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cng mn Logistics - HHP

[Ngun: thy V Th Bnh - CN khoa Kinh t & QTKD - Trng i hc Hi Phng (2008)] cng mn LOGISTIC I.Cu hi: Cu 1. Phn tch khi nim logistic. Vai tr ca logistics trong nn kinh t? Cu 2. Phn loi logistics? Cu 3. Cc giai on pht trin ca logistics v xu hng pht trin ca logistics? Cu 4. Cc nguyn tc c bn ca hot ng logistics? Cu 5. Mi quan h logistics v vn ti? Cu 6. Chi ph logistics? Cch xc nh? Cu 7. Bn cht v quy trnh cung cp dch v logistics? Cu 8. Cc dng logistics trn quan im h thng? Cu 9. Phn tch logistics container? Gii thch chc nng vn chuyn trong container ng bin? Cu 10. Khi nim, phn loi container ng bin? Cu 11. Khi nim ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc (MTO)? K tn cc bn tham gia vn ti a phng thc? Cu 12. Trch nhim ca MTO i vi hng ha? Cu 13. Ni dung chng t vn ti a phng thc? Phn bit vi hp ng? Cu 14. Cc chng t lin quan n vn ti a phng thc? Cu 15. Mt s dng bi tp?

II. Tr li: Cu 1. Phn tch khi nim logistic . Vai tr ca logistics trong nn kinh t? a) Phn tch khi nim logistics: Ngy nay, logistics l 1 trong nhng thut ng t nhn c cch hiu thng nht, v mi c nhn hay cng ty c khuynh hng s dng n theo cch ring ca h. Mt s ngi ch nh ngha chung chung rng logistics l h tr, trong khi 1 s khc li a ra nhng nh ngha chnh xc v di c trang giy. - Theo quan nim m rng th logistics c hiu: logistics l vic t chc hot ng thc tin cn thit nhm thc hin 1 k hoch phc hp thnh cng khi m k hoch lin quan n nhiu ngi v nhiu trang thit b. - Trong lnh vc sx, logistics l 1 chui hot ng nhm m bo nguyn vt liu, my mc, thit b, cc dch v... cho hot ng ca t chc hay ca doanh nghip c tin hnh lin tc, nhp nhng, c hiu qu. Bn cnh cn tham gia vo qu trnh pht trin sn phm mi. Gi y, 1 trong 3 hng pht trin quan trng ca qu trnh chui cung ng l qun tr chui / dy chuyn cung ng. - Di gc qun tr cung ng: logistics l qu trnh ti u ha v v tr lu tr, chu chuyn cc ngun ti nguyn hay l yu t u vo t im xut pht u tin l nh cung cp, qua nh sx, ngi bn bun - bn l n tay ngi tiu dng cui cng thng qua hng lot cc hot ng kinh t (Theo ti liu ging dy ca World Maritime University, 1999). - V t chc hot ng thc tin th logistics l 1 c cu lp k hoch kinh doanh v vic quan l vt t, dch v, thng tin v dng vn. N bao gm vic thng tin lin lc phc hp ngy cng tng v h thng kim sot cn thit trong mi trng kinh doanh hin nay (Logistics Parrner Oy, Helsinhi, FI, 1966). Tm li: Qua cc khi nim u c im chung v logistics l n lin quan n vic lu chuyn, tch tr v x l cc ngun lc (hng ha, dch v v thng tin i km) t im u n im kt thc m khng b ch tc - tn ng m phi thng sut v p ng yu cu ca khch hng. Yu cu m logistics phi p ng l sn phm phi c cung cp ng hnh thi, ng thi gian v ng a im. Nh vy, cho n nay trn th gii cha c s thng nht cao v nh ngha logistics. b) Vai tr ca logistics trong nn kinh t: - Logistics h tr cho lung chu chuyn cc giao dch kinh t - Logistics c vai tr quan trng trong vic ti u ha chu trnh lu chuyn ca sn xut hng ha t khu u vo ca nguyn vt liu, ph kin... ti sn phm cui cng n tay khch hng s dng.

- Lm tng kh nng hi nhp kinh t. - Tng tnh cnh tranh ca 1 quc gia trn th gii

Cu 2. Phn loi logistics? 1. Theo hnh thc hot ng, c 5 loi nh sau: - Logistics t cp (1PL - First Party logistics): Ngi ch s hu hng ha t mnh t chc v thc hin cc hot ng L p ng nhu cu ca bn thn. - Cung cp dch v logistics ((LSP) hay (2PL) - Second Party logistis): Ngi cung cp dch v cho hot ng n l trong chui hot ng logistics p ng nhu cu ca ch hng, cha tch hp hot ng logistics. - Cung cp dch v logistics th 3 (3PL - Third Party logistics) hay logistics hp ng: Ngi thay mt cho ch hng qun l v thc hin cc dch v logistics cho tng b phn chc nng. - Cung cp dch v logistics th 4 (4PL - Fourth Party logistics) hay logistics chui phn phi, hay nh cung cp ch o (LPL): Ngi tch hp, gn kt cc ngung lc tim nng v c s vt cht khoa hc k thut ca mnh vi cc t chc khc thit k, xy dng v vn hnh cc gii php chui logistics. 4 PL hng n qun tr c qu trnh logistics, c lin quan v c pht trin trn nn tng ca 3PL nhng bao gm cc lnh vc rng hn. - Cung cp dch v L th 5 (5PL): Pht trin phc v cho thng mi in t. 2. Theo tnh chuyn mn ha cung cp dch v logistics, gm cc loi cng ty sau: - Cng ty cung cp dch v vn ti. - Cng ty cung cp dch v phn phi . - Cng ty cung cp dch v hng ha. - Cng ty cung cp dch v logistics chuyn ngnh. 3. Theo kh nng ti chnh, gm cc loi cng ty sau: - Cng ty cung cp dch v logistics c ti sn.

- Cng ty cung cp dch v logistics khng c ti sn. 4. Theo lnh vc hot ng, logistics c phn chia thnh 4 loi sau: - Logistics trong lnh vc sx kinh doanh (Business logistics). - Logistics qun s (Millitary logistics). - Logistics s kin (Event logistics). - Logistics dch v (Service logistics). Cu 3. Cc giai on pht trin ca logistics v xu hng pht trin ca logistics? a) Cc giai on pht trin ca logistiscs: Theo ESCAP th logistics pht trin qua 3 giai on: - Giai on 1: Phn phi vt cht. Vo nhng nm 60, 70 ca th k 20 th cung ng sn phm vt cht, hay cn gi l logistics u ra. Cc hot ng bao gm: Vn ti; Phn phi; Bo qun hng ha; Qun l tn kho; Bao b ng gi; Phn loi; Dn nhn... - Giai on 2: Qun l dy chuyn cung ng. Vo nhng nm 80, 90 ca th k 20 th kt hp c 2 mt u vo (cung ng vt t), u ra (cung ng sn phm) tit kim chi ph, tng hiu qu. y gi l qu trnh logistics. - Giai on 3: Qun tr dy chuyn cung ng. Nhng nm cui th k 20. y l 1 khi nim thng mi mang tnh chin lc qun tr chui ni tip cc hot ng t cung cp n ngi sn xut, k hoch tiu th sn phm cng vi vic lp cc chng t c lin quan, h thng theo di kim tra, lm tng thm gi tr sn phm. b) Xu hng pht trin ca logistics: - ng dng cng ngh thng tin, thng mi in t ngy cng ph bin v su rng trong lnh vc logistics. - Phng php qun l logistics ko ngy cng pht trin mnh m v dn thay th cho phng php y theo truyn thng. - Thu dch v logistics t cc cng ty logistics chuyn nghip ngy cng ph bin. Cu 4. Cc nguyn tc c bn ca hot ng logistics? 1. Nguyn tc tip cn h thng (System approach):

- H thng l s tp hp bi cc thc th (i tng khc nhau) c s tng tc vi nhau. S bin i ca 1 thc th ny c th nh hng n s bin i ca 1 hoc nhiu thc th khc v ngc li v cui cng lm cho h thng bin i. - Tip cn h thng l phng php kh ph bin trong khoa hc. Theo phng php ny th nghin cu vn cn t n vo mi trng m n tn ti. Ni cch khc, l xem xt n nh l 1 b phn ca tng th ln hn, m ta thng gi l mi trng bn ngoi. - Logistics trong hot ng kinh doanh c coi l 1 h thng ln. H thng gm 3 h thng nh tng tc vi nhau, l h thng cung ng vt t, h thng phn phi thnh phm, v h thng thu hi (ti ch v ti s dng). 2. Nguyn tc xem xt tng chi ph (Total - cost approach): - Nguyn tc ny c xy dng trn c s l tt c cc chc nng lin quan trong logistics c coi nh ton b, khng ring l. Cc hot ng trong khu vc chc nng ca logistics u phi nm trong "ci " tng chi ph ca logistics. 3. Nguyn tc trnh ti u ha cc b (The avoidance of suboptimization): - Theo nguyn tc ny, cc vn c xem xt ton b. - V d: 1 dy chuyn sx gm cc cng on khc nhau, l mi cng on ny li l 1 b phn c tnh c lp tng i, ngha l c th xem xt nh 1 i tng iu khin c lp. Nh vy, n c th c ti u ha ring (ti u ha cc b). Ti u ha cc b c th a n 2 tnh hung: thc y hoc km hm tnh ti u ton h thng. V vy, nguyn tc ny ch ra rng khi ti u ha cc b khng to c kt qu ti u cho ton h thng th khng nn ti u ha cc b. 4. Nguyn tc b tr (Cost trade - offs): - 1 nguyn tc quan trng c hnh thnh t nguyn tc tng chi ph v h tr cho nguyn tc tng chi ph l nguyn tc b tr chi ph. Nguyn tc ny c hiu l s thay i cc hot ng chc nng ca h thng lu thng phn phi s lm cho 1 s chi ph tng ln, 1 s chi ph gim xung. - V d: Nh sx mun tn dng gi cc vn chuyn ng bin thp th phi tch t 1 s lng hng ha ln v iu ny dn n chi ph tn tr tng ln. Ngc li, nh sx giao hng bng my bay th gi cc vn chuyn s cao hn rt nhiu so vi ng bin nhng chi ph tn tr thp. Tuy nhin, hiu qu thc s ca nguyn tc ny s l tng chi ph gim xung tng ng vi mc ch phc v khch hng c xc nh.

Cu 5. Mi quan h logistics v vn ti? 1. Hp l ha t chc vn ti: - i vi cc l hng nh v yu cu vn chuyn thng xuyn t ra nhng i hi mi i vi vn ti. Mt mt, vn ti phi p ng c nhu cu v vic vn chuyn cc l hng nh, u n. Mt khc phi m bo chi ph vn ti chim 1 t l hp l trong gi bn ca hng ha. iu ny dn n 1 h qu tt yu l t chc vn ti phi thay i theo. - Phng php vn chuyn trc tip s c thay i bng phng php vn chuyn qua cc im trung chuyn c hiu qu hn. 2. Logistics to nn tng cho pht trin vn ti a phng thc: - Ngy nay, cng tc t chc vn ti phi thng nht, v thng sut trong ton b dy chuyn vn ti. l vn ti a phng thc. Ton b hot ng vn ti c th c thc hin theo 1 hp ng vn ti a phng thc duy nht v s phi hp mi chu chuyn hng ha do 1 ngi t chc dch v vn ti a phng thc m nhn. 3. Logistics to tin hon thin cht lng vn ti v dch v: - Ngi s dng dch v vn ti (ch hng) c th chn 1 dch v hoc s phi hp gia cc dch v sao cho m bo c s cn bng tt nht gia cc dch v v gi c dch v. Ngi s dng dch v vn ti c th xem xt la chn dch v vn ti no thch hp theo cc ch tiu cht lng, l: Gi c vn ti Thi gian vn ti Mc ri ro, mt mt i vi hng ha. - V vy, vn ti phi p ng nhu cu a dng ca ngi s dng dch v vn ti theo cc tiu ch nu trn. Cu 6. Chi ph logistics? Cch xc nh? a) Khi nim chi ph logistics: - Nhng chi ph gn lin vi lu chuyn v phn phi nguyn vt liu v hng ha thng gi l chi ph logistics.

- Cc ni dung v phng php tnh ton chi ph logistics l khc nhau ty thuc vo loi hnh v lnh vc kinh doanh. Ngay c khi cc loi hnh v lnh vc kinh doanh nh nhau - tng t, phm vi v cch tnh ton s khc nhau ty thuc vo cc mc tiu quan l. b) Cch xc nh chi ph logistics: - Logistics gn b cht ch v l 1 hot ng c lin quan ti "ti u ha v thc thi qu trnh lu chuyn - lu thng , phn phi ca nguyn vt liu phc v cho sn xut cng nh hng ha thnh phm cho ti khi n tay ngi tiu dng. y chnh l c s xc nh chi ph ny thuc v chi ph logistics. - Logistics l 1 chui tch hp nhiu hot ng kinh t nhm ti u ha v tr v qu trnh chu chuyn, d tr hng ha t im u ti im cui - ngi tiu dng cui cng. C bao nhiu loi hnh hot ng logistics th cng c by nhiu th chi ph. - Trong thc tin kinh doanh, c nhng chi ph d dng c xc nh l chi ph logistics, song cng c nhng chi ph "n" m vic xc nh chng kh kh khn. - Pht hin chi ph n phi lm r nhng chi ph no thuc chi ph logistics v khng thuc chi ph logistics. Bn cnh nhng chi ph d dng nhn bit thuc v chi ph logistics nh ph vn chuyn, ph lu kho thng mi. Cn c nhng chi ph khng d dng xc nh c thuc v ph logistics hay khng nh chi ph lu kho ring, chi ph do thiu v b p cho hng b v, chi ph kim sot phn phi... C nhng chi ph pht sinh do phn phi vt liu sau khi hon thnh sn phm v nm ngoi vic kim sot ca ngi mua, kim sot sn xut. l nhng chi ph phn phi vt t v khng phi l chi ph logistics. - Trong thc t, vic tnh ton cc chi ph nh cc ph vn chuyn, ph lu kho v nhng chi ph bn ngoi khc c xc nh 1 cch d dng nhng chi ph logistics ti nh my th khng n gin v r rng. Nhng chi ph ny ln c phn loi t nhiu mc khc nhau ca ti chnh k ton, hoc phn chia ph hp vi khi lng cng vic v t l lin quan. - pht hin chi ph n, ngi ta theo thuyt tng bng tri. Thuyt tng bng tri cho php hnh dung nhng chi ph logistics ta d dng nhn thy nh phn ni ca tng bng cn phn chi ph n nh phn chm ca tng bng . Vic xc nh r cc khon chi ph logistics l v cng cn thit v n gp phn ch ra cc bin php gim thiu chi ph, c bit l chi ph lu thng. Cu 7. Bn cht v quy trnh cung cp dch v logistics? a) Bn cht kinh t ca logistics: - Vi nh sx: Mc tiu quan trng l bn hng ti ngi tiu dng vi gi r nht nhm tng kh nng cnh tranh ca sn phm. y chnh l bn cht kinh t ca logistics. Gi bn hng ha n ngi tiu dng phi m bo b p cc chi ph sau: Gi thnh sx ra hng ha (c s cho vic xc nh gi EXW) gi l C1

Chi ph hot ng Marketting C2 Chi vn ti C3 Chi ph c hi cho vn v cho hng tn tr C4 Chi ph bo qun hng ha C5. - Vi cc nh cung cp dch v: Mc tiu quan trng l bn sn phm dch v ti ngi s dng dch v vi gi r nht vi thi gian kp thi nht. b) Quy trnh cung cp dch v logistics: - Bn cht ca nhng cng ty logistics hng u trn th gii nh Maersk logistics, APL logistics, NYK logistics, CargoSmart... l nhm cung cp dch v qun l chui cung ng ti u cho khch hng. Chui cung ng ny gm nhiu dch v gi tr gia tng nh qun l n giao hng, giao nhn hng tn ni, kho bi... v thay i ty theo quy m v yu cu ca khch hng cng nh ca chnh kh nng ca nh cung cp dch v. - Tuy nhin, mi cng ty logistics c nhng c im khc nhau khi p dng quy trnh khai thc, trong chng mc no . Di y l nhng im chung nht v hin ang c a s p dng ti Vit Nam i vi vn chuyn ng bin: Gia ngi mua hng v cng ty logistics sau khi t c tha thun v dch v c cung cp, bn cung cp dch v s xy dng ln quy trnh logistics, trong th hin r mi yu cu v dch v ca ngi mua hng m theo cng ty logistics c bn phn phi thc hin ng. Quy trnh ny c tn l quy trnh logistics hin hnh (Working Logistics Procedure) hay quy trnh khai thc tiu chun (Standard Operating Procedure). y chnh l kim ch nam m cc cng ty logistics ti Vit Nam phi tun th cht ch theo cam kt dch v ca khch hng. Quy trnh logistics bao gm nhng bc sau: Lp Booking Giao hng Lp chng t. Cu 8. Cc dng logistics trn quan im h thng? 1. Dng logistics i vo (Inbound logistics): - Dng ny bao gm ton b qu trnh dch chuyn vt t, nguyn vt liu v cc b phn cu thnh nn sn phm t cc nh cung cp khc nhau v qua nhiu cng on khc nhau. Nh sx cn phi kim sot dng dch chuyn ny, khng ch m bo cung cp y cc yu t nhp lng hu hnh cho qu trnh sx c tin hnh tri chy m cn phi m bo s dng vn t nht v chi ph thp nht to ra cc xut lng (thnh phm) vi gi thnh r nhm p ng

y v kp thi nhu cu ca khch hng. Kim sot dng dch chuyn ny cn gi l logistics u vo. 2. Dng logistics u ra (Outbound logistics): - Dng logistics u ra lin quan n vic dch chuyn hng ha t im cui cng ca dy chuyn sx n khch hng. S chu chuyn ca hng ha t nh my thng qua cc knh phn phi (trc tip hoc gin tip) ri n tay ngi tiu dng. 3. Dng thu hi ti ch v ti s dng (Return logistics): - Cc hot ng logistics trong lnh vc kinh doanh thng tp trung vo dng vt cht thun chiu (dng vt t, nguyn vt liu i vo nh my v dng sn phm t nh my i ra, v n khch hng cui cng), nhng thc t cn c 1 dng vt cht i ngc vi dng vt cht thun chiu nu trn cn phi c quan tm lp k hoch v kim sot chng. Dng vt cht ngc chiu c hnh thnh do phi thu hi cc sn phm khng bn c nng cp; hoc thu hi cc sn phm c nhng khuyt tt sa cha; thu hi sn phm s dng tho d ti s dng 1 phn; thu hi v ti s dng bao b. - Thu hi cc sn phm khng bn c hoc cc sn phm b khuyt tt: Cc sn phm c a vo th trng no kh lu nhng khng bn c v khng c nhu cu hoc nhu cu bo ha c th c thu hi chuyn sang bn th trng khc ang c nhu cu. Cc sn phm a vo th trng nhng cng dng, mu sc, kiu dng, tnh nng ca sn phm cha p ng c nhu cu ca khch hng nn khng tiu th c sn phm cn phi thu hi nng cp, thay i kiu dng, mu m ri sau li c tip tc a vo mng phn phi 1 th trng khc. Cc sn phm c tung ra th trng nhng c nhng khuyt tt hoc li no ln nh sx phi thu hi sa cha v sau li tip tc a vo th trng tiu th. Tm li, khi thu hi cc sn phm khng bn c, hoc cc sn phm b khuyt tt, nh sx phi gnh chu thm chi ph. V vy, cn phi t chc v kim sot tt cc hot ng c lin quan n dng thu hi vn ny. - Thu hi tho d cc sn phm qua s dng: Khi sn phm ht thi hn s dng, khch hng thi hi chng. Vic thi hi cc sn phm ny c th nh hng n mi trng. V vy, nh sx c trch nhim (t nguyn hoc bt buc ca chnh quyn) i vi vic bo v mi trng nn sn phm c t chc thu hi x l, tiu hy chng an ton. Mt khc, nh sx c th thu hi v ti s dng 1 s b phn ca sn phm. - Thu hi v ti s dng cc bao b sn phm:

Mt s lng bao b ca hng ha khi khch hng s dng cc sn phm c thi hi phi c thu gom li ti s dng theo phung cch no ca nh sx nhm gim chi ph, hoc di p lc ca cng ng, ca chnh quyn hoc x hi buc nh sx phi thu gom tiu hy chng theo cch an ton nht cho mi trng. Vn t ra y l t chc thu gom nh th no m bo phc v cho vic ng hng y , kp thi vi chi ph thp hn chi ph sx mi.

- Dng ti s dng container: Khi cc cng ty vn ti container m rng phm vi v quy m hot ng, s lng container cng ngy cng phc tp hn. Vi s ra i ca logistics gip cc cng ty trn c 1 s nhn thc tt hn, y hn, ton din hn trong vn qun l v s dng container. Cc nguyn tc ca logistics trong lnh vc sx kinh doanh c cc cng ty vn ti container (c bit l cc cng ty ln p dng). Cc hng tu container nc ngoi thit k v t chc cho mnh 1 h thng logistics ring thc hin cng vic qun l, iu phi, s dng container. Cu 9. Phn tch logistics container? Gii thch chc nng vn chuyn trong container ng bin? - Khi nim: - Khi cc cng ty vn ti m rng phm vi , quy m hot ng, sn lng container a vo khai thc ngy cng nhiu ln, vic qun l, kim sot, iu phi container cng ngy cng phc tp. Vi s ra i ca logistics gip cc cng ty trn c s nhn thc tt hn, y hn, ton din hn trong vn qun l v s dng container. - Chc nng vn chuyn trong container ng bin: Cu 10. Khi nim, phn loi container ng bin? a) Khi nim: Theo ISO, container l 1 dng c vn ti c cc c im: - C hnh dng c nh, bn chc, c s dng nhiu ln. - C cu to c bit thun tin cho vic chuyn ch bng 1 hoc nhiu phng tin vn ti, hng ha khng phi xp d cng dc ng. - C thit b ring thun tin cho vic xp d v thay i t cng c vn ti ny sang cng c vn ti khc. - C cu to c bit thun tin cho vic xp d hng vo v d hng ra. - C dung tch khng t hn 1 m3 .

b) Phn loi: 1. Theo kch thc: - Container loi nh : Trng lng nh hn 5 tn - Dung tch nh hn 3 m3 . - Container loi trung bnh: Trng lng 5-8 tn - Dung tch 3-10 m3 . - Container loi ln: Trng lng ln hn 8 tn - Dung tch ln hn 10 m3 . 2. Theo vt liu ng container: - Container thp; nhm; g dn; nha tng hp.... 3. Theo cu trc container: - Container kn (Closed container) - Container m (Open container) - Container khung (France container) - Container gp (Tilt container) - Container phng (Flat container) - Container c bnh ln (Rolling container) 4. Theo cng dng container: - Nhm I - Nhm container ch hng bch ha: gm cc container kn c ca 1 u, conainer kn c ca 1 u v cc bn, c ca trn nc, m cnh, m trn nc, m bn cnh... - Nhm II - Nhm container ch hng ri: l loi dng ch hng ri nh thc ht, x bng bt... i khi chuyn ch hng ha c ming trn mi xp hng vo v c ca container d hng ra. Tin li ca n l tit kim sc lao ng khi xp v d hng. Nhng n c im bt li l trng lng v nng, s ca v np c th gp kh khn trong vic gi an ton v kn nc cho container v nu np nhi hng nhau s gy kh khn cho vic xp hng c th t. - Nhm III - Nhm container bo n, nng, lnh: l loi c sn, sn, mi v ca p cht cch nhit hn ch s dch nhit gia bn trong v bn ngoi container, nhiu khi loi container ny c thit b lm lnh hoc lm nng c t 1 bn u hay bn thnh container. Nhiu container li da vo s lm lnh hn hp. y l loi cha hng mau hng (rau qu..) v cc loi container b nh hng do s thay i nhit . Tuy nhin, v ch c lp cch nhit v nu c th tng thm ng thi lp cch in v my lm lnh ny cng lm gim dung tch cha hng

ca container, s bo qun my mc cng yu cu i hi cao hn nu cc thit b my c t trong container. - Nhm IV - Nhm container thng cha: dng ch hng nguy him hoc hng ng ri (thc phm lng, ha cht...). Nhng thng cha bng thp c ch to ph hp vi kch thc ca ISO dung tch 20 ft, hnh dng nh 1 khung st hnh ch nht cha khong 400 galon (1540l) ty theo yu cu, loi ny c th np thm thit b lm lnh hay nng. y l loi container c ch to cho nhng hng ha c bit, n c u im l sc lao ng yu cu y v ht ht l nh nht, v c th s dng nh kho cha tm thi. Tuy nhin, n c nhng mt hn ch: Gi thnh ban u v gi bo dng cao, cc hng ha khi cho vo i hi phi lm sch thng cha (mi ln cho hng ha vo l 1 ln lm sch), kh khn trong vn chuyn nn hng b ri, trng lng v cao. - Nhm V - Nhm container c bit, container ch sc vt sng: c np t theo ISO, c nh nhng ngn chung cho sc vt v c th hoc khng th chuyn i thnh container ph hp cho mc ch ch hng bch ha. Loi ny dng ch sc vt sng ln nhc im chnh l vn lm sch gia cc loi hng ha. Trong nhiu quc gia, l vn kim dch khi cc container rng dng ch sc vt sng quay li dng tip tc bc hng. Cu 11. Khi nim ngi kinh doanh vn ti a phng thc (MTO)? K tn cc bn tham gia vn ti a phng thc? a) Khi nim MTO: - Theo cng c ca LHQ v vn ti a phng thc, MTO l bt k ngi no, t mnh hoc thng qua mt ngi khc, k kt mt hp ng vn ti a phng thc v hot ng nh 1 bn chnh v chu trch nhim thc hin hp ng vn ti a phng thc. - Theo "Bn quy tc" v chng t vn ti a phng thc: MTO l bt c ngi no k hp ng VTPT v chu trch nhim thc hin hp ng nh 1 ngi chuyn ch". b) Cc bn tham gia vn ti a phng thc: - MTO c tu (VO - MTOs) - MTO khng c tu (Non VO - MTOs)

Cu 12. Trch nhim ca MTO i vi hng ha? Trch nhim ny c quy nh trong cng c ca LHQ v VTPT quc t nm 1980 v trong bn quy tc ca UNCTADICC v chng t VTPT s xut bn 481 gm 3 vn c bn: a) Thi hn trch nhim (Period of Responsibility):

- MTO phi chu trch nhim v hng ha k t khi MTO nhn hng ch cho n khi MTO giao hng cho ngi nhn hng. - MTO coi nh nhn hng XK ch k t khi anh ta nhn hng t: Ngi gi hng, ngi thay mt ngi gi hng. 1 c quan c thm quyn hoc bn th 3 m theo lut l hoc quy tc ti ni nhn hng ch, hng ha phi giao qua nhng ngi vn chuyn. - MTO coi nh xong hng khi: giao cho ngi nhn hng. t hng di s nh ot ca ngi nhn ph hp vi hp ng VTPT hoc lut l, tp qun bn bun mt hng ti ni giao hng, trong trng hp ngi nhn khng nhn hng t MTO. giao cho 1 c quan c thm quyn hoc 1 bn th 3 khc m theo lut l hoc tp qun ti ni giao hng, hng ha phi giao cho h. b) C s trch nhim (Basis of Liability): - MTO phi chu trch nhim v nhng thit hi do mt mt hoc do h hng hng ha, cng nh hu qu t vic giao chm hng nu gy ra mt mt, h hng khi hng ha cn thuc trch nhim ca MTO, tr khi MTO chng minh c rng anh ta - ngi lm cng hoc i l ca anh ta p dng mi bin php hp l, cn thit ngn nga s c xy ra v hu qu ca n. c) Gii hn trch nhim: - Theo cng c v VTPT th gii hn trch nhim ca MTO l 920 SDR cho mi kin hay n v hoc 2,75 SDR cho mi kg hng ha c b b mt ty theo cch tnh no cao hn. - tnh ton s tin no cao hn, p dng cc quy tc: Nu hnh trnh VTPT khng gm vn ti ng bin hay thy ni a th trch nhim ca MTO khng vt qu 8,33 SDR cho mi kg c b hng ha b mt mt, h hng. Vi vic giao chm hng th trch nhim ca MTO s l 1 s tin tng ng 2,5 ln tin cc ca s hng giao chm nhng khng vt qu tng s tin cc theo hp ng VTPT. - Gii hn trch nhim ca MTO theo Bn quy tc ca UNCTAD/ICC: 666,67 SDR cho mi kin hng hay n v hoc 2,0 SDR cho mi kg hng c b b mt mt, h hng. - Theo quy nh ca Cng c v Bn quy tc gi l ch trch nhim thng nht th ch c 1 ch trch nhim p dng cho nhiu phng thc vn ti khc nhau trong 1 hnh trnh vn ti.

Cu 13. Ni dung chng t vn ti a phng thc? Phn bit vi hp ng? a) Ni dung chng t VTPT: - Khi nim: Chng t VTPT l 1 chng t chng minh cho 1 hp ng VTPT, cho vic nhn hng ch ca MTO, v cho vic cam kt ca MTO giao hng ph hp vi cc iu kin, iu khon ca hp ng. - Ni dung: Tnh cht chung ca hng ha, nhng k m hiu chnh nhn dng hng ha. Tnh cht nguy him ca hng ha nu c, s kin, trng lng c b v nhng chi tit khc do ngi gi hng cung cp. Tnh trng bn ngoi ca hng ha. Tn v tr s kinh doanh chnh ca MTO. Tn ngi gi hng. Ngi nhn hng nu do ngi gi ch nh. Ngy v ni m MTO nhn hng ch. Ni giao hng. Ngy v thi hn giao hng nu c tha thun gia cc bn. Chng t VTPT l lu thng c hay khng lu thng c. Ngy v ni cp chng t VTPT. Ch k ca MTO hoc ngi c MTO y quyn. Tin cc Hnh trnh VTPT, cc phng thc vn ti tham gia v ni chuyn ti: nu c tha thun hoc tin cc do ngi nhn tr... b) Phn bit vi hp ng:

- Hp ng l 1 cam kt tha thun gia 2 bn hay nhiu bn (php nhn) lm hoc khng lm 1 vic no trong khun kh php lut. Hp ng thng gn lin vi d n, trong 1 bn tha thun vi cc bn khc thc hin d n hay 1 phn d n cho mnh. V ging nh d n, c d n chnh tr x hi v d n kinh doanh, hp ng c th l s tha c dn s v kinh t (HKT) hay x hi. - Hp ng c th thc hin bng vn bn hay bng ming c th c ngi lm chng. Nu vi phm hp ng hay khng theo cam kt th 2 bn cng nhau ra ta v bn thua phi chu ph tn. - Cu trc, ni dung cn thit trong hp ng: Tn, thng tin a ch cc bn. Thng ip nu r s ng trn tha thun Ni dung v phm vi cng vic thc hin - hng ha c mua bn. Gi c v sn lng hng ha. Phng thc giao hng Phng thc gii quyt tranh chp, lut p dng v ta th l nu c tranh chp. Bo mt thng tin Cc iu khon chung v thi hn thc hin hp ng. Cu 14. Cc chng t lin quan n vn ti a phng thc? 1. FIATA Negotiable Multimodal Transport Bill of Lading (FBL): - L loi do hip hi giao nhn quc t son tho, gi tt l vn n hn hp FBL 2. COMBIDOC: - L do cng hi hng hi BIMCO son tho C 2 loi trn u c xy dn da trn bn quy tc thng nht v chng t VTPT ca phng thng mi quc t (ICC) c UNCTAD chp nhn v c hiu lc ngy 01/01/1999. 3. MULTIDOC (Chng t VTPT): - L chng t m ngi chuyn ch PT (Combined Transport Operator) k pht cho ngi gi hng theo yu cu ca ngi ny. N c chc nng giao dch ca 1 chng t vn ti y php l:

Bin lai giao nhn hng Chng t xc nhn quyn s hu hng Bng chng 1 hp ng vn ti k kt. 4. Combile Transport B/L (Vn n vn ti phi hp hay vn n vn ti a phng thc: - L loi vn n ch sut m hng ha c chuyn ch t ni gi (ni bc hng) n ni n bng phng tin ca cc phng tin vn ti khc nhau. Vn n ny do ngi khai thc VTPT k kt vi ngi gi hng hay ch hng trn danh ngha l ngi chuyn ch theo hp ng. Vn n VTPT c nhiu iu khon v iu kin chuyn ch khc xa so vi vn n ng bin thng thng nhng n cng c chc nng l bin lai giao nhn hng, giy xc nhn quyn s hu v bng chng ca 1 hp ng VTPT c k kt.

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