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MC LC

Mc Lc.................................................................................................................1 Danh mc cc t vit tt........................................................................................3 Danh mc hnh v..................................................................................................6 Danh mc bng biu..............................................................................................8 Li ni u.............................................................................................................9 Chng 1 Tng quan h thng thng tin quang..................................................11
1.1. 1.2.

Lch s pht trin ca h thng thng tin quang.........................................11 Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng thng tin quang.................................12

1.2.1 B pht quang.............................................................................................13 1.2.2 B thu quang...............................................................................................13 1.2.3 Cp si quang.............................................................................................13 1.2.4 Cc thnh phn khc...................................................................................14
1.3.

Nguyn l truyn nh sng trong si quang................................................14

1.3.1 Cu to si quang.......................................................................................14 1.3.2 Truyn dn nh sng trn si quang...........................................................15


1.4.

Phn loi si quang.....................................................................................17 .......................................................................................................................

1.4.1 Phn loi theo phng php truyn sng...................................................17 1.4.2 Phn loi theo ch s chit sut...................................................................18
1.5.

Cc thng s ca si quang.........................................................................18

1.5.1 Suy hao.......................................................................................................18 1.5.2 Tn sc........................................................................................................23


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1.6.

u nhc im ca si quang.....................................................................24 .......................................................................................................................

1.6.1 u im......................................................................................................24 1.6.2 Nhc im................................................................................................25 Chng 2 B khuch i quang si pha tp Erbium EDF..................................26 2.1. Vai tr ca khuch i quang trong h thng thng tin quang.....................26 2.2. Tng quan v khuch i quang...................................................................26 2.2.1 Nguyn l khuch i quang......................................................................26 2.2.2 Phn loi cc b khuch i quang.............................................................29 2.2.3 Cc thng s k thut ca khuch i quang.............................................30 2.2.4 Khuch i quang dng laser bn dn........................................................32 2.2.5 Cc b khuch i quang si......................................................................35 2.3. B khuch i quang si pha tp Erbium EDFA.........................................41 2.3.1 Cu trc c bn ca b khuch i quang EDFA.......................................41 2.3.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca EDFA................................................................43 2.3.3 Yu cu i vi ngun bm.......................................................................45 2.3.4 H s khuch i ca EDFA......................................................................50 2.3.5 Tnh ton h s khuch i ca EDFA.......................................................55 2.3.6 Ph khuch i ca EDFA.........................................................................57 2.3.7 Tp m trong b khuch i quang si pha tp EDFA..............................58 CHNG 3: ng dng b khuch i quang si EDFA trong h thng thng tin quang WDM...................................................................................................63 3.1. ng dng ca khuch i quang..................................................................63 3.2. Cc ng dng trong h thng thng tin quang s.........................................64 3.3. ng dng trong cc h thng tng t.........................................................66
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3.4. Cc ng dng trong mng ni ht (LAN)....................................................68 3.5. ng dng trn h thng thng tin quang ghp knh theo bc sng WDM. . . 68 3.5.1 Cng ngh ghp knh theo bc sng WDM............................................69 3.5.2 u nhc im ca cng ngh WDM........................................................71 3.5.3 Khuch i quang si EDFA trong h thng WDM..................................73 3.5.4 EDFA th h mi cho h thng WDM.......................................................75 Kt lun...............................................................................................................76 Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................................79

DANH MC CC T VIT TT
ADM ASE AWG BA CPM DC DCF DCG DCM DEM DEMUX DFB DSF DXC EDFA EDSFA EDTFA Add/Drop Multiplexer Amplifier Spontaneous Emission Array Wave Grating Booster Amplifier B ghp knh xen/r Bc x t pht c khuch i Cch t AWG B khuch i cng sut u

pht Cross Phase Modulation iu ch cho pha Dispersion Compensator B b tn sc Dispersion Compensator Fiber Si b tn sc Dispersion Compensator Grating Cch t b tn sc Dispersion Compensator Module Module b tn sc Dispersion Equalization Module Module iu chnh tn sc DEMultiplexing B tch knh Distributed Feedback Phn hi phn b Dispersion Shifted Fiber Si tn sc dch chuyn Digital Cross Connect B u cho s Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier Khuch i quang Erbium Erbium-Doped Silicon-based Khuch i quang Erbium Fiber Amplifier Erbium-Doped Tellurite
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da trn nn bn dn Silic Fiber Khuch i quang Erbium

FBG FWM LA LASER LD LOA MAN MOR MUX NDSF NF NZ-DSF OA OADM OAM OC ODEMUX ODU OL OM OMU OMUX OPM OSC OTN OTPM OTU OXC PA PDL PLC PMD REG

Amplifier trn nn bn dn Tellurium Fiber Bragg Grating Cch t si Bragg Four Wave Mixing Hiu ng trn bn bc sng Line Amplifier B khuch i ng truyn Light Amplication by Stimulate Emission of Radiation Laser Diode it pht quang laser Line Optical Amplifier B khuch i quang ng truyn Metropolitan Area Network Mng ni th Multi-wavelength Optical Trm lp a knh quang Repeater Multiplexing Non-Dispersion Shifted Fiber Noise Figure Non-Zero Dispersion B ghp knh Si tn sc dch chuyn bng

khng H s tp m Shifted Si tn sc dch chuyn khc khng B khuch i quang B ghp knh xen/r quang Module khuch i quang Knh quang B tch knh quang n v tch knh quang ng truyn quang B ghp knh quang n v ghp knh quang B ghp knh quang Thit b gim st mng quang Knh gim st quang Mng truyn ti quang Module cng chuyn i quang n v chuyn i quang B ni cho quang B tin khuch i Suy hao ph thuc phn cc Vi mch quang Tn sc mode phn cc Trm lp (3R)

Fiber Optical Amplifier Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer Optical Amplifier Module Optical Channel Optical DEMultiplexing Optical Demultiplexing Unit Optical Line Optical Multiplex Optical Multiplexing Unit Optical Multiplexing Optical Performance Monitor Optical Supervisor/Service Channel Optical Transport Network Optical Translator Port Module Optical Translator Unit Optical Cross Connect Pre-Amplifier Polarization Dependence Loss Planar Lightwave Circuit Polarization Mode Dispersion Regenerator
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SNR SBS SMF SOA SPM SRS SSMF WDM WT XPM

Signal To Noise Ratio Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Single-Mode Fiber Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Self Phase Modulation Stimulated Raman Scattering Standard Single Mode Fiber Wavelength Multiplexing Wavelength Transponder Cross Phase Modulation

T s Tn hiu/Tp m Tn x kch thch Brillouin Si quang n mode B khuch i quang bn dn iu ch t dch pha Tn x kch thch Raman Si cp quang n mode

chun Division Ghp knh theo bc sng Chuyn i bc sng iu ch pha cho

DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 1.1: Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng thng tin....................................11 Hnh 1.2: S khi cu trc ca h thng thng tin quang..............................12 Hnh 1.3: Cu to si quang................................................................................14 Hnh 1.4 : nh lut khc x v phn x nh sng..............................................15 Hnh 1.5 : Nguyn l truyn dn nh sng trong si quang................................16 Hnh 1.6: S phc tho b khuch i laser bn dn......................................19
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Hnh 1.7: Cu trc cc loi SLA.........................................................................19 Hnh 1.8: B khuch i quang si tng qut.....................................................20 Hinh 1.9: S phc ha hin tng SRS..........................................................21 Hnh 1.10: S nguyn l ca b khuch i Raman......................................22 Hnh 1.11 : S phc ha hin tng SBS.......................................................22 Hnh 1.12: Cu trc ca EDFA...........................................................................23 Hnh 1.13: Cu trc hnh hc ca li pha tp Erbium.........................................24 Hnh 2.1: Cc loi dch chuyn gia cc mc nng lng..................................27 Hnh 2.2: M hnh tng qut ca mt b khuch i quang...............................29 Hnh 2.3: Cu trc ca mt b khuch i quang bn dn SOA.........................33 Hnh 2.4: B khuch i quang si tng qut.....................................................35 Hnh 2.5: S phc ha hin tng SRS..........................................................36 Hnh 2.6: S nguyn l ca b khuch i Raman........................................37 Hnh 2.7: S phc ha hin tng SBS..........................................................38 Hnh 2.8: Cu trc ca EDFA.............................................................................42 Hnh 2.9: Cu trc hnh hc ca li pha tp Erbium...........................................42 Hnh 2.10: Gin nng lng ca ion Er3+ trong li si EDF..........................44 Hnh 2.11: Cu hnh b khuch i EDFA c bm kp.................................48 Hnh 2.12: Cu hnh bm thun..........................................................................49 Hnh 2.13: Cu hnh bm ngc.........................................................................49 Hnh 2.14: Cu hnh bm hai hng...................................................................50 Hnh 2.15: S ph thuc ca khuch i vo cng sut bm EDFA.............51 Hnh 2.16: Quan h gia di EDF, bc sng bm vi khuch i..........51 Hnh 2.17: khuch i EDFA ph thuc vo cng sut tn hiu u vo vi ba cng sut bm khc nhau....................................................................................52 Hnh 2.18: khuch i tn hiu l hm s ca cng sut tn hiu u ra vi cc cng sut bm khc nhau..............................................................................54
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Hnh 2.19: dc khuch i.............................................................................55 Hnh 2.20: Ph u ra quang tiu biu ca EDFA..............................................57 Hnh 2.21: Tp m phch tn hiu-t pht...........................................................61 Hnh 2.22: Tp m phch t pht- t pht gia cc thnh phn ph ASE..........62 Hnh 2.23: S phn x quang to ra nhiu giao thoa nhiu lung.......................62 Hnh 3.1: ng dng EDFA lm tin khuch i PA...........................................64 Hnh 3.2: ng dng EDFA lm khuch i cng sut BA..................................65 Hnh 3.3: ng dng EDFA lm khuch i ng truyn LA...........................65 Hnh 3.4: Mng tng th pht qung b CATV da trn cc h thng c EDFA... 67 Hnh 3.5: S h WDM ghp knh quang n hng.....................................70 Hnh 3.6: S h WDM ghp knh quang hai hng .....................................71 Hnh 3.7: EDFA s dng trong h thng WDM.................................................73 Hnh 3.8: Ph ca tn hiu quang u ra h thng...........................................74 Hnh 3.9: Cu hnh EDTFA.................................................................................75 Hnh 3.10: ng dng ca EDFA bng C v bng L trong h thng WDM........76

DANH MC BNG BIU

Bng 1: So snh c tnh c bn ca cc b khuch i quang.........................41 Bng 2: So snh hai bc sng bm 980nm v 1480nm...................................47 Bng 3: Lit k cc tit din hp th t s chuyn dch.....................................56

LI NI U
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Cch y 20 nm, t khi h thng thng tin cp si quang chnh thc a vo khai thc trn mng vin thng. mi ngi u tha nhn rng phng thc truyn dn quang th hin kh nng to ln trong cng vic chuyn ti cc dch v vin thng ngy cng phong ph. v hin i ca nhn loi, cc h thng thng tin quang vi nhng u im v bng tn rng, c c ly thng tin cao. c sc hp dn mnh i vi cc nh khai thc. cc h thng thng tin quang khng ch c bit ph hp vi cc tuyn thng tin xuyn lc a, ng trc v trung k m cn c tim nng to ln trong vic thc hin cc chc nng ca mng ni ht vi cu trc linh hot v p ng mi loi hnh dch v hin ti v tng lai. Bc vo thin nin k mi, chng ta thy nhng thay i ln trong ngnh cng nghip vin thng. Ngnh cng nghip vin thng pht trin vt bc cho ra i nhiu loi hnh dch v mi p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng cao ca con ngi. Hin nay, s lng ngi s dng cc dch v vin thng ngy cng tng nhanh. Xu hng pht trin ca vin thng l cc loi hnh mng vi dung lng cao, bng thng rng, phm vi hot ng ln v c kh nng chng nhiu, bo mt tt. lm c iu ny mng truyn dn cn phi c s pht trin mng c v qui m v trnh cng ngh Mt trong nhng nhn t quan trng to nn bc pht trin t ph cho vin thng quc t l k thut truyn dn trn mi trng cp si quang v cng ngh ghp knh theo bc sng quang. H thng thng tin quang vi nhiu u im vt tri, hin ang l loi dch v c s dng ph bin, n ngy cng c pht trin hon thin v c th p ng c mi loi hnh dch v hin ti v tng lai. Trong vic ra i v ng dng ca cc b khuch i trn min tn hiu quang dn thay th cc b khuch i in trc . Gn y thc hin thnh cng vic khuch i trc tip tn hiu quang m khng cn phi thng qua bt k mt qu trnh bin i v in no. iu ng ch l b khuch i quang trn t him Erbium EDFA c th khuch i ton b bc
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sng quang trong di 1525 1575 nm m khng cn phi tch tng bc sng. Tc bit ca tuyn t 100Gb/s v tch BL l 910 Tb/s-km vo nm 2000. B khuch i quang EDFA c ng dng trn cc h thng thng tin quang ghp knh theo bc sng WDM. Trong cc h thng tuyn tnh s cc b EDFA c th c s dng lm cc b tin khuch i PA, cc b khuch i cng sut BA hoc khuch i ng truyn LA. Theo cc tiu chun ny thit b khuch i quang si OFA c t dc theo tuyn quang. Ngoi ra b khuch i EDFA cn c ng dng trng nhiu h thng khc. Trong tng lai, cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh ha hn s pht trin h thng thng tin quang tr nn mnh m hn, ngy cng pht trin hn. tm hiu v cng ngh cha ng nhiu u im v tim nng ny, em thc hin ti Nghin cu b khuch i quang v ng dng trong h thng thng tin quang WDM Ni dung ca ti gm 3 chng: Chng 1: Tng quan v thng tin quang v cc b khuch i quang Trong chng ny ta s tm hiu tng quan v h thng thng tin quang, ni dung l s pht trin ca h thng thng tin quang, v s lc v thng tin quang. Chng 2: Khuch i quang si EDFA Chng 2 ta i vo tm hiu v cc b khuch i quang si, c bit l b khuch i quang si EDFA s c trnh by chi tit. Chng 3: ng dng ca b khuch i quang si EDFA trong h thng thng tin quang WDM. Chng cui l cc ng dng ca b khuch i quang si EDFA, kh nng pht trin ca b khuch i quang si EDFA trn h thng thng tin quang WDM.

CHNG 1
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TNG QUAN V THNG TIN QUANG V B KHUCH I QUANG


1.1.

Lch s pht trin ca h thng thng tin quang T xa xa loi ngi bit truyn tn hiu, thng tin bng khi, la,

Qua qu trnh pht trin cc hnh thc truyn thng tin ngy cng pht trin tr nn phong ph v hin i hn. Ngy nay, thng tin quang ni ln nh l mt h thng thng tin tin tin bc nht, n c pht trin rt nhanh trn mng li vin thng nhiu quc gia trn th gii. Thng tin quang l k thut truyn tin bng nh sang. Ti my pht, thng tin di dng tn hiu in c chuyn thnh tn hiu nh sang v pht vo ng truyn (si quang). Ti my thu, tn hiu quang s c bin i ngc li thnh tn hiu in. V mt nguyn tc h thng thng tin quang cng tng t nh cc h thng thng tin khc bao gm cc thnh phn c bn nh trong hnh 1.2 di y: Ngun tn hiu Thit b pht Mi trng Thit b thu Ni t/h n

Hnh 1.1: Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng thng tin. Cc h thng thng tin khc nhau phn bit ch yu da vo mi trng truyn. i vi h thng thng tin quang, mi trng truyn chnh l si quang. S pht trin ca h thng thng tin quang cng gn lin vi s ra i ca si quang. Vo nm 1960 vic pht minh ra Laser lm ngun pht quang m ra mt thi k mi c ngha rt to ln trong lch s k thut thng tin s dng di tn s nh sng. y c th xem l xut pht im ca s ra i cc h thng thng tin quang. Sau nm 1960 cc nh khoa hc v k s trn khp th gii bt u tin hnh cc hot ng nghin cu v pht trin. Cc cng ngh mi v gim suy hao truyn dn, tng di thng v laser bn dn c pht trin thnh cng.
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Theo bng 1 th tn tht ca si quang c gim n 0.18 dB/km. Da trn cc cng ngh si quang v Laser bn dn gi y c th gi mt khi lng ln cc tn hiu m thanh, d liu n cc a im cch xa hng 100km bng mt si quang c dy nh mt si tc, khng cn n cc b ti to. Hin nay, cc hot ng nghin cu nghim chnh ang c tin hnh trong lnh vc c gi l photon hc - l mt lnh vc ti quan trng i vi tt c cc h thng thng tin quang, c kh nng pht hin, x l, trao i v truyn dn thng tin bng phng tin nh sng. Photon hc c kh nng s c ng dng rng di trong lnh vc in t v vin thng trong th k 21. 1.2. Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng thng tin quang

Hnh 1.2: S khi cu trc ca h thng thng tin quang.

H thng truyn dn quang bao gm cc phn t pht x nh sng (ngun sng), cc si quang (mi trng truyn dn) v cc phn t thu nhn nh sng truyn qua si quang (hnh 1.2). Di y l cc thnh phn chnh v chc nng ca h thng thng tin quang si. 1.2.1 B pht quang
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Cc phn t chnh c chn s dng l it Laser (LD), it pht quang (LED) v Laser bn dn do chng c u im l kch thc nh gn, hiu sut cao, bo m tin cy, di bc sng ph hp, vng pht x hp tng xng vi kch thc li si, kh nng iu ch tn s trc tip ti cc tn s cao. B pht quang l thnh phn quan trng nht ca h thng thng tin quang. Ngun pht quang thc cht l b bin i in quang. y l h thng thc hin chuyn i tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang trc khi truyn i trn si dn quang, bng cch a ngun tn hiu in vo thc hin bc x quang. Trong thng tin quang cng c nhiu phng php iu bin tn hiu in vo phn t bc x quang. Cc h thng thng tin quang hin nay ph bin lm vic theo nguyn l iu ch trc tip cng nh sng, mt s ni s dng h thng c p dng k thut iu ch gin tip bng iu bin, iu pha hoc iu tn ngun pht quang. 1.2.2 B thu quang Cc thnh phn chnh c chn s dng l it quang kiu thc (APD) v it quang PIN. Phn thu quang thc cht l tip nhn nh sng t si quang a n thc hin bin i tr li tn hiu in v ngi ta cn gi phn t ny l b bin i quang in. Tn hiu quang qua b bin i quang in, to ra tn hiu in trc khi a vo mch iu khin (b chuyn i tn hiu) phc hi li tn hiu nh pht trm trc. 1.2.3 Cp si quang Cc thnh phn chnh c chn s dng l si quang a mode ch s bc, si quang a mode ch s lp v si quang n mode. Cp si quang gm cc si dn quang l bng thy tinh dng truyn dn nh sng v cc lp v bao bc xung quanh bo v si. Cp si quang c dng ni h thng truyn dn t u pht n u thu. 1.2.4 Cc thnh phn khc
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Ngoi cc thnh phn chnh trn, trong h thng thng tin quang si cn c cc thnh phn ph sau: - B chia quang: Dng chia cc tn hiu quang cho cc thit b khc khi cn thit. - B ni quang: Dng u ni cp si quang vi cc thnh phn chnh trong h thng truyn dn. - Trm lp: c s dng thu tn hiu quang, khi phc li tn hiu, kh b tp m tch ly trn ng truyn ri khuch i sau pht tn hiu i tip. Mc ch lm tng c ly truyn dn. - Khuch i quang: thc hin khuch i trc tip nh sng hay tn hiu nhm tng c ly truyn dn.
1.3.

Nguyn l truyn nh sng trong si quang

1.3.1 Cu to si quang

Hnh 1.3 : Cu to ca si quang. Trong : Core l li si quang. Cladding l lp v si quang. Buffer coating l v bo v (lp ph). Si quang ging nh mt dy dn hnh tr trong sut c tc dng truyn dn nh sng. Si quang c ba lp, lp trong cng l li si hnh tr c lm bng vt liu thy tinh c chit sut n1. Bao quanh li l lp v phn x nh sng. Lp v hnh ng ng tm vi li v c chit sut n 2 < n1. Lp v c th l thy tinh hoc vt liu trong sut. bo v si quang trnh nhiu tc ng do iu kin bn ngoi, si quang cn c t thm mt lp na l v bo v
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si quang (lp ph). Lp v bo v ny s ngn chn cc tc ng c hc vo si, gia cng thm cho si, bo v si khng b ln sng, ko dn hoc c st b mt. Lp v ny c gi l lp v bc s cp. 1.3.2 Truyn dn nh sng trn si quang Nguyn l truyn dn nh sng trong si quang l da vo hin tng phn x ton phn ca tia sng ti mt phn cch hai mi trng khi n i t mi trng c chit sut ln sang mi trng c chit sut nh hn. tm hiu v s truyn dn nh sng trong si quang ta i tm hiu hai nh lut c bn ca nh sng l nh lut khc x v phn x nh sng. Khc x nh sng l hin tng tia sng b i hng khi truyn qua mt phn cch ca hai mi trng c chit sut khc nhau. Phn x l hin tng tia sng truyn i b phn x li mi trng ban u khi gp b mt phn x. Ta xt mt v d nh sau: Mt tia sng truyn t mi trng th nht c chit sut n1 sang mi trng th hai c chit sut n2 trong n1 > n2 (hnh 1.4).

Hnh 1.4: nh lut khc x v phn x nh sng. Tia sng ti mt phn cch ca hai mi trng mt phn b phn x, mt phn b khc x theo cc gc v cc tia nh hnh 1.4.
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Theo nh lut phn x nh sng: Gc phn x bng gc ti: = Mt khc tia khc x tun theo nh lut khc x nh sng: n1.sin = n2.sin Do n1 > n2 nn < . Nu tng gc ti th gc khc x tng theo ti mt gi tr no m gc ti = 0 th gc khc x = 900. Khi tia khc x song song vi mt mt phn cch hai mi trng. Lc ny 0 l gi tr ti hn ca gc ti (gi l gc ti hn). Lc ny khng cn tia khc x na. Hin tng ny gi l hin tng phn x ton phn.
2 2 Gc ti hn sin 0 = n hay 0 = arcsin n 1 1

(1.1)

iu kin xy ra hin tng phn x ton phn l: - nh sng truyn t mi trng chit quang hn (c chit sut ln) sang mi trng km chit quang (c chit sut nh hn). - Gc ti ca tia sng phi ln hn gc ti hn. Hin tng phn x ton phn c ng dng truyn dn nh sng trong si quang, nh s phn x nh sng lin tc trong si quang m thng tin c truyn i t u ny ti u kia. ng dng hin tng phn x ton phn nh trn, si quang c ch to gm mt li bng thy tinh c chit sut n1 v mt lp v bng thy tinh c chit sut n2, vi n1 > n2. nh sng truyn trong li si quang s phn x ton phn nhiu ln trn mt tip gip gia lp li v lp v (hnh 1.5). Do nh sng c th truyn c trong si dc theo c ly di ngay c khi si b un cong vi mt cong c gii hn.

Hnh 1.5: Nguyn l truyn dn nh sng trong si quang. Gc ti hn gia li v v si quang l o, do vy, gc tip nhn nh sng ti hn io s tha mn iu kin:
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no.sin io = n1.sin ro = n1.sin (900 o) = n1. coso


n0 . sin i 0 = n1 . 1 sin 2 0 = n1 . 1 n2 n1
2 2

= n1 n2 = NA

(1.2) (1.3).

Do chit sut khng kh l n0 = 1 nn NA = sin i 0 = n12 n2 2

NA c gi l m s ca si quang, io l gc tip nhn nh sng cc i, n s to thnh mt hnh nn, trong cc tia sng i vo tit din ca si quang vi gc i > io nm ngoi hnh n s khng truyn trong si quang m i ra ngoi v si quang. Nh vy, ch cc tia sng no nm trong hnh nn khi truyn vo si quang mi phn x ton phn lin tip gia li v lp v, khi tia sng i theo ng dch dc. Nu gi l lch chit sut tng i gia li v lp v th: =
n1 n2 n1

.
2 2

Trn thc t: n1 n2 do : NA = n1 n2 = n1 .
1.4.

n1 n2 n1
2

n1 . 2

(1.4)

Phn loi si quang C nhiu loi si quang, n c phn loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau.

Di y l 2 cch phn loi chnh. 1.4.1 Phn loi theo phng php truyn sng Theo phng php truyn sng th si quang c chia thnh hai loi chnh l si n mode SM (single mode) v si a mode MM (multi mode). Si n mode l si cho php nhiu mode truyn trong n. Si a mode l si cho php nhiu mode truyn trong n. Cc si n mode u l nhng si c ng knh rt nh v iu kin n mode ca si quang l si phi c ng knh nh hn mt gi tr xc nh (tng ng vi bc sng ct), nu bc sng truyn vo nh hn ng knh th khng cn l si n mode. 1.4.2 Phn loi theo ch s chit sut Theo s bin i ch s chit sut si quang phn thnh hai loi:
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- Si c chit sut nhy bc SI (step index): l loi si c chit sut bin i t li ra n v theo nhng bc thng xc nh. - Si c chit sut bin i u GI (Grade index): L si c chit sut bin i gim dn t v vo li. 1.5. Cc thng s ca si quang Hai thng s quan trng ca mi trng truyn dn l suy hao v tn sc. 1.5.1 Suy hao a. nh ngha: Cng sut quang truyn ti trong si cng gim dn theo c ly vi qui lut hm s m tng ng nh tn hiu in. Biu thc ca hm s truyn (1.5) Trong : P(0) l cng sut u si (z = 0) P(z) l cng sut c ly z tnh t u si l h s suy hao H s suy hao ca si c tnh theo cng thc: A( dB ) = 10 lg P1 Trong : P1= P(0): cng sut a vo si. P2= P(1) l cng sut cui si. H s suy hao trung bnh (dB / km) = L(km) Trong : A l suy hao si L l chiu di si b. Cc nguyn nhn gy suy hao trn si quang
A(dB )

cng

sut

dng:

P ( z ) = P (0) e 10

P2

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Cng sut nh sng truyn trn si quang b suy hao do s hp th ca vt liu ch to si quang, s tn x nh sng khi gp cc bt ng nht v s khc x nh sng ra lp v ti ch si b un cong qu mc. Suy hao do hp th: s hp th ca cc tp cht kim loi Cc tp cht kim loi trong thy tinh l mt trong nhng ngung hp th nng lng nh sng, cc tp cht thng gp l st, ng, mangan, choromiun, cobra, niken. Mc hp th ca tng tp cht ph thuc vo nng tp cht v bc sng nh sng truyn qua n. Vi tp cht mt phn triu th hp th ca vi tp cht nh hnh di. c c si quang c suy hao di 1dB/km cn phi c thy tinh tht tinh khit vi nng tp cht khng qu mt phn t (10-9).

Hnh 1.6: hp th ca cc tp cht kim loi. S hp th ca ion OH: Cc lin kt gia SiO2 v cc ion OH ca nc cn st li trong vt liu khi ch to si quang cng to ra mt suy hao hp th ng k. c bit hp th tng vt cc bc sng gn 950nm, 1240nm v 1400nm (hnh 1.7). Nh vy, m cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn suy hao si quang.

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Hnh 1.7: S suy hao hp th ca ion OH (vi nng 10-6). S hp th bng tia cc tm v hng ngoi: Ngay c khi si quang c ch tp t thy tinh c tinh khit cao, s hp th vn xy ra. Bn than thy tinh tinh khit cng hp th nh sng vng cc tm v hng ngoi. hp th thay i theo bc sng nh hnh 1.8. S hp th trong vng hng ngoi gy tr ngi cho khuynh hng s dng cc bc sng di trong thng tin quang.

Hnh 1.8: Suy hao hp th vng cc tm v hng ngoi. Suy hao do tn x gm: + Tn x Rayleigh: Khi sng in t truyn trong mi trng in mi gp nhng ch bt ng nht trong si quang do cch sp xp cc phn t thy tinh, cc khuyt tt nh bt kh, cc vt nt s xy ra hin tng tn x. Khi kch thc ca vng bt ng nht vo khong mt phn mi bc sng th chng
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tr thnh nhng ngun im tn x. Tia sng khi gp nhng ch bt ng nht ny s b tn x ra nhiu hng, trong ch mt phn nng lng nh sng tip tc truyn theo hng c phn cn li truyn theo cc hng khc thm ch truyn ngc li ngun quang. tiu hao do tn x Rayleigh t l nghch vi ly tha bc 4 ca bc sng ( 4 ) nn gim nhanh v pha bc sng di nh hnh 1.9.

Hnh 1.9: Suy hao do tn x Rayleigh. bc sng 850nm, suy hao do tn x Rayleigh ca si silica khong 1dB/km-2dB/km, bc sng 1600nm suy hao ch khong 0.3dB/km v bc sng 1550nm suy hao ny cn thp na. + Tn x do mt phn cch gia li v lp v khng hon ho: Khi tia sng truyn n nhng ch khng hon ho gia li v lp v, tia sng s b tn x. Lc mt tia ti s c nhiu tia phn x vi cc gc phn x khc nhau. Nhng tia c gc phn x nh hn gc ti hn s khc x ra lp v v suy hao dn. + Suy hao b un cong: - Vi un cong: khi si quang b chn p to nn nhng ch un cong nh th suy hao ca si cng tng ln. Suy hao ny xut hin do tia sng b lch trc khi i qua nhng ch vi un cong . Mt cch chnh xc hn, s phn b trng b xo trn khi i qua nhng ch un cong v dn ti s pht x nng
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lng ra khi si. c bit l si n mode rt nhy vi nhng ch vi un cong nht l v pha bc sng di. - Un cong: khi si b un cong, gc ti ca tia sng ti ch b un cong s nh hn gc ti hn nn mt phn tia sng b khc x ra ngoi lp v v b suy hao. Bn knh un cong cng nh i th suy hao cng tng (hnh 1.10).

Hnh 1.10: Suy hao do un cong thay i theo bn knh cong R. c. Ph suy hao ca si quang V cc suy hao ca si quang ph thuc vo bc sng lm vic, nn suy hao tng hp ca si c biu th l hm ca bc sng gi l ph suy hao ca si quang. Hnh 1.11 m t ph suy hao ca si trong cc giai on thi gian khc nhau.

Hnh 1.11: Ph suy hao ca si quang trong cc giai on thi gian khc nhau.
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T ph suy hao trn ta thy si quang c ba vng bc sng c suy hao thp cho php truyn nh sng gi l ba ca s truyn dn ca si. + Ca s quang 1: c bc sng = (800 900)nm . + Ca s quang 2: c bc sng = (1270 1370)nm + Ca s quang 3: c bc sng = (1500 1600)nm 1.5.2 Tn sc Tng t nh tn hiu in, tn hiu quang truyn qua si quang cng b bin dng. Hin tng ny c gi l tn sc. S tn sc lm mo dng tn hiu analog v lm cc xung ln cn b chng ln trong tn hiu digital. S tn sc lm hn ch c ly v tc bit ca ng truyn dn quang.

Hnh 1.12: Dng xung vo v ra. a. nh ngha tn sc: tn sc tng cng ca si quang, k hiu D, n v (s) c xc nh bi cng thc: D = 02 i2 Trong : i , 0 l rng ca xung vo v xung ra, n v l (s) tn sc qua mi km c tnh bng n v ns/km hoc ps/km si ng vi mi nm ca b rng ph ca ngun quang lc n v c tnh l ps/nm.km. b. Cc nguyn nhn gy ra tn sc: si quang a mode c y cc thnh phn tn sc nh sau:

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- Tn sc mode (mode dispersion): do nng lng ca nh sng phn tn thnh nhiu mode, mi mode li truyn vi vn tc nhm khc nhau nn thi gian truyn khc nhau. - Tn sc th (chromatic dispersion) bao gm: tn sc cht liu (material dispersion) v tn sc ng dn sng(waveguide dispersion). Tn sc th: nguyn nhn do tn hiu quang truyn trn si khng phi l n sc m gm mt khong bc sng nht nh. Mi bc sng li c vn tc truyn khc nhau nn thi gian truyn khc nhau. Tn sc mode l do nh hng ca vic truyn theo nhiu ng. Hin tng ny ch xut hin si a mode.

Hnh 1.13: H s tn sc mode (dmod) thay i theo chit sut. S ph thuc ca h s tn sc mode l dmod vo s m trong hm chit sut n c biu din trn hnh 1.13. Qua ta thy dmod t cc tiu khi n xp x 2 v dmod tng kh nhanh khi n c gi tr khc 2 v hai pha. 1.6. u nhc im ca si quang
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1.6.1 u im Trong thng tin quang si quang, cc u im sau ca si quang c s dng mt cch hiu qu: suy hao truyn dn thp v bng thng ln. Thm vo , chng c th s dng thit lp cc ng truyn dn nh v mng (nh), khng c xuyn m vi cc ng si quang bn cnh v khng chu nh hng ca nhim cm ng sng in t. Trong thc t si quang l phng tin truyn dn thng tin hiu qu v kinh t nht ang c hin nay. Trc ht, v c bng thng ln nn n c th truyn mt khi lng thng tin ln nh cc tn hiu m thanh, d liu, v cc tn hiu hn hp thng qua mt h thng c c ly n 100 Ghz-km. Tng ng bng cch s dng si quang, mt khi lng ln cc tn hiu m thanh v hnh nh c th c truyn n nhng a im cch xa hng 100 km m khng cn n cc b ti to. Th hai, si quang nh nh v khng c xuyn m. Do vy, chng c th c lp t d dng cc thnh ph, tu thy, my bay v cc ta nh cao tng khng cn phi lp thm cc ng ng v cng cp. Th ba, v si quang c ch to t cc cht in mi ph dn nn chng khng chu nh hng bi can nhiu ca sng in t v ca xung in t. V vy, chng c th s dng truyn dn m khng c ting n. iu c ngha l n c th lp t cng vi cp in lc v c th s dng trong mi trng phn ng ht nhn. Th t, do nguyn liu ch yu sn xut si quang l ct v cht do l nhng th r hn ng nhiu nn n kinh t hn cp ng trc nhiu. Gi thnh ca si quang s gim nhanh mt khi cng ngh mi c a ra. Ngoi ra, nh cp trn, do c trng l c tn tht thp gi thnh lp t ban u cng nh gi thnh bo dng v sa cha thp bi v chng cn t cc b ti to hn. Ngoi nhng u im nu trn, si quang c an ton, bo mt cao, tui th di v c kh nng khng mi trng ln. N cng d bo dng, sa cha v c tin cy cao. Hn na, n khng b r r tn hiu v d ko di
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khi cn v c th ch to vi gi thnh thp. Trong bng 1.2 chng ta tng hp cc u im trn. Nh nhng u im ny, si quang c s dng cho cc mng li in thoi, s liu/ my tnh, v pht thanh truyn hnh (dch v bng rng) v s c s dng cho ISDN, in lc, cc ng dng y t v qun s, cng nh cc thit b o. 1.6.2 Nhc im Bn cnh nhng u im vt tri nh trn th h thng thng tin quang cn c nhng nhc im sau: - Hiu sut ghp ngun quang vo si thp. - Khng th truyn m lng cc. - Hn ni si quang kh khn, yu cu k thut cao. - Nu c kh m, nc lt vo trong cp th si quang chng b lo ha, suy hao tng ln, mi hn quang nhanh b hng. Nhng nhc im ny phn ln mang tnh khch quan v c th gii quyt c bng khoa hc cng ngh. Tuy nhin vi nhng u im vt tri th h thng thng tin quang ngy cng c ng dng rng ri v pht trin nhanh v nhng li ch thit thc trong cuc sng con ngi.

CHNG 2 KHUCH I QUANG SI EDFA


2.1. Vai tr ca khuch i quang trong h thng thng tin quang Nh ta bit trn cc tuyn thng tin quang truyn thng khi c li truyn dn di dn n suy hao ln. Khi suy hao truyn dn vt qu gii hn cho php th phi c cc trm lp khuch i tn hiu trn ng truyn. Nguyn tc hot ng ca cc trm lp l thc hin khuch i tn hiu thng qua cc qu trnh bin i quang - in, in - quang. iu ny c ngha l khi tn hiu quang rt yu khng th truyn i xa c na th cc trm lp s thu li v bin i thnh tn hiu in sau tin hnh khuch i, chun li thi gian, ti to li dng tn hiu in ri li bin i tr li dng tn hiu quang tip tc
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truyn i. Cc trm lp ny c ng dng rt rng ri v c lp t nhiu ni trn th gii. Gn y vi s pht trin ca khoa hc trong cng ngh thng tin quang, ngi ta thc hin c qu trnh khuch i trc tip tn hiu nh sng m khng cn phi qua qu trnh bin i quang in no. iu ny c c l nh k thut khuch i quang. Cc b khuch i quang ra i khc phc c nhng hn ch c bn ca cc trm lp nh: bng tn, cu trc phc tp, tnh ph thuc vo dng tn hiu, cp ngun, nh hng ca nhiu in Nh vic p dng cc b khuch i quang vo trong h thng thng tin quang ang m ra nhiu tng ln cho qu trnh pht trin h thng thng tin dng khuch i quang t tin ti cc mng quang ha hon ton, cho php m rng cc dch v a truy nhp vi tc cao. 2.2 Tng quan v khuch i quang 2.2.1 Nguyn l khuch i quang Nguyn l khuch i quang trong cc b khuch i quang c thc hin da trn hin tng bc x kch thch ca Eistein.

a. Hp th

b. Pht x t pht

c. Pht x kch thch

Hnh 2.1:. Cc loi dch chuyn gia cc mc nng lng. Theo Eistein, khi nguyn t ca mt mi trng vt cht tch cc trng thi cn bng nhit ng hc vi mi trng xung quanh th cc in t ha tr ca n nm mc nng lng thp E1, lc ny c th xy ra ba loi dch chuyn gia mc nng lng thp E1 (mc c bn) v mc nng lng cao E2 (mc kch thch) nh m t trn hnh 2.1. - Dch chuyn hp th (Absorption), hnh 2.1.a xy ra khi in t chuyn t mc c bn E1 ln mc nng lng cao hn E2 khi nguyn t hp th mt
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photon c nng lng bng hiu hai mc nng lng ( h = E 2 E1 ). S lng dch chuyn hp th ph thuc vo s in t mc nng lng E1 v s photon c nng lng h . - Dch chuyn bc x t pht (Sponateous Emission), hnh 2.1.b, xy ra khi mt in t chuyn trng thi nng lng t mc nng lng cao E2 xung mc nng lng thp E1 v pht ra mt nng lng h = E 2 E1 di dng mt photon nh sng. Qu trnh ny xy ra mt cch t nhin v trng thi nng lng cao E2 khng phi l trng thi nng lng bn vng ca in t. Sau mt khong thi gian c gi l thi gian sng ca in t mc nng lng cao, cc in t s t ng chuyn v trng thi nng lng thp hn (trng thi nng lng bn vng ). Ty theo loi vt liu khc nhau, thi gian sng ca in t s khc nhau. Cho d hin tng bc x t pht to ra photon nh sng nhng trong khuch i quang, bc x t pht khng to ra li khuch i. Nguyn nhn l do hin tng ny xy ra mt cch t pht khng ph thuc vo tn hiu nh sng a vo b khuch i. Nu khng c nh sng tn hiu a vo, vn c nng lng nh sng c to ra u ra ca b khuch i. Ngoi ra, nh sng do bc x t pht to ra khng c tnh kt hp. Do vy, bc x t pht c xem l nguyn nhn chnh gy nhiu trong cc b khuch i quang. Loi nhiu ny c gi l nhiu bc x t pht c khuch i ASE (Amplified Sponateous Emission noise). - Dch chuyn bc x kch thch, hnh 2.1.c, xy ra khi mt in t ang trng thi nng lng cao E2 (trng thi kch thch) b kch thch bi mt photon c nng lng h bng chnh lch nng lng gia trng thi nng lng cao v trng thi nng lng thp ca in t ( h = E 2 E1 ). Khi , in t s chuyn t trng thi nng lng cao E2 xung trng thi nng lng thp E1 v bc x ra mt photon c nng lng bng vi nng lng ca photon kch thch ban u. Nh vy, t mt photon ban u sau khi xy ra hin tng bc x kch thch s to ra hai photon (photon ban u v photon mi c to ra) c cng
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phng truyn, cng phn cc, cng pha v cng tn s (tnh kt hp ca nh sng). Sau cc photon ny li kch thch gy ra s dch chuyn kch thch i vi cc in t khc ang trng thi kch thch, kt qu l to ra mt chm photon c tnh kt hp. Hay ni cch khc, qu trnh khuch i ca nh sng c thc hin. Hin tng bc x kch thch c ng dng trong cc b khuch i quang bn dn (SOA) v khuch i quang si (OFA). Hin tng bc x kch thch cng c ng dng trong vic ch to laser. Tuy nhin, im khc bit chnh gia laser v cc b khuch i quang l trong cc b khuch i quang khng xy ra hin tng hi tip v cng hng. V nu xy ra qu trnh hi tip v cng hng nh trong laser, b khuch i quang s to ra cc nh sng kt hp ca ring n cho d khng c tn hiu quang u vo. Ngun nh sng ny c xem l nhiu xy ra trong cc b khuch i. Do vy, khuch i quang c th lm tng cng sut tn hiu nh sng c a vo u vo b khuch i nhng khng to ra tn hiu quang kt hp ca ring n u ra. 2.2.2 Phn loi cc b khuch i quang Tng qut, cu to ca mt b khuch i quang c th c biu din nh hnh 2.2.

Hnh 2.2: M hnh tng qut ca mt b khuch i quang. Trong mt b khuch i quang, qu trnh khuch i nh sng c din ra trong mt mi trng c gi l vng tch cc (Active medium). Cc tn
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hiu quang c khuch i trong vng tch cc vi li ln hay nh tu thuc vo nng lng c cung cp t mt ngun bm bn ngoi gi chung l ngun bm (Pump Source). Cc ngun bm ny c tnh cht nh th no tu thuc vo loi khuch i quang hay ni cch khc ph thuc vo cu to ca vng tch cc. Tu theo cu to ca vng tch cc, c th chia khuch i quang lm hai loi chnh nh sau: Khuch i quang bn dn SOA ( Optical Semiconductor Amplifier) - Vng tch cc c cu to bng vt liu bn dn. - Cu trc ca vng tch cc ca SOA tng t nh vng tch cc ca laser bn dn. im khc bit chnh gia SOA v laser l SOA hot ng trng thi di mc ngng pht x. - Ngun cung cp nng lng khuch i tn hiu quang l dng in. Khuch i quang si OFA ( Optical Fiber Amplifier ) - Vng tch cc l si quang c pha t him. Do , OFA cn c gi l DFA ( Doped-Fiber Amplifier ) - Ngun bm l nng lng nh sng c cung cp bi cc laser c bc sng pht quang nh hn bc sng ca tn hiu cn khuch i. - Tu theo loi t him c pha trong li ca si quang, bc sng bm ca ngun bm v vng nh sng c khuch i ca OFA s thay i. Mt s OFA tiu biu: EDFA( Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier ):1530nm - 1565nm PDFA( Praseodymium-Doped Fiber Amplifier ): 1280nm - 1340nm TDFA ( Thulium-Doped Fiber Amplifier ): 1440nm - 1520nm NDFA( Neodymium-Doped Fiber Amplifier ): 900nm, 1065nm hoc 100nm Trong cc loi OFA ny, EDFA c s dng ph bin nht hin nay v c nhiu u im v c tnh k thut so vi SOA v c vng nh sng khuch i (1530nm - 1565nm ) thch hp vi di tn hot ng ca h thng ghp knh theo bc sng mt cao DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing).

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2.2.3 Cc thng s k thut ca khuch i quang a) H s khuch i (Gain) H s khuch i ca mt b khuch i quang l t s gia cng sut quang u ra chia cho cng sut quang u vo.
Pout G = Pin Pout

(2.1)

G (dB ) = 10 log[ Pin ] Trong : G l h s khuch i tn hiu ca b khuch i quang.

(2.2)

Pin, Pout tng ng l cng sut tn hiu nh sng u vo v u ra ca b khuch i quang (mW). b) Di thng khuch i (Gain Bandwidth) H s khuch i ca b khuch i quang khng bng nhau cho tt c cc tn s ca tn hiu quang vo. p ng tn s quang ca b khuch i G(f) th hin s ph thuc h s khuch i G ca cc tn hiu quang vo tn s. Di thng khuch i ca b khuch i quang Bo c xc nh bi im -3 dB so vi h s khuch i nh ca b khuch i. Gi tr B0 xc nh di thng ca cc tn hiu c th c truyn bi mt b khuch i quang. Do , nh hng n hot ng ca cc h thng thng tin quang khi s dng chng nh cc b lp hay b tin khuch i. c) Cng sut ra bo ho (Saturation Output Power) Khi hot ng ch tn hiu nh, cng sut quang u ra s tng tuyn tnh vi cng sut quang u vo theo h s khuch i: Pout = G.Pin. Tuy nhin, cng sut u ra khng th tng mi c. Bng thc nghim, ngi ta thy rng trong tt c cc b khuch i quang, khi cng sut u vo Pin tng n mt mc no , h s khuch i G bt u gim. Kt qu l cng sut u ra khng cn tng tuyn tnh vi tn hiu u vo na m t trng thi

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bo ha. Cng sut u ra ti im h s khuch i gim i 3dB c gi l cng sut ra bo ha Psat,out. Cng sut ra bo ho Psat,out ca mt b khuch i quang cho bit cng sut u ra ln nht m b khuch i quang c th hot ng c. Thng thng, mt b khuch i quang c h s khuch i cao s c cng sut ra bo ha cao bi v s nghch o nng cao c th c duy tr trong mt di cng sut vo v ra rng. d) H s tp m (Noise Figure) Ging nh cc b khuch i in, cc b khuch i quang u to ra tp m. Ngun tp m chnh trong cc b khuch i quang l do pht x t pht. V s pht x t pht l cc s kin ngu nhin, pha ca cc photon pht x t pht cng ngu nhin. Nu photon pht x t pht c hng gn vi hng truyn ca cc photon tn hiu, chng s tng tc vi cc photon tn hiu gy nn s dao ng v pha v bin . Bn cnh , nng lng do pht x t pht to ra cng s c khuch i khi chng truyn qua b khuch i v pha u ra. Do , ti u ra ca b khuch i cng sut quang thu c P out bao gm c cng sut tn hiu c khuch i v cng sut tp m pht x t pht c khuch i ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission ). Pout = G.Pin + PASE (2.3) nh hng ca tp m i vi b khuch i quang c biu din bi h s tp m NF (Noise Figure ), m t s suy gim t s tn hiu trn tp m SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) do tp m ca b khuch i thm vo. H s NF c cho bi cng thc sau:
SNRin NF = SNRout

(2.4)

Trong , SNRin, SNRout l t s tn hiu trn tp m ti u vo v u ra ca b khuch i.

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H s tp m NF ca b khuch i cng nh th cng tt. Gi tr nh nht ca NF c th t c l 3dB. Nhng b khuch i tha mn h s tp m ti thiu ny c gi l ang hot ng gii hn lng t. Ngoi bn thng s k thut chnh c nu trn, cc b khuch i quang cn c nh gi da trn cc thng s sau: - nhy phn cc: l s ph thuc ca h s khuch i ca b khuch i vo phn cc ca tn hiu. - nh hng ca nhit i vi h s khuch i v di thng li. - Xuyn nhiu. 2.2.4. Khuch i quang dng laser bn dn a. Cu trc v nguyn l hot ng Cu trc v nguyn l hot ng ca khuch i quang bn dn SOA (Semiconductor Optical Amplifier) tng t nh laser bn dn. Ngha l cng da vo h thng hai di nng lng ca cht bn dn v cc qu trnh hp th, bc x t pht v bc x kch thch. Trong , tn hiu quang c khuch i da trn hin tng bc x kch thch xy ra trong vng tch cc ca SOA. Vng tch cc c rng W, dy d, chiu di L, v ch s chit sut N, c t gia hai lp bn dn loi n v p (hnh 2.3). Cc b mt chng phn x c ng dng vo laser gim tnh phn x ca n. iu ny lm tng bng tn khuch i v to ra cc c tnh truyn dn t ph thuc vo s thay i ca dng in thin p, nhit , v tnh phn cc ca nh sng. Ngun bm bn ngoi c cung cp bi dng in phn cc.

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Hnh 2.3 Cu trc ca mt b khuch i quang bn dn SOA. S khc nhau chnh gia SOA v laser bn dn l SOA hot ng di mc ngng dao ng. iu kin ny xy ra khi dng in phn cc I bias < dng in ngng Ith ca laser v h s phn x ca hai mt phn x ca vng tch cc nh. Khi , qu trnh phn x, cng hng v t pht x nh sng s khng xy ra. SOA c th c phn thnh hai loi chnh da vo h s phn x ca hai mt phn x ca lp tch cc. Loi th nht, Fabry-Perot FPA (Fabry-Perot Amplifier) c h s phn x cao (c th ln ti 32 %). Cu trc ca FPA cng tng t nh laser Fabry-Perot nhng hot ng vi dng phn cc Ibias < Ith. vi cu trc hc cng hng c h s phn x cao, qu trnh hi tip, chn lc tn s xy ra. Kt qu l, FPA c h s khuch i cao nhng ph khuch i nhp nh, khng u. iu ny, lm gim di thng khuch i ca FPA. khc phc hn ch trn ca FPA, hai lp chng phn x AR (anti-reflection) c h s phn x R = 0, c t ti hai u ca vng tch cc khng cho qu trnh phn x xy ra bn trong b khuch i. Khi , tn hiu vo SOA s c khuch i khi ch i qua mt ln (c gi l single pass) xuyn qua vng tch cc ca b khuch i m khng c hi tip v. y chnh l cu trc ca loi SOA th hai: khuch i sng chy TWA (Traveling Wave Amplifier). Trn thc t, h s phn x hai u ca vng tch cc ca TWA khng hon ton bng 0 m c gi tr rt nh t 0.1% n 0.01%.
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b. u, nhc im v ng dng ca SOA + u im: - H s khuch i cao: G = (25 30)dB. - Kch thc nh, c th tch hp vi cc linh kin quang bn dn khc. - Di thng ln, c th ln ti 100 nm, rng hn so vi EDFA. - C th thc hin khuch i tn hiu c hai ca s nh sng 1300 nm v 1550 nm. + Nhc im: - Cng sut ra bo ho thp (khong 5mW) hn ch kh nng ca SOA khi c s dng lm b khuch i cng sut. - H s tp m cao (5 7)dB nh hng n cht lng ca SOA khi c s dng lm b tin khuch i v khuch i ng dy. - Ph thuc vo phn cc ca tn hiu quang ti. - Nhiu xuyn knh ln do cc hiu ng phi tuyn hiu ng trn bn bc sng FWM ( Four wave mixing) v hiu ng bo ho khuch i cho. - Ph khuch i c dng gn sng do s khng hon ho ca lp chng phn x to nn. - Km n nh do h s khuch i chu nh hng ca nhit . + ng dng: Vi cc c tnh k thut trn, SOA c nhiu nhc im so vi EDFA khi c dng lm khuch i quang. Do , cho d SOA c nghin cu v ch to t trc EDFA, nhng SOA khng c s dng lm b khuch i quang trong h thng WDM cng nh cc h thng truyn dn quang khc hin nay. Thay vo , da trn cc hiu ng phi tuyn p ng nhanh ca SOA, SOA c dng trong cc ng dng khc ca h thng thng tin quang nh b bin i bc sng (wavelength convertor), phc hi xung clock (clock recovery) v cc ng dng x l tn hiu quang (optical signal processing applications). Khuch i TWA c th dng lm b tin khuch i (t pha trc photodiode) ci thin nhy my thu.
35 Coupler

2.2.5. Cc b khuch i quang si Cc b khuch i quang si c nghin cu rt sm t nhng nm 60 nhng do hn ch v cng ngh nn khng c pht trin trong nhng nm trc y. Ngy nay cc b khuch i quang si c pht trin rt mnh m v c ng dng rt rng ri. Cc kiu khuch i quang si khc nhau c c tuyn lm vic khc nhau. Trong cc b khuch i ny di thng khuch i v bc sng trung tm c xc nh bi cu trc nguyn t ca si quang v cc cht kch tp ch khng phi hnh dng c kh. Do nh hng ca s thay i ca nhit , s lm gi v cng sut bm trong b khuch i quang si l khng ng k so vi trong SLA. Mt b khuch i quang si tng qut c m t nh hnh 2.4.

Hnh 2.4: B khuch i quang si tng qut. Mi trng khuch i bao gm mt si n mode c ni vi mt b ghp lng sc. B ghp c suy hao nh c bc sng tn hiu v bc sng bm. S kch thch sy ra qua vic bm nh sng bm vo mi trng khuch i c tn hiu nh sng cn khuch i truyn qua, nh sng c khuch i pht ra t u kia ca mi trng khuch i. Cc b khuch i quang si gm c khuch i Raman, khuch i Brillouin v khuch i quang si trn t him c ng dng rt rng ri trong cc h thng thng tin quang nh cc b khuch i cng sut my pht b khuch i lp trong tuyn v b tin khuch i my thu. a. Khuch i Raman
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B khuch i Raman s dng tn x kch thch Raman SRS (stimulated Raman scattering) xy ra trong cc si silica khi mt chm nh sng bm c cng ln truyn qua n. SRS khc pht x kch thch mt kha cnh c bn, trong trng hp pht x kch thch, photon ti kch thch pht x mt photon ging n m khng lm mt nng lng ca mnh. Trong hin tng SRS, mt phn nng lng ca photon bm s lm cho phn t b kch thch (to ra cc photon quang) v mt phn to nn cc photon th cp c nng lng thp hn v tn s cng thp hn. Do khuch i quang Raman phi c bm nh sng c s khuch i, ngc li vi SOA c bm bng nng lng in. SRS l mt hin tng phi tuyn khng cng hng, n khng yu cu s chuyn i mt tch ly gia cc mc nng lng.

Hnh 2.5: S phc ha hin tng SRS. Chm nh sng bm v chm tn hiu c tn bc sng P v S c a vo si thng qua mt b ghp chn lc theo bc sng. Nng lng c chuyn t chm nh sng bm sang chm tn hiu thng qua hin tng SRS khi hai chm cng truyn lan dc theo si. Cc chm nh sng bm v chm tn hiu cng c th c a vo theo cch truyn lan ngc chiu nhau trong si.

37

Hnh 2.6: S nguyn l ca b khuch i Raman (nh sng bm c th truyn lan cng chiu hoc ngc chiu vi tn hiu). H s khuch i Raman ph thuc vo cc yu t nh chiu di si, tn hao ca si quang v ng knh li si theo cng thc:

g R .Pp .Leff GS = exp A .k eff


Trong : g R l tng ch cng sut Raman,

(2.5)

Aeff , Leff l din tch li si hiu dng v chiu di hiu dng ca si, k: h s c trng cho s xo trn phn cc nh sng bm v tn hiu,
PP l cng sut ca nh sng bm.

Din tch li si hiu dng v chiu di hiu dng c cho bi:

Aeff = .reff
Leff = 1 exp(- pL)

Trong : reff l bn knh li si hiu dng, p l tn hao truyn dn trong si bc sng bm, Leff l chiu di thc ca si, H s khuch i Raman tng khi si c tn hao nh v ng knh li si c gim i. Bi vy cng sut nh sng bm yu cu cho b khuch i Raman phi ln, y l nhc im ca b khuch i ny.
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Nhng di thng khuch i ca b khuch i ny trong khong 20nm ti 30nm nn b khuch i Raman rt hp dn cho cc ng dng trong h thng ghp knh theo bc sng WDM. b. B khuch i Brillouin B khuch i Brillouin s dng hin tng tn x kch thch Brillouin SBS (Stimulated Brillouin Scattering). Trong b khuch i ny, mt phn ln cng sut bm quang c chuyn thnh cng sut tn hiu qua hin tng SBS. Mi photon bm trong qu trnh tn x Brillouin s to nn mt photon th cp tn s thp hn v mt photon m thanh. iu to ra s dch tn s nh sng v n bin thin theo gc tn x. Hin tng SBS ch xy ra khi nh sng bm ngc hng vi tn hiu. SBS l mt phng thc khuch i phi tuyn rt hiu qu, n c th c h s khuch i cao vi mt cng sut bm nh c 1mW. Ngoi ra n cn c c im l tn s ca nh sng bm rt gn vi tn s tn hiu.

Hnh 2.7: S phc ho hin tng SBS. S dch tn s = s p , tng ng vi tn s m thanh phi tho mn h thc tn sc:
= k A .V A = 2V A k p sin( / 2)

(2.6)

39

Trong : k A = k p ks l vect sng m thanh


k p , k s : tng ng l cc vect ca chm sng bm v tn hiu

: L gc gia tia sng bm v tia sng tn hiu


VA : L vn tc m thanh trong si

Trong cng thc trn, thng coi k p = ks v thng c p dng trong thc t. = 0 khi = 0, tc l khi nh sng bm v tn hiu truyn lan cng chiu. t max khi = 1800 (nh sng bm v tn hiu truyn lan ngc chiu nhau). Do SBS ch xy ra khi cho nh sng bm bm lan truyn ngc vi tn hiu, khi s dch tn l: B = 2V A k P . dch tn Brillouin cho bi
vB = B 2
A vB = vi k p = . p p

2n V

2 n

Trong :

n l chit sut hiu dng ca si

p l bc sng nh sng bm

Vi si Silica thng thng th VA = 5.96Km/s, n =1.45 khi v B = 11.1GHz bc sng bm P =1.55. Trong phng th nghim bng cch bm mt sng laser lin tc vi cng sut trong phm vi 5 n 10mW th c th nhn c li ln hn 18dB. Tuy nhin, yu cu mt s lnh tn 11GHz phi c duy tr gia nh sng bm v tn hiu m bo hin tng SBS khng b gim st. Do b khuch i Brillouin c phm vi ng dng rt hn ch. Mt khc di thng ca b khuch i rt hp ch c 50MHz vi si Silica tinh khit v c 100200MHz vi si trn Germanium trong li si. Do khng c ng dng lm cc b khuch i di rng ng dng trong cc h thng thng tin quang nhiu knh cng nh khuch i cc xung hp. Nhng di thng hp ca b khuch i brillouin c th c ch trong vic hnh thnh cc b lc iu hng trong cc h thng thng tin quang ghp knh theo bc sng WDM. N c th dng lm b chn knh bng cho php khuch i tng knh ring bit m khng khuch i cc knh ring bit.
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c. B khuch i quang trn t him EDFA Cc b khuch i quang trn t him l cc b khuch i quang si mi, trong s dng cc ion t him lm mi trng khuch i. Cc ion t him c trn vo li si trong qu trnh sn xut vi t l nht nh v c bm nh sng thc hin khuch i nh sng. Cc b khuch i quang si trn t him c nghin cu t rt sm(1964) nhng chng ch thc s c quan tm t nhng nm 1988 khi cng ngh sn xut v c tuyn ha si quang trn t him c tn hao nh tr nn hon ho. Cc c tuyn ca b khuch i nh bc sng v di thng c quyt nh bi cc cht kch tp trong si silica. C nhiu loi tp cht c th dng trn vo trong si nh Erbium, holomium, neodymium, samarium vi si silica tiu chun th ca s th hai 1310nm tn sc gn nh bng 0 tuy nhin tn hao li ln. Cn bc sng 1550nm th tn hao si l nh nht nhng tn sc li khng bng 0. Ban u si quang tiu chun ny c dng ch yu vng ca s th hai. t c suy hao v tn sc nh nht ngi ta sn xut si dch chuyn im tn sc bng khng ln vng ca s 1550nm, si ny c gi l si dch chuyn tn sc DSF (Dispersion shifted Fiber). Mc d vy li ny sinh vn khi dch chuyn im tn sc bng 0 ln vng ca s ny th tnh phi tuyn ca si quang li tng khi truyn tn hiu vi cng sut cao vo si nht l trong cc h thng WDM. V vy tha mn c ba yu cu v suy hao, tn sc v tnh phi tuyn ca si, ngi ta sn xut si quang gi tn sc vng bc sng 1550 nm rt nh nhng khng bng 0, gi l si khng dch chuyn tn sc v 0 ZNDSF (Zero Non Dispersion Shifted Fiber). Cc b khuch i quang si trn t him Erbium EDFA l b khuch i gy c s quan tm nhiu nht trong thi gian gn y v n lm vic vng bc sng 1550nm. EDFA c ra i t nhng nm 1987 v thc s c pht trin mnh t nm 1990. Nguyn l lm vic v cc tham s c bn ca b khuch i ny s c nghin cu phn sau. Bng 2.1 th hin kt qu so snh cc c tnh c bn ca cc b khuch i quang c nghin cu.
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CC THAM S C BN TT LOI KHUYCH I C IM H s K (dB) 25 30 H s tp m (dB) 69 Gii thng K 13 Ghz Ngun bm Bm nng lng in vi dng bm 10mA Bm nng lng in vi dng bm 100mA Bm nh sang vi cng sut vi trm mW n vi W Bm nh sng vi cng sut bm 5 10mW Bm nh sng vi cng sut bm <100mW NG DNG

Khuch i Fabry perot (FPA)

L khuch i bn dn cng hng da vo s phn x ca cc b mt bn dn. L b khuch i bn dn nhng h s phn x b mt bn dn gn bng 0 L b khuch i quang si da trn hin tng tn x kch thch Raman L b khuch i quang si da trn hin tng tn x kch thch Brillouin L b K quang si da trn s o mt gia cc mc nng lng ca Erbium

Nn dng xung,s dng cho cc phn t c hai trng thi n nh Khuch i aknh,Khu ch i cc xung cc hp (c ps) Khuch i di rng trong cc h thng ghp knh theo bc sng Khuch i chn lc,chn knh trong cc h thng a knh Khuch ai di rng dng cho c khuch i cng sut, khuch i lp v tin khuch i my thu

Khuch i Sng Chy (TWA)

20 30

52

> 5Thz

Khuch i Raman

~ 50

~1Thz

Khuch i Brillouin

~30

50Mhz

Khuch i EDFA

40 50 3.1 4.1 ~5Thz

Bng 1: So snh c tnh c bn ca cc b khuch i quang. 2.3. B khuch i quang si pha tp Erbium EDFA 2.3.1 Cu trc c bn ca b khuch i quang EDFA Cu trc ca b khuch i quang si trn t him EDFA (erbium doped fiber amfilier) c hiu nh hnh 2.8.
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Hnh 2.8: Cu trc ca EDFA. a. Si pha tp Erbium EDF (erbium doped fiber) L thnh phn quan trng nht ca EDFA, si ny cn c gi l si tch cc. Cu trc si gm cc thnh phn nh trong hnh 2.9.

Hnh 2.9: Cu trc hnh hc ca li pha tp Erbium. Trong cu trc li si pha tp Erbium cc ion Erbium nm vng trung tm ca li EDF, vng ny thng c pha tp vi nng t 1000 ti 2000ppm Erbium. ng knh ca vng tm li EDF khong 5m v l ni tp trung cng nh sng bm cng nh tn hiu vo. Lp v thy tinh c ch s chit sut thp hn c bao quanh vng li hon thin cu trc dn sng. ng knh ngoi ca lp ny khong 125m. Lp v bc ngoi cng bo v si, c chc nng ngn cn tc ng t bn ngoi vo si. Ch s chit sut ca lp v bc ngoi cao hn lp v phn x nhm loi b nh sng khng mong mun (cc mode bc cao hn lan truyn bn trong v phn x). Nh vy ngoi s pha trn Erbium th cu trc si ny cng tng t nh si n mode tiu chun hay si tn sc dch chuyn DSF
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tng ng vi cc khuyn ngh G.652 hay G.653 ca ITU-T ang dng trong cc h thng thng tin quang. b. Laser bm LD Cung cp ngun nng lng cho EDFA hot ng thc hin khuch i tn hiu. Ngun nng lng ny gi l nng lng bm hay ngun bm. Ngun bm thng c bc sng 980 hoc 1480nm, cng sut bm tiu biu l t 10 ti 100 mW. Cc diode c dng lm ngun bm thng c cu to ph hp vi cu hnh v bc sng bm. V d khi bm 980nm th loi LD bm thng l loi c vng tch cc vi cu trc ging lng t InGaAs cn khi bm bc sng 1480nm th LD bm thuc loi Fabry-perot d th chon c cu trc tinh th ghp InGaAs/InP. c. Cc b phn khc: - B ghp bc sng WDM: thc hin ghp nh sng tn hiu v nh sng bm vo si pha tp Erbium. - Cc b cch li c tc dng lm gim nh sng phn x t h thng nh phn x Reyleigh t cc b ni quang hay phn x ngc t cc b khuch i khc, lm tng c tnh khuch i v gim nhiu. 2.3.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca EDFA Si quang EDF c tnh cht c bit l c th khuch i tn hiu nh sng trong di bc sng = 1530 1560 nm khi tn hiu truyn dc si. Nguyn l lm vic ca EDFA da trn s bc x kch thch ca cc in t trong cc ion Er3+ trng thi b kch thch nh ngun bm bn ngoi. Nguyn tc lm vic c gii thch nh gin vng nng lng ca ion Erbi ha tr ba trong li si quang EDF nh m t trong hnh 2.10.

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Hnh 2.10: Gin nng lng ca ion Er3+ trong li si EDF. Khc vi si quang thch anh thng thng nh sng truyn dc si b suy hao cng , si EDF khi hp th nng lng nh sng bm t bn ngoi c bc sng nm ngoi di 1520 ti 1560nm li c kh nng khuch i tn hiu nh sng trong di sng trn khi truyn dc si quang ny. Qu trnh khuch i nh sng din ra nh sau: - Khi nhn c nng lng t nh sng ngun bm bc sng bm thch hp P , cc in t ca ion Ecbi dch chuyn t mc nng lng E1 (mc n nh) trong vng ho tr ln mc nng lng cao hn E2 (vi bc sng bm
P = 980 nm ) hoc mc E3 (vi bc sng bm P = 1480 nm ) vng dn, li

cc l trng vng ho tr. Ion Ecbi khi nm trng thi b kch thch. - Mc nng lng E2 l mc khng n nh, nn cc in t nhanh chng t ng ch chuyn xung mc thp hn l E3 vi hng s thi gian kh nh
t 32 = 10 s . Dch chuyn ny khng bc x ra nh sng v gi l s phn r khng

bc x. - Mc nng lng E3 l tng i n nh, cc in t t mc ny dch chuyn v mc n nh E1 vi hng s thi gian kh ln t 31 = 10ms , nn c gi l mc siu bn. Nu cc in t t mc siu bn E3 t ng dch chuyn v mc n nh E1 ti hp vi l trng th s pht ra bc x t pht c bc sng nm trong di t 1520 1560nm. Do cc photon ca bc x t pht c pha v hng ngu nhin, nn cng rt yu v ch tn ti mt lng rt nh trong si pha tp (c 1%). Bc x t pht ny l ngun tp m chnh ca b khuch
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i EDFA, n c khuch i v lm suy gim t s tn/tp u ra v c gi l tp m bc x t pht c khuch i ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission). - Khi c tn hiu nh sng vi nng lng ca photon bng rng vng cm gia hai mc E3 v E1 ( E = h = E3 - E1= EG ) truyn vo si quang EDF, lp tc cc in t nm trng thi b kch thch (trng thi siu bn) E3 dch chuyn v mc n nh E1 ti hp vi l trng v pht ra bc x kch thch. Cc photon ca bc x kch thch c cng bc sng v ng pha vi photon tn hiu kch thch truyn vo si, nn kt qu l nh sng bc x kch thch c cng rt mnh truyn dc theo si quang EDF. Nh vy tn hiu nh sng i vo si c khuch i ln nhiu ln v on si quang EDF lm nhim v nh mt b khuch i quang, mang tn b khuch i quang si EDFA. 2.3.3. Yu cu i vi ngun bm a. Bc sng bm Vi cc vng nng lng c nu trn, nh sng bm c th c s dng ti cc bc sng khc nhau 650nm (4F9/2), 800nm (4I9/2), 980nm (4I11/2), 1480nm (4I13/2). Tuy nhin, khi bc sng bm cng ngn th cc ion Er3+ phi tri qua nhiu giai on chuyn i nng lng trc khi tr v vng nn v pht x photon nh sng. Do , hiu sut bm khng cao, nng lng bm s b hao ph qua vic to ra cc phonon thay v photon. V vy, trn thc t, nh sng bm s dng cho EDFA ch c s dng ti hai bc sng 980nm v 1480nm Trong EDFA, iu kin c khuch i tn hiu l t c s nghch o nng bng cch s dng ngun bm bm cc ion erbium ln trng thi kch thch. C hai cch thc hin qu trnh ny: bm trc tip ti bc sng 1480nm hoc bm gin tip bc sng 980nm.

46

Phng php bm gin tip (bm bc sng 980nm): Trong trng hp ny, ion erbium lin tc c chuyn tip t vng nng lng 4I15/2 thp ln vng nng lng cao 4I11/2, sau cc ion s phn r xung vng 4I13/2 nhng khng pht x. T vng ny, khi c nh sng kch thch th cc ion s pht x bc sng mong mun (t 1550 n 1600nm) khi chuyn t vng nng lng 4I13/2 xung vng 4I15/2. y chnh l h thng ba mc. Thi gian sng ca ion erbium mc 4I11/2 khong 1s trong khi 4I13/2 th ti 10ms. Vi thi gian sng di, vng 4I13/2 c gi l vng n nh. V vy, cc ion c bm ln mc cao, sau nhanh chng ti xung vng 4I13/2 v tn ti trong mt khong thi gian tng i di to nn s nghch o v nng . Vi phng php bm trc tip (1480nm): cc ion erbium ch hot ng trong hai vng nng lng 4I13/2 v 4I15/2. y l h thng 2 mc. Cc ion erbium lin tc c chuyn t vng nng lng nn 4I15/2 ln vng nng lng kch thch 4I13/2 nh nng lng bm. V thi gian tn ti mc ny di nn chng tch ly ti y to ra s nghch o nng . Ngun bm c hiu qu cao c hai bc sng 980 v 1480nm. c h s khuch i hn 20dB th ch cn to ra ngun bm c cng sut nh hn 5mW, nhng vn cn phi c ngun bm t 10 n 100mW m bo cho cng sut ra ln. H s tp m lng t gii hn l 3dB t c bc sng 980nm. i vi bc sng 1480 th h s tp m l vo khong 4dB v tit din ngang pht x ti 1480nm cao hn ti 980nm v s bc x kch thch do ngun bm gii hn s nghch o tch ly ti 1480nm. Do , bc sng bm 980nm c ng dng cho cc b khuch i tp m thp. H s khuch i ti bc sng bm 980nm cao hn ti 1480nm ti cng cng sut bm. Do , t c cng mt h s khuch i th cng sut bm ti 1480nm phi cao hn ti 980nm. V cng sut bm 1480nm ln hn nn cng sut ng ra ln hn, do bm bc sng 1480nm c ng dng cho cc b khuch i cng sut. Ngoi ra, bc sng bm 1480nm c truyn trong si quang vi suy hao thp. Do , ngun bm laser c th t xa b khuch i.
47

Hin nay ngun bm bc sng 1480nm c s dng rng ri hn v chng sn c hn v tin cy cao hn. tin cy l c im quan trng i vi laser bm v n dng bm cho khong cch di v trnh lm nhiu tn hiu. Cc thit b khuch i cng sut i hi cng sut bm cao nht v n nh ca chng l mu cht trong qu trnh nghin cu pht trin c bm ti c hai bc sng tn dng u im ca c hai bc sng. Bc sng bm Tnh cht: H s khuch i li cng sut bm Suy hao cng sut bm H s tp m ng dng 980nm Cao hn Thp hn Cao hn Thp hn Tin khuch i 1480nm Thp hn Cao hn Thp hn Cao hn Khuch i cng sut

Bng 2: So snh hai bc sng bm 980nm v 1480nm. b. Cng sut bm v hng bm - Cng sut bm cng ln th s c nhiu ion erbium b kch thch trao i nng lng vi tn hiu cn khuch i v s lm cho h s khuch i tng ln. Tuy nhin, h s khuch i khng th tng mi theo cng sut bm v s lng cc ion erbium c cy vo si l c gii hn. Ngoi ra, khi cng sut bm tng ln th h s tp m s gim. iu ny s c trnh by trong phn tnh h s tp m ca EDFA. - Hng bm: B khuch i EDFA c th c bm theo ba cch: + Bm thun (codirectional pumping): ngun bm c cng chiu vi hng truyn tn hiu. + Bm ngc (counterdirectional pumping): ngun bm c bm ngc chiu vi hng truyn tn hiu + Bm hai chiu (dual pumping): s dng hai ngun bm v c theo hai chiu ngc nhau.
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Hng bm thun c u im l tp m thp v tp m kh nhy cm vi h s khuch i m h s khuch i tn hiu cao nht khi cng sut tn hiu vo thp nht. Trong khi , hng bm ngc cung cp cng sut ra bo ha cao nhng c h s tp m cao hn bm thun. Do vy, ngi ta ngh s dng c hai laser bm c bc sng bm khc nhau. Vic bm ti bc sng 1480nm thng c s dng theo chiu ngc vi hng truyn tn hiu v bm ti 980nm theo hng thun s dng tt nht u im ca mi loi bm. Bm ti 1460nm c hiu sut lng t cao hn nhng c h s tp m cao hn, trong khi bm ti bc sng 980nm c th cung cp mt h s tp m gn mc gii hn lng t. H s tp m thp ph hp cho cc ng dng tin khuch i. Mt EDFA c bm bng mt ngun bm c th cung cp cng sut u ra cc i khong +16dBm trong vng bo ha hoc h s tp m t 5-6dB trong vng tn hiu nh. C hai bc sng bm c s dng ng thi c th cung cp cng sut u ra cao hn. Mt EDFA c bm kp c th cung cp cng sut ra ti +26dBm trong vng cng sut bm cao nht c th t c. Cu hnh ca b khuch i EDFA c bm kp nh hnh di y:

Hnh 2.11: Cu hnh b khuch i EDFA c bm kp. c. Cc cu hnh bm cho EDFA B khuch i quang si EDFA c ba cu hnh lm vic nh sau: cu hnh bm thun, cu hnh bm ngc v cu hnh bm hai hng. - Cu hnh EDFA bm thun

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Trong cu hnh ny tn hiu nh sng bm c ghp, truyn cng chiu vi tn hiu cn khuch i trn si EDF nh b ghp WDM. B cch ly ch cho sng truyn theo chiu thun, chn sng phn x, gip cho b khuch i lm vic n nh. Cu hnh bm thun c u im l tp m nh nhng hiu sut khuch i khng cao, nn c dng ch yu lm b tin khuch i cho my thu quang nng cao nhy.

Hnh 2.12: Cu hnh bm thun. - Cu hnh EDFA bm ngc

Hnh 2.13: Cu hnh bm ngc. Trong cu hnh bm ngc ch khc so vi cu hnh bm thun l b ghp WDM dng dn nh sng bm vo b khuch i c t cui on si EDF, y tn hiu v ngun bm truyn ngc chiu nhau trn on si EDF. Cu hnh ny c u im l hiu sut khuch i cao, nhng tp m ln, nn n c dng ch yu lm b khuch i cng sut li ra ca cc my pht quang nhm tng c ly khong lp. - Cu hnh EDFA bm hai hng

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Cu hnh ny dng hai ngun bm t hai u on si EDF vi hai b ghp bc sng. nh sng bm truyn theo dc si EDF theo hai hng thun v ngc vi hng truyn ca tn hiu cn khuch i. Cu hnh bm ny c u im l h s khuch i ln v ng u, tp m khng ln, cng sut ra ln, tuy nhin chi ph cng tn km hn hai cu hnh trn. Cu hnh EDFA bm hai hng c dng ch yu lm trm lp (line amplifier) trong h thng thng tin quang ng di, nht l h thng cp quang di bin.

Hnh 2.14: Cu hnh bm hai hng. 2.3.4 H s khuch i ca EDFA H s khuch i l mt trong nhng tham s quan trng ca b khuch i EDFA. H s khuch i ca EDFA c xem l t s gia cng sut tn hiu ra v cng sut tn hiu vo ch yu ti hai bc sng 1530nm v 1550nm l hai bc sng m ti EDFA ph thuc nhiu vo cc tham s ca b khuch i nh: cng sut bm, cng sut tn hiu vo, chiu di b khuch i, bn knh li si Erbium sau y ta s xem xt mt s tham s anh hng . a. S ph thuc ca h s khuch i vo cng sut v bc sng bm Nhn chung khuch i tn hiu lc u tng mnh (theo hm m) theo chiu tng ca cng sut bm. tng nay gim dn khi cng sut bm t ti mt gii hn no . Ch sau cng h s khuch i hu nh khng tng cho d c tng cng sut bm. Trng hp ny tng ng khi m hu ht cc ion Er3+ c kch thch ti mc 4I13/2 dc theo ton b di si. H s khuch i ln nht ca b khuch i (n v dB/mW) l mt ng thng qua gc ta tip tuyn vi ng cong khuch i nh hnh 2.15. T hnh 2.15, ta thy s
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ph thuc ca h s khuch i vo di si EDF. di si tng th h s khuch i cng tng do s ion Er3+ c kch thch nhiu hn.

Hnh 2.15: S ph thuc ca khuch i vo cng sut bm EDFA. S ph thuc ca h s khuch i vo bc sng bm c nghin cu ch yu vi hai bc sng bm l 980nm v 1480nm.

Hnh 2.16: Quan h gia di EDF, bc sng bm vi hh s khuch i. Hnh 2.16 m t quan h gia di EDF, bc sng bm v h s khuch i tn hiu ti cng sut bm 20mW. T hnh v ta thy vi cng mc tn hiu u vo (-35dB) thu c gi tr h s khuch i nh nhau th di khuch i ti u khi bm bc sng
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1480nm di hn khi bm bc sng 980nm hay ni cch khc cng mt di si, cng cng sut bm th bm bc sng 980nm c hiu qu hn bm 1480nm. Tc l bm bc sng 980nm cho php to ra b khuch i EDFA c h s khuch i cao hn vi di si EDF l ngn nht. Tuy nhin thc t phn tit din ph hp th bm bc sng 980nm li hp so vi bc sng 1480nm, iu ny i hi vic iu khin bc sng laser pht vng 980nm cn c bit quan tm khi xy dng b EDFA n nh. b. S ph thuc ca h s khuch i vo cng sut tn hiu quang xem xt s ph thuc ca h s khuch i vo cng sut tn hiu ta xt vi cc ch khuch i ca EDFA - Ch khuch i tn hiu nh H s khuch i tn hiu nh l h s khuch i ca b khuch i khi n hot ng trong ch tuyn tnh ni m n hon ton khng ph thuc vo cng sut quang tn hiu u vo ti cng sut bm cho. iu ny c ngha l vng tn hiu nh tng ng vi cc mc cng sut tn hiu u vo m s khuch i tn hiu khng lm gim h s khuch i ca b khuch i quang EDFA.

Hnh 2.17: H s khuch i EDFA ph thuc vo cng sut tn hiu u vo vi ba cng sut bm khc nhau.
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T hnh 2.17, ta thy khi cng sut tn hiu vo nh th h s khuch i t gi tr ln nht Gmax (ng vi mt gii hn cng sut tn hiu u vo nht nh). Khi cng sut tn hiu u vo tip tc tng vt qua gii hn trn th h s khuch i gim dn. Lc ny b khuch i chuyn sang lm vic ch bo ha do khi cng sut tn hiu u vo ln s kch thch ton b cc ion Er3+ trng thi kch thch v trng thi c bn nn khi ht th d c tip tc tng cng sut tn hiu u vo th cng khng tng c s ion Er 3+ trng thi kch thch v trng thi c bn tc l cng sut u ra khng tng c ( bo ha) tng ng h s khuch i s gim. Nh vy trong ch khuch i tn hiu nh h s khuch i l mt hng s. Ch ny c nhc im l tp m ln, do cng sut tn hiu vo nh khng kch thch c ht cc ion Er3+ trng thi gn n nh tr v trng thi c bn v vy lm cho s ion Er3+ tr v trng thi c bn mt cch t pht tng ln lm tng cng sut tp m ASE u ra. Khi cng sut tn hiu vo qu b, th u ra EDFA cng sut tp m c th so snh c vi cng sut tn hiu khuch i lm cho t s tn/tp u ra EDFA suy gim rt ln. - Ch khuch i bo ha Khi cng sut tn hiu u vo tng s lm tng cc ion Er3+ trng thi gn n nh v trng thi c bn. Tuy nhin mt cng sut bm nht nh th ch c mt lng nht nh cc ion Er3+ b kch thch nhy ln mc nng lng cao do tng ng vi n cng ch cn mt lng photon tn hiu vo va kch thch ton b cc ion Er3+ mc nng lng cao v trng thi c bn. V vy khi tn hiu u vo d c tng hn na th cng sut ra vn gi nguyn v h s khuch i b gim i. Ch ny gi l ch khuch i tn hiu bo ha. S bo ha khng ch lm gim h s khuch i ca EDFA m cn lm hn ch cng sut ra. u im ca ch ny l tp m u ra nh do hu ht cc ion Er3+ mc nng lng cao c cc photon tn hiu vo kch thch chuyn v trng thi c bn nn c rt t cc ion Er3+ chuyn v trng thi c bn mt cch t pht tc l cng sut tp m ASE u ra rt nh.
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Mi quan h gia h s khuch i vi cng sut tn hiu u ra th hin trn hnh 2.18. Ta thy khi cng sut tn hiu u ra EDFA gn t ti gi tr bo ha th h s khuch i gim rt nhanh tc l cng sut tn hiu ra ph thuc vo cng sut tn hiu bo ha (l cng sut m h s khuch i b gim 3dB so vi h s khuch i trong ch khuch i tn hiu nh). Cng sut tn hiu bo ha li ph thuc vo cng sut bm. Cng sut bm cng cao th cng sut tn hiu bo ha cng cng cao. Mun tng cng sut ra phi tng cng sut bo ha tc l tng cng sut bm. Tuy nhin cng khng th tng cng sut bm ln qu ln do hn ch ca ngun bm v bc sng bm.

Hnh 2.18: khuch i tn hiu l hm s ca cng sut tn hiu u ra vi cc cng sut bm khc nhau. c. nghing v dc khuch i Mt trong nhng ng dng quan trng nht ca EDFA trong thng tin quang si l vic s dng n trong cc h thng ghp knh quang. Trong cc h thng ghp knh theo bc sng WDM vi c ly xa, ph khuch i ca b khuch i phi duy tr phng trnh s tri ln v cng sut ca mt knh no . S thay i hoc nghing trong ph khuch i xy ra khi cc knh ghp
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bc sng c thm vo hoc r bt trong chm tn hiu WDM s lm gim c tnh ca cc h thng thng tin c c ly di. y, s nghing khuch i c xc nh nh l t s ca s bin i h s khuch i ti bc sng o c vi s thay i h s khuch i ti bc sng chun.

Hnh 2.19: dc khuch i. Mt khi nim khc na cng c quan tm y l dc khuch i. Cn phi phn bit gia dc khuch i tnh v dc khuch i ng. im khc nhau gia dc tnh v ng l do c s thay i v mc nghch o b khuch i pht sinh t s thay i bc sng ca tn hiu u vo bo ha mnh. 2.3.5 Tnh ton h s khuch i ca EDFA Trong b khuch i quang h s khuch i l mt tham s quan trng, chng c th c xc nh mt cch tng qut nh sau:
G= Pout Pn Pin

(2.7)

Trong Pin , Pout ln lt l cng sut quang ti u vo v u ra b khuch i, Pn l cng sut tp m do pht x t pht (ASE) sinh ra. Cng sut tp m y c pht x t b khuch i quang v nm trong bng tn quang. Vic xc nh h s khuch i ca b khuch i quang l qu trnh rt phc tp do bn cht phn b hai hng ca n. Mt cch tng th ta c th coi b khuch i quang l tng hp ca mt chui cc b khuch i nh vi di
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si tng dn theo lt ct EDF. Nh vy G s bao gm ton b cc khuch i thnh phn g(z) dc theo trc si v c xc nh nh sau: G= = exp( )

Trong L l di si EDF, g(z) l khuch i tng dn. thu c h s khuch i thc ca EDFA cn phi xc nh c cc tit din bc x kch thch tit din hp th . Cc tit din ny c th xc

nh c bng thc nghim nh vic o hunh quang v hp th ca mt on EDF. Di y ta c bng lit k cc tit din hp th t s chuyn dch 4I15/2 n
4

I11/2 ca cc loi si thy tinh khc nhau.

Bng 3: Lit k cc tit din hp th t s chuyn dch 4I15/2 n 4I11/2 ca cc loi si thy tinh khc nhau. Bng cch phn tch ny khuch i thc ca EDFA c th c xc nh ty thuc vo mc bin i trung bnh ca tch ly ion Erbium nh sau:
G = exp{ S [ e ( N 2 ) a ( N1 )].L}

(2.9)

y S l h s hn ch gia trng tn hiu v s tch ly ion Erbium (


S c gi tr t 0 1, tiu biu l t 0,3 0,6). N1 , N 2 ln lt l mt tch ly

trung bnh trng thi nn v trng thi siu bn. N1 , N 2 c xc nh t vic gii phng trnh tc :

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(2.10)

Trong PP/A v PS/A tng ng l cng bm v cng tn hiu; l cc nng lng photon bm v tn hiu; 2.3.6 Ph khuch i ca EDFA Ph khuch i ca EDFA l mt tham s rt quan trng v bng tn khuch i l yu t c bn xc nh bng tn truyn dn. Kt qu thc nghim cho thy bng vic pha tp Al hoc P trong li si thy tinh trn Er 3+ s c tc dng m rng ph khuch i. Ngi ta chng minh c rng vic pha tp Al c th thu c mc khuch i rt cao trong mt phng tri vng bc sng t 1540nm n 1560nm. c bit hn si EDF gc Frouride cho ta c vng khuch i phng trong di bc sng t 1530nm n 1560nm. Hnh 2.20 th hin cc ph khuch i tiu biu ca cc si thy tinh pha tp Ge/Er v Al/P/Er. l thi gian tr t pht.

Hnh 2.20:Ph u ra quang tiu biu ca EDFA. Ph si pha tp Ge/Er c mt ct gm hai nh ti 1536nm v 1552nm trong khi ph khuch i ca si pha tp Al/P/Er c vng khuch i rng nm trong khong t 1545nm n 1560nm mc d c mt nh khuch i nh ln ti vng xung quanh 1530nm. Ngoi ra ph khuch i ca EDFA c th c dch ti vng bc song di hn khi s dng di EDF l tng i di. Khi tng di EDF ph khuch i c th thu c trong khong bc sng t
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1570nm n 1620nm. Ti vng bc sng ln hn 6200nm, h s khuch i tn hiu s gim do qu trnh ASE. Thng thng th ph khuch i o bng vic qut bc sng tn hiu vi mt ngun tn hiu n, ph c thay i khi cng sut tn hiu u vo c thay i v tr nn bng phng khi cng sut tn hiu u vo l cao. u ra quang ca EDFA ph thuc vo bc sng v khuch i thay i theo c tnh bc sng ca si pha tp EDF. 2.3.7 Tp m trong b khuch i quang si pha tp EDFA a. Tp m quang trong b khuch i quang si pha tp EDFA Tp m quang y mun ni n ph tp m quang c o bng my phn tch ph quang. Tp m quang l tham s quan trng nht lin quan ti cc c tnh tp m trong cc h thng c khuch i quang. Khng bao gi c b khuch i quang l tng, c ngha l lun tn ti tp m trong cc b khuch i quang. Nh bit khi nghin cu v cc ion Erbium trong si EDF ca EDFA. Khi cc photon bc x c hng v pha ngu nhin c gi li trong cc mode ca si quang (thng khng qu 1%) chng s tr thnh mt ngun tp m. Tp m ny s c khuch i v s lm suy gim t s tn/tp ca tn hiu qua b khuch i (bc x t pht c khuch i - ASE). Cng sut tp m nh nht ti u ra b khuch i c xc nh nh sau: Psp.min = h (G -1)B Trong : B l mt na bng tn ca b khuch i quang. h (2.11) l nng

lng photon. Cng sut tp m u ra b khuch i c th t c nh nht s tng ng vi s khuch i ca mt photon trong bng tn B, bng mt na bng tn b khuch i B0. T cng thc trn c th xc nh c cng sut ASE tng c ly ra trn ton b cc mode m si quang a ra trong bng tn B0 nh sau: PASE = mt.Nsp.h .(G - 1).B0 y mt l s cc mode lan truyn ca qu trnh phn cc.
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(2.12)

PASE l cng sut bc x t pht ca b khuch i quang. Trong cc b khuch i quang thc t nht l EDFA tiu biu thng c hai mode lan truyn phn cc trong bc x t pht (mt = 2). V vy cng sut ASE tng l: PASE = 2Nsp.h .(G - 1).B0 H s bc x t pht Nsp c xc nh nh sau: = Trong , (2.14) (2.13)

ln lt l tit din bc x kch thch v tit din hp th ca

si quang. N1 , N2 ln lt l mt tch ly in tch trng thi nn v trng thi siu bn. n gin gi a = ,b= l cc hm s ca z (v ,

l hm ca trc z hng dc theo si). Ta cng gi thit cc h s a, b l cc hng s khng ph thuc vo di khuch i tc l trong mi trng bm ng dng ta c th vit nh sau: = y sau: N(z) = (G - 1) = (G - 1) (2.16) = / = (2.15)

. T h s bc x t pht ta tnh c h s tp m ca b

khuch i N(z) xut hin trong khi khng c tn hiu u vo c cho nh

Kt qu trn ch ra rng vi h s khuch i G >> 1 th s photon u ra ASE trung bnh s tng ng vi h s khuch i ca cc photon th hin mt tp m u ra tng ng. + Trong trng hp nghch o tch ly (mi trng) l m, tc l < 0, h s khuch i G s nh hn 1 v tp m lun dng v bng: =| |(G - 1). l m nhng cng sut (2.17) m n

+ Trong trng hp mc ngng ca nghch o mi trng, tc l:

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= 0 th nh v bng:

khng xc nh nhng cng sut tp m vn c xc = L (2.18) >0

+ Trong trng hp nghch o mi trng l dng,tc l th .

Trng hp nghch o mi trng hon ton, khi m ton b cc nguyn t trng thi kch thch, tc l = 0 th h s bc x t pht tin ti gi

tr nh nht ca n l 1. Trong trng hp ny cng sut tp m u ra gim ti gi tr tp m lng t c khuch i = h (G - 1)B. Nh vy c th

thy rng tp m u ra b khuch i quang nh nht thu c khi t c nghch o tch ly hon ton trong mi trng khuch i. Trong thc t h s bc x t pht o ly tha ca b khuch i. Gi tr l mt s xc nh i vi nghch gn bng 1 l gi tr thp nht c th

thu c. Gi tr ny c th t c khi bm mnh vng bc sng 980nm (thng = 1 4) tng ng vi nghch o gn nh hon ton ( = 0)

trong b khuch i. Nghch o hon ton, ni m m quang b nht.

s to ra h s tp

S tri cng sut bm dc theo si pha tp Erbium s to ra nghch o cng thay i. V vy h s bc x t pht ph thuc vo s thay i theo

chiu di si pha tp. Khi s dng bc sng bm 1480nm th nghch o hon ton khng th xy ra v bm v tn hiu l cng chung trng thi nn v trng thi kch thch. Cc photon khng ch c hp th m cn tham gia bc x kch thch. Do s khng c bt k mt khuch i no c bc x hon ton trong trng hp ny v b khuch i quang c bm bc sng 1480nm l b khuch i c h s bc x cao hn. iu ny lm tng trc tip h s tp m trong b khuch i v c gi l h s tp m t pht. Trong qu trnh

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tnh ton h s tp m, nhiu khi c th s dng mt ph ASE (W/Hz) trong iu kin n phn cc h (G - 1).

T y ta thy khi khuch i l ln th ASE tr nn ng k. iu ny to nn s bo ha khuch i do ASE gy ra. V vy EDFA cn c th ng dng nh cc ngun tp m trong mt s trng hp. b. Tp m cng trong b khuch i quang si pha tp Erbium Tp m cng cp n s thng ging v cng sut hoc dng c lin quan ti tn hiu quang. Loi tp m ny c bng tn tiu biu ti hng chc Ghz. Ph ca tp m cng m ch ph cng sut ca cng quang trc khi tch sng. Ta s nghin cu mt s loi tp m cng . - Tp m lng t: Ngun tp m pht sinh l do tnh khng chc chn v thi gian n ca cc in t hoc cc photon ti b tch sng. C tn hiu v ASE u tham gia vo tp m. V sng mang i ti b tch sng bao gm c tn hiu v tp m cho nn c cng sut tn hiu quang v cng sut bc x t pht ASE u c thu. Do , tp m lng t trong trng hp ny gm c tp m lng t t tn hiu u vo c khuch i v tp m lng t t bc x t pht c khuch i. - Tp m phch tn hiu-t pht: Tp m phch tn hiu-t pht l do c s giao thoa gia tn hiu quang v bc x t pht c khuch i ASE gy ra dao ng cng . Tp m ny khng th trnh khi khi s dng EDFA v n tham gia u tin vo tng tp m trong cc h thng thng tin c s dng khuch i quang. Hnh di y th hin qu trnh phch ny.

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Hnh 2.21: Tp m phch tn hiu-t pht. - Tp m phch t pht-t pht: Tp m phch t pht-t pht l phch gia cc thnh phn ph khc nhau ca thnh phn bc x t pht ASE dn n tp m cng . Hnh (3-15) m t mi mt cp cc thnh phn ph ASE pht ra mt m sc phch cng ti tn s khc nhau. V vy ton b ph ASE s ng gp vo tp m phch cng t pht-t pht. Nu nh ASE l khng phn cc, ASE mt trong hai phn cc trc giao s tham gia vo tng tp m phch t pht-t pht.

Hnh 2.22: Tp m phch t pht-t pht gia cc thnh phn ph ASE. - Tp m do phn x (tp m giao thoa nhiu lung) Cc phn x quang trong b khuch i quang to ra s bin i giao thoa ca tp m pha laser thnh tp m cng . Tp m cng s lm suy gim t s tn hiu trn tp m SNR ti b thu quang (hnh 2.23).

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Hnh 2.23: S phn x quang to ra tp m giao thoa nhiu lung.

CHNG 3 NG DNG B KHUCH I QUANG SI EDFA TRONG H THNG THNG TIN QUANG WDM
3.1. ng dng ca khuch i quang Khuch i quang c ng dng trong cc h thng truyn dn quang nh cc b khuch i nhm lm tng cng sut ca tn hiu quang trn ng truyn, khc phc suy hao do si quang v cc mi hn, ni xy ra trn ng truyn. Ty theo v tr lp t, cc b khuch i trn tuyn truyn dn quang c chia lm ba loi: - Khuch i cng sut BA (booster amplifier): l b khuch i quang c t ngay sau thit b pht nhm mc ch lm tng cng sut tn hiu qaung n mc cao nht lm cho khong cch truyn cc i. Yu cu ca cc b khuch i cng sut l to ra cng sut u ra cc i ch khng phi h s khuch i cc i v cng sut tn hiu u vo ln. - Khuch i ng truyn LA (line amplifier): l cc b khuch i quang c t trn tuyn quang nhm mc ch b mt mt cng sut gy ra bi suy hao si, suy hao do kt ni v suy hao do vic phn phi tn hiu quang trong mng. Cc b khuch i ng truyn c th c lp t ni tip nhau trn
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ng truyn gia tng khong cch lp t. Tuy nhin, vic lp t ni tip cc b khuch i quang s lm gim h s SNR nh hng n cht lng ca h thng truyn dn quang. Yu cu ca b khuch i ng truyn l n nh trn ton b di thng ca h thng WDM, gi tp m mc cc tiu v thc hin vic trao i tt tn hiu quang vi si quang truyn dn. - Tin khuch i PA (Preamplifier): l cc b khuch i quang c t ngay trc thit b thu quang nhm khuch i tn hiu ngay trc khi tn hiu c a vo thit b. iu ny lm gim yu cu nghim ngt ca nhy thit b thu v cho php h thng truyn dn quang hot ng vi tc bit cao hn. Do v tr lp t, cc b tin khuch i hot ng vi cng sut tn hiu vo yu v mc tp m u thu cao. Do vy, yu cu ca mt b tin khuch i l nhy ln, h s khuch i ln v tp m thp. Ngoi cc ng dng chnh lm cc b khuch i trn ng truyn quang, cc b khuch i quang SOA v OFA cn c s dng trong cc b chuyn i bc sng. Vic chuyn i bc sng c thc hin da trn hin tng bo ha h s khuch i v hin tng trn bn bc sng FWM (four-wave mixing) xy ra trong cc b khuch i quang. 3.2. Cc ng dng ca EDFA trong h thng thng tin quang s Trong cc h thng thng tin quang s cc b EDFA c th c s dng lm cc b tin khuch i PA; Cc b khuch i cng sut BA hoc khuch i ng truyn LA. Theo cc tiu chun ny thit b khuch i quang si OFA (PA, BA hoc LA) c t dc theo tuyn quang. - B tin khuch i PA: ng dng quan trng nht ca EDFA l tin khuch i PA (Pre-Amplifier).

Hnh 3.1: ng dng EDFA lm tin khuch i PA.


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Cc b tin khuch i quang l thit b OFA c khuch i cao v tp m rt thp, c s dng trc tip ngay trc b thu quang ci thin nhy thu. Cng c th mc ni tip cc b tin khuch i vi nhau nng cao nhy my thu. V PA rt gn vi b thu quang nn chc nng hot ng, qun l v bo dng cho PA c th chung vi b thu quang. Khi suy hao gia PA v b thu quang bng 0dB th ta c mt thit b t hp ca PA v thit b thu c gi l b thu c khuch i quang OAR (Otically Amplified Receiver). Nh vy b thu c khuch i quang OAR thc cht l l mt h thng ph OFA m trong b tin khuch i quang c tch hp vi b thu quang to ra b thu c nhy cao hn. - B khuch i cng sut quang BA: B khuch i cng sut quang BA l thit b OFA c cng sut bo ho cao c t trc tip ngay sau b pht quang tng mc cng sut u ra. Do mc cng sut ra tng i cao nn tp m ASE c th b qua v do i vi BA khng i hi phi c cc yu cu nghim ngt trong vic s dng cc b lc tp m. Tuy nhin, vi mc cng sut ra cao, vic s dng BA c th gy nn mt s hin tng phi tuyn. Cc chc nng OAM i vi BA c th tch ring hoc chung vi Tx. BA c th tch hp vi Tx (gi l OAT) hoc tch ring vi Tx. ng dng ca cc BA ch c th hp dn trong cc trng hp cc v tr trung gian vi thit b tch cc ngoi mun hoc khng th tip cn, v d nh cc h thng di bin.

Hnh 3.2: ng dng EDFA lm khuch i cng sut BA. - B khuch i ng truyn LA

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Hnh 3.3: ng dng EDFA lm khuch i ng truyn LA. LA l thit b EDFA c mc tp m thp c s dng trn ng truyn (gia hai on si quang) tng chiu di khong lp. Tu theo chiu di tuyn m LA c th c dng thay th mt s hay tt c cc trm lp trn tuyn. i vi cc h thng c s dng LA i hi phi c mt knh thng tin ring thc hin vic cnh bo, gim st v iu khin cc LA. Knh gim st ny (OSC - Optical Supervisor Channel) khng c qu gn vi bc sng bm cng nh knh tn hiu trnh nh hng gia cc knh ny. Ti mi LA, knh gim st ny c chn thm cc thng tin mi (v trng thi ca LA, cc thng tin v cnh bo), sau li c pht li vo ng truyn. V mt l thuyt, khong cch truyn dn ln (c vi nghn km) c th t c bng cch chn thm cc LA vo ng truyn. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp trn tuyn c nhiu LA lin tip nhau, cht lng h thng c th suy gim nghim trng do cc hin tng nh: tch lu tp m, s ph thuc ca ph khuch i vo tng h s khuch i, nh hng ca tn sc, phn cc v cc hiu ng phi tuyn. c bit l vic hnh thnh nh khuch i xung quanh mt bc sng no dn n vic thu hp di ph khuch i ca LA. 3.3. ng dng ca EDFA trong cc h thng tng t ng dng ca EDFA khng ch dng li cc h thng s m cn c v tr ngy cng quan trng trong cc h thng tng t. Truyn dn quang tng t thng qua cc h thng c EDFA ang l mt xu hng pht trin trong tng lai gn. Nhng ng dng c ngha ca EDFA c chng minh bng vic xem xt cu hnh ng dng trong mng phn b tn hiu video (CATV v HDTV), cc mng quang s dng k thut ghp knh sng mang ph v truyn ti tng t trong mi trng kt hp in t. Cng tng t nh trong h thng
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s cc EDFA c ng dng ch yu lm b tin khuch i PA ci thin nhy thu ca b thu tng t, b khuch i cng sut BA tng cng qu cng sut quang ca tuyn truyn dn analog, cc b khuch i ng truyn tng c ly truyn dn ca h thng. Ngoi ra cc EDFA cn c th s dng nh cc b lp th ng t trong mi trng tp m thp v phi tuyn thun nht. Trong cc h thng CATV khuch i quang EDFA ng c vai tr nh b khuch i cng sut v b suy hao chia quang. Trn thc t dung lng tim tng ca cc h thng WDM CATV c s dng EDFA c th hin bng s cc knh video v s ngi s dng ln hay khng. L do m m cc knh video s dng EDFA l l do n c bng tn rng v hn th l tn dng bng tn ln ca si quang n mode. Mt mng tng th pht qung b CATV da trn cc h thng c EDFA c m t nh hnh v di y:

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Hnh 3.4: Mng tng th pht qung b CATV da trn cc h thng c EDFA. Trong s hnh 3.4, cc tn hiu video c th c pht t cc ngun khc nhau nh v tinh, qung b, viba mt t, phn b ni ht; cng c th l cc tn hiu video s hoc tn hiu d liu. Ti cc trm trung tm hoc trm thu cc tn hiu video tng t tng ng vi cc knh TV ring r c ghp knh sng mang ph SCM v c cp cho cc iode laser LD mt tn s hot ng ti cc bc sng mang . . Sau tt c cc tn hiu quang c c ghp knh thng qua b ghp coupler m x m v c khuch i nh cc thit b khuch i cng sut EDFA. Tn hiu ghp c a vo mng trc ht c chia thng qua b ghp coupler 1 x n ri sau c truyn i dc theo
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si quang n mode SMF. Qu trnh khuch i cng sut v chia quang c th din ra lp li mt s ln. Trong cc h thng CATV cc b EDFA ng c vai tr b khuch i cng sut v b b suy hao cho chia quang. 3.4. Cc ng dng ca EDFA trong mng ni ht (LAN) Mng ni ht LAN (Local Area Network) c xc nh nh l mt h thng truyn ti thng tin m n thc hin s kt ni cc thc th phn b trong mt cu trc hoc mt vng a l. Cc b khuch i EDFA phn b hoc tp trung c bit ph hp vi nhiu topo mng LAN c cu trc bus. Vi cc mng LAN c cu trc kiu ny dung lng thng b gii hn nhiu do suy hao tri, suy hao r nhnh, v suy hao truyn dn gy ra. Cc b EDFA c th uc dng b suy hao dc theo bus. Chng c th c dng nh mt mi trng truyn dn trong ng dng phn b. Ngoi ra mt u im khc na ca EDFA trong mng ny l lm tng s cc trm v di bus thng b gii hn bi qu cng sut. Cc mng LAN kiu ring dng cho cc ng dng tp trung cng c cc nh khai thc quan tm. S khc bit chnh gia LAN bus v LAN ring l mng LAN ring cho php ASE tch lu v i vng khng gii hn. V vy cc EDFA c t ng iu chnh cng sut APC c th c p dng trong mng LAN ring t phc hi. Cui cng c tnh ca mng LAN c cu trc hnh sao cng c th c tng cng nh cc EDFA bng vic b c cc suy hao cho cc b ghp hnh sao th ng. 3.5. ng dng ca EDFA trong h thng thng tin quang ghp knh theo bc sng WDM Mt trong nhng ng dng quan trng nht ca EDFA hin nay l s dng trn cc h thng thng tin quang ghp knh theo bc sng WDM. Chng ta s tm hiu su hn v h thng ny trong phn di y 3.5.1 Cng ngh ghp knh theo bc sng WDM nng cao dung lng v tc bit truyn v tn dng ti a rng bng thng ca si quang, ngi ta s dng cc cng ngh ghp knh min tn
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s quang v to ra h thng thng tin quang a knh. Trong cc h thng thng tin quang a knh ph bin nht l h thng thng tin quang ghp knh theo bc sng vit tt l WDM (wavelength division multilexing). a. Nguyn tc lm vic ca h thng WDM H thng thng tin quang a knh WDM lm vic da trn nguyn tc ghp nhiu bc sng quang khc nhau: 1 , 2 , ...., N truyn dn ng thi trn mt si quang thay v ch truyn mt bc sng quang trn mt si quang nh trong h thng n knh. Nguyn tc thc hin: do cc vng ca s truyn dn th hai ( 2 = 1,3m ) v th ba ( 3 = 1,55m ) c tn hao thp ca si quang c bng tn rt rng:
2 = 70nm ( f 2 = 12.1012 Hz ), 3 = 110 nm ( f 3 = 15.1012 Hz ). Nu ph bc x ca

cc laser pht l kh hp = 1 2nm (vi LD a mode) v bng 0,1nm (vi LD n mode) th trong mi vng ca s trn c th ghp nhiu bc sng pht khc nhau m khng chng ln ln nhau truyn dn ng thi trn cng mt si quang. Mi bc sng quang c iu ch mt lung tn hiu in ring gi l mt knh quang. Do h thng thng tin quang a knh WDM c dung lng v tc bit cao gp nhiu ln so vi h thng thng tin quang n knh. Gi s mi knh c tc bit l B, v h thng truyn c N knh ng thi, th tc bit ca c h thng a knh WDM l N.B . b. Cu hnh s khi ca h thng WDM Tu theo khong cch bc sng gia cc knh ln cn nhau, m h thng a knh WDM c phn loi thnh h thng WDM th v h thng WDM dy k hiu l DWDM (dense wavelength division multilexing). Trong h thng WDM th khong cch bc sng gia cc knh ln cn > 1nm , cn trong h thng DWDM th < 1nm . Cng ngh hin nay cho php ch to phn t v h thng DWDM 80 knh vi khong cch knh rt nh 0,5nm. thun tin,

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thut ng WDM c dng ch chung cho c hai khi nim WDM v DWDM. H thng thng tin quang a knh WDM c hai cu hnh s khi l dng ghp knh quang n hng v ghp knh quang hai hng. - S h thng WDM ghp knh quang n hng. Hnh 3.5 m t s khi ca h WDM dng ghp knh n hng.

Hnh 3.5: S h WDM ghp knh quang n hng. Ti pha my pht, N knh quang c bc sng khc nhau l 1 , 2 , ....., N t cc my pht ring T1 , T2 , T3 ,TN c a n b ghp knh theo bc sng MUX, sau tt c N bc sng c truyn dn ng thi trn mt si quang i n pha my thu. Ti u thu, cc bc sng khc nhau c b tch knh quang DEMUX tch ra thnh cc bc sng ring r ri a n tng my thu quang R1 , R2 , R3 ,RN dnh cho cc knh tng ng. Vic truyn cc knh quang theo hng ngc li c thc hin theo s tng t nhng truyn trn si quang th hai khc. Trong s dng ghp knh n hng cc b tch v b ghp knh theo bc sng ch lm vic mt chc nng l tch hoc ghp c lp ring r nhau, nn cu trc n gin, cht lng cao, nhng phi dng n hai si quang cho hai hng i v v. - S h WDM ghp knh quang hai hng. Hnh 3.6 m t s khi h WDM dng ghp knh quang hai hng.

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Hnh 3.6: S h WDM ghp knh quang hai hng. Trong s h WDM dng ghp knh hai hng, t trm u cui th nht, cc knh quang bc sng khc nhau l 1 , 2 , ...., N t cc my pht T1, T2, ,TN c a vo b ghp knh quang theo bc sng, ri truyn trn si quang n u cui th hai. Ti y chng c b tch knh theo bc sng tch thnh cc knh ring r i n tng my thu tng ng R1, R2, RN. ng thi ti trm u cui ny cc knh quang bc sng khc nhau khc l
N +1 , N + 2 ,...., M t cc my pht TN+1, TM+2, TM cng c a n b ghp

knh theo bc sng truyn cng trn cng mt si quang nhng theo chiu ngc li i v pha trm u cui th nht. Ti y chng li c b tch knh theo bc sng tch thnh cc bc sng ring i n cc my thu tng ng RN+1, RM+2, RM. Do ti mi u cui h phi c cc thit b lm nhim v ng thi c ghp knh ln tch knh quang, gi chung l b tchghp knh quang MUX-DEMUX. H thng WDM ghp knh quang hai hng c u im l ch cn mt si quang, nhng nhc im l b tch-ghp c cu to phc tp, cht lng i hi cao, nn gi thnh cao. 3.5.2 u nhc im ca cng ngh WDM a. u im So vi cng ngh truyn dn n knh quang, h thng WDM cho thy nhng u im ni tri: - Dung lng truyn dn ln H thng WDM c th mang nhiu knh quang, mi knh quang ng vi tc bit no (TDM). Hin nay h thng WDM 80 bc sng vi mi bc sng mang tn hiu TDM 2,5Gbps, tng dung lng h thng s l 200Gbps
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c th nghim thnh cng. Trong khi th nghim h thng TDM, tc bit mi ch t ti STM-256 (40Gbps). - Loi b yu cu kht khe cng nh nhng kh khn gp phi vi h thng n knh tc cao. Khng ging nh TDM phi tng tc s liu khi lu lng truyn dn tng, WDM ch cn mang vi tn hiu, mi tn hiu ng vi mt bc sng ring (knh quang), do tc tng knh quang thp. iu ny lm gim ng k tc ng bt li ca cc tham s truyn dn nh tn sc Do trnh c s phc tp ca cc thit b TDM tc cao. - Tit kim s lng ng k si quang trn tuyn, nn cho php nng cao dung lng tuyn c sn m khng cn lp t thm cp quang, gim gi thnh khai thc tuyn. - p ng linh hot vic nng cp dung lng h thng, thm ch ngay c khi h thng vn ang hot ng. K thut WDM cho php tng dung lng ca cc mng hin c m khng phi lp thm si quang mi (hay cp quang). Bn cnh n cng m ra mt th trng mi l thu knh quang (hay bc sng quang) ngoi vic thu si hoc cp. Vic nng cp ch n gin l cm thm cc card mi trong khi h thng vn ang hot ng (plug-in-play). b. Nhc im - Dung lng h thng vn cn qu nh b so vi bng tn si quang. Cng ngh WDM ngy nay rt hiu qu trong vic nng cao dung lng nhng n cng cha khai thc trit bng tn rng ln ca si quang. Cho d cng ngh cn pht trin nhng dung lng WDM cng s t n gi tr ti hn. - Chi ph cho khai thc v bo dng tng do c nhiu h thng cng hot ng hn.

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3.5.3 Khuch i quang si EDFA trong h thng WDM Tng t nh cc h thng trc cc b EDFA s dng trong h thng WDM cng c ba ng dng chnh l: Khuch i cng sut (Booster Amplifier - BA), tin khuch i (Pre-amplifier - PA) v khuch i ng truyn (Line Amplifier - LA).

Hnh 3.7: EDFA s dng trong h thng WDM. So vi thit b u cui thng thng, vic s dng cc thit b khuch i quang (BA, LA, PA) s tng qu cng sut ln ng k. Vi ph khuch i tng i rng (khong 35nm), kh nng khuch i khng ph thuc vo tc v dng tn hiu, s dng khuch i quang rt thun li trong vic nng cp tuyn (tng tc hoc thm knh bc sng). Nhn chung, s dng khuch i quang c th b li suy hao trong h thng, nh vy nhng h thng trc y b hn ch v suy hao th nay c th li b hn ch v tn sc. Trong trng hp , phi s dng mt s phng php gim bt nh hng ca tn sc, v d nh s dng si b tn sc hay s dng cc ngun pht c rng ph hp kt hp vi iu ch ngoi. Do c im khc nhau ca cc loi thit b khuch i quang nn mc u tin s dng i vi tng loi cng c khc nhau: - LA i hi phi c mt knh gim st ring, hn na thm cc im trung gian vo trn ng truyn cng lm cho vic bo dng tr nn phc tp hn. Do , mc u tin s dng i vi LA l thp nht, ch trong trng hp khi
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m dng c BA v PA m vn khng p ng ni yu cu v qu cng sut th mi s dng LA. - n gin nht l s dng BA v PA tng qu cng sut. Tuy nhin, do cu hnh ca PA phc tp hn BA (v phi s dng cc b lc quang bng hp loi b bt tp m ASE) nn gia BA v PA th BA vn c u tin s dng hn. Mt trong cc hn ch ca EDFA i vi h thng WDM l ph khuch i khng ng u, cc bc sng khc nhau s c khuch i vi cc h s khc nhau, c bit l s tn ti ca nh khuch i ti bc sng 1530nm. Hn na, trong trng hp trn tuyn c s dng nhiu EDFA lin tip th s hnh thnh mt nh khuch i khc xung quanh bc sng 1558nm. Nh vy, vi nhiu EDFA lin tip trn ng truyn, di ph khuch i s b thu hp li (c th l t 35nm gim xung cn 10nm hoc hn na tu thuc vo s b khuch i lin tip nhau). Hin nay, cn bng h s khuch i ca EDFA ngi ta c th s dng mt s phng php ch yu sau: + S dng b lc suy hao tn hiu ti nh khuch i xung quanh bc sng 1530nm, v xung quanh bc sng 1558nm (trong trng hp c s dng nhiu EDFA lin tip trn ng truyn) . + iu chnh mc cng sut u vo ca cc bc sng sao cho ti u thu mc cng sut ca tt c cc bc sng ny l nh nhau (hnh 3.8.b).

Hnh 3.8: Ph ca tn hiu quang u ra h thng khi khng c iu chnh (a) v khi c iu chnh (b) mc cng sut ca cc bc sng u vo.
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Da vo h s khuch i tng ca c chui khuch i m cng sut pht trong mi knh cn thit lp sao cho b li s thay i ca h s khuch i. Mc ch ca qu trnh cn bng trc l l m bo tt c cc knh ti u thu c t s tn hiu/tp m gn bng nhau v ri vo di ng cho php. Ngoi ra theo tp ch Lightwave c mt ci tin ng k trong vic san bng v m rng ph khuch i ca b khuch i quang. l s ra i ca b khuch i c tn l EDTFA (Erbium-Doped Tellurite-based Fiber Amplifier) c cu hnh nh hnh di: V bn cht th EDTFA ging nh EDFA hay EDSFA, ch khc l EDSFA da trn nn bn dn Silic, cn EDTFA da trn nn bn dn Telurrium. EDTFA cho php m rng ph khuch i ln ti 90nm, t bc sng 1530nm 1620nm (so vi 35nm ca EDSFA).

Hnh 3.9: Cu hnh EDTFA. 3.5.4 EDFA th h mi cho h thng WDM Mc d EDFA c rt nhiu trin vng v ng dng trong mng quang hin nay nhng chng vn cha th p ng c ht cc yu cu v rng ph v phng ca ph khuch i. Ni chung chng c rng ph hu ht c 35nm (t 1530nm - 1565nm), nn gi bng ph ny l bng C (Conventional). Vi nhng cng ngh mi ra i trong th trng WDM, nh cc module laser DFB rng ph cc hp, cc module quang WDM vi khong cch knh bc sng rt nh, cc loi si quang mi (si tn sc cn
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bng, tn sc dch chuyn khng) tt c u i hi ti mt xu hng v cng tn v rng ph bng tn khuch i. iu ny i hi phi cho ra i cc EDFA th h mi vi ph rng hn. S ra i ca EDFA bng L (bng rng: extend band) ph b ro cn v bng tn v m ra mt ca s truyn dn WDM mi ti vng bc sng 1590nm. Loi thit b khuch i mi ny gip gim thiu i cc vn ny sinh i vi mng truyn dn WDM dng si tn sc dch chuyn m , vn xuyn knh tng rt nhanh bi tn sc v khong cch knh bc sng gn nhau ti vng bc sng 1550nm. N cng to thm mt ca s truyn dn mi vi 80 knh bc sng v khong cch knh bc sng l 50GHz cho h thng truyn dn WDM.
M U X D E M U X D E M U X

BA b g C n

LA b g C n

PA b g C n

M U X

Mo u p t c BA d le h

Hnh 3.10: ng dng ca EDFA bng C v bng L trong h thng WDM. Nh phn tch, nhng tham s quan trng ca mt module EDFA l khuch i G v h s tp m NF; khng th trnh khi vic cc b khuch i gy nn tp m v tch lu sut h thng. suy gim t s SNR gy ra bi cc b khuch i cn c xem xt mt cch nghim ngt, c bit l khi khuch i tn hiu thp.

BA b g L n

Mo u kh h i ki LA d le u c u

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LA b g L n

Mo u t uc BA d le h

PA bn L g

KT LUN
Vi mc ch nghin cu tm hiu v b khuch i quang si pha tp Erbium EDFA ca h thng thng tin quang, ti c thc hin v thu c mt s kt qu tt. u tin tm hiu v b khuch i quang EDFA th ti i vo tm hiu chung v h thng thng tin quang v tm hiu c v cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng thng tin quang, nguyn l truyn nh sng, phn loi, cu to v thng s ca si quang, t ni ln c u v nhc im c bn ca si quang. Th hai, ti i vo tm hiu su hn v h thng thng tin quang l b khuch i quang, t nguyn l hot ng v cc thng s k thut ta thy trong cc tuyn truyn thng ln c li truyn dn di c suy hao ln, khi tn hiu quang rt yu khng th truyn i xa c na, b khuch i quang gip ti to li tn hiu v khuch i tn hiu ln tn hiu c th tip tc truyn i. Th ba, trong h thng thng tin quang c nhiu loi khuch i, trong ti ny ta nghin cu v b khuch i quang EDFA. ti ni ln c cu trc c bn, nguyn l hot ng ca EDFA, tnh ton h s khuch i thu c tn hiu ln truyn i m m bo nhiu khng cao. Bn cnh cng trnh by v ph khuch i v tp m trong khuch i quang si. Cui cng ti trnh by v ng dng ca b khuch i quang si trong h thng thng tin quang WDM. Hin nay, b khuch i quang c s dng ph bin trong nc v c trn th gii do nhiu u im vt tri ca n. p dng khuch i quang vo h thng thng tin quang cho php m rng cc dch v a truy nhp vi tc cao. Hng nghin cu tip theo ti ny c th nghin cu tm hiu thm v l thuyt v nhiu trong b khuch i quang si pha tp Erbium hay lm ti v 1 thnh phn quan trng khc ca h thng thng tin quang l b ghp

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quang trong h thng thng tin quang hoc c th pht trin thm ti ny nghin cu, tnh ton lp t h thng thng tin quang lin tnh. Ni dung c trnh by trong ti l s tng hp kin thc m em dy cng tm hiu c qua cc ti liu v qua gio vin hng dn. ti cn nhiu thiu st, em rt mong s ng gp kin ca thy, c v cc bn ngy cng hon thin hn. Em xin gi li cm n ti thy gio TS. Kiu Khc Phng truyn t kin thc, cung cp ti liu v tn tnh gip , ch bo cho em hon thnh tt ti ca mnh.

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TI LIU THAM KHO


1. H thng thng tin quang - V Vn San - NXB Bu in - 2003. 2. H thng thng tin si quang - Phng vn Vn - NXB KH v KT - 2002. 3. K thut thng tin quang 2 - V Vn Vit - Hc vin Cng ngh bu chnh vin thng h Ni - 2007. 4. Biswanath Mukherjee, Optical Communication Networks, McGraw-Hill, 1997. 5. Rajiv Ramaswami v Kumar N. Sivarajan, Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective (3nd Edition), Morgan Kaufmann, 2002.

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