2.52
2.57
Load at Local
Peak Maximum
(Comp.
extension 1 %
Change) (N)
-------------
2.586667
0.076376
2.52
2.67
2.57
---------------------
Mean
Standard Deviation
Minimum
Maximum
Median
Load at
Maximum
Comp.
load (N)
Extension at
Maximum
Comp. load
(mm)
Time at
Maximum
Comp.
load (sec)
-3.39583
-3.2338
-3.05228
-34.7706
-34.4297
-34.5794
3.458
3.422
3.438
-3.2273
0.171867
-3.39583
-3.05228
-3.2338
-34.5932
0.170829
-34.7706
-34.4297
-34.5794
3.439333
0.018037
3.422
3.458
3.438
Load at
Maximum
Comp.
load (N)
Extension at
Maximum
Comp. load
(mm)
Time at
Maximum
Comp. load
(sec)
-2.46763
-2.52724
-2.57468
-36.8894
-37.8198
-37.8298
3.67
3.762
3.762
-2.52318
0.05364
-2.57468
-2.46763
-2.52724
-37.513
0.540053
-37.8298
-36.8894
-37.8198
Load at
Maximum
Comp.
load (N)
Extension at
Maximum
Comp. load
(mm)
Time at
Maximum
Comp. load
(sec)
-2.66888
-2.52217
-2.56723
-37.2602
-38.3198
-36.3995
3.706
3.812
3.62
-2.58609
0.075152
-2.66888
-2.52217
-2.56723
-37.3265
0.961864
-38.3198
-36.3995
-37.2602
3.712667
0.096173
3.62
3.812
3.706
*Da vo bng s liu v th, ta c cc nhn xt sau:

54
3.731333
0.053116
3.67
3.762
3.762


- C s khc bit v cng gia 2 dng sn phm Vissan v Xuxifarm.

- cng ca 2 loi xc xch xuxifarm l tng ng nhau (Yield point trn th
ca 2 mu xuxifarm l tng ng nhau: t 2 2.5N)
- cng ca Vissan khc bit hn yield point l >2.5 3N.
- bn ct ca sn phm Vissan thp hn (do thi gian extension c gi tr thp hn
so vi 2 loi xuxifarm).
- Cn kt hp vi cc nh gi cm quan a ra s tng quan gia th hiu ngi
tiu dng vi cc gi tr o c c. V d: c th cng ca Vissan cao hn
nhng th hiu li thp hn so vi xuxifarm.
- Kt qu o c s khc bit gia cc ln lp c th do: trong qu trnh lm th
nghim lin tc, li dao cha c chi ra sch nn b mt sn si, to ma st
ln v gy sai s.
55


KT LUN
hng php o c l ni chung, phng php Warner-Bratzler Shear ni

ring l nhng phng tin rt hu hiu v thng dng hin nay dng o
lng cc gi tr lin quan n cu trc thc phm. Ty vo mi loi thc
phm, mi mc ch o lng m ta chn la phng php sao cho ph hp. Khng

phi php o no cng p dng c cho tt c cc loi thc phm v khng phi thc
phm no cng p dng c cho tt c mi php o.
Hiu r nguyn l hot ng, mc ch o lng, bn cht ca mu thc phm th ta
c th la chn ra ng phng php o cn thit tin hnh xc nh 1 cch chnh
xc cc thng s cn o lng, t nh gi cht lng thc phm da trn nhng
con s r rng. Ngy nay, kt hp vi cc kt qu o lng cm quan, ngi ta c th
a ra s tng quan gia cc thng s o c c bng cc php o c l vi cc
kt qu v nh gi th hiu nhm a ra s chp nhn ca ngi tiu dng v cc loi
sn phm thc phm.
Trong tng lai, khi khoa hc cng ngh pht trin, cc php o c l s cng c ci
tin sao cho t c n chnh xc cao v thc phm ngy cng c nh gi
ng vi bn cht tht ca chng.
56


TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Malcolm C.Bourne, 2002: Food Texture and Viscosity, 2nd Edition, Elsevier
Science & Technology Books, p.134-138, 209.
[2] Dave McKenna: Warner-Bratzler Shear Force Measurement. Meat Science
Section, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University.
[3] Tommy L. Wheeler, Steven D. Shackelford, and Mohammad Koohmaraie, 2003:
Warner-Bratzler Shear force protocol. USDA-ARS U.S. Meat Animal Research
Center.
[4] Jeff Savell et al.: Standardized Warner-Bratzler Shear Force Procedures for
Genetic Evaluation.
[5] Nguyn B Thanh. Powerpoint Bi ging mn hc vt l thc phm. Vin Cng
ngh sinh hc v thc phm. Trng i hc Cng nghip Tp. H Ch Minh. Nm
2009.
[6] Morse B.Solomon, Janet S.Eastridge, Ernie W.Paroczay, and Brian C.Bowker:
Measuring Meat Texture, p.480-483.
[7] Trang web: www.instron.com
57

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TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP. H CH MINH

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L c tnh ca thc phm, cn s ln nhai ln n nm ln bng rng

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Mm sn chc dai chai

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trung khu thn kinh khu gic nm trong mi). Cc yu t ny

gia c th v thc phm. Bn cnh , cc cm nhn v

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